Análisis Numérico

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines
Analisis Numerico
Interpolacion y aproximacion polinomial
CNM-425
Departamento de Matem aticas
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
Universidad de Antioquia
Copyleft c 2008. Reproduccion permitida bajo los
terminos de la licencia de documentacion libre GNU.
Contenido
1
Introducci on
2
Interpolaci on de Vandermonde
3
Interpolaci on de Newton
4
Interpolaci on de Lagrange
5
Error en la interpolaci on
6
Polinomios de Chebyshev
7
Interpolaci on de Hermite
8
Splines
Interpolacion
Dado un conjunto de datos conocidos
(x
0
, y
0
), (x
1
, y
1
), . . . , (x
N
, y
N
)
buscamos una funci on f : R R que satisfaga
f(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
f es la funci on interpolante o interpolador.
El interpolador f puede ser
polinomio
spline
fraccion continuada
Restricciones adicionales
Las derivada del interpolador f en los puntos dados es ja.
Suavidad, monoticidad o convexidad del interpolador f
Interpolacion
(x
0
, y
0
), (x
1
, y
1
), . . . , (x
N
, y
N
)
f(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
polinomio
spline
fraccion continuada
Interpolacion
(x
0
, y
0
), (x
1
, y
1
), . . . , (x
N
, y
N
)
f(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
polinomio
spline
fraccion continuada
Interpolacion
(x
0
, y
0
), (x
1
, y
1
), . . . , (x
N
, y
N
)
f(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
polinomio
spline
fraccion continuada
Aplicaciones
Trazado de curvas atraves de un conjunto discreto de datos.
Determinar valores intermedios de una tabla de datos.
Derivar e integrar a partir de una tabla de datos.
Evaluar de manera f acil una funci on matem atica.
Reemplazar una funci on complicada por una simple.
Aplicaciones
Aplicaciones
Aplicaciones
Aplicaciones
Interpolacion y aproximacion
Funciones utilizadas como interpoladores
Polinomios
Funciones trigonometricas
Funciones exponenciales
Funciones racionales
Los interpoladores se ajustan a los datos de manera exacta (f(x
i
) = y
i
)
Interpolaci on presenta problemas cuando los datos estan sujetos a
errores signicativos.
Cuando hay incertidumbre en los datos resulta util suavizarlos por
medio de una aproximaci on de mnimos cuadrados.
Aproximaciones espectrales o aproximaciones con polinomios de
Chebyshev representan de manera efectiva soluciones numericas de
ecuaciones diferenciales parciales.
Polinomios
i
) = y
i
)
Polinomios
i
) = y
i
)
Polinomios
i
) = y
i
)
Polinomios
i
) = y
i
)
Polinomios
i
) = y
i
)
Teora
Teorema 1.1 (aproximaci on de Weierstrass)
Sea f : [a, b] C continua. Para todo > 0, existe un polinomio p sobre C
tal que para todo x [a, b],
[f(x) p(x)[ <
Observaciones
Teora
Teorema 1.1 (aproximaci on de Weierstrass)
Sea f : [a, b] C continua. Para todo > 0, existe un polinomio p sobre C
tal que para todo x [a, b],
[f(x) p(x)[ <
Observaciones
Teora
Teorema 1.2 (Existencia y unicidad del polinomio interpolante)
Si x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
son n umeros reales distintos, entonces para N + 1 valores
arbitrarios y
0
, y
1
, . . . , y
N
existe un unico polinomio P
N
de grado a lo sumo
N tal que
p
N
(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
Observaciones
El teorema (1.2) generaliza:
Por dos puntos distintos del plano cartesiano pasa una y s olo una
lnea recta (polinomio de grado 1)
Dada una tabla de datos
x
0
x
1
x
N
y
0
y
1
y
N
existe uno y s olo un polinomio p
N
de grado N tal que p
N
(x
i
) = y
i
.
Aunque el polinomio es unico, existen diversas formas de expresarlo y
diferentes algoritmos para determinarlo.
Teora
Si x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
arbitrarios y
0
, y
1
, . . . , y
N
N
de grado a lo sumo
N tal que
p
N
(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
Observaciones
x
0
x
1
x
N
y
0
y
1
y
N
N
N
(x
i
) = y
i
.
Teora
Si x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
arbitrarios y
0
, y
1
, . . . , y
N
N
de grado a lo sumo
N tal que
p
N
(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
Observaciones
x
0
x
1
x
N
y
0
y
1
y
N
N
N
(x
i
) = y
i
.
Teora
Si x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
arbitrarios y
0
, y
1
, . . . , y
N
N
de grado a lo sumo
N tal que
p
N
(x
i
) = y
i
, i = 0, . . . , N
Observaciones
x
0
x
1
x
N
y
0
y
1
y
N
N
N
(x
i
) = y
i
.
Polinomio interpolador
Asumimos un conjunto de puntos discretos |x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
con los
valores correspondientes |f(x
0
), f(x
1
), . . . , f(x
N
)
Construimos una funci on f(x) que pase por (x
i
, f(x
i
) por medio de la
aproximaci on
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
k
(x) (1)
p
N
(x) es el polinomio interpolante.
k
(x) son polinomios conocidos a priori y forman una base.
a
k
son coecientes por determinar.
(3) expresa a p
N
como una combinaci on lineal de funciones base
k
.
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
con los
0
), f(x
1
), . . . , f(x
N
)
i
, f(x
i
) por medio de la
aproximaci on
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
k
(x) (1)
p
N
k
a
k
(3) expresa a p
N
k
.
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
con los
0
), f(x
1
), . . . , f(x
N
)
i
, f(x
i
) por medio de la
aproximaci on
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
k
(x) (1)
p
N
k
a
k
(3) expresa a p
N
k
.
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
con los
0
), f(x
1
), . . . , f(x
N
)
i
, f(x
i
) por medio de la
aproximaci on
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
k
(x) (1)
p
N
k
a
k
(3) expresa a p
N
k
.
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
con los
0
), f(x
1
), . . . , f(x
N
)
i
, f(x
i
) por medio de la
aproximaci on
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
k
(x) (1)
p
N
k
a
k
(3) expresa a p
N
k
.
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
N
con los
0
), f(x
1
), . . . , f(x
N
)
i
, f(x
i
) por medio de la
aproximaci on
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
k
(x) (1)
p
N
k
a
k
(3) expresa a p
N
k
.
Interpolacion de Vandermonde
Consideramos como bases los monomios
k
(x) = x
k
, k = 0, . . . , N (2)
Para la base (6) obtenemos la representaci on
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
N
x
N
(3)
donde a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
N
son constantes a determinar.
Las N + 1 ecuaciones que surgen al evaluar x
i
en (3) se pueden
expresar matricialmente como
2
6
6
6
4
1 x
0
x
2
0
x
N
0
1 x
1
x
2
1
x
N
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 x
N
x
2
N
x
N
N
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
Va = f
V es la matriz de Vandermonde y det(V) =
Y
0ijN
(x
j
x
i
) ,= 0.
k
(x) = x
k
, k = 0, . . . , N (2)
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
N
x
N
(3)
donde a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
N
i
en (3) se pueden
2
6
6
6
4
1 x
0
x
2
0
x
N
0
1 x
1
x
2
1
x
N
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 x
N
x
2
N
x
N
N
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
Va = f
Y
0ijN
(x
j
x
i
) ,= 0.
k
(x) = x
k
, k = 0, . . . , N (2)
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
N
x
N
(3)
donde a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
N
i
en (3) se pueden
2
6
6
6
4
1 x
0
x
2
0
x
N
0
1 x
1
x
2
1
x
N
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 x
N
x
2
N
x
N
N
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
Va = f
Y
0ijN
(x
j
x
i
) ,= 0.
k
(x) = x
k
, k = 0, . . . , N (2)
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ + a
N
x
N
(3)
donde a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
N
i
en (3) se pueden
2
6
6
6
4
1 x
0
x
2
0
x
N
0
1 x
1
x
2
1
x
N
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 x
N
x
2
N
x
N
N
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
Va = f
Y
0ijN
(x
j
x
i
) ,= 0.
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 2.1
Determine el polinomio de grado 2 que interpola los tres datos
(2, 27), (0, 1), (1, 0)
Soluci on
El polinomio esta dado por
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
(4)
Para este caso el sistema esta dado por
2
4
1 2 4
1 0 0
1 1 1
3
5
2
4
a
0
a
1
a
2
3
5
=
2
4
27
1
0
3
5
La solucion esta dada por [1 5 4]
T
y
f(x) = 1 + 5x 4x
2
(5)
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 2.1
(2, 27), (0, 1), (1, 0)
Soluci on
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
(4)
2
4
1 2 4
1 0 0
1 1 1
3
5
2
4
a
0
a
1
a
2
3
5
=
2
4
27
1
0
3
5
T
y
f(x) = 1 + 5x 4x
2
(5)
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 2.1
(2, 27), (0, 1), (1, 0)
Soluci on
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
(4)
2
4
1 2 4
1 0 0
1 1 1
3
5
2
4
a
0
a
1
a
2
3
5
=
2
4
27
1
0
3
5
T
y
f(x) = 1 + 5x 4x
2
(5)
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 2.1
(2, 27), (0, 1), (1, 0)
Soluci on
f(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
(4)
2
4
1 2 4
1 0 0
1 1 1
3
5
2
4
a
0
a
1
a
2
3
5
=
2
4
27
1
0
3
5
T
y
f(x) = 1 + 5x 4x
2
(5)
Interpolacion de Newton
Con el n de reducir la complejidad computacional hacemos el
siguiente cambio de base
k
(x) =
k1
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (6)
Ahora f(x) es aproximada por
f(x) = a
0
+a
1
(xx
0
)+a
2
(xx
0
)(xx
1
)+ +a
N
(xx
0
)(xx
1
) (xx
N1
)
i
se pueden expresar
matricialmente como
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0
1 (x
1
x
0
) 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 (x
N
x
0
) (x
N
x
0
)(x
N
x
1
) (x
N
x
0
)
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
k
(x) =
k1
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (6)
f(x) = a
0
+a
1
(xx
0
)+a
2
(xx
0
)(xx
1
)+ +a
N
(xx
0
)(xx
1
) (xx
N1
)
i
se pueden expresar
matricialmente como
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0
1 (x
1
x
0
) 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 (x
N
x
0
) (x
N
x
0
)(x
N
x
1
) (x
N
x
0
)
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
k
(x) =
k1
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (6)
f(x) = a
0
+a
1
(xx
0
)+a
2
(xx
0
)(xx
1
)+ +a
N
(xx
0
)(xx
1
) (xx
N1
)
i
se pueden expresar
matricialmente como
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0
1 (x
1
x
0
) 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 (x
N
x
0
) (x
N
x
0
)(x
N
x
1
) (x
N
x
0
)
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
k
(x) =
k1
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (6)
f(x) = a
0
+a
1
(xx
0
)+a
2
(xx
0
)(xx
1
)+ +a
N
(xx
0
)(xx
1
) (xx
N1
)
i
se pueden expresar
matricialmente como
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0
1 (x
1
x
0
) 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 (x
N
x
0
) (x
N
x
0
)(x
N
x
1
) (x
N
x
0
)
3
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
4
a
0
a
1
.
.
.
a
N
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
f(x
0
)
f(x
1
)
.
.
.
f(x
N
)
3
7
7
7
5
F ormula de diferencias dividas
La matriz del sistema anterior es triangular inferior
O
`
N
2
operaciones necesarias para resolver el sistema

Las soluciones vienen dadas por
a
0
= f(x
0
)
a
1
=
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
a
2
=
f(x
2
) f(x
0
)
x
2
x
0
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
x
2
x
1
.
.
.
a
k
= T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
)
La funci on T puede determinarse de manera recursiva
O
`
N
2

a
0
= f(x
0
)
a
1
=
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
a
2
=
f(x
2
) f(x
0
)
x
2
x
0
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
x
2
x
1
.
.
.
a
k
= T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
)
O
`
N
2

a
0
= f(x
0
)
a
1
=
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
a
2
=
f(x
2
) f(x
0
)
x
2
x
0
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
x
2
x
1
.
.
.
a
k
= T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
)
O
`
N
2

a
0
= f(x
0
)
a
1
=
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
a
2
=
f(x
2
) f(x
0
)
x
2
x
0
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
x
2
x
1
.
.
.
a
k
= T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
)
O
`
N
2

a
0
= f(x
0
)
a
1
=
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
a
2
=
f(x
2
) f(x
0
)
x
2
x
0
f(x
1
) f(x
0
)
x
1
x
0
x
2
x
1
.
.
.
a
k
= T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
)
Consideremos el conjunto de puntos
G
k
0
= |x
0
, . . . , x
k
Adicionalmente
p
k
0
(x): polinomio de interpolacion en G
k
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k
}
p
k1
0
k1
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k1
}
p
k
1
k
1
= {x
1
, . . . , x
k
}
Observemos que
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x) (7)
Ambos polinomios tienen grado k
Ambos polinomios interpolan los mismos k + 1 puntos (x
i
, f(x
i
))
G
k
0
= |x
0
, . . . , x
k
Adicionalmente
p
k
0
k
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k
}
p
k1
0
k1
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k1
}
p
k
1
k
1
= {x
1
, . . . , x
k
}
Observemos que
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x) (7)
i
, f(x
i
))
G
k
0
= |x
0
, . . . , x
k
Adicionalmente
p
k
0
k
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k
}
p
k1
0
k1
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k1
}
p
k
1
k
1
= {x
1
, . . . , x
k
}
Observemos que
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x) (7)
i
, f(x
i
))
G
k
0
= |x
0
, . . . , x
k
Adicionalmente
p
k
0
k
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k
}
p
k1
0
k1
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k1
}
p
k
1
k
1
= {x
1
, . . . , x
k
}
Observemos que
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x) (7)
i
, f(x
i
))
G
k
0
= |x
0
, . . . , x
k
Adicionalmente
p
k
0
k
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k
}
p
k1
0
k1
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k1
}
p
k
1
k
1
= {x
1
, . . . , x
k
}
Observemos que
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x) (7)
i
, f(x
i
))
G
k
0
= |x
0
, . . . , x
k
Adicionalmente
p
k
0
k
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k
}
p
k1
0
k1
0
= {x
0
, . . . , x
k1
}
p
k
1
k
1
= {x
1
, . . . , x
k
}
Observemos que
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x) (7)
i
, f(x
i
))
Los polinomios de interpolaci on est an dados por
p
k
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k
(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
p
k1
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k1
(x x
0
) (x x
k2
)
p
k
1
(x) = b
1
+ b
2
(x x
1
) + + b
k
(x x
1
) (x x
k1
)
Al sustituirlos en (7)
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x)
obtenemos
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
x
k
+ = (a
k1
b
k
) x
k
+
Comparando los coecientes de mayor potencia x
k
:
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
= a
k1
b
k
(x
0
x
k
) T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
p
k
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k
(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
p
k1
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k1
(x x
0
) (x x
k2
)
p
k
1
(x) = b
1
+ b
2
(x x
1
) + + b
k
(x x
1
) (x x
k1
)
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x)
obtenemos
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
x
k
+ = (a
k1
b
k
) x
k
+
k
:
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
= a
k1
b
k
(x
0
x
k
) T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
p
k
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k
(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
p
k1
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k1
(x x
0
) (x x
k2
)
p
k
1
(x) = b
1
+ b
2
(x x
1
) + + b
k
(x x
1
) (x x
k1
)
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x)
obtenemos
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
x
k
+ = (a
k1
b
k
) x
k
+
k
:
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
= a
k1
b
k
(x
0
x
k
) T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
p
k
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k
(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
p
k1
0
(x) = a
0
+ a
1
(x x
0
) + + a
k1
(x x
0
) (x x
k2
)
p
k
1
(x) = b
1
+ b
2
(x x
1
) + + b
k
(x x
1
) (x x
k1
)
(x
0
x
k
) p
k
0
(x) = (x x
k
) p
k1
0
(x) (x x
0
) p
k
1
(x)
obtenemos
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
x
k
+ = (a
k1
b
k
) x
k
+
k
:
(x
0
x
k
) a
k
= a
k1
b
k
(x
0
x
k
) T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
Obtenemos la f ormula de diferencias dividas
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) =
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
(x
0
x
k
)
(8)
El polinomio de interpolaci on est a dado por
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
(9)
La f ormula de recursividad (8) aplicada a los puntos G
2
0
= |x
0
, x
1
, x
2
k = 0 k = 1 k = 2
x
0
F(x
0
) = f(x)
F(x
0
, x
1
) =
F(x
0
)F(x
1
)
x
0
x
1
x
1
F(x
1
) = f(x
1
) F(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
0
,x
1
)F(x
1
,x
2
)
x
0
x
2
F(x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
1
)F(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
x
2
F(x
2
) = f(x
2
)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) =
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
(x
0
x
k
)
(8)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
(9)
2
0
= |x
0
, x
1
, x
2
k = 0 k = 1 k = 2
x
0
F(x
0
) = f(x)
F(x
0
, x
1
) =
F(x
0
)F(x
1
)
x
0
x
1
x
1
F(x
1
) = f(x
1
) F(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
0
,x
1
)F(x
1
,x
2
)
x
0
x
2
F(x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
1
)F(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
x
2
F(x
2
) = f(x
2
)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) =
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
(x
0
x
k
)
(8)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
(9)
2
0
= |x
0
, x
1
, x
2
k = 0 k = 1 k = 2
x
0
F(x
0
) = f(x)
F(x
0
, x
1
) =
F(x
0
)F(x
1
)
x
0
x
1
x
1
F(x
1
) = f(x
1
) F(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
0
,x
1
)F(x
1
,x
2
)
x
0
x
2
F(x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
1
)F(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
x
2
F(x
2
) = f(x
2
)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k
) =
T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
k1
) T(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
k
)
(x
0
x
k
)
(8)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
(9)
2
0
= |x
0
, x
1
, x
2
k = 0 k = 1 k = 2
x
0
F(x
0
) = f(x)
F(x
0
, x
1
) =
F(x
0
)F(x
1
)
x
0
x
1
x
1
F(x
1
) = f(x
1
) F(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
0
,x
1
)F(x
1
,x
2
)
x
0
x
2
F(x
1
, x
2
) =
F(x
1
)F(x
2
)
x
1
x
2
x
2
F(x
2
) = f(x
2
)
f(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
Interpolacion de Lagrange
Como base tomamos los polinomios de Lagrange denidos por
L
k
(x) =
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
=
(x x
0
)
(x
k
x
0
)

(x x
k1
)
(x
k
x
k1
)

(x x
k+1
)
(x
k
x
k+1
)

(x x
N
)
(x
k
x
N
)
(10)
Propiedades
L
k
es un polinomio de grado N
L
k
(x
j
) =
1 si k = j
0 si k = j
=
kj
El polinomio de interpolaci on de Lagrange est a dado por
p
N
(x) = f(x
0
)L
0
(x) + f(x
1
)L
1
(x) + + f(x
N
)L
N
(x) (11)
El polinomio de interpolaci on de Lagrange es de grado N y pasa por
los N + 1 puntos (x
0
, f(x
0
)), . . . , (x
N
, f(x
N
))
L
k
(x) =
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
=
(x x
0
)
(x
k
x
0
)

(x x
k1
)
(x
k
x
k1
)

(x x
k+1
)
(x
k
x
k+1
)

(x x
N
)
(x
k
x
N
)
(10)
Propiedades
L
k
L
k
(x
j
) =
1 si k = j
0 si k = j
=
kj
p
N
(x) = f(x
0
)L
0
(x) + f(x
1
)L
1
(x) + + f(x
N
)L
N
(x) (11)
los N + 1 puntos (x
0
, f(x
0
)), . . . , (x
N
, f(x
N
))
L
k
(x) =
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
=
(x x
0
)
(x
k
x
0
)

(x x
k1
)
(x
k
x
k1
)

(x x
k+1
)
(x
k
x
k+1
)

(x x
N
)
(x
k
x
N
)
(10)
Propiedades
L
k
L
k
(x
j
) =
1 si k = j
0 si k = j
=
kj
p
N
(x) = f(x
0
)L
0
(x) + f(x
1
)L
1
(x) + + f(x
N
)L
N
(x) (11)
los N + 1 puntos (x
0
, f(x
0
)), . . . , (x
N
, f(x
N
))
L
k
(x) =
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
=
(x x
0
)
(x
k
x
0
)

(x x
k1
)
(x
k
x
k1
)

(x x
k+1
)
(x
k
x
k+1
)

(x x
N
)
(x
k
x
N
)
(10)
Propiedades
L
k
L
k
(x
j
) =
1 si k = j
0 si k = j
=
kj
p
N
(x) = f(x
0
)L
0
(x) + f(x
1
)L
1
(x) + + f(x
N
)L
N
(x) (11)
los N + 1 puntos (x
0
, f(x
0
)), . . . , (x
N
, f(x
N
))
L
k
(x) =
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
=
(x x
0
)
(x
k
x
0
)

(x x
k1
)
(x
k
x
k1
)

(x x
k+1
)
(x
k
x
k+1
)

(x x
N
)
(x
k
x
N
)
(10)
Propiedades
L
k
L
k
(x
j
) =
1 si k = j
0 si k = j
=
kj
p
N
(x) = f(x
0
)L
0
(x) + f(x
1
)L
1
(x) + + f(x
N
)L
N
(x) (11)
los N + 1 puntos (x
0
, f(x
0
)), . . . , (x
N
, f(x
N
))
L
k
(x) =
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
=
(x x
0
)
(x
k
x
0
)

(x x
k1
)
(x
k
x
k1
)

(x x
k+1
)
(x
k
x
k+1
)

(x x
N
)
(x
k
x
N
)
(10)
Propiedades
L
k
L
k
(x
j
) =
1 si k = j
0 si k = j
=
kj
p
N
(x) = f(x
0
)L
0
(x) + f(x
1
)L
1
(x) + + f(x
N
)L
N
(x) (11)
los N + 1 puntos (x
0
, f(x
0
)), . . . , (x
N
, f(x
N
))
Polinomios de Lagrange para N = 4 y x
0
= 0 , x
1
= 1 , x
2
= 2 , x
3
= 3
x
4
= 4
L
0
(x) =
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
(0 1)(0 2)(0 3)(0 4)
=
1
24
`
x
4
10x
3
+ 35x
2
50x + 24
L
1
(x) =
(x 0)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
(1 0)(1 2)(1 3)(1 4)
=
1
6
`
x
4
9x
3
+ 26x
2
24x
L
2
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 3)(x 4)
(2 0)(2 1)(2 3)(2 4)
=
1
12
`
x
4
8x
3
+ 19x
2
12x
L
3
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
(3 0)(3 1)(3 2)(3 4)
=
1
6
`
x
4
7x
3
+ 14x
2
8x
L
4
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
(4 0)(4 1)(4 2)(4 3)
=
1
24
`
x
4
6x
3
+ 11x
2
6x

0
= 0 , x
1
= 1 , x
2
= 2 , x
3
= 3
x
4
= 4
L
0
(x) =
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
(0 1)(0 2)(0 3)(0 4)
=
1
24
`
x
4
10x
3
+ 35x
2
50x + 24
L
1
(x) =
(x 0)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
(1 0)(1 2)(1 3)(1 4)
=
1
6
`
x
4
9x
3
+ 26x
2
24x
L
2
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 3)(x 4)
(2 0)(2 1)(2 3)(2 4)
=
1
12
`
x
4
8x
3
+ 19x
2
12x
L
3
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
(3 0)(3 1)(3 2)(3 4)
=
1
6
`
x
4
7x
3
+ 14x
2
8x
L
4
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
(4 0)(4 1)(4 2)(4 3)
=
1
24
`
x
4
6x
3
+ 11x
2
6x

0
= 0 , x
1
= 1 , x
2
= 2 , x
3
= 3
x
4
= 4
L
0
(x) =
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
(0 1)(0 2)(0 3)(0 4)
=
1
24
`
x
4
10x
3
+ 35x
2
50x + 24
L
1
(x) =
(x 0)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
(1 0)(1 2)(1 3)(1 4)
=
1
6
`
x
4
9x
3
+ 26x
2
24x
L
2
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 3)(x 4)
(2 0)(2 1)(2 3)(2 4)
=
1
12
`
x
4
8x
3
+ 19x
2
12x
L
3
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 2)(x 4)
(3 0)(3 1)(3 2)(3 4)
=
1
6
`
x
4
7x
3
+ 14x
2
8x
L
4
(x) =
(x 0)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)
(4 0)(4 1)(4 2)(4 3)
=
1
24
`
x
4
6x
3
+ 11x
2
6x

Ejemplo
Ejemplo 4.1
Determine el polinomio de interpolacion de Lagrange para f(x) =
1
x
en los
puntos x
0
= 2 , x
1
= 2.5 , x
2
= 4 y utilcelo para aproximar f(3).
Soluci on
L
0
(x) =
(x 2,5)(x 4)
(2 2,5)(2 4)
= (x 6,5)x + 10
L
1
(x) =
(x 2)(x 4)
(2,5 2)(2,5 4)
=
(4x + 24)x 32
3
L
2
(x) =
(x 2)(x 2,5)
(4 2)(4 2,5)
=
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
y
p(x) = f(2)L
0
(x) + f(2,5)L
1
(x) + f(4)L
1
(x)
= 0,5 ((x 6,5)x + 10) + 0,4
(4x + 24)x 32
3
+ 0,25
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
= (0,05x 0,425)x + 1,15 = f(3) p(3) = 0,325
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 4.1
1
x
en los
puntos x
0
= 2 , x
1
= 2.5 , x
2
Soluci on
L
0
(x) =
(x 2,5)(x 4)
(2 2,5)(2 4)
= (x 6,5)x + 10
L
1
(x) =
(x 2)(x 4)
(2,5 2)(2,5 4)
=
(4x + 24)x 32
3
L
2
(x) =
(x 2)(x 2,5)
(4 2)(4 2,5)
=
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
y
p(x) = f(2)L
0
(x) + f(2,5)L
1
(x) + f(4)L
1
(x)
= 0,5 ((x 6,5)x + 10) + 0,4
(4x + 24)x 32
3
+ 0,25
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
= (0,05x 0,425)x + 1,15 = f(3) p(3) = 0,325
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 4.1
1
x
en los
puntos x
0
= 2 , x
1
= 2.5 , x
2
Soluci on
L
0
(x) =
(x 2,5)(x 4)
(2 2,5)(2 4)
= (x 6,5)x + 10
L
1
(x) =
(x 2)(x 4)
(2,5 2)(2,5 4)
=
(4x + 24)x 32
3
L
2
(x) =
(x 2)(x 2,5)
(4 2)(4 2,5)
=
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
y
p(x) = f(2)L
0
(x) + f(2,5)L
1
(x) + f(4)L
1
(x)
= 0,5 ((x 6,5)x + 10) + 0,4
(4x + 24)x 32
3
+ 0,25
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
= (0,05x 0,425)x + 1,15 = f(3) p(3) = 0,325
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 4.1
1
x
en los
puntos x
0
= 2 , x
1
= 2.5 , x
2
Soluci on
L
0
(x) =
(x 2,5)(x 4)
(2 2,5)(2 4)
= (x 6,5)x + 10
L
1
(x) =
(x 2)(x 4)
(2,5 2)(2,5 4)
=
(4x + 24)x 32
3
L
2
(x) =
(x 2)(x 2,5)
(4 2)(4 2,5)
=
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
y
p(x) = f(2)L
0
(x) + f(2,5)L
1
(x) + f(4)L
1
(x)
= 0,5 ((x 6,5)x + 10) + 0,4
(4x + 24)x 32
3
+ 0,25
(x 4,5)x + 5
3
= (0,05x 0,425)x + 1,15 = f(3) p(3) = 0,325
Ejemplo
double LagrangePoli(double x, int pt, int npts, double * xpts)|
int i;
double h=1.0;
for(i=0;i<pt,i++)
h = h * xpts[i])/(xpts[pt]-xpts[i]);
for(i=pt+1;i<npts,i++)
h = h * xpts[i])/(xpts[pt]-xpts[i]);
return h;
N
Y
i=0
i=k
(x x
i
)
(x
k
x
i
)
Teorema (6.1)
Teorema 5.1
Sea f C
n+1
[a, b] y p el polinomio de grado n que interpola a f en los
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
del intervalo [a, b]. Para todo x [a, b] existe un
= (x) (a, b) tal que
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (12)
Demostraci on
La ecuacion (18) es v alida en los puntos de interpolaci on x
i
y se reduce a
0 = 0.
Para x ,= x
i
denimos
g(t) = f(t) p(t) (f(x) p(x))
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
, t [a, b] (13)
Por otra parte
f C
n+1
[a, b] y p C
[a, b] = g C
n+1
[a, b]
Teorema (6.1)
Teorema 5.1
Sea f C
n+1
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (12)
Demostraci on
i
y se reduce a
0 = 0.
Para x ,= x
i
denimos
g(t) = f(t) p(t) (f(x) p(x))
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
, t [a, b] (13)
Por otra parte
f C
n+1
[a, b] y p C
[a, b] = g C
n+1
[a, b]
Teorema (6.1)
Teorema 5.1
Sea f C
n+1
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (12)
Demostraci on
i
y se reduce a
0 = 0.
Para x ,= x
i
denimos
g(t) = f(t) p(t) (f(x) p(x))
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
, t [a, b] (13)
Por otra parte
f C
n+1
[a, b] y p C
[a, b] = g C
n+1
[a, b]
Teorema (6.1)
Teorema 5.1
Sea f C
n+1
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (12)
Demostraci on
i
y se reduce a
0 = 0.
Para x ,= x
i
denimos
g(t) = f(t) p(t) (f(x) p(x))
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
, t [a, b] (13)
Por otra parte
f C
n+1
[a, b] y p C
[a, b] = g C
n+1
[a, b]
Teorema (6.1)
Observemos que
g(x
k
) =
$
$
$
$
$
$$ X
0
f(x
k
) p(x
k
) (f(x) p(x))
B
0
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0 , k = 0, . . . , N
y
g(x) = f(x) p(x) (f(x) p(x))
B
1
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0
Luego
g C
n+1
[a, b] y g = 0 en N+2 puntos
Rolle
= g
(n+1)
() = 0 (14)
De (13), con
(n+1)
=
d
n+1
dt
n+1
se tiene que
g
(n+1)
(t) = f
(n+1)
(t) p
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
d
n+1
dt
n+1
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
!
= f
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
(15)
Teorema (6.1)
Observemos que
g(x
k
) =
$
$
$
$
$
$$ X
0
f(x
k
) p(x
k
) (f(x) p(x))
B
0
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0 , k = 0, . . . , N
y
g(x) = f(x) p(x) (f(x) p(x))
B
1
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0
Luego
g C
n+1
Rolle
= g
(n+1)
() = 0 (14)
De (13), con
(n+1)
=
d
n+1
dt
n+1
se tiene que
g
(n+1)
(t) = f
(n+1)
(t) p
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
d
n+1
dt
n+1
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
!
= f
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
(15)
Teorema (6.1)
Observemos que
g(x
k
) =
$
$
$
$
$
$$ X
0
f(x
k
) p(x
k
) (f(x) p(x))
B
0
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0 , k = 0, . . . , N
y
g(x) = f(x) p(x) (f(x) p(x))
B
1
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0
Luego
g C
n+1
Rolle
= g
(n+1)
() = 0 (14)
De (13), con
(n+1)
=
d
n+1
dt
n+1
se tiene que
g
(n+1)
(t) = f
(n+1)
(t) p
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
d
n+1
dt
n+1
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
!
= f
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
(15)
Teorema (6.1)
Observemos que
g(x
k
) =
$
$
$
$
$
$$ X
0
f(x
k
) p(x
k
) (f(x) p(x))
B
0
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0 , k = 0, . . . , N
y
g(x) = f(x) p(x) (f(x) p(x))
B
1
n
Y
i=0
x
k
x
i
x x
i
= 0
Luego
g C
n+1
Rolle
= g
(n+1)
() = 0 (14)
De (13), con
(n+1)
=
d
n+1
dt
n+1
se tiene que
g
(n+1)
(t) = f
(n+1)
(t) p
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
d
n+1
dt
n+1
n
Y
i=0
t x
i
x x
i
!
= f
(n+1)
(t) (f(x) p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
(15)
Teorema (6.1)
(14) , (15) y t = = 0 = f
(n+1)
()(f(x)p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (16)
Observaciones
La cota de error para el polinomio de Taylor de grado n alrededor de
x
0
concentra toda la informaci on entorno a x
0
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
La cota de error (16) utiliza los n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
Teorema (6.1)
(14) , (15) y t = = 0 = f
(n+1)
()(f(x)p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (16)
Observaciones
x
0
0
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
Teorema (6.1)
(14) , (15) y t = = 0 = f
(n+1)
()(f(x)p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (16)
Observaciones
x
0
0
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
Teorema (6.1)
(14) , (15) y t = = 0 = f
(n+1)
()(f(x)p(x))
(n + 1)!
Q
n
i=0
(x x
i
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (16)
Observaciones
x
0
0
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
)
n+1
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
:
f
(n+1)
()
(n + 1)!
(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
Ejemplo 5.1
Estime el error cometido al aproximar la funci on f(x) = senx por medio
del polinomio de grado nueve que interpola a f en diez puntos del intervalo
[0, 1].
Soluci on
La cota de error est a dada por (16)
f(x) p(x) =
1
10!
f
(10)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (17)
Por otra parte
f
(10)
() = sen =
f
(10)
()
1
y
x [0, 1] =
n
Y
i=0
[x x
i
[ 1
Luego
[f(x) p(x)[
1
10!
2,8 10
7
Ejemplo 5.1
[0, 1].
Soluci on
f(x) p(x) =
1
10!
f
(10)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (17)
Por otra parte
f
(10)
() = sen =
f
(10)
()
1
y
x [0, 1] =
n
Y
i=0
[x x
i
[ 1
Luego
[f(x) p(x)[
1
10!
2,8 10
7
Ejemplo 5.1
[0, 1].
Soluci on
f(x) p(x) =
1
10!
f
(10)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (17)
Por otra parte
f
(10)
() = sen =
f
(10)
()
1
y
x [0, 1] =
n
Y
i=0
[x x
i
[ 1
Luego
[f(x) p(x)[
1
10!
2,8 10
7
Ejemplo 5.1
[0, 1].
Soluci on
f(x) p(x) =
1
10!
f
(10)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (17)
Por otra parte
f
(10)
() = sen =
f
(10)
()
1
y
x [0, 1] =
n
Y
i=0
[x x
i
[ 1
Luego
[f(x) p(x)[
1
10!
2,8 10
7
Ejemplo 5.1
[0, 1].
Soluci on
f(x) p(x) =
1
10!
f
(10)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (17)
Por otra parte
f
(10)
() = sen =
f
(10)
()
1
y
x [0, 1] =
n
Y
i=0
[x x
i
[ 1
Luego
[f(x) p(x)[
1
10!
2,8 10
7
Cota de error para el polinomio de Newton
Teorema 5.2
Sea f C
n+1
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
del intervalo [a, b]. Entonces
f(x) p(x) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x)
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (18)
Demostraci on
Por el teorema (6.1), existe = (x) tal que
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (19)
Por otra parte, el polinomio de interpolaci on de Newton est a dado por
p(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
Teorema 5.2
Sea f C
n+1
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) p(x) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x)
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (18)
Demostraci on
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (19)
p(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
Teorema 5.2
Sea f C
n+1
n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
f(x) p(x) = T(x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x)
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (18)
Demostraci on
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (19)
p(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, , x
N
)(x x
0
) (x x
N1
)
El polinomio de Newton que interpola a f en x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x:
p(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x)(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) = T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x)
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (20)
Comparando (19) con (20),
T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
((x))
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x:
p(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x)(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) = T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x)
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (20)
T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
((x))
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
, x:
p(x) = T(x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
)(x x
0
) +T(x
0
, x
1
, x
2
)(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
+ + T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x)(x x
0
) (x x
n
)
y por tanto
f(x) p(x) = T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x)
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (20)
T(x
0
, . . . , x
n
, x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
((x))
Observaciones
Si p
n
interpola a f en los n + 1 puntos x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
,
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (21)
con [x
0
, x
n
].
es desconocido y (21) s olo es util si la derivada est a acotada
Si
f
(n+1)
(x)
< M y h = max|x
i+1
x
i
: i = 0, . . . , n,
m ax
x[x
0
,x
n
]
[f(x) p(x)[
Mh
n+1
(n + 1)!
(22)
El error disminuye a medida que n crece y h disminuye, s olo si
f
(n+1)
(x)
est a acotada
Aumentar el grado del polinomio no garantiza una mejor aproximaci on
(pueden aparecer oscilaciones entre los puntos de interpolaci on)
Observaciones
Si p
n
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
,
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (21)
con [x
0
, x
n
].
Si
f
(n+1)
(x)
< M y h = max|x
i+1
x
i
: i = 0, . . . , n,
m ax
x[x
0
,x
n
]
[f(x) p(x)[
Mh
n+1
(n + 1)!
(22)
f
(n+1)
(x)
est a acotada
Observaciones
Si p
n
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
,
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (21)
con [x
0
, x
n
].
Si
f
(n+1)
(x)
< M y h = max|x
i+1
x
i
: i = 0, . . . , n,
m ax
x[x
0
,x
n
]
[f(x) p(x)[
Mh
n+1
(n + 1)!
(22)
f
(n+1)
(x)
est a acotada
Observaciones
Si p
n
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
,
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (21)
con [x
0
, x
n
].
Si
f
(n+1)
(x)
< M y h = max|x
i+1
x
i
: i = 0, . . . , n,
m ax
x[x
0
,x
n
]
[f(x) p(x)[
Mh
n+1
(n + 1)!
(22)
f
(n+1)
(x)
est a acotada
Observaciones
Si p
n
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
,
f(x) p(x) =
1
(n + 1)!
f
(n+1)
()
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
) (21)
con [x
0
, x
n
].
Si
f
(n+1)
(x)
< M y h = max|x
i+1
x
i
: i = 0, . . . , n,
m ax
x[x
0
,x
n
]
[f(x) p(x)[
Mh
n+1
(n + 1)!
(22)
f
(n+1)
(x)
est a acotada
Observaciones
Por fuera del intervalo que contiene a los puntos de interpolaci on,
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
)
puede crecer r apido (extrapolaci on)
En el interior del intervalo aumentar los puntos de interpolaci on no
implica mejorar la aproximaci on
Al aumentar el grado del polinomio, aumentan las oscilaciones
Hasta ahora las aproximaciones de los polinomios de interpolaci on no
dependen de la distribuci on de los puntos x
0
, . . . , x
n
de interpolaci on
Puntos de interpolaci on igualmente espaciados a menudo conducen a
resultados erroneos en los extremos
Observaciones
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
)
0
, . . . , x
n
de interpolaci on
Observaciones
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
)
0
, . . . , x
n
de interpolaci on
Observaciones
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
)
0
, . . . , x
n
de interpolaci on
Observaciones
n
Y
i=0
(x x
i
)
0
, . . . , x
n
de interpolaci on
Fenomeno Runge
Polinomios interpolantes para la funci on de Runge
f(x) =
1
1 + 25x
2
, x [1, 1]
sobre puntos igualmente espaciados no converge.
Figura: utiliza 10 puntos equidistantes (); utiliza 20 puntos
equidistantes ().
Fenomeno Runge
Los puntos de interpolaci on se pueden distribuir no uniformemente con
el n de minimizar el fen omeno de Runge
x
i
= cos
2i + 1
2n

, i = 0, . . . , n (23)
Figura: utiliza 10 puntos equidistantes (); utiliza 20 puntos dados
por (23) ().
Minimizan el problema del fen omeno de Runge
Proporcionan aproximaciones optimas a funciones continuas bajo la
norma del sup.
Surgen como soluciones de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias
(problema de Sturm-Liouville)
El polinomio de aproximacion p
N
lo escribimos como la serie truncada
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
T
k
(x)
con T
k
denido recursivamente por
T
0
(x) = 1; T
1
(x) = x; T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x)T
n1
(x) , n 1. (24)
A los T
k
se les denomina polinomios de Chebyshev
norma del sup.
N
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
T
k
(x)
con T
k
T
0
(x) = 1; T
1
(x) = x; T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x)T
n1
(x) , n 1. (24)
A los T
k
norma del sup.
N
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
T
k
(x)
con T
k
T
0
(x) = 1; T
1
(x) = x; T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x)T
n1
(x) , n 1. (24)
A los T
k
norma del sup.
N
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
T
k
(x)
con T
k
T
0
(x) = 1; T
1
(x) = x; T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x)T
n1
(x) , n 1. (24)
A los T
k
norma del sup.
N
f(x) p
N
(x) =
N
X
i=0
a
k
T
k
(x)
con T
k
T
0
(x) = 1; T
1
(x) = x; T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x)T
n1
(x) , n 1. (24)
A los T
k
Los primeros 5 polinomios de Chebyshev:
T
0
(x) = 1
T
1
(x) = x
T
2
(x) = 2xT
1
(x) T
0
(x) = 2x
2
1
T
3
(x) = 2xT
2
(x) T
1
(x) = 4x
3
3x
T
4
(x) = 2xT
3
(x) T
2
(x) = 8x
4
8x
2
+ 1
T
0
(x) = 1
T
1
(x) = x
T
2
(x) = 2xT
1
(x) T
0
(x) = 2x
2
1
T
3
(x) = 2xT
2
(x) T
1
(x) = 4x
3
3x
T
4
(x) = 2xT
3
(x) T
2
(x) = 8x
4
8x
2
+ 1
T
0
(x) = 1
T
1
(x) = x
T
2
(x) = 2xT
1
(x) T
0
(x) = 2x
2
1
T
3
(x) = 2xT
2
(x) T
1
(x) = 4x
3
3x
T
4
(x) = 2xT
3
(x) T
2
(x) = 8x
4
8x
2
+ 1
T
0
(x) = 1
T
1
(x) = x
T
2
(x) = 2xT
1
(x) T
0
(x) = 2x
2
1
T
3
(x) = 2xT
2
(x) T
1
(x) = 4x
3
3x
T
4
(x) = 2xT
3
(x) T
2
(x) = 8x
4
8x
2
+ 1
Codigo
double ChebyshevPoli(int grado, double x){
double valor;
switch(grado){
case 0 :
valor = 1.0;
break;
case 2 :
valor = x;
break;
default:
valor = 2.0*x*ChebyshevPoli(grado-1,x) - ChebyshevPoli(grado-2,x);
break;
}
return valor;
}
T
0
(x) = 1; T
1
(x) = x; T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x) T
n1
(x) , n 1.
Denicion trigonometrica
Los polinomios de Chebyshev se pueden denir en [1, 1] por
T
n
(x) = cos(narc cos x) = cos(narc cos x) , n = 0, 1, . . . (25)
La denicion (25) satisface la relaci on de recurrencia (24):
T
0
(x) = cos 0 = 1 y T
1
(x) = cos(arc cos x) = x
T
n
(x) = cos(narc cos x
| {z }
) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

de lo cual
T
n+1
(x) = cos ((n + 1)) = cos(n) cos sen(n) sen
T
n1
(x) = cos((n 1)) = cos(n) cos + sen(n) sen
y al sumar las dos ultimas con x = cos ,
T
n+1
(x) + T
n1
(x) = 2 cos(n) cos
T
n+1
(x) = 2 cos cos(n) T
n1
(x)
T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x) T
n1
(x)
T
n
T
0
(x) = cos 0 = 1 y T
1
T
n
| {z }
) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

de lo cual
T
n+1
T
n1
T
n+1
(x) + T
n1
(x) = 2 cos(n) cos
T
n+1
n1
(x)
T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x) T
n1
(x)
T
n
T
0
(x) = cos 0 = 1 y T
1
T
n
| {z }
) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

de lo cual
T
n+1
T
n1
T
n+1
(x) + T
n1
(x) = 2 cos(n) cos
T
n+1
n1
(x)
T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x) T
n1
(x)
T
n
T
0
(x) = cos 0 = 1 y T
1
T
n
| {z }
) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

de lo cual
T
n+1
T
n1
T
n+1
(x) + T
n1
(x) = 2 cos(n) cos
T
n+1
n1
(x)
T
n+1
(x) = 2xT
n
(x) T
n1
(x)
Propiedades
Proposicion 6.1 (Propiedades)
Los polinomios de Chebyshev T
n
(x) satisfacen:
1
[T
n
(x)[ 1 (1 x 1)
2
T
n
cos
j
n
= (1)
j
(0 j n)
3
T
n
cos
2j 1
2n

= 0 (1 j n)
Observaciones
T
n
es un polinomio de grado n cuyo coeciente principal est a dado por
2
n1
T
n
(x) = 2
n1
x
n
+
Los ceros de T
n
(puntos de Chebyshev) est an dados por
t
j
= cos
2j 1
2n

, j = 1, . . . , n
Propiedades
n
(x) satisfacen:
1
[T
n
(x)[ 1 (1 x 1)
2
T
n
cos
j
n
= (1)
j
(0 j n)
3
T
n
cos
2j 1
2n

= 0 (1 j n)
Observaciones
T
n
2
n1
T
n
(x) = 2
n1
x
n
+
Los ceros de T
n
t
j
= cos
2j 1
2n

, j = 1, . . . , n
Propiedades
n
(x) satisfacen:
1
[T
n
(x)[ 1 (1 x 1)
2
T
n
cos
j
n
= (1)
j
(0 j n)
3
T
n
cos
2j 1
2n

= 0 (1 j n)
Observaciones
T
n
2
n1
T
n
(x) = 2
n1
x
n
+
Los ceros de T
n
t
j
= cos
2j 1
2n

, j = 1, . . . , n
Propiedades
Los puntos de Chebyshev son las abcisas de puntos en el plano,
igualmente espaciados sobre la circunferencia unitaria
Los puntos de Chebyshev poseen propiedades de interpolaci on utiles:
Entre todos los polinomios de grado n con cociente principal 1,
f(x) =
1
2
n1
T
n
(x)
es el unico cuya norma del sup en [1, 1] es mnima
`
f
=
1
2
n
Si x
0
, . . . , x
n
son las raices de T
n+1
,
|f(x) p(x)|
1
2
n
(n + 1)!
max
1x1
f
(n+1)
(x)

Propiedades
f(x) =
1
2
n1
T
n
(x)
`
f
=
1
2
n
Si x
0
, . . . , x
n
son las raices de T
n+1
,
|f(x) p(x)|
1
2
n
(n + 1)!
max
1x1
f
(n+1)
(x)

Propiedades
f(x) =
1
2
n1
T
n
(x)
`
f
=
1
2
n
Si x
0
, . . . , x
n
son las raices de T
n+1
,
|f(x) p(x)|
1
2
n
(n + 1)!
max
1x1
f
(n+1)
(x)

Propiedades
f(x) =
1
2
n1
T
n
(x)
`
f
=
1
2
n
Si x
0
, . . . , x
n
son las raices de T
n+1
,
|f(x) p(x)|
1
2
n
(n + 1)!
max
1x1
f
(n+1)
(x)

Convergencia
Teorema 6.1
Si f C[a, b], entonces existe un sistema de nodos
a x
(n)
0
x
(n)
1
x
(n)
n
b
tales que los polinomios de interpolaci on p
n
a f en dichos nodos satisfacen
lm
n
|f p
n
| = 0
Convergencia
Teorema 6.1
Si f C[a, b], entonces existe un sistema de nodos
a x
(n)
0
x
(n)
1
x
(n)
n
b
tales que los polinomios de interpolaci on p
n
a f en dichos nodos satisfacen
lm
n
|f p
n
| = 0
Ortogonalidad
En el conjunto de los polinomios en [1, 1] se puede denir el producto
interno
p, q) =
Z
b
a
p(x)q(x)w(x) dx
donde w(x) es una funci on de peso no negativa.
Dos polinomios p y q son ortogonales si p, q) = 0.
Un conjunto de polinomios |p
i
es ortonormal si
p
i
, p
j
) =
1 si i = j
0 si i ,= j
=
kj
Dado un conjunto de polinomios |p
i
y un producto interno, el
procedimiento de ortogonalizaci on de Gram-Schmidt genera diversos
conjuntos de polinomios (Legendre, Laguerre, Hermite, etc.)
Ortogonalidad
interno
p, q) =
Z
b
a
p(x)q(x)w(x) dx
i
es ortonormal si
p
i
, p
j
) =
1 si i = j
0 si i ,= j
=
kj
i
Ortogonalidad
interno
p, q) =
Z
b
a
p(x)q(x)w(x) dx
i
es ortonormal si
p
i
, p
j
) =
1 si i = j
0 si i ,= j
=
kj
i
Ortogonalidad
interno
p, q) =
Z
b
a
p(x)q(x)w(x) dx
i
es ortonormal si
p
i
, p
j
) =
1 si i = j
0 si i ,= j
=
kj
i
Ortogonalidad
Los polinomios de Chebyshev son ortonales respecto a la funci on de
peso
w(x) =
1
1 x
2
en el intervalo [1, 1]:
T
n
(x), T
m
(x)) =
Z
1
1
T
n
(x)T
m
(x)
dx
1 x
2
=
8
<
:
0 si n ,= m
si n = m = 0
/2 si n = m ,= 0
Los extremos sucesivos de T
k
son iguales en magnitud y alternan de
signo, lo cual distribuye el error uniformemente
Ortogonalidad
peso
w(x) =
1
1 x
2
T
n
(x), T
m
(x)) =
Z
1
1
T
n
(x)T
m
(x)
dx
1 x
2
=
8
<
:
0 si n ,= m
si n = m = 0
/2 si n = m ,= 0
k
Ortogonalidad
peso
w(x) =
1
1 x
2
T
n
(x), T
m
(x)) =
Z
1
1
T
n
(x)T
m
(x)
dx
1 x
2
=
8
<
:
0 si n ,= m
si n = m = 0
/2 si n = m ,= 0
k
Interpolacion de Hermite
Vimos que al aumentar los puntos de interpolaci on, aumenta el grado
del polinomio de aproximacion y las oscilaciones
Una solucion consiste en utilizar varios polinomios de interpolaci on de
grado bajo en lugar de un polinomio de grado alto
La interpolaci on de Hermite utiliza no s olo los valores de la funci on a
interpolar sino tambien sus derivadas. Por ejemplo
x
0
x
1
x
N
f(x
0
) f(x
1
) f(x
N
)
f
(x
0
) f
(x
1
) f
(x
N
)
Al incluir las derivadas, aumenta el n umero de ecuaciones del sistema
que determina los par ametros del polinomio interpolante
Los polinomios de Hermite se generan cuando se consideran s olo los
valores de la primera derivada de la funci on
x
0
x
1
x
N
f(x
0
) f(x
1
) f(x
N
)
f
(x
0
) f
(x
1
) f
(x
N
)
x
0
x
1
x
N
f(x
0
) f(x
1
) f(x
N
)
f
(x
0
) f
(x
1
) f
(x
N
)
x
0
x
1
x
N
f(x
0
) f(x
1
) f(x
N
)
f
(x
0
) f
(x
1
) f
(x
N
)
x
0
x
1
x
N
f(x
0
) f(x
1
) f(x
N
)
f
(x
0
) f
(x
1
) f
(x
N
)
x
0
x
1
x
N
f(x
0
) f(x
1
) f(x
N
)
f
(x
0
) f
(x
1
) f
(x
N
)
Polinomio osculante
Proposicion 7.1 (Existencia del polinomio osculante)
Considere n + 1 puntos distintos en [a, b]
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
(27)
y m
i
un entero no negativo asociado a x
i
para i = 0, 1, . . . , n. Para
f C
m
[a, b] con m = max
0in
m
i
existe un unico polinomio p de grado
mnimo tal que
d
k
p(x
i
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
i
)
dx
k
para i = 0, 1, . . . , n y k = 0, 1, . . . , m
i
(28)
Observaciones
El polinomio p que satisface la condici on de interpolaci on de Hermite
(28) es llamado polinomio osculante que aproxima a f
El n umero de condiciones a satisfacer en (28) es
P
n
i=0
m
i
+ (n + 1) y
por tanto el grado del polinomio osculante p es a lo sumo
M =
n
X
i=0
m
i
+ n
Polinomio osculante
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
(27)
y m
i
i
para i = 0, 1, . . . , n. Para
f C
m
[a, b] con m = max
0in
m
i
mnimo tal que
d
k
p(x
i
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
i
)
dx
k
para i = 0, 1, . . . , n y k = 0, 1, . . . , m
i
(28)
Observaciones
P
n
i=0
m
i
+ (n + 1) y
M =
n
X
i=0
m
i
+ n
Polinomio osculante
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
(27)
y m
i
i
para i = 0, 1, . . . , n. Para
f C
m
[a, b] con m = max
0in
m
i
mnimo tal que
d
k
p(x
i
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
i
)
dx
k
para i = 0, 1, . . . , n y k = 0, 1, . . . , m
i
(28)
Observaciones
P
n
i=0
m
i
+ (n + 1) y
M =
n
X
i=0
m
i
+ n
Polinomio osculante
Cuando n = 0 tenemos en (27) s olo un punto de interpolaci on x
0
y la
condici on de Hermite
d
k
p(x
0
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
0
)
dx
k
para k = 0, 1, . . . , m
0
conduce al m
0
-esimo polinomio de Taylor en torno a x
0
p(x) = f(x
0
) + f
(x
0
)(xx
0
) +
f
(x
0
)
2!
(xx
0
)
2
+ +
f
(m
0
)
(x
0
)
m
0
!
(xx
0
)
m
0
Cuando m
i
= 0 para i = 0, 1 . . . , n la condicion de Hermite (28) queda
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
y el polinomio resultante es el polinomio de interpolaci on de Lagrange
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) y p
(x
i
) = f
(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
y el polinomio resultante se denomina polinomio de Hermite
Polinomio osculante
0
y la
d
k
p(x
0
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
0
)
dx
k
para k = 0, 1, . . . , m
0
conduce al m
0
0
p(x) = f(x
0
) + f
(x
0
)(xx
0
) +
f
(x
0
)
2!
(xx
0
)
2
+ +
f
(m
0
)
(x
0
)
m
0
!
(xx
0
)
m
0
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) y p
(x
i
) = f
(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Polinomio osculante
0
y la
d
k
p(x
0
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
0
)
dx
k
para k = 0, 1, . . . , m
0
conduce al m
0
0
p(x) = f(x
0
) + f
(x
0
)(xx
0
) +
f
(x
0
)
2!
(xx
0
)
2
+ +
f
(m
0
)
(x
0
)
m
0
!
(xx
0
)
m
0
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) y p
(x
i
) = f
(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Polinomio osculante
0
y la
d
k
p(x
0
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
0
)
dx
k
para k = 0, 1, . . . , m
0
conduce al m
0
0
p(x) = f(x
0
) + f
(x
0
)(xx
0
) +
f
(x
0
)
2!
(xx
0
)
2
+ +
f
(m
0
)
(x
0
)
m
0
!
(xx
0
)
m
0
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) y p
(x
i
) = f
(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Polinomio osculante
0
y la
d
k
p(x
0
)
dx
k
=
d
k
f(x
0
)
dx
k
para k = 0, 1, . . . , m
0
conduce al m
0
0
p(x) = f(x
0
) + f
(x
0
)(xx
0
) +
f
(x
0
)
2!
(xx
0
)
2
+ +
f
(m
0
)
(x
0
)
m
0
!
(xx
0
)
m
0
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Cuando m
i
p(x
i
) = f(x
i
) y p
(x
i
) = f
(x
i
) para i = 0, 1 . . . , n
Teorema (7.1)
Teorema 7.1
Si f C
1
[a, b] y x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
son puntos distintos en [a, b], el polinomio
osculante que interpola a f y f
en x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
es el polinomio de
Hermite de grado 2n + 1 y est a dado por
H
2n+1
(x) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x) (29)
donde
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) , (30)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) (31)
y L
n,j
es el j-esimo polinomio de Lagrange de grado n
L
n,j
=
n
Y
i=0
i=j
(x x
i
)
x
j
x
i
(32)
Teorema (7.1)
Teorema 7.1
Si f C
1
[a, b] y x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
son puntos distintos en [a, b], el polinomio
osculante que interpola a f y f
en x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
es el polinomio de
Hermite de grado 2n + 1 y est a dado por
H
2n+1
(x) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x) (29)
donde
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) , (30)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) (31)
y L
n,j
es el j-esimo polinomio de Lagrange de grado n
L
n,j
=
n
Y
i=0
i=j
(x x
i
)
x
j
x
i
(32)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$ X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$ X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$ X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$ X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
Demostraci on
H
2n+1
interpola a f en x
0
, . . . , x
n
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0 y

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$ X
1
L
2
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
y
H
n,i
(x
i
) = (x
i
x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,j
(x) = 0
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
j=i
f(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
+
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
) 0 = f(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
De la denici on (30),
H
n,j
(x)
=
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
) = 0 para todo i, j (33)
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x)
= 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) =
2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) =
2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
=
2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
2n+1
interpola a f
en x
0
, . . . , x
n
H
n,j
(x) =
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
L
2
n,j
(x) ,
H
n,j
(x) = 2L
n,j
(x
j
) L
2
n,j
(x) +
1 2(x x
j
)L
n,j
(x
j
)
2L
n,j
(x)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
= H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
H
n,i
(x
i
) = 2L
n,i
(x
i
)
$
$
$
$X
1
L
2
n,i
(x) +
h
1 2
$
$
$
$$X
0
(x
i
x
i
)L
n,i
(x
j
)
i
2
$
$
$
$X
1
L
n,i
(x)L
n,i
(x)
= 2L
n,i
(x
i
) + 2L
n,i
(x
i
) = 0
y por tanto
H
n,i
(x
j
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x)
= (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) =
(x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x)
= L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) =
L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Teorema (7.1)
H
n,j
(x) = (x x
j
)L
2
n,j
(x) ,
n,j
(x) = L
2
n,j
(x) + (x x
j
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,j
(x)
Para i ,= j:
L
n,j
(x
i
) =
i,j
=

H
n,j
(x
i
) = 0
Para i = j:
n,i
(x
i
) = L
2
n,j
(x
i
) + (x
i
x
i
)2L
n,j
(x
i
)L
n,i
(x
i
) = 1
Luego
H
2n+1
(x
i
) =
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
n
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
n
X
j=0
f(x
j
) 0 +
n
X
j=0
j=i
f
(x
j
) 0 + f(x
i
) 1
| {z }
j=i
= f
(x
i
)
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
Utilice el polinomio de Hermite que concuerda con los datos de la tabla para
obtener una aproximaci on de f(1,5).
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
Calculamos los polinomios de Lagrange y sus derivadas
L
2,0
(x)
=
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x)
=
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x)
=
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Ejemplo 7.1
k x
k
f(x
k
) f
(x
k
)
0 1,3 0,6200860 0,5220232
1 1,6 0,4554022 0,5698959
2 1,9 0,2818186 0,5811571
Soluci on
L
2,0
(x) =
(x x
1
)(x x
2
)
(x
0
x
1
)(x
0
x
2
)
=
50
9
x
2
+
175
9
x +
152
9
L
2,1
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
2
)
(x
1
x
0
)(x
1
x
2
)
=
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x +
247
9
L
2,2
(x) =
(x x
0
)(x x
1
)
(x
2
x
0
)(x
2
x
1
)
=
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para las derivadas tenemos
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
Para los polinomios H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) =
[1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
=
(10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x)
= 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) =
1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x)
= 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) =
10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
L
2,0
(x) =
100
9
x
175
9
L
2,1
(x) =
200
9
x +
320
9
L
2,1
(x) =
100
9
x
145
9
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = [1 2(x 1,3)(5)]
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
= (10x 12)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
2
H
2,1
(x) = 1
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
2
H
2,2
(x) = 10(2 x)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) =
(x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
Por el teorema (7.1)
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x)
= (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) =
(x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x)
= (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) =
(x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x)
=
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
=
0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Ejemplo (7.1)
Para los polinomios

H
2,j
(x) tenemos
H
2,0
(x) = (x 1,3)
50
9
x
2
175
9
x +
152
9
H
2,1
(x) = (x 1,6)
100
9
x
2
+
320
9
x
247
9
H
2,2
(x) = (x 1,9)
50
9
x
2
145
9
x +
104
9
2
H
5
(x) =
2
X
j=0
f(x
j
)H
n,j
(x) +
2
X
j=0
f
(x
j
)

H
n,j
(x)
= 0,6200860H
2,0
(x) + 04554022H
2,1
(x) + 0,281886H
2,2
(x)
0,5220232

H
2,0
(x) 0,5698959

H
2,1
(x) 0,5811571

H
2,2
(x)
y evaluando
H
5
(1,5) = 0,5118277
Polinomio de Hermite con diferencias divididas
Los c alculos requeridos para evaluar el polinomio de Hermite de
acuerdo al teorema (7.1) son tediosos. Otro metodo consiste en utilizar
la f ormula de diferencias divididas
p
n
(x) = f(x
0
) +
n
X
k=1
T(x
0
, . . . , x
k
)(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
y el teorema del valor medio
T(x
i
, x
i+1
) =
f(x
i+1
) f(x
i
)
x
i+1
x
i
= f
() , para alg un (x
i
, x
i+1
)
Consideramos los puntos de interpolaci on
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
y formamos la sucesi on
z
0
, z
1
, . . . , z
n
denida por
z
0
= z
1
= x
0
, z
2
= z
3
= x
1
, . . . , z
2i
= z
2i+1
= x
i
, . . .
p
n
(x) = f(x
0
) +
n
X
k=1
T(x
0
, . . . , x
k
)(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
T(x
i
, x
i+1
) =
f(x
i+1
) f(x
i
)
x
i+1
x
i
= f
() , para alg un (x
i
, x
i+1
)
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
z
0
, z
1
, . . . , z
n
denida por
z
0
= z
1
= x
0
, z
2
= z
3
= x
1
, . . . , z
2i
= z
2i+1
= x
i
, . . .
p
n
(x) = f(x
0
) +
n
X
k=1
T(x
0
, . . . , x
k
)(x x
0
) (x x
k1
)
T(x
i
, x
i+1
) =
f(x
i+1
) f(x
i
)
x
i+1
x
i
= f
() , para alg un (x
i
, x
i+1
)
x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
z
0
, z
1
, . . . , z
n
denida por
z
0
= z
1
= x
0
, z
2
= z
3
= x
1
, . . . , z
2i
= z
2i+1
= x
i
, . . .
z f(z) Primeras diferencias Segundas diferencias
z
0
= x
0
F(z
0
) = f(x
0
)
F(z
0
, z
1
) = f
(x
0
)
z
1
= x
0
F(z
1
) = f(x
0
) F(z
0
, z
1
, z
2
) =
F(z
1
,z
2
)F(z
0
,z
1
)
z
2
z
0
F(z
1
, z
2
) =
F(z
2
)F(z
1
)
z
2
z
1

z
2
= x
1
F(z
2
) = f(x
1
) F(z
1
, z
2
, z
3
) =
F(z
2
,z
3
)F(z
1
,z
2
)
z
3
z
1
F(z
2
, z
3
) = f
(x
1
)
z
3
= x
1
F(z
3
) = f(x
1
) F(z
2
, z
3
, z
4
) =
F(z
3
,z
4
)F(z
2
,z
3
)
z
4
z
2
F(z
3
, z
4
) =
F(z
4
)F(z
3
)
z
4
z
3

z
4
= x
2
F(z
4
) = f(x
2
) F(z
2
, z
3
, z
4
) =
F(z
3
,z
4
)F(z
2
,z
3
)
z
4
z
2
F(z
4
, z
5
) = f
(x
2
)
z
5
= x
2
F(z
4
) = f(x
2
) F(z
0
, z
1
, z
2
) =
F(z
1
,z
2
)F(z
0
,z
1
)
z
2
z
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
H
2n+1
(x) = T(z
0
) +
n
X
k=1
T(z
0
, . . . , z
k
)(x z
0
) (x z
k1
)
Aproximacion polinomica fragmentaria
Al aumentar los puntos de interpolacion, aumenta el grado del
polinomio de aproximaci on y las oscilaciones
Otro enfoque consiste en dividir el intervalo en una serie de
subintervalos y en cada uno de esos subintervarlos construir un
polinomio de interpolacion de grado bajo
La interpolacion lineal une los puntos mediante rectas
|(x
0
, f(x
0
)), (x
1
, f(x
1
)), . . . , (x
n
, f(x
n
))
Otra posibilidad es usar polinomios cuadr aticos entre [x
i
, x
i+1
]
|(x
0
, f(x
0
)), (x
1
, f(x
1
)), . . . , (x
n
, f(x
n
))
i
, x
i+1
]
|(x
0
, f(x
0
)), (x
1
, f(x
1
)), . . . , (x
n
, f(x
n
))
i
, x
i+1
]
|(x
0
, f(x
0
)), (x
1
, f(x
1
)), . . . , (x
n
, f(x
n
))
i
, x
i+1
]
|(x
0
, f(x
0
)), (x
1
, f(x
1
)), . . . , (x
n
, f(x
n
))
i
, x
i+1
]
|(x
0
, f(x
0
)), (x
1
, f(x
1
)), . . . , (x
n
, f(x
n
))
i
, x
i+1
]
Spline (trazador) c ubico
Denici on 8.1 (Spline c ubico)
Considere f : [a, b] R y un conjunto de nodos
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
Un spline c ubico para f es una funcion S : [a, b] R tal que:
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
es un polinomio c ubico en [x
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
Una de las siguientes condiciones de frontera se satisfacen
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0 (frontera libre)
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
1
S [
[x
j
,x
j+1
]
= S
j
donde S
j
j
, x
j+1
]
2
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n
3
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
4
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
5
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
) para j = 0, 1, . . . , n 2
6
1 S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
2 S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
) (frontera sujeta)
Construccion del spline c ubico
En cada intervalo [x
j
, x
j+1
] consideramos el polinomio c ubico
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
Por la condicion de interpolaci on (2),
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
De la condici on (3),
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x)
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) =
b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x)
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) =
2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
=
a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
=
a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
j
, x
j+1
S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
S
j
(x) = b
j
+ 2c
j
(x x
j
) + 3d
j
(x x
j
)
2
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
)
(34)
con j = 0, . . . , n 1.
S(x
j
) = f(x
j
) = a
j
= f(x
j
)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
3
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+ c
j
h
2
j
+ d
j
h
3
j
(35)
De la condici on (4) para la primera derivada,
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
De la condici on (5) para la segunda derivada,
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
=
b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
=
b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
=
2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
=
c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
(x
j+1
x
j
) + 3d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
2
b
j+1
= b
j
+ 2c
j
h
j
+ 3d
j
h
2
j
(36)
S
j+1
(x
j+1
) = S
j
(x
j+1
)
2c
j+1
= 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x
j+1
x
j
)
c
j+1
= c
j
+ 3d
j
h
j
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3h
j
(37)
Al reemplazar d
j
en (35)
a
j+1
= a
j
+ b
j
h
j
+
h
2
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
(38)
De la ultima ecuaci on
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
De nuevo, al reemplazar d
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
Resumiendo: tenemos las ecuaciones (38) y (39)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
La ecuacion (40) se puede expresar como
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) (39)
j
(37) en (36),
b
j+1
= b
j
+ h
j
(c
j
+ c
j+1
) (40)
b
j
=
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
b
j1
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
)
(41)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
) (42)
Finalmente reemplazamos (41) en (42)
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
El lado derecho se puede escribir como
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
=
b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
=
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
=
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
= h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
b
j
= b
j1
+ h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) =
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
1
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
1
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) =
h
j
3
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
)
h
j1
3
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
) = h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
h
j
(2c
j
+ c
j+1
) h
j1
(2c
j1
+ c
j
) + 3h
j1
(c
j1
+ c
j
)
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
2h
j1
2c
j1
h
j1
c
j
+ 3h
j1
c
j1
+ 3h
j1
c
j
= 2h
j
c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
+ h
j1
c
j1
+ 2h
j1
c
j
= h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
Obtenemos para los coecientes c
j
el sistema de ecuaciones
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
El sistema es (n 1) (n + 1):
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
Se requieren dos ecuaciones m as para cerrar el sistema (condiciones
de frontera (61), (62))
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 =
t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 =
t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
=
t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
j
h
j1
c
j1
+ 2(h
j
+ h
j1
)c
j
+ h
j
c
j+1
=
3
h
j
(a
j+1
a
j
)
3
h
j1
(a
j
a
j1
)
| {z }
t
j
con j = 1, 2, . . . , n 1
h
0
c
0
+ 2 (h
0
+ h
1
) c
1
+ h
1
c
2
+ 0 + 0 + + 0 = t
1
0 + h
1
c
1
+ 2 (h
1
+ h
2
) c
2
+ h
2
c
3
+ 0 + + 0 = t
2
.
.
.
0 + + 0 + h
n2
c
n3
+ 2 (h
n2
+ h
n1
) c
n2
+ h
n1
c
n1
= t
n1
Para la condicion de frontera (61)
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
= 0 generan el sistema (n + 1) (n + 1):
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) =
S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
=
c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = S
(x
n
) = 0
De (34),
S
j
(x) = 2c
j
+ 6d
j
(x x
j
) = S
0
(x
0
) = 2c
0
+ 6d
j
(x
0
x
0
) = 0
= c
0
= 0
Las ecuaciones c
0
= 0 y c
n
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
Existencia del spline c ubico
Teorema 8.1 (Spline c ubico con frontera libre)
Sea f : [a, b] R. Entonces existe un unico spline c ubico S que interpola a
f en
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
y que satisface la condicion de frontera
S
(a) = 0 y S
(b) = 0
Observaciones
El interpolador S : [a, b] R est a dado por
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
donde
1
a
j
= f(x
j
), j = 0, . . . , n
2
c
0
, c
1
, . . . , c
n
se obtienen de resolver el sistema lineal
3
b
j
= (a
j+1
a
j
)/h
j
h
j
(c
j+1
+ 2c
j
)/3 (ecuaci on (41))
4
d
j
= (c
j+1
c
j
)/(3 h
j
) (ecuaci on (37))
f en
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
S
(a) = 0 y S
(b) = 0
Observaciones
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
donde
1
a
j
= f(x
j
), j = 0, . . . , n
2
c
0
, c
1
, . . . , c
n
3
b
j
= (a
j+1
a
j
)/h
j
h
j
(c
j+1
+ 2c
j
4
d
j
= (c
j+1
c
j
)/(3 h
j
) (ecuaci on (37))
f en
a = x
0
< x
1
< < x
n
= b
S
(a) = 0 y S
(b) = 0
Observaciones
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
donde
1
a
j
= f(x
j
), j = 0, . . . , n
2
c
0
, c
1
, . . . , c
n
3
b
j
= (a
j+1
a
j
)/h
j
h
j
(c
j+1
+ 2c
j
4
d
j
= (c
j+1
c
j
)/(3 h
j
) (ecuaci on (37))
S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
)
el sistema de ecuaciones queda
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
2 h
0
h
0
0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 h
n1
2 h
n1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
= b
con
b =
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
) 3 f
(a)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
.
.
.
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
h
n2
(a
n1
a
n2
)
3 f
(b)
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
)
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
2 h
0
h
0
0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 h
n1
2 h
n1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
= b
con
b =
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
) 3 f
(a)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
.
.
.
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
h
n2
(a
n1
a
n2
)
3 f
(b)
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
)
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
2 h
0
h
0
0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 h
n1
2 h
n1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
= b
con
b =
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
) 3 f
(a)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
.
.
.
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
h
n2
(a
n1
a
n2
)
3 f
(b)
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
S
(x
0
) = f
(x
0
) y S
(x
n
) = f
(x
n
)
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
2 h
0
h
0
0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0 h
n2
2(h
n2
+ h
n1
) h
n1
0 0 h
n1
2 h
n1
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
c
0
c
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
c
n
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
= b
con
b =
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
) 3 f
(a)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
.
.
.
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
h
n2
(a
n1
a
n2
)
3 f
(b)
3
h
n1
(a
n
a
n1
)
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
Ejemplo 8.1 (Spline c ubico con frontera libre)
Encuentre el spline c ubico de frontera libre que interpola
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 1 0 1 0
y determine el valor de y en x = 1,5.
Soluci on
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1, a
2
= 0, a
3
= 1, a
4
= 1
h
0
= h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h
4
= 0
A =
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0 0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
0 0 h
2
2(h
2
+ h
3
) h
3
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 0
0 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 1 0 1 0
Soluci on
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1, a
2
= 0, a
3
= 1, a
4
= 1
h
0
= h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h
4
= 0
A =
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0 0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
0 0 h
2
2(h
2
+ h
3
) h
3
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 0
0 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 1 0 1 0
Soluci on
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1, a
2
= 0, a
3
= 1, a
4
= 1
h
0
= h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h
4
= 0
A =
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0 0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
0 0 h
2
2(h
2
+ h
3
) h
3
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 0
0 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 1 0 1 0
Soluci on
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1, a
2
= 0, a
3
= 1, a
4
= 1
h
0
= h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h
4
= 0
A =
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0 0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
0 0 h
2
2(h
2
+ h
3
) h
3
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 0
0 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 1 0 1 0
Soluci on
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1, a
2
= 0, a
3
= 1, a
4
= 1
h
0
= h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h
4
= 0
A =
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0 0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
0 0 h
2
2(h
2
+ h
3
) h
3
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 0
0 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 1 0 1 0
Soluci on
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+b
j
(xx
j
)+c
j
(xx
j
)
2
+d
j
(xx
j
)
3
, x [x
j
, x
j+1
]
a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1, a
2
= 0, a
3
= 1, a
4
= 1
h
0
= h
1
= h
2
= h
3
= h
4
= 0
A =
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
h
0
2(h
0
+ h
1
) h
1
0 0
0 h
1
2(h
1
+ h
2
) h
2
0
0 0 h
2
2(h
2
+ h
3
) h
3
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
1 0 0 0 0
1 4 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 0
0 0 1 4 1
0 0 0 0 1
3
7
7
7
5
Ejemplo
Para b tenemos
A =
2
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
4
(a
4
a
3
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
0
6
6
6
0
3
7
7
7
5
La soluci on del sistema
Ax = b
viene dada por
x = [ 0,00000000 2,14285714 2,57142857 2,14285714 ]
T
Para el resto de coecientes podemos usar las f ormulas vistas
b
j
=
a
j+1
a
j
h
j
h
j
c
j+1
+ 2c
j
3
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3 h
j
Ejemplo
Para b tenemos
A =
2
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
4
(a
4
a
3
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
0
6
6
6
0
3
7
7
7
5
Ax = b
viene dada por
x = [ 0,00000000 2,14285714 2,57142857 2,14285714 ]
T
b
j
=
a
j+1
a
j
h
j
h
j
c
j+1
+ 2c
j
3
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3 h
j
Ejemplo
Para b tenemos
A =
2
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
4
(a
4
a
3
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
0
6
6
6
0
3
7
7
7
5
Ax = b
viene dada por
x = [ 0,00000000 2,14285714 2,57142857 2,14285714 ]
T
b
j
=
a
j+1
a
j
h
j
h
j
c
j+1
+ 2c
j
3
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3 h
j
Ejemplo
Para b tenemos
A =
2
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
4
(a
4
a
3
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
0
6
6
6
0
3
7
7
7
5
Ax = b
viene dada por
x = [ 0,00000000 2,14285714 2,57142857 2,14285714 ]
T
b
j
=
a
j+1
a
j
h
j
h
j
c
j+1
+ 2c
j
3
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3 h
j
Ejemplo
Para b tenemos
A =
2
6
6
6
4
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
0
3
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
0
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
0
(a
1
a
0
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
3
h
1
(a
2
a
1
)
3
h
4
(a
4
a
3
)
3
h
2
(a
3
a
2
)
0
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
=
2
6
6
6
4
0
6
6
6
0
3
7
7
7
5
Ax = b
viene dada por
x = [ 0,00000000 2,14285714 2,57142857 2,14285714 ]
T
b
j
=
a
j+1
a
j
h
j
h
j
c
j+1
+ 2c
j
3
d
j
=
c
j+1
c
j
3 h
j
Ejemplo
Para el resto de coecientes del spline
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
podemos usar tambien el programa SplineLibre.c
Resultados obtenidos
a
i
b
i
c
i
d
i
0,00000000 1,71428571 0,00000000 0,71428571
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 1,57142857
0,00000000 0,00000000 2,57142857 1,57142857
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 0,71428571
El valor solicitado es en x = 1,5 [x
0
, x
1
]
S(x) = S
0
(x) = 1,71428571(x 1) 0,71428571(x 1)
3
y
S(1,5) = S
0
(1,5) = 0,767857141
Ejemplo
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
a
i
b
i
c
i
d
i
0,00000000 1,71428571 0,00000000 0,71428571
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 1,57142857
0,00000000 0,00000000 2,57142857 1,57142857
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 0,71428571
0
, x
1
]
S(x) = S
0
(x) = 1,71428571(x 1) 0,71428571(x 1)
3
y
S(1,5) = S
0
(1,5) = 0,767857141
Ejemplo
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
a
i
b
i
c
i
d
i
0,00000000 1,71428571 0,00000000 0,71428571
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 1,57142857
0,00000000 0,00000000 2,57142857 1,57142857
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 0,71428571
0
, x
1
]
S(x) = S
0
(x) = 1,71428571(x 1) 0,71428571(x 1)
3
y
S(1,5) = S
0
(1,5) = 0,767857141
Ejemplo
S(x) = S
j
(x) = a
j
+ b
j
(x x
j
) + c
j
(x x
j
)
2
+ d
j
(x x
j
)
3
a
i
b
i
c
i
d
i
0,00000000 1,71428571 0,00000000 0,71428571
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 1,57142857
0,00000000 0,00000000 2,57142857 1,57142857
1,00000000 0,42857143 2,14285714 0,71428571
0
, x
1
]
S(x) = S
0
(x) = 1,71428571(x 1) 0,71428571(x 1)
3
y
S(1,5) = S
0
(1,5) = 0,767857141

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Análisis Numérico

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Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

operaciones necesarias para resolver el sistema

operaciones necesarias para resolver el sistema

operaciones necesarias para resolver el sistema

operaciones necesarias para resolver el sistema

operaciones necesarias para resolver el sistema

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

) = cos(n) , [0, ] (26)

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

Introducci on Vandermonde Newton Lagrange An alisis de error Chebyshev Hermite Splines

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