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Escudo de Guayana
Consenso 2002
Prioridades de conservacin para el escudo de Guayana: Consenso 2002 es una publicacin de:
Conservation International
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science
1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20036, USA
Telf.: 202.912.1000
Fax: 202.912.1030
www.conservation.org
Revisin: Neil Lindeman
Diseo: Glenda P. Fbregas
Mapas: CABS Conservation Mapping Program, Mark Denil, Jefe de Cartografa
Greg Buppert, Lorena Bustos, Sonya Krogh, Lisa Stewart
Fotografas: Portada (de izquierda a derecha) C. Brewer-Caras, Conservation International, A. Ahogado
Reconocimientos
El equipo profesional del Taller para el establecimiento de prioridades de conservacin para el Escudo de Guayana
desea expresar su agradecimiento muy especial a los diferentes organismos e instituciones que contribuyeron al
xito de esta iniciativa, entre los que se cuentan (pero no se excluye a otros) los siguientes: en Guyana, el Guyana
Integrated Natural Resources Information System (GINRIS), University of Guyana, Guyana Forestry Commission,
Guyana Geology and Mines Commission, Guyana Land and Surveys Commission, Guyana National Herbarium, y
la Protected Areas Secretariat; en Suriname, Centrum voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek in Suriname (CELOS),
Stichting Planbureau Suriname (SPS), Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname (especialmente Kenneth Tjon, Gerda
Wesenhagen, Marga Werkhoven, Paul Ouboter, y Armand Moredjo), Lands Bosbeheer-Afdeling: Natuurbeheer,
Stichting Natuurbehoud Suriname (STINASU), Ministerie van Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen, Ministerie van Arbeid,
Technologische Ontwikkeling en Milieu, Ministerie van Onderwijs en Volksontwikkeling, Ministerie van Planning
en Ontwikkelingssamenwerking, Nationaal Herbarium van Suriname (BBS), y Nationale Zoologische Collectie van
Suriname (NZCS); en la Guayana Francesa, Office National des Forts (ONF), cole Nationale de Gnie Rural et
des Eaux et Forts (ENGREF), y el Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD); en Venezuela, Instituto
Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientficas (IVIC), Instituto Nacional de Parques (InParques), Instituto Geogrfico de
Venezuela Simn Bolvar (IGVSB), Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana (UNEG), Universidad Simn
Bolvar (USB), Gobernacin del Estado Bolvar, ProVita, y Fundacin de Ciencias Naturales La Salle; en Colombia,
Fundacin Puerto Rastrojo, Instituto Von Humboldt, y Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNC); y en Brasil,
Instituto de Estudos e Pesquisas do Estado do Amap (IEPA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA),
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovveis (IBAMA), y Museo Goeldi. Adems,
las contribuciones de las siguientes organizaciones internacionales fueron fundamentales para el xito del taller:
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Smithsonian Institution, World Resources Institute (WRI), y el World Conservation
Monitoring Center (WCMC). Por sus aportes a los grupos de trabajo expresamos nuestro reconocimiento a Paul
Berry, Hans ter Steege, Patrick Lavelle, Carlos Lasso, Celsa Searis, Teresa Cristina Avila Pires, Mario Cohn-Haft,
Mark Engstrom, Judith Rosales, Lelys Bravo, Joost Duivenvoorden, Sandy Griffith, Andrew Bishop, Ana Liz Flores,
Clayton Hall, Stan Malone, Amy MacKinven, Olaf Bnki, y Greg Love. Por su apoyo continuo y su disponibilidad
durante todo el taller, agradecemos al personal del laboratorio de procesamiento del SIG: Paul Burgess, Kenneth Tjon,
Minu Parahoe, Curtis Bernard, Alexandre Dinnouti, Henri Asmoredjo, y Naseem Nasir. Nuestro agradecimiento
especial tambin para Adriano Paglia, Antonio Telesca, Monique Pool, Wouter Veening, Dave Zwaan, Jean-Jacques de
Granville, y Otto Huber por su ayuda en la revisin de las traducciones a varios idiomas de los productos terminados
del taller. Finalmente, deseamos agradecer al comit asesor que aport la visin para este taller y sus productos, a
saber: Pieter Borkent, Keith Brown, Paul Burgess, Jenny Chun, David H. Clarke, Jos Maria DaSilva, Jean-Jacques de
Granville, Regina De Souza, Lisa Famolare, Matt Foster, Sandy Griffith, Marinus Hoogmoed, Otto Huber, Marion
Jansen Jacobs, Amy MacKinven, Stan Malone, Ernesto Medina, Reggy Nelson, Silvio Olivieri, Richard Olver, Lita
Paparoni, Roberto Roca, Patsy Ross, Joe Singh, Wim Udenhout, Wouter Veening, Carly Vynne, y Neville Waldron.
Escudo de Guayana
Consenso 2002
Revisado por:
Otto Huber
Matthew N. Foster
Colaboradores:
Teresa Cristina Avila Pires
Olaf Bnki
Paul E. Berry
Andrew Bishop
Lelys Bravo
Barry Chernoff
Mario Cohn-Haft
Clayton A. Hall
Joost Duivenvoorden
Mark Engstrom
Ana Liz Flores
Carlos A. Lasso
Patrick Lavelle
Burton K. Lim
Greg Love
Amy MacKinven
Stan Malone
Judith Rosales
J. Celsa Searis
Hans ter Steege
Al Lector
Esta publicacin presenta un conjunto integral de prioridades de conservacin para el escudo de Guayana.
Estas prioridades toman en cuenta tanto las condiciones biolgicas como las socioeconmicas del escudo
de Guayana y son las primeras en abarcar toda la regin. Ellas son el resultado del proceso que se inici a
comienzos de 2001 y culmin con el taller celebrado en Paramaribo, Suriname, en abril de 2002. En esa
oportunidad, ms de 100 expertos en la biologa y la socioeconoma del escudo de Guayana se reunieron
durante cinco das de intenso trabajo y estrecha colaboracin.
El escudo de Guayana brinda oportunidades importantes para la conservacin. Por tener actualmente
el porcentaje ms alto de bosque hmedo tropical intacto en todo el planeta, as como la densidad de
poblacin ms baja de cualquier bosque hmedo tropical de la regin, el escudo de Guayana es uno de los
ltimos grandes lugares naturales prstinos que queda en el mundo. Esperamos que los niveles de toma de
decisiones del gobierno, la industria privada y la comunidad internacional de desarrollo consulten estas
prioridades cuando hagan planes de crecimiento econmico, a objeto de lograr que los ecosistemas de la
regin sigan siendo sanos.
Tabla de Contenidos
Resumen.................................................................................................................................................................4
Antecedentes de la regin ................................................................................................................................5
Situacin actual...............................................................................................................................................6
Resultados .............................................................................................................................................................7
Ecologa vegetal...............................................................................................................................................7
Florstica .........................................................................................................................................................8
Invertebrados ..................................................................................................................................................8
Peces y ecologa de agua dulce .......................................................................................................................10
Anfibios y reptiles..........................................................................................................................................11
Aves ..............................................................................................................................................................13
Mamferos.....................................................................................................................................................14
Geografa fsica..............................................................................................................................................16
reas protegidas ............................................................................................................................................17
Minera .........................................................................................................................................................17
Silvicultura....................................................................................................................................................19
Infraestructura ..............................................................................................................................................19
Intercambio comercial de productos forestales no maderables (PFNM).........................................................20
Resmenes de los grupos integrados..............................................................................................................21
El proceso para el establecimiento de las prioridades de conservacin..........................................23
Planificacin .................................................................................................................................................23
Recopilacin de datos....................................................................................................................................24
Consultas en los pases ..................................................................................................................................24
Taller regional ...............................................................................................................................................24
Metodologa utilizada para fijar las reas prioritarias......................................................................................25
Recomendaciones .............................................................................................................................................26
Participantes .......................................................................................................................................................30
Lectura adicional ...............................................................................................................................................35
Mapas ...................................................................................................................................................................40
Prioridades biolgicas y presin.....................................................................................................................40
Presiones socioeconmicas ............................................................................................................................46
Oportunidades de conservacin ....................................................................................................................52
Prioridades de investigacin ..........................................................................................................................53
Ecologa vegetal.............................................................................................................................................54
Florstica .......................................................................................................................................................58
Invertebrados ................................................................................................................................................62
Peces y ecologa de agua dulce .......................................................................................................................64
Anfibios y reptiles..........................................................................................................................................68
Aves ..............................................................................................................................................................70
Mamferos.....................................................................................................................................................74
Geologa .......................................................................................................................................................76
Cuencas hidrogrficas notables ......................................................................................................................77
Elevacin ......................................................................................................................................................78
reas protegidas............................................................................................................................................80
Minera.........................................................................................................................................................85
Silvicultura ...................................................................................................................................................86
Infraestructura ..............................................................................................................................................87
reas de recoleccin y mercados de animales.................................................................................................88
reas de recoleccin y mercados de plantas ...................................................................................................96
Consenso 2002
Resumen
Antecedentes de la regin
Plantas vasculares
20.000
7.000
35%
Aves
975
150
15%
Mamferos
282
27
10%
Reptiles
280
76
27%
Anfibios
272
127
47%
2.200
700
32%
Consenso 2002
Situacin actual
Aunque las amenazas graves y en gran escala que
pesan sobre los bosques de la regin han disminuido
momentneamente, no se han eliminado por completo.
Los extraordinarios tesoros biolgicos, ecolgicos y
6
Resultados
Ecologa vegetal
Hans ter Steege
Iniciativas cientficas anteriores
Los datos acerca de la ecologa vegetal de la regin del
Escudo de Guayana son relativamente abundantes e
incluyen mapas de la vegetacin de cada una de las
tres Guayanas, extenso material recabado con sensores
remotos, y numerosos inventarios de los bosques. Por el
contrario, son pocos los sitios de investigacin ecolgica
detalladaGuayana Francesa y Venezuela tienen dos,
Guyana tiene cuatro, y Suriname tiene cinco.
Definicin de reas prioritarias
Las reas prioritarias para la conservacin de la ecologa
vegetal se escogieron sobre la base de su capacidad para:
1) preservar ejemplos viables de todos los ecosistemas
naturales del Escudo de Guayana y, 2) proteger reas
de significado biolgico especial. De esta forma se
identificaron y se delimitaron geogrficamente los
ecosistemas naturales de la regin como requisito para
definir las reas prioritarias. Las reas de importancia
biolgica son aqullas que tienen 10 tipos de bosques
caractersticos del Escudo de Guayana; 2) niveles altos
Consenso 2002
Florstica
Paul E. Berry
rea del estudio
El grupo de florstica se concentr en un rea de
aproximadamente 2.000.000 km2 que incluye los lmites
geolgicos del Escudo de Guayana (unos 1.200.000
km2), as como en el rea circundante situada al sur
hasta el ro Amazonas y luego, siguiendo el curso del
ro Japur, llega hasta el Araracuara y a la Sierra de
Chiribiquete en Colombia.
Iniciativas cientficas anteriores
Histricamente, la recoleccin de plantas dentro del
rea de estudio ha sido dispersa, lo que ha ocasionado
grandes brechas en la cobertura florstica, especialmente
en las extensas tierras bajas. En la mayora de las tierras
altas situadas en las montaas de la regin del Escudo
de Guayana se hizo al menos una recoleccin botnica,
pero las grandes cadenas montaosas situadas en el
sur de Venezuela siguen prcticamente inexploradas.
Adems, numerosos especmenes de plantas del Escudo
de Guayana que figuran en las colecciones de varias
decenas de museos y herbarios, todava no han sido
identificados ni incorporados en las bases de datos;
los investigadores individuales que recogieron los
especmenes tampoco han publicado sus datos todava.
Invertebrados
Patrick Lavelle
rea del estudio
Se utiliz la definicin ms amplia de la regin del
Escudo de Guayana. Sin embargo, no se incluy la zona
situada entre el ro Negro inferior y el ro Amazonas,
porque est aislada del resto del Escudo de Guayana por
esos dos grandes ros.
Iniciativas cientficas anteriores
El cuadro 2 indica el nmero de sitios donde se
han recogido datos para cada grupo taxonmico de
invertebrados. En apenas 10 a 15 de estos sitios se
han recolectado datos sobre todos los nueve grupos
taxonmicos. La mayora de los sitios estn concentrados
en la regin de las tres Guayanas, mientras que el resto
de ellos estn situados en la regin de Manaos, la Gran
Nmero de sitios
(total 140 puntos)
110
30
20
20
15
14
14
10
Discusin
La biodiversidad de las comunidades de invertebrados de
la regin del Escudo de Guayana se conoce sumamente
mal. Debido a que parte de estos grupos presentan tasas
Cuadro 3: Clculo de la riqueza local en especies en comparacin con la regional, en ocho grupos de invertebrados en la regin del
Escudo de Guayana.
Categora taxonmica
Mundial
Orden Lepidoptera:
familia Sphingidae
(esfngidos)
Local
Escudo de
Guayana
(previsto)
Porcentaje
local/general
Total
endmicas
(estimado)
En peligro
7080
95
80
16
Sin datos
Familia Apidae:
Subfamilia Meliponinae
(abejas sin aguijn)
500
4050
90
50
10
Sin datos
Orden Hymenoptera:
familia Vespidae (avispas
sociales)
1000
80100
200
50
12
Sin datos
4000
150
225
65
10
Sin datos
Orden Hymenoptera:
familia Formicidae
(hormigas)
7000
300400
1500
23
300
Sin datos
Orden Lepidoptera
(mariposas)
15000
50
1500
<10
150
20
5600
1040
240
15
ND
Sin datos
Orden Opisthopora
(lombrices)
? 7000
1520
2000
<1
1900
Muchas
Consenso 2002
Anfibios y reptiles
J. Celsa Searis y Teresa Cristina Avila Pires
rea de estudio
El rea del estudio de anfibios y reptiles comprenda el
sur de Venezuela (estados Amazonas, Bolvar y Delta
Amacuro, delimitada al norte por el ro Orinoco),
Guyana, Suriname, Guayana Francesa, norte del
Brasil (estados Roraima y Amap; Par al norte del ro
Amazonas; y el estado Amazonas al norte del Amazonas
y parte del bajo Ro Negro, pero atravesando el sudoeste
aproximadamente a la altura del ro Mari hacia los ros
Japur/Caquet), y el este de Colombia (incluido el
Departamento del Amazonas al norte del ro Caquet;
el Departamento del Caquet al norte del ro Yar, y
hacia el occidente hasta la serrana de Chiribiquete; una
zona pequea en el Departamento del Guaviare dentro
de la parte norte de la serrana de Chiribiquete; los
Consenso 2002
Cuadro 4: Localidades del Escudo de Guayana con muestreo de herpetofauna mediano y alto.
12
Localidad
Pas
Esfuerzo de Muestreo
Approuague
Guayana Francesa
Alto
Cayena
Guayana Francesa
Alto
Sal
Guayana Francesa
Alto
Petit Saut
Guayana Francesa
Medio
Sabanas costeras
Guayana Francesa
Medio
Ulemarie
Suriname
Medio
Suriname
Alto
Brownsberg
Suriname
Alto
Wane Hills
Suriname
Alto
Paramaribo
Suriname
Alto
Gros Rosebel
Suriname
Alto
Suriname
Medio
Carretera a Amatopo-Kabalebo
Suriname
Medio
Cascadas de Raleigh
Guyana
Alto
Kabalebo
Guyana
Alto
Iwokrama
Guyana
Alto
Bartica
Guyana
Medio
Isla Marac
Brasil
Alto
Manaos Balbina
Brasil
Alto
Brasil
Alto
Boa Vista
Brasil
Medio
Brasil
Medio
La Escalera
Venezuela
Alto
Venezuela
Alto
Venezuela
Medio
R. F. Imataca
Venezuela
Medio
El Manteco-Guri
Venezuela
Medio
Gran Sabana
Venezuela
Medio
Roraima-Kukenn-Yuruan
Venezuela
Medio
Auyn-tepui
Venezuela
Medio
Macizo Chimant
Venezuela
Medio
Cerro Guaiquinima
Venezuela
Medio
Puerto Ayacucho
Venezuela
Medio
La Esmeralda
Venezuela
Medio
Venezuela
Medio
Cerro La Neblina
Venezuela
Medio
La Ceiba
Colombia
Alto
Capar
Colombia
Medio
Araracuara
Colombia
Medio
Alto Mesai
Colombia
Medio
Aves
Mario Cohn-Haft
rea de estudio
El rea de estudio de las aves incluye toda la zona
situada al norte del Amazonas y de los ros Japur y
Caquet hacia el ocano Atlntico y el ro Orinoco y
al noroeste hasta el ecotono bosque hmedo/Llanos.
Otros lmites incluyen un segmento del ro Vichada y,
hacia el oeste, las montaas boscosas en las cercanas de
la sierra Chribiquete. Esta delimitacin de la regin es
ms amplia que todas las anteriores, especialmente a lo
largo de la frontera sudoccidental, porque la mayora de
Consenso 2002
Nombre cientfico
Situacin*
Cotorra ararajuba
Guarouba guarouba
EN
Pterodroma hasitata
EN
Piju de garganta
desteida
Synallaxis kollari
EN
Hormiguerito del Ro
Branco
Cercomacra
carbonaria
VU
Mamaco; paujil
carunculado; pavn
carunculado
Crax globulosa
VU
Euscarthmus
rufomarginatus
VU
Thripophaga cherriei
VU
14
Mamferos
Burton K. Lim
rea del estudio
El rea establecida para el estudio de los mamferos es
una de las definiciones ms estrechas de la regin del
Escudo de Guayana. Est delimitada al norte por el
ro Orinoco, al sur por el ro Amazonas y, al oeste, con
las nacientes interconectadas de los ros Casiquiare y
Ro Negro. Incluye a la Guayana Francesa, Suriname,
Guyana, el norte de Brasil y el sur de Venezuela. Desde
la poca de Alfred Russell Wallace, los especialistas en
mamferos han hecho referencia a esta zona como la
regin de Guayana, y tradicionalmente la han utilizado
en estudios biogeogrficos.
Consenso 2002
Nombre cientfico
Situacin*
Rata de agua
Nectomys parvipes
CR
Pacarana
Dinomys branickii
EN
Neusticomys oyapocki
EN
Neusticomys venezuelae
EN
Cachicamo gigante;
armadillo gigante;
cuspa gigante; cuspa
grande
Priodontes maximus
EN
Pteronura brasiliensis
EN
Tamarino bicolor
Saguinus bicolor
EN
Ateles belzebuth
VU
Callimico goeldii
VU
Murcilago blanco
mayor
Diclidurus ingens
VU
Echimys chrysurus
VU
Eumops maurus
VU
Glironia griscea
Glironia venusta
VU
Marmosa de Emilia
Gracilinanus emiliae
VU
Murcilago narigudo
Lonchorhina fernandezi
VU
Lonchorhina marinkellei VU
Ooso palmero
Myrmecophaga
tridactyla
VU
Saccopteryx gymnura
VU
VU
Perro de monte
Speothos venaticus
VU
Danta
Tapirus terrestris
VU
Murcilago orejudo de
vientre blanco
Tonatia carrikeri
VU
Tonatia schulzi
VU
15
Geografa fsica
Judith Rosales, Lelys Bravo, Joost Duivenvoorden, Luis
Takiyama, Ana Liz Flores, Jan Fehse, y Sonja Carilho
La zona de estudio para la geografa fsica incluye el
ncleo del cratn precmbrico del Escudo de Guayana
y los lmites establecidos por los drenajes de cuencas
fluviales cuyas aguas poseen una composicin qumica
influenciada por los sedimentos que se originan en la
regin de Guayana. Segn Mendoza (2000), el Escudo
de Guayana est situado al norte del ro Amazonas y,
16
Discusin
Si bien los sitios prioritarios para la geografa fsica estn
sumamente dispersos en toda la regin, tres en particular
son de notable valor en vista de su captacin de agua,
conservacin de las vertientes, oligotrofismo y diversidad
geolgica: 1) las cuencas del alto Orinoco y del alto y
medio ro Negro que incluyen el Casiquiare y las tierras
bajas del Atabapo, Inrida, y Guaina; 2) las cuencas
superiores del Ventuari, el Caura y el Paragua; y 3) el
Esequibo medio y alto.
Greg Love
reas protegidas
Ana Liz Flores
Las reas protegidas de la regin del Escudo de
Guayana datan de comienzos de los aos sesenta con
la creacin del Parque Nacional Canaima, en el sudeste
de Venezuela; en este parque se encuentran tepuyes
tan famosos como el Roraima, y los macizos Auyntepui y Chimant. Desde entonces, se han creado ms
de 70 reas protegidas estrictamente (es decir, parques
nacionales, monumentos naturales, reservas naturales
y estaciones biolgicas y ecolgicas). La regin tiene
Consenso 2002
Minera
Actualizacin de datos preexistentes
El grupo de minera y minerales recab varias fuentes
de datos sobre los minerales y la actividad minera en
la regin del Escudo de Guayana con la finalidad de
identificar las actividades mineras en la actualidad,
las posibles expansiones de las actividades mineras
conocidas y las reas que ofrecen potencial mineral
no comprobado. Debido a que las fuentes de datos
geolgicos y mineros se limitan a unos cuantos de los
productos mineros importantes que tienen demanda
en el comercio local y mundial, la posible existencia
de yacimientos minerales en el Escudo de Guayana
est subvalorada y subestimada en el nivel actual de
conocimientos y, por extensin, en los anlisis de grupo.
Por si esto fuera poco, debido a que el grupo no incluy
a expertos sobre las porciones del Escudo ubicadas en
Colombia, Venezuela y Brasil, su anlisis se centr en
la parte que se encuentra en Guyana, Suriname y la
Guayana Francesa.
Es necesario recopilar los siguientes datos en toda la
regin del Escudo de Guayana:
17
18
Discusin
Este anlisis es apenas un primer esbozo en la
interpretacin del potencial mineral de la regin. Se
necesitan ms y mejores datos geolgicos, geofsicos,
geoqumicos, de sensores remotos y acerca de las
concesiones para concentrar y mejorar nuestro
conocimiento de los tipos de posibles depsitos
minerales y de las regiones. Se requieren adems datos
de referencia para monitorear los efectos a largo plazo
de todas las actividades en las zonas del Escudo de
Guayana. La creacin de una fuente centralizada de
estos datos facilitar considerablemente el anlisis de las
regiones y servir como punto focal para suministrar
nueva informacin a un mayor nmero de personas.
Los gobiernos de la regin deberan recopilar y difundir
informacin sobre los minerales para que de esta manera
puedan tomarse decisiones fundamentadas en relacin
con el uso de la tierra. Adems, las organizaciones
no gubernamentales (ONG) deberan trabajar junto
a colaboradores locales y las comunidades para
tener acceso a los datos sobre minerales y minera, y
analizarlos para que las actividades actuales y potenciales
no causen daos irreparables a la biodiversidad. Esto es
particularmente importante en aquellas reas donde las
actividades mineras en pequea escala son una fuente
importante de ingresos para las comunidades locales.
Por ltimo, el compromiso del sector empresarial
es importante en los aspectos de intercambio de
informacin y de trabajo en colaboracin con miras
a encontrar soluciones que permitan el desarrollo
econmico y la conservacin de la biodiversidad. Las
compaas claves en esta regin son las siguientes: Alcoa,
Vanessa, Golden Star, Cambior, BHP Billiton, Placer
Dome, y Petrleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA).
Debido a su geologa, la regin del Escudo de Guayana
continuar siendo un rea de inters para las industrias de
la extraccin de minerales. Por lo tanto, al establecer las
reas prioritarias para la conservacin de la biodiversidad
deben tenerse en cuenta los lugares actuales y futuros
de actividad minera; de esta manera, se podrn tomar
decisiones fundamentadas, en relacin con el uso de
la tierra. Los impactos de la minera en pequea escala
son probablemente dignos de consideracin debido a
que la proporcin entre mineros de pequea escala y
los empleados de las compaas mineras comerciales es
de por lo menos, diez a uno. Sin embargo, es necesario
contar con ms datos sobre la minera en pequea escala
para formular estrategias que promuevan el desarrollo
Silvicultura
Clayton A. Hall y Stan Malone
Infraestructura
Andrew Bishop
Consenso 2002
La Iniciativa del Escudo de Guayana, de la Comisin de los Pases Bajos para la UICN (Unin Mundial para la Naturaleza) (GSI/NC-IUCN), (www.guianashield.org)
es un programa dedicado a crear mecanismos financieros para el desarrollo sostenible. Uno de sus componentes est destinado a investigar alternativas econmicas
conducentes al logro de medios de vida sostenibles para las comunidades de la regin guayanesa.
1
20
Discusin
Estos resultados son preliminares ya que ste fue el
primer inventario integral de los PFNM con valor
comercial realizado en la regin del Escudo de Guayana.
Adems, estos resultados tienen un pequeo sesgo hacia
las Guayanas ya que stas estaban mejor representadas
en el grupo de trabajo. No obstante, los resultados
indican que la sobreexplotacin de los PFNM (animales
y vegetales) puede ocasionar la disminucin y posible
extincin de las especies locales, por ejemplo, aceite de
palo de rosas en Brazil (Aniba rosaeodora) y el pjaro
cantor twa-twa en Suriname (Oryzoborus crassirostris).
La presin de la cacera parece ser alta a lo largo de la
franja del litoral de las Guayanas y la infraestructura y
Consenso 2002
Planificacin
23
Recopilacin de datos
Los meses anteriores al taller fueron un perodo clave
para recoger los datos y la informacin geogrfica que se
incorpor en una base de datos central y en un sistema
de informacin geogrfica (SIG). Los datos recopilados
provenan de publicaciones y de estudios an no
publicados sobre la biodiversidad, suministrados por
investigadores particulares, repositorios e instituciones.
Los lderes de los grupos de trabajo suministraron la
lista inicial de los materiales que deban recopilarse.
Los datos del SIG sobre la elevacin, los tipos de suelo,
el clima, la cobertura boscosa, la vegetacin y otros
factores ecolgicos tambin se recopilaron. Aunque
no se limitan a stas, a continuacin se mencionan
algunas de las instituciones que aportaron bases de
datos para contribuir a la recopilacin de datos antes
de la realizacin del taller: Guyana Integrated Natural
Resources Information System (GINRIS), Surinames
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Assessment (NARENA), Instituto Venezolano de
Investigaciones Cientficas (IVIC), Fundacin Puerto
Rastrojo en Colombia, Smithsonian Institution,
University of Guyana, Anton de Kom Universiteit van
Suriname, World Resources Institute (WRI), y el World
Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC).
Durante el perodo de recoleccin de datos, los
representantes de pas de Conservation International y del
UNDP se reunieron con los gobiernos y las comunidades
locales con el fin de incluirlos, desde el principio, en el
proceso para el establecimiento de prioridades.
Taller regional
Las etapas de planificacin y recopilacin de datos del
proceso de fijacin de prioridades culminaron con
un taller regional de 5 das realizado entre el 5 y el 9
de abril de 2002 en el Hotel Torarica de Paramaribo,
Suriname. El taller reuni a ms de 100 de los
principales expertos en la biodiversidad del Escudo de
Guayana complementados por un grupo de especialistas
socioeconmicos de la regin. Los participantes eran
representantes de ONG, instituciones acadmicas,
organizaciones locales, organizaciones patrocinantes y el
sector privado.
El taller constaba de tres etapas bien diferenciadas:
1) Anlisis del grupo temtico (biolgico y
socioeconmico), que permiti el debate entre expertos
de una misma disciplina; 2) anlisis de grupo regional
integrador, que facilit el medio para agrupar las
prioridades temticas en una forma generalizada y 3) una
sesin plenaria integral donde se discuti sobre la base
del conocimiento obtenido en las etapas 1 y 2. Adems,
se realizaron a diario sesiones plenarias que ofrecieron
la oportunidad a todos los participantes de discutir
los diversos enfoques y puntos de vista, y permitieron
a los grupos de trabajo presentar sus resultados. A
continuacin se describen las actividades de cada da:
Primer da
En los aspectos biolgicos, los grupos de trabajo se
formaron de acuerdo a las categoras taxonmicas, luego
de lo cual los participantes revisaron y confirmaron
la metodologa propuesta para el establecimiento de
las prioridades de conservacin. Los participantes
identificaron adems brechas espaciales en el
conocimiento, indicando lugares en los mapas que se
haban estudiado por su grupo taxonmico particular.
En el mbito socioeconmico, los grupos de trabajo
empezaron a identificar las actividades de desarrollo
existentes y las planificadas que podran tener impacto
en la biodiversidad.
Segundo da
Cada uno de los grupos de trabajo biolgicos gener
definiciones de la regin en estudio del Escudo de
Guayana, sobre la base de la biogeografa relacionada
con su categora taxonmica, y luego trazaron en un
mapa las reas prioritarias taxonmicas dentro de su
regin definida. A continuacin, documentaron este
conocimiento presentando formularios de recopilacin
de datos para cada rea. Los grupos para el estudio
socioeconmico terminaron el mapa de las actividades
existentes y planificadas y documentaron este
conocimiento utilizando formularios de recopilacin
de datos. El subgrupo de los PFNM se reuni con cada
grupo de trabajo biolgico para solicitar informacin
acerca de reas prioritarias para cosechar y vender los
PFNM. El equipo de SIG que asista al taller digitaliz
la informacin expuesta en forma de bosquejos de
mapas y formularios de recoleccin de datos, para
su presentacin en la tarde del da dos y proseguir su
anlisis durante el da tres.
Tercer da
Los grupos de biologa se integraron en los grupos
taxonmicos que luego se volvieron a dividir en
subregiones geogrficas (este, norte y sur). Estos
tres nuevos grupos alcanzaron el consenso sobre las
prioridades biolgicas integradas, trazaron los mapas
de las reas prioritarias integradas y documentaron el
conocimiento de las reas en los formularios apropiados.
Los grupos de socioeconoma fueron combinados del
mismo modo para desarrollar reas integradas motivo de
preocupacin o que ofrecan algn potencial.
Cuarto da
Cada uno de los grupos integrados de biologa se uni
con su respectivo grupo integrado de socioeconoma
para incorporar la informacin sobre las presiones y
las oportunidades a las prioridades biolgicas de cada
subregin. De esta manera, cada una de las prioridades
biolgicas recibi informacin complementaria sobre la
presin que soporta cada rea y las oportunidades para la
conservacin en cada una de ellas.
Quinto da
El debate, que marc el cierre del taller, se prolong
durante todo un da y participaron en l todos los
interesados directos con el fin de lograr un consenso
amplio acerca de las reas prioritarias para las acciones de
conservacin y evaluar las perspectivas de incorporar las
Consenso 2002
Recomendaciones
Reconociendo adems:
1) Los esfuerzos y logros continuos de los pases de la
regin guayanesa, en el mbito nacional y regional;
2) La funcin que el sector privado y las comunidades
indgenas deben desempear en la conservacin y el
desarrollo sostenibles;
3) Que algunos de los pases de la regin tambin
protegen grandes reas de territorio indgena, lo que
abarca unos 15 millones de hectreas de resguardos
indgenas en Colombia, 37 millones de hectreas
de tierras indgenas delimitadas en la parte de la
Guayana situada en Brasil, y 75 pueblos definidos
por la legislacin en Guyana; que estas tierras son,
sin lugar a duda, de gran importancia para los
pueblos indgenas mismos y adems, desempean
una funcin crucial en la conservacin de la
biodiversidad;
Consenso 2002
27
Consenso 2002
29
30
Apellido
Nombre
Organizacin
Pas
Abiamofo
David
Conservation International
Suriname
Adhin
Shanti
Biodiversiteit Werkgroep
Suriname
Ait-Alhayane
Khadija
French Guiana
Alexander
Eustace
Conservation International
Guyana
Alger
Keith
Conservation International
USA
Allicock
Sydney
Guyana
Alonso
Leanne
Conservation International
USA
Amatali
Armand
Suriname
Andrade
Gonzalo
Colombia
Arjoon
Deokie
Guyana
Asmoredjo
Henri
Conservation International
Suriname
Asquith
Nigel
Conservation International
USA
Avila Pires
Teresa Cristina
Museu Goeldi
Brazil
Aymard
Gerardo
Venezuela
Baal
Ferdinand
Suriname
Banki
Olaf
Netherlands
Benn
Robeson
Guyana
Bernard
Curtis
Conservation International
Guyana
Bernard
Calvin
University of Guyana
Guyana
Berrenstein
Haydi
Suriname
Berry
Paul
University of Wisconsin
USA
Bishop
Andrew
Guyana
Blanc
Lilian
French Guiana
Bourne
Godfrey
Guyana
Bradley
Theresa
World Bank
USA
Bram
Stephanie
Suriname
Bravo
Lelys
Venezuela
Brandon
Henk
Suriname
Burgess
Paul
Conservation International
USA
Carilho
Sonja
Suriname
Catzeflis
Francois
France
Chenderbali
Andre
University of Guyana
Guyana
Chernoff
Barry
USA
Chun
Jenny
Conservation International
USA
Clarke
David
USA
Clavijo
Jose
Venezuela
Foto: A. Phillips
Participantes
Apellido
Nombre
Organizacin
Pas
Clemens
Rudi
Suriname
Cohn-Haft
Mario
Brazil
Cole
Jay
USA
da Silva
Jose Maria
Conservation International
Brazil
de Dijn
Bart
Suriname
de Granville
Jean Jacques
France
De Rooij
Christine
Suriname
De Souza
Bernard
Conservation International
Guyana
De Souza
Regina
Conservation International
USA
Delabie
Jacques
Brazil
Demenois
Julien
French Guiana
Derveld
Iwan
Conservation International
Suriname
Duivenvoorden
Joost
Netherlands
Duplaix
Nicole
Suriname
Duque
Alvaro
University of Amsterdam
Netherlands
Eggleton
Paul
UK
Engstrom
Mark
Canada
Euwka
Oochpatapo
Famolare
Lisa
Conservation International
USA
Fehse
Jan
EcoSecurities
Netherlands
Felix
Marie Louise
Suriname
Fitzgerald
Kelly
Suriname
Flores
Ana Liz
Conservation International
Venezuela
Forget
Pierre-Michel
France
Foster
Matt
Conservation International
USA
Garrouste
Romain
France
Gasc
Jean-Pierre
France
Gass
Thomas
Guyana
Geiser
Johanns
Trinidad
Gond
Valery
French Guiana
Gopaul
Doerjohan
Guyana
Griffith
Sandy
Conservation International
Guyana
Grger
Andreas
Germany
Hall
Clayton
Conservation International
Guyana
Harrack-Sing
Indall
Suriname
Hernndez
Lionel
Venezuela
Hiwat-van Laar
Helen
Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Nationale Zologische Collectie van Suriname
Suriname
Huber
Otto
Venezuela
Hutchinson
Chuck
Conservation International
Suriname
Jansen Jacobs
Marion
Netherlands
Julen
Carlo
Suriname
Klooster van t
Charlotte
Netherlands
Kromowirjo
Carmen
Suriname
Labord
Henri
French Guiana
Landveld
Raymond
Suriname
Lasso
Carlos
Fundacin La Salle
Venezuela
Consenso 2002
Suriname
31
32
Apellido
Nombre
Organizacin
Pas
Lavelle
Patrick
France
Laydoo
Richard
Suriname
Lentino
Miguel
Museo Phelps
Venezuela
Lieveld
Rene
Lilwah
Ramesh
Guyana
Lim
Burton
Canada
Lindeman
Neil
Conservation International
USA
Lingaard
Marchal
Suriname
Love
Greg
Conservation International
USA
Lucena
Jill
Conservation International
USA
Lynch
John
Colombia
MacCulloch
Ross
Canada
MacKinven
Amy
Netherlands
Magalhes
Clio
Brazil
Maillard
Jean Francois
French Guiana
Makintosh
Melvin
Suriname
Malone
Stan
Conservation International
Suriname
Marty
Christian
Independent Naturalist
French Guiana
Marville
Cyril
Guyana
McClintick
Edith
Suriname
McKelvey
Greg
University of Arizona
USA
Misran
Fernando
Mittermeier
Russell A.
Conservation International
USA
Mohadin
Kris
Suriname
Mojica
Jos Ivan
Colombia
Mol
Jan
Suriname
Monk
Kathryn
Guyana
Moonen
Joep
French Guiana
Moredjo
Armand
Suriname
Mori
Scott
USA
Muntingh
Hemmo
Belgium
Naipal
Siewnath
Suriname
Narain
Seanwralt
Suriname
Nasir
Naseem
Natural Resources Management Project Centre for the Study of Biological Diversity
University of Guyana
Guyana
Nelson
Reggy
Conservation International
Suriname
Niekoop
S.
Suriname
Nol
Jacques
French Guiana
Noonan
Brice
USA
Ochoa
Jos
Venezuela
Olivieri
Silvio
Conservation International
USA
Olver
Richard
Guyana
Ooft
Max
Suriname
Orru
Jean-Franois
Ottema
Otte
Suriname
Ouboter
Paul E.
Suriname
Panashekung
Kamainja
Conservation International
Suriname
Suriname
France
Apellido
Nombre
Organizacin
Pas
Parahoe
Minu
Suriname
Pilgrim
John
Conservation International
USA
Playfair
Maureen
Suriname
Polidori
Laurent
French Guiana
Raghoenandhan
Usha
Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Nationale Herbarium van Suriname (BBS)
Suriname
Rahan-Chin
Caroline
Suriname
Ramchram
Shamita
Suriname
Refos
Lucien
Suriname
Rodrigues
Miguel
Brazil
Rojas
Franklin
Conservation International
Venezuela
Roman
Jacques
European Union
Suriname
Rosales
Judith
Venezuela
Rudas Lleras
Agustin
Colombia
Sabatier
Daniel
France
Sahdew
Shamita
Suriname
Sairras
Clarence
Suriname
Sanchit
Riekhnath
Suriname
Schipper
Jan
USA
Schouten
Arnoud
Guyana
Seiji Dinnouti
Alexandre
Conservation International
Brazil
Searis
Celsa
Fundacin La Salle
Venezuela
Silveira
Orlando
Brazil
Singh
Joe
Conservation International
Guyana
Singh
James
Commission of Forests
Guyana
Singh
Audrey
Suriname
Spaans
Arie
Alterra
Netherlands
Stiles
Gary
Colombia
Stone
Chris
Conservation International
USA
Takiyama
Luis
Brazil
Teixeira
Jerry
Suriname
Telesca
Antonio
Conservation International
USA
Telgt
H.
Suriname
ter Steege
Hans
Netherlands
ter Welle
Ben
Guyana
Thalea
Andreas Ronald
Suriname
Tirtotaroeno
Moedio
Suralco LLC
Suriname
Tjon
Kenneth
Suriname
Tostain
Olivier
ECOBIOS
French Guiana
Udenhout
Wim
Conservation International
Suriname
Harry
USA
van Roosmalen
Marc
Brazil
Vaseur
Kenneth
Concordia Consultancy
Suriname
Veening
Wouter
Netherlands
Vicentini
Alberto
University of Missouri
Brazil
Viggh
Anna
Mexico
von Hildebrand
Patricio
Colombia
Voss
Robert
USA
Vreedzaam
Werner
Suriname
Consenso 2002
33
34
Apellido
Nombre
Organizacin
Pas
Vynne
Carly
Conservation International
USA
Walker-Painemilla
Kristen
Conservation International
USA
Wongsopawiro
Dirk
Suriname
Werkhoven
Marga
Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Nationale Herbarium van Suriname (BBS)
Suriname
Wesenhagen
Gerda
Yanki
Riwan
Conservation International
Suriname
Zagt
Roderick
Netherlands
Zimpel
Gustav
Wager Stromen
Suriname
Zondervan
Gerold
Suriname
Zorg
Irma
Suriname
Zuilen
Louise
Milieuwetenschappen
Suriname
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Consenso 2002
Colombia
Agudelo, E., Salinas, C., Snchez, D., Muoz, J., Alonso, C.,
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Arbelez, M.V. & Callejas, R. 1999. Flrula de la Meseta de Arenisca
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Estrada, J. & Fuertes, J. 1993. Estudios botnicos en la Guayana
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Lynch, J. & Vargas Ramrez, M.A. 2000. Lista preliminar de
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Lynch, J., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., & Ardila-Robayo, M.C. 1997.
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la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fsicas y Naturales
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Mojica, J., Castellanos, C., & Usma, J. 2002. Libro Rojo de Especies
de Peces Dulceacucolas de Colombia. 2 Borrador. Bogot,
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Muntingh, H. & Veening, W. 1999. Fact Finding Mission to the
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Salinas, Y. & Agudelo, E. 2000. Peces de importancia econmica en
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Snchez, M. 1996. Catlogo preliminar comentado de la flora
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Schultes, R.E. & Raffauf, R.F. 1990. The Healing Forest: Medicinal
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Andr, E. 1904. A Naturalist in the Guianas. London: Smith, Elder.
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Hastenrath, S., Greischar, L., Coln, E., & Gil, A. 1999.
Forecasting the anomalous discharge of the Caron River,
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Huber, O. & Berry, P. 1995. Guayana Venezolana Mapa
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Huber, O. & Wurdack, J.J. 1984. History of botanical exploration
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Huber, O. (Ed.). 1992. El macizo del Chimant, Escudo de
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Huber, O. 1995. Guayana Venezolana Mapa de vegetacin.
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Huber, O. 2001. Conservation and environmental concerns
in the Venezuelan Amazon. Biodiversity & Conservation 10:
16271643.
Jordan, C.F. (Ed.). 1989. An Amazonian Rain Forest: The Structure
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Slash-and-Burn Agriculture. Man and the Biosphere, Vol. 2. Paris:
UNESCO.
Koch-Grnberg, T. 1917. Vom Roraima zum Orinoco. Volume 1.
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Museo de Ciencia y Tecnologa de Mrida.
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Lasso, C., Lew, D., Provenzano, F., Taphorn, D., Lasso-Alcal, O., &
Machado-Allison, A. 2001. Biodiversidad ictiolgica continental de
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Maguire, B. 1970. On the flora of the Guayana Highland. Biotropica
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Marmels, J. de. 1989. Odonata or dragonflies from Cerro de la Neblina.
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the south Venezuelan highlands. Bulletin of the American Museum of
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Mayr, E. & Phelps, W.H., Jr. 1971. Origen de la avifauna de las
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of Venezuela. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Milliken, W. & Albert, B. 1999. Yanomami: A Forest People. Surrey,
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Muntingh, H., Veening, W., & Rondon, G. 1997. Fact Finding Mission
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373382.
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Highlands (Venezuela). Naturwissenschaften 72: 427429.
Searis, J.C., Ayarzagena, J., & Gorzula, S. 1996. Revisin
taxonmica del gnero Stefania (Anura: Hylidae) en Venezuela, con
la descripcin de cinco nuevas especies. Publicaciones de la Asociacin
Amigos Doana 7: 157.
Steyermark, J.A. 1979. Flora of the Guayana Highland: Endemicity of
the generic flora of the summits of the Venezuela tepuis. Taxon 28:
4554.
Steyermark, J.A., Berry, P.E., & Holst, B.K. (Eds.). 19952003. Flora
of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vols 17. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical
Garden.
Consenso 2002
39
40
400
800
1000
kilometers
scale: 1/65,000,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 west
400
1400
1800
60
40
20
40
40
40
20
80
60
20
80
Area Number
26,458
Santa Isabel
43,125
7,869
San Carlos de Ro
Negro
2,307
Serrana de Naqun
63,167
Vaups
38,679
Apaporis
30,676
ChiribiqueteAraracuara
Size (km2)
Area Name
Biological
Importance
Biological
Priority
FL, PE,
FW, A,
R, B
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
ND
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL,
FW, B
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
Opportunities
Rating
Need to solve administrative overlap between
indigenous lands and Neblina National Park.
Research and monitoring.
Opportunities Description
Pressure Description
Pressure Rating
Consenso 2002
41
42
Area Number
14
13
12
11
10
28,842
92,111
10,072
Ventuari-Yapacana
20,965
Northwestern Upland
and Tepui Area
4,059
Middle Orinoco
9,771
Atabapo-Inrida Basin
96,901
Arac-Demini
Size (km2)
Area Name
Biological
Importance
Biological
Priority
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, A, R,
M, PG
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
Opportunities
Rating
3
Opportunities Description
Pressure
Rating
Pressure Description
Consenso 2002
43
Area Number
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
35,657
17,907
Lower Essequibo
7,779
12,422
Cuyun
21,781
Imataca-Southern
Orinoco Delta
91,985
37,100
Uraricoera
15,038
Upper Paragua
Lowlands
3,199
Guaiquinima-Tepui
Uplands
Size (km2)
Area Name
Biological
Importance
Biological
Priority
FL, PE,
I, A, B,
M
PE, I,
FW
ND
FL, R,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B
ND
FL, PE,
A, R, B
Biogeographically distinctive.
Opportunities
Rating
2
NTFPs.
Opportunities Description
Pressure
Rating
Pressure Description
44
Area Number
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
20,105
Oyapock-Approuague
20,588
Maroni
7,753
Coastal Wetlands
4,680
Coronie-Nanni Swamp
59,053
Central Suriname
105,797
Acarai-Tumucumac
42,659
Rupununi Wetlands
Size (km2)
Area Name
Biological
Importance
Biological
Priority
FL, PE,
I, A, R,
B, M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
ND
PE, I,
FW, A,
R, B, M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
ND
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
Opportunities
Rating
3
Opportunities Description
Pressure
Rating
Pressure Description
Consenso 2002
45
Area Number
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
32,589
Ja-Amana
36,321
Manaus Region
12,137
Nhamund
51,499
Trombetas
20,222
Maicuru
3,954
5,322
Cajar
19,539
Amap Forest
15,863
Amap Savannas
16,236
Amap Coastline
45,214
Sal
Size (km2)
Area Name
Biological
Importance
Biological
Priority
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B, M
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B
FL, I,
FW, A,
R, B, M
FL, PE,
I, FW,
A, R, B,
M
FL, PE,
I, A, R,
B, M
Opportunities
Rating
3
Opportunities Description
Pressure
Rating
Logging, burning.
Pressure Description
46
200
L akes a nd R ivers
C oast
S tudy Area
10 Y ear P rojection
C urrent S t ate
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
10
11
600
9
8
12
13
14
16
15
17
18
23
22
19
20
26
17
24
21
45
25
90
89
43
27
17
29
31
28
32
46
50
91
86
66
51
56
61
65
62
42
48
63
28
44
55
37
36
41
53
64
52
28
49
40
47
35
30 33 34
38
39
67
87
88
57
54
58
59
60 68
91
74
69
72
85
75 67
70
24
84
78
73 77
71
80
82
91
76
83
79
67
81
socioeconomic pressures
Consenso 2002
47
North of La Pedrera-Traira
Ro Guaviare-Ro Inirida
Interfluvium
El Tuparro/Colombian Lowlands
Orinoco Corridor
Brazil-Venezuela Roads
Tucupita
Tucupita Buffer
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Area name
ID
V, B
C, V
C, V
C, V, B
C, B
C, V, B
Country
Pressure
Area description
Area includes Ciudad Bolivar, Puerto Ordaz, Boa Vista, Upata, El Manteco, Maripa, and Caiara. High human population density; iron mining
operation.
Buffer zone to the high human population density around Ciudad Guayana, Ciudad Bolivar, Maripa, Caiara, etc.
No pressure.
Includes Parque Nacional Natural El Tuparro. Extensive cattle and agriculture in the lowlands.
Extensive region covering terra firme forests, varzea forests, igap forests, white sand campinas, and savannas. Includes Parque Nacional Sierra
de Chiribiquete, Reserva Indigena Yanomami, Reserva Nacional Natural Nukak, and Parque Nacional Natural Puinawai. Some pressure
from small-scale mining in the Brazilian portion. Unprotected portion is relatively inaccessible and currently faces low pressure, but high
opportunities for conservation.
Informal mining.
Deforestation.
Population pressure.
.
Note:
Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
Pressure Rating: 1= areas currently highly modified, 2 = areas that have lost more than 20%, 3 = areas that will lose more than 20% in the next 10 years, 4 = areas that will lose
less than 20% in the next 10 years
Countries: C = Colombia, V = Venezuela, G = Guyana, S = Suriname, FG = French Guiana, B = Brazil
Socioeconomic Pressures
48
Area name
Boavista-Santa Elena-Ciudad
Guayana
Roraima
Five Star I
Five Star II
Port Kaituma
Shell Beach
Pomeroon/Supenaam
Cuyuni River
Devils Hole
ID
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
B, G
V, B
Country
Pressure
Area description
Located in the Cuyuni and Mazaruni mining districts directly at the lower sections of the Mazaruni and Potaro rivers. It has the potential for an
increase in mining activities.
Falls within Cuyuni and Mazaruni mining districts directly at the lower sections of the Mazaruni and Potaro rivers. Medium- and small-scale
mining for gold and also quarrying activities.
Area in the vicinity of the Waikuri mountains enclosing portions of the Cuyuni river and some of its tributaries such as the Kertuni and the
Kopang rivers. It includes an area currently described as closed to mining by the Guyana Geology and Mines Commisson but has the potential
for the development of mining in the medium term.
Northwest mining district in the vicinity of Devils Hole. Intense medium- and small-scale mining activities.
Covers a large portion of the Cuyuni river, extending from Devils Hole Range downstream to the Payuka river. This area forms the boundary of
Guyana Geology and Mines Commission closed area. Potential mining in the next 1020 years.
Bounded by the Waini and Essequibo rivers and includes the Pomeroon and Supenaam rivers. Characterized by settlements, small-scale and
medium-scale logging activities, and large-scale agriculture.
Shell Beach is a 150-km-long stretch of beach along Guyanas coastline between the mouths of the Pomeroon and Waini rivers. It is bordered by
the Atlantic Ocean, with areas of mangrove forest. It is the only beach in Guyana where four of the worlds eight species of marine turtles nest.
Located in the northwest region, this area encloses large sections of the Barama and Waini rivers and their tributaries. The Guyana Geology and
Mines Commission closed area forms the boundaries of this polygon. Potential for mining in the next 1020 years.
Northwest mining district in the vicinity of Port Kaituma. Encloses a portion of the Kaituma rivers and tributaries. Potential for expansion of
mining activities.
Located in the northwest mining district in the vicinity of Port Kaituma. Encloses a portion of the Kaituma rivers and tributaries. Large- and
medium-scale mining activities and a forest concession held by Barama.
Northwest mining district in the vicinity of Five Star. Encloses a portion of the Barima and Takatu rivers. Potential for expansion of mining
activities.
Located in the northwest mining district in the vicinity of Five Star. Encloses a portion of the Barima and Takatu rivers. Large- and small-scale
mining of gold.
Located in the northwest region of Guyana and covers a portion of the Barima river and some of its tributaries, namely the Takatu, Monosse,
and White rivers.
Located in the vicinity of Five Star, in the northwest mining district. This area has the potential for mining activities in the next five years.
Region dominated by savanna (locally known as laurado). Some areas along the road have forests. Threats include small-scale river mining and
logging in Imataca Forest Reserve.
Consenso 2002
49
Western Guyana
Aurora
Kaburi Rivers
Northern Iwokrama
Inmine
Kwakwani Township
Coastal Guyana
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Area name
43
ID
Country
Pressure
250 km of coastal area where approximately 70% of the countrys population has settled, and where the main ports, industries, agriculture,
manufacturing, and service industries are located.
Located in the vicinity of the Kwakwani township along the Berbice river. Mainly bauxite mining.
The road connects the mining towns of Linden to the mining settlement of Ituni and the intermediate savannas of the Berbice watershed.
This area is located mainly on the right bank of the Essequibo river, enclosing a section of the Essequibo and Demerara rivers. Falls completely
within the boundaries of a Guyana Geology and Mines Commission closed area. Though closed to mining, there is the potential for mining
in the next 1020 years.
Bauxite mining activities at Inmine and Linden, along the Demerara River.
500 km of road from Linden to Lethem on the border with Brazil. This road passes through forested areas and the Iwokrama Centre for
Rainforest Conservation and Development concession and has opened up a gateway to the hinterland of Guyana. It is set to be upgraded to
stimulate trade between Guyana and Brazil.
With development of the Georgetown-to-Lethem road, access to the indigenous communities along the road has become easier for those who
traverse it.
Located on the left bank of the Essequibo river just below the Siparuni river. Extensive gold mining.
Located in the Potaro mining district, this area encloses a large portion of the Potaro river from the mouth, upstream, and extending inland for
several miles on both banks to the boundary of Kaietuer National Park. Encloses also the mining area of Mahdia. Extensive large- and smallscale gold mining operations.
Located in the Potaro mining district. Expansion of mining activities is highly possible within the next five years.
Located between the Mazaruni and Essequibo rivers, this area encloses sections of the Kaburi rivers and its tributaries. Guyana Geology and
Mines Commission closed area forms the boundary. Potential for mining activities within the next 1020 years.
Located in the vicinity of Aurora, enclosing a portion of the Cuyuni river and its tributaries. Intense small-, medium-, and large-scale mining
activities extending inland on both banks of the Cuyuni river.
Located in the northwest mining district, this area forms the extension of GR68, which covers a portion of the Cuyuni river. Potential for
expanding of hold and diamond mining activities in the next five years.
This area is located on the left bank of the Mazaruni river, enclosing a section of the headwaters of the Takamay river. The boundaries fall
within areas that are classified as closed areas to mining by the Guyana Geology and Mines Commission. However, the area maintains a
potential for mining in the next 1020 years.
Located in western Guyana, this area extends generally from the northwest to a south-easterly direction, from the Ekineku river to the Sipanin
river covering several Amerindian areas and a large portion of the Mazaruni river (headwaters). Potential for mining in the next 1020 years.
Located on the left bank of the Mazaruni river and enclosing the Putareng and Takakay rivers and a section of the Puruni river. This area holds a
high potential for mining activities within the next five years.
Located on the left bank of the Mazaruni river and enclosing sections of the Robello and Moraabisi rivers. Falls within an area identified by
Guyana Geology and Mines Commission as a closed areaclosed to mining. This area, however, has the potential for mining activities in the
next 20 years.
Covers a large portion of the Upper Mazaruni river and several large tributaries, namely, the Putareng, Isseneru, Meanu, and Kurupung rivers,
also Apaiqua Falls and Peaina Falls. Mainly medium- and small-scale gold mining activities.
Area description
50
Macap
83
75
82
74
Coastal Amap
73
72
81
71
80
Paramaribo
70
Cayenne
Saramaka Mangrove
69
79
68
Macapa-Oiapoque Road/Coesewijne/
St. Georges/Greenstone Belt
67
78
66
65
77
Lethem
64
63
76
Northeastern Guyana
Area name
62
ID
FG
FG
FG
FG
S, FG
G, S, B
G, S, B
Country
Pressure
Macap and surroundings. Vegetation composed of different types of forest intermixed with savannas.
Located in the Inini-Camopi mountain range and the upper and medium tributaries of the Mana river. Includes the Petit Saut Dam and St. Elie
Gold Deposit.
St. Laurent City and downstream of the Maroni river. The area contains the villages of St. Laurent and Albina along the river with extended
small-scale agriculture and small-scale gold mining along the floodplains of the river and in Maroon villages. Large-scale bauxite mining
activities are planned.
River plains of the Maroni and the Tapanahoni. Concentration of Maroon villages. Visible degredation of the landscape due to small-scale gold
mining, hunting, and logging activities.
Man-made reservoir from hydropower dam on the north side. Small-scale gold mining and extensive hunting and other subsistence activities
resulting in loss of biodiversity around the lake and to the south.
Upper river basins of the Saramaka, Suriname, and Marowijne rivers. Pockets of the Zanderij formation. Small-scale gold mining is impacting
the extended area. Area has mineral potential and may be impacted in the future. Degradation limited to small patches.
Main pressures are logging, small-scale gold mining in greenstone belt, hunting, fishing, infrastructure construction, and oil palm.
Adjacent to Nickerie. Coastal salt and brackish marshes that are considered nursing grounds for sea fishes. Agrochemicals, water extraction, and
the building of dams, roads, and channels is degrading this wildlife refuge, which is used by migratory birds.
Coastal plain and inland up to 70 km inside. Includes the city of St. Georges. Coesewijne area has extensive podzals (bleached sands) and
black rivers and creeks. Main pressures are logging, small-scale gold mining in the southern greenstone belt, hunting, fishing, and infastructure
constuction. Region dominated by savannas, with patches of gallery forest and white sand campinas.
Located in southwestern Guyana in the Rupumini mining district, in the vicinity of Marudi MTS and the headwaters of the Rupununi and
Kwitaro rivers. Gold mining activities.
Located in the Rupununi mining district and the Sipaliwini district. Prospects for medium- and small-scale mining activities within the next
1020 years.
Lethem is the administrative center of Region 9. It lies on the border with Brazil and is an urbanized area of savanna, scrubland, and forests.
This area covers a small portion of the Berbice river and the headwaters of the Demerara River. It has the potential for mining activities in the
next 1020 years.
Demerara watershed to the Berbice watershed to the Corentyne river. Mainly large-, medium-, and small-scale logging, agriculture, and
settlements. Area characterized by savanna and shrubland.
Area description
Consenso 2002
51
Paru River
Alenquer
Ro Trombetas
Nhamund
Manaus
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Area name
84
ID
S, FG, B
Country
Pressure
Interior rain forest area including Central Suriname Nature Reserve and Sipaliwini Nature Reserve. Southern interior of French Guiana
including the medium and upper tributaries of the Sinnamary river and the medium tributaries of the Aprouange river. Also Northern Brazil
including Tumucumaque (proposed national park).
Manaus and surroundings. This region used to be dominated by different types of forests and white sand campinas.
Region dominated mostly by terra firme forest, with some patches of grasslands and savannas.
Nhamund and surroundings. Region dominated by lowland forest, varzea forest, and grasslands.
Banks of Ro Trombetas.
Alenquer and surroundings. Vegetation type was formerly mostly forest with some small patches of savanna.
Area description
52
200
Conservation Opportunities
highest opportunities
high opportunities
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
1
2
400
600
10
11
12
13
14
15
41
16
17
18
19
20
40
22
24
21
23
39
25
27
38
26
28
37
29
23
36
31
28
34
35
30
33
32
32
conservation opportunities
Consenso 2002
53
200
Conservation Research
priority areas
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
Neblina \ Branco
Alto Caura
/ Paragua
Acara / Tumucumac
Jar / Araguar
research priorities
54
GloballyThreatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
200
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
9
7
10
11
12
13
25
14
15
24
17
16
23
22
21
20
19
20
18
plant ecology
Consenso 2002
55
High
High
R, N
R, N
R, N
R, N
E, N
E, N
R, E, G,
O
E, O
R, E, N
Neblina-Aracamuni
Atures
Cuao-Sipapo
Duida-Marahuaca
Maigualida
Auyan Tepui
Chimant
Swamp Forest of
Northwest Guyana and
Southern Orinoco Delta
Berbice/Zanderij
Formation and Sable
Blanche
Coastal Suriname
Coronie Swamp
Oyapock Coastal
Swamps
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
R, N
R, N
R, N
R, N
R, E, N
E, N
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
Medium
Medium
R, O
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
Apaporis-Caquet
(Araracuara)
Purpose
for
selection
Chiribiquete
Area name
ID
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Low hills and small plateau in various geological substrata, with heavy rainfall in the northern part.
Estuaries area with large swamps mixed with ecotone and mangrove forests. Rapid dynamic of the coastline due to
intense and alternating sedimentation and erosion processes.
Tidal mudflats, sandy beaches, mangrove swamps, tidal brackish water creeks, saline and brackish lagoons, shell
ridges. Unique ecosystems: dry and marshy beaches, savannas of Galibi type, clay mounds, and shell ridges.
Mosaic of white-sand vegetation and other vegetation types (and savannas) on poor pleistocence sands in the
lowlands of the Guianas.
Relatively undisturbed coastal swamp forest with palm groves used for the production of palm hearts.
Eastern Guayana upland endemism center. Only non-gramineous rapateaceous meadows in the world at upland
elevations (1,0001,500 m asl).
Table mountain with one of the largest surface areas (ca 700 km2).
One of the largest tepuis with a surface area of approximately 700 km2. Tepui scrub, meadows, bonnetia shrubs.
Largest granite mountain system in Venezuelan state of Guayana. Over 1,000 m asl.
Area roughly above 500 m asl., table mountains, mid-elevation table mountains in Suriname. Distinct vegetation
units on tepui slopes and table mountain tops. Forests, dense tepui scrub, non-gramineous meadows.
Large mixed granite and quartzite mountain system in the western Guayana Shield, mainly over 1,000 m asl.
Lowlands including many granitic outcrops (inselbergs) extending along both margins of the middle Orinoco river,
between the Atabapo and the Meta confluence, 30250 m asl.
Mixture of white-sand vegetation and other forest types, lowland <500 m asl.
Outcrops and associated lowland forest. Transitional area between Guianan and northwestern Amazonian forest
types. 30650 m asl.
Features description
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
Plant Ecology
56
N, O
E
O
Central Southern
Swampy Forest
Tumucumac
Southern Guianas
Wilderness Area
Kanuku Mountains
21
22
23
24
25
R, O
Purpose
for
selection
Eastern Guianas
Area name
20
ID
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Level of scientific
understanding
High
High
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Mountains covered by dry forest types, surrounded by the large Rupununi savanna area.
Area with forested mountains including cloud forests, with laterite crusts up to 900 m asl.
Steep gradient in climate from >4000 mm to <2000 mm. Undisturbed coastal forest. Relatively high alpha diversity.
Important swamp areas along the coast and in the center. Savanna in the south. Coastal granitic outcrops and
inselbergs with high diversity. Five areas of ecological interest may be distinguished: (1) coastal swamps of the lower
Oyapock and Approuague rivers; (2) northern and central forest of French Guiana (steep rainfall gradient, high
species richness and beta diversity); (3) low mountains extending across central French Guiana to Lely mountains
in Suriname; (4) central southern swamp forest (very poorly known); (5) southern peneplain forest with numerous
inselbergs (mostly around Tumucumac).
Features description
Consenso 2002
57
58
200
400
Globally Threatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
600
45
46
13
47
18
45
10
17
14
11
44
19
21
16
12
20
22
15
43
24
23
25
28
27
26
40
38
31
39
36
35
30
32
29
37
41
34
33
42
floristics
Consenso 2002
59
R, E
E, N
E, O
Chiribiquete-Araracuara
Nukak
Vaups
Upper Ro Negro
Forests
Guaina Medium
Upland
Amazonian Savannas
and Blackwater River
Headwaters
Core Tepuis
Caura-Paragua
Interfluvium
Nuria-Imataca
Upper Cuyun
Gran Sabana
Pakaraima
Berbice Savannas
Greenheart Forest
Roraima Cerrado
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
R, E, N, O
E, O
R, E, N, O
E, G, N
R, E, N
E, N
R, E, N
E, G, N
R, E, N
Area name
ID
Purpose
for
selection
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Level of scientific
understanding
Medium
Medium
Low
High
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Savanna with Curatella americana extending in the eastern half of Estado Roraima and adjacent Rupununi district
of Guyana. 100500 m asl. Some representative part of this area should be chosen for consideration.
Altitude: 01,000 m asl. Lowland to lower montane forest. Habitat: greenheart forest, Wallaba white sands, and
Iwokrama mountains (1,000 m asl).
Altitude: 0200 m asl. Habitat: mosaic of moist lowland forest surrounded by savanna or bush islands.
Altitude: 2002,800 m asl. Habitat: lowland forest to tepui vegetation including upland broadleaf savanna.
Unique meadows, shrublands, forests (upland habitats), with endemic and tepui taxa. Restricted area.
Continuous and large, tall terra firme forests. Several endemic species. Restricted area. Elevation 150550 m asl.
Large contiguous forest area. Riparian and terra firme habitats. One of the largest intact watersheds. 50300 m asl.
Numerous granitic outcrops (inselbergs), surrounded by lowland rain forests and tree savannas with Platycarpum
orinocense. 50500 m asl.
Total area 5,0007,000 km2 (very small). Isolated high mountain tops. Highly endemic flora. Diverse habitats
(meadows, bogs, rocks, shrubs, forests).
Rare habitat types, including Amazonian white-sand savannas and meadows and flooded blackwater riparian forests
and shrublands, both with many endemic species. 50200 m asl.
Medium uplands in the Guaina river basin. Elevation 100700 m asl. Sclerophyllous forests and shrublands.
50150 m asl. Lowland rain forests, mostly on podsols, also Ro Negro caatinga, bana, some flooded blackwater
forests. Many species restricted to this areas soil type.
Lowland forest including a mosaic of habitat types (see Brazilian vegetation map) such as white sand savannas (i.e.,
campinas) and Amazonian caatingas, flooded forest of black water. In the Ro Vaups drainage up to the frontier
with Colombia, 100300 m asl.
Diversity of habitats. Shrublands and meadows in lowlands of Upper Ro Vaups, 100300 m asl.
Tepui-like sandstone formation in Chiribiquete (Apaporis river drainage), with submontane forests. Shrublands,
meadows, and other herbaceous vegetation. Sandstone outcrops and white sand soils in Araracuara on the Caquet
river, with forests, shrublands, meadows, and other herbaceous vegetation. Elevation 100850 m asl.
Features description
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
Floristics
60
R, E, O
Kanuku and
Surrounding Savanna
Rewa-Great Falls
Essequibo
Kuyuwini-KasykaituKamoa-Acara
Eilerts de Haan-Keyser
Mountains Area
Wilhelmina Mountains
Tafelberg Area
Voltzberg Area
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
E, O
Montagne de La Trinit
Northeastern Coastal
Swamps
Northeastern Rainforest
31
32
33
34
R, E
Lucifer/Dekou-Dekou
30
R, E, N
R, E, G, O
E, N
R, E, N
R, E, N
R, E, O
R, O
R, O
Roraima Semidecidual
18
Purpose
for
selection
Area name
ID
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Need for
biological
surveys
High species diversity in rain forest including inselbergs (e.g., Nouragues and savanna rocke virginie), 50430
m asl. Includes the Nouragues research station and the ecotourism station at Arataye. Possible area of a forest
refugium during the pleistocene.
Lowland coastal swamps, from sea level to 50 m asl, including herbaceous swamps and swamp forest. Largest
extent of aquatic habitat in French Guiana.
A tabletop mountain (600 m asl) on lateritic crust surrounded to the north and south by inselbergs. The inselbergs
are large in the north and represented only by steep cliffs in the south. The areas to the east and west are covered by
lowland forest on peneplains. This area is a nature reserve.
Lely mountains: 0694 m altitude. Nassau mts: 0564 m altitude. Mountains with laterite cap. Lowland and lower
montane forests.
Lucifer and Dekou-Dekou are separated by a valley. Mt. Lucifer is the largest tabletop mountain in French Guiana.
It is 1015 km long by 2 km wide. There are small herbaceous swamps scattered in both low and high forest.
Includes Chutes Voltaire, one of the largest waterfalls in French Guiana. The valley of the Crique Voltaire is rich in
palms. Chutes Voltaire is recognized as a scenic area by the French government.
An ecologically complex area with different forest types on well-drained soils, swamp forest, white sand forest,
herbaceous coastal swamps, savannas, and beaches. Amana Nature Reserve has been established in this area.
Elevation 050 m asl.
Situated in Central Suriname Nature Reserve. Altitude 01,026 m asl. Vegetation on sandstone. The outlier tepui
of the Guayana Uplands.
Highest mountain in Suriname. Altitude is up to 1,230 m asl. Slopes and tops with bare granite.
Lowland forest.
Altitude: 2001,000 m asl. Habitat: lowland to lower montane wet forest, seasonally inundated and terra firme,
riparian forest, granitic mountain ridges, inselbergs, and savanna.
Unique belt of inselbergs extending eastward from Kwitaro river to Great Falls Essequibo river.
Altitude: 1001,100 m asl. Habitat: lower montane granitic mountains in a savanna mosaic with bush islands,
inselbergs, seasonally dry forest, and permanent and semi-permanent ponds.
Semideciduous forests along a latitudinal gradient in central Estado Roraima. 100300 m asl.
Features description
Consenso 2002
61
R, E
Sommet Tabulaire
Tumucumac- Orange
Mountains Area
Tumucumac, French
Guiana
Tumucumac, Brazil
Amap Cerrado
Southeastern Guayana
Shield
Manaus
Igap Ro Negro
Parque Nacional Ja
Campinas of Lower Ro
Branco, Demini, and
Anau
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
E, O
R, E
E, N
R, E, N
E, O
36
R, E, O
Purpose
for
selection
Inini Mountains
Area name
35
ID
Low
High
High
Not known by
group
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Level of scientific
understanding
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Area stretching from southern Estado Roraima to northeastern Estado Amazonas, 100300 m asl. Lowland
savannas and shrublands on poorly drained white sands and sand dunes. Typical vegetation of Amazonian
campinas.
Parque Nacional Ja, approximately 2,000 km2, between Ro Unini and Ro Ja, 100200 m asl. Includes large
areas of flooded forest of black water, terra firme forest, large interfluvial areas with Mauritia forest and small
patches of white sand savanna and shrublands. For details see www.fva.org.br.
Area around Manaus, Estado Amazonas, showing the confluence of distinct biogeographic provinces, mostly
lowlands (50200 m asl), with tall terra firme forests on oxisols (latosolos). High diversity of tree species.
For this immense area extending north of the Amazon river from Amap in the east to the lower Branco and Negro
rivers in the west (ca. 10500 m asl), each major river basin (Trombetas, Jari, Amapari, etc.) should be considered
as a separate unit to be represented by protected areas, since they are extremely poorly known.
Savanna with Curatella americana extending in southeastern Estado Amap. 20100 m asl. Disjunct with similar
vegetation types in central Brazil, Roraima, and Llanos in Venezuela.
An area of several inselbergs isolated by surrounding lowland rainforest. The tallest inselberg is ca. 600 m high.
Area with large inselberg complex, up to ca. 800 m asl. Rock savanna surrounded by transitional forest.
An inselberg complex inserted in a forested area of rugged terrain. The inselbergs vary in size from 100 m in
diameter to 2,000 m in length and 740 m in altitude (e.g., Mitaraka). The rocky areas are open, rugged, and
relatively dry.
Includes cloud forest on the southern extension of the area, the highest elevation in French Guiana at 830 m
asl, the northeastern extension with Mont Bakkra and several inselbergs, and the central portion (the massif des
emerillons) with rock savanna.
Large alluvial peneplain dominated by Mauritia flexuosa, other palms, and swamp forest dicotyledoneous trees.
100200 m asl.
Lowland to cloud forest, including tabletop mountains and one inselberg at Pic Matecho, 200860 m asl. An
area of great scenic beauty with cascading waterfalls from the tabletop mountains. Possible area of forest refugium
during the pleistocene.
Features description
62
200
400
Globally Threatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
600
6
7
11
10
17
18
13
14
12
15
16
18
invertebrates
Consenso 2002
63
R, N, O
R, E, N, O
R, N
O
O
R, E, O
O
E
E
R, E, N
E
E
Northwestern Pantepui
Caura
Eastern Pantepui
Imataca-Orinoco Delta
Mapuera-Essequibo
Headwaters
Lower Ro Negro-Uatum
Cuminapanema-Amapari
Rivers
Par Savanna
Central to Southern
Suriname and French Guiana
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
R, N, O
R, N, O
E, O
R, E, N, O
Chiribiquete
Purpose for
selection
Area name
ID
Medium
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Level of scientific
understanding
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Features description
Mangroves, coastal savannas, coastal marshes and swamps, marsh forests, woodland savannas, and
lowland forests. Some rocky outcrops and isolated hilltops in French Guiana littoral zone. Estuaries.
0300 m asl.
Lowland area with open sandy savannas as a part of a mosaic of habitats, including mixed forest,
xeric forest, woodlands, and swamps.
Lowland forest, hilltops (< 500 m asl). Submontane forest (> 600 m asl). Inselbergs.
Lowland forest and sub-montane forest (> 600 m asl). Inselberg (> 400 m asl). Flooded forest. Flat
lateritic plateau (> 800 m asl).
Lowland/submontane forest with extensive hill ranges. An area where major watersheds meet.
Several inselbergs, one isolated tepui and Tumucumac. 1001,200 m asl.
Open, savanna landscape with forest islands. Climate drier, with high evaporation. 150600 m asl.
Rain forest.
Coastal and estuarine mangroves, savannas, meadows, seasonally flooded forests, nonflooded
evergreen forests. Basimontane and lower montane forests.
Range of different forest types and Caatinga forests on tropical acrisols and podzols.
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
Invertebrates
64
200
400
Globally Threatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
600
10
11
13
12
17
15
14
16
19
18
21
22
20
23
24
25
Consenso 2002
65
R, O
G, N
R, E
R, O
N, O
R, N
Vaups
Middle Ro Negro
Guaina-Upper
Ro Negro
Siapa-Casiquiare
Puerto Ayacucho
Morichales
Ventuari Basin
Upper Caura
Upper Uraricoera
Southern Orinoco
Delta
Middle to Lower
Essequibo
Iwokrama,
Essequibo Basin
Guyana Coastal
and Lowland Areas
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
N, O
R, O
R, N, O
R, N, O
Apaporis Basin
Purpose for
selection
Chiribiquete
Area name
ID
Low
Medium
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Area stretching from Demerara in Guyana to Canje Creek in Suriname, including the coastal savannas and the
lowlands up to the headwaters of the Berbice and Demerara rivers in Guyana.
Lowland to lower montane forest habitat, including greenheart forest and Wallaba forest on white sands and in
Iwokrama mountains (1,000 m asl).
Section of the Essequibo river below the Iwokrama reserve including tributaries and several rapids. Bartica
moraballi area where the Mazaruni, Cuyuni, and Essequibo rivers meet.
Tepuis, rain forest and old savannas, black and clearwater rivers, many rapids and falls, headwaters around 800
m asl (mean). Area including three different basins (Caron, Cuyun, Mazaruni), with its own biogeographical
character. Example of Essequibo and Orinoco biogeographical relationships.
Orinoco delta, including different water types (clear, black, and white) and brackish water. Estuaries, floodplains
and swamps, including palm swamps.
Headwater streams on sandstone tepuis and on granitic mountains. Blackwater rivers with many rapids. Montane
and submontane rain forests. Tepui scrub and meadows. Elevation 5002,000 m asl. Fishes and crustaceans with
Guayanan and Amazonian biogeographic relationships.
Large blackwater river in the Guayana Shield, with diverse sandy and rocky bottoms (riverbeds), in a densely
forested region, <100500 m asl. Unique assemblage of Guayanan, Amazonian, and Llanos biogeographic
relationships. Best example of central Guayana Shield fauna in pristine habitat.
Large river basin in the western section of the Guayana Shield, with forests in highlands and lowlands.
Clear water habitats, with some blackwater input. Biogeographic relations between the Amazon and the Guayana
Shield.
Morichales palm swamps in the vicinity of Puerto Ayacucho. There is 100% endemism in some unknown
morichales with sandy bottom and acid water.
Lowland and mid-elevation areas of the extreme upper Orinoco and Casiquiare basins. Suspected high endemism
with biogeographic relationships to the Amazon and the Guianas.
Features description
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
66
R, O
R, N
R, E, N
E, N, O
E, N, O
Serra AcaraTumucumac
Middle Trombetas
Upper
TapanahoniMarowijne
Coppename Lucie
Basin
Coronie Swamp
and Nickerie River
Nassau-Lely
Mountains
Oyapock
Swamps of Kaw
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
R, E
R, N
R, E, N
Purpose for
selection
Rupununi
Wetlands
Area name
17
ID
High
High
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
Low
Medium
Level of scientific
understanding
Medium
Low
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Swampy area between the coast and the mountains of Kaw in French Guiana.
Area including savanna floodplains and the Essequibo river. Migratory and breeding area for fishes. 120 m
asl. Habitat includes gallery forests along creeks and forests and grass savanna with isolated trees of Curatella
americana.
Features description
Consenso 2002
67
68
200
400
Globally Threatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
600
3
6
3
3
10
15
11
13
14
Consenso 2002
69
E, N
R, O
R, N
R, G, N
R, O
Pantepui
Middle Orinoco
Barima-Waini
Pakaraimas-Kanukus-Northern
Rupununi
Savanna Belt
Approuague
Ro Amapari-Ro Araguari
Trombetas-Cumin
10
11
12
13
14
15
R, E, G
R, N
R, E
E, G, N
R, E, N
Purpose
for
selection
Vaups
Area name
ID
High
Low
High
High
Low
Medium
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
Medium
High
Medium
Low
High
High
High
Low
High
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Features description
A very important area that includes the sandy banks for turtle nesting, large lakes, isolated savannas, and well
preserved forests with relatively high diversity. The region includes a large part of the Amazon vrzea.
0500 m asl. Kaw marsh occupied by black caiman. The relatively well-explored Balenfois mountains are home to
two endemic amphibians. The Kaw mountains represent some of the last upland forests near the coast and house
a diverse array of amphibian species.
Area with sandy soils forming a mosaic with several different ecosystems (swamp forest, swamps, savanna, savanna
forest, highland forest). Several amphibian species occur here. Blackwater rivers drain from the area and are the
most important habitat for two caiman species.
Lowland and upland tropical forest, large savannas, and three main mountain ranges from 400 to 1200 m above
lowland.
Low elevation rain forest with marshes in the contact zone of Orinoco and Essequibo lowlands, adjacent to
Pakaraima uplands.
An important biogeographic area that apparently divides an east and west part of the Venezuelan Guayana
amphibians. Forest 2002,000 m asl.
Largely unknown mountain areas, including Serra de Arac and other residual tablelands with open vegetation on
top and surrounded by tropical forests and white sand ecosystems.
1,5003,000 m asl. High tepui vegetation; high endemism (at species and genus levels).
1003,000 m asl. Forests, savannas, tepui vegetation, very diverse and endemic area for amphibians and reptiles.
The area is important because it is transitional with sandy soils to the western Guianan region. The whole area is
largely unknown.
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
70
200
Globally Threatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
36
37
28
28
32
36
34
29
28
28
28
37
33
31
31
35
30 29
10
27
11
26
23
18
12
17
11
19
16
8
23
24
25
20
15
13
14
23
13
21
22
22
birds
Consenso 2002
71
R, N
N
N
N
R, N
E
E, N
R, N
Inrida-Vaups-Caquet
Interfluvium
Chiribiquete
Orinoco-GuaviareVichada Interfluvium
Orinoco Vrzea
Northwestern Tepuis
Southern Orinoco
Savannas
Guianas-Amazonas
Interfluvium
Naroui Mountains
Tafelberg
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
E, N
N, O
Purpose for
selection
Caquet-Japur Vrzea
Area name
ID
Low
Low
High
High
High
Low
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Need for
biological
surveys
Five small mountain systems ranging over 500 m asl (up to 750 m asl), possibly including also the cloud
forest on the summits. Mostly with lateritic soils on the top, but all are covered with tall forest, or in places by
small bamboos and vine-tangles.
Lowland rain forest expanding in the northeastern part of the Guianas is one of the Shields most humid (may
be a refuge). From sea level to ca. 500 m elevation. Rocky outcrops and lateritic table mountains appear place
to place all over. Except for two hydroelectric dams, the forest is well preserved.
Large tracks of mangrove in front of the sea and in the estuaries (Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle),
moving according to the movememts of huge mudflats coming from the Amazon. In the rear of mangroves,
older parts become swampy forest as well as lagoons, freshwater swamps, and small lakes.
Savannas, white sand savannas (forested/non-forested), clay savannas, marsh savannas, etc. White sand forests,
low elevation (<20 m asl) in northern Guyana and Suriname.
Mudflats, mangroves, coastal lagoons, and brackish and freshwater swamps and swamp forests, locally
converted into rice fields and sugar cane fields.
Montane and tepui forests, montane scrub, and savanna are the more important types of vegetation.
Lowland semiciduous forest mixed with large stands of bamboo (Guadua sp). Elevation 90200 m asl.
Lowland humid forests extending from southeastern Venezuela across the southern Guianas and into Brazil
east of Rio Trombetas.
Includes evergreen forests, montane and tepui forest, tepui scrub, lowland savannas, and grassland.
Somewhat drier forests than Caquet/Japur regions. White sand forests and savannas well developed along
lower Inirida drainage (south to Ro Guaina). Savannas extensive (large patches) towards Orinoco but smaller
and increasingly isolated westward.
Isolated system of table mountains, white sand forests and open bonnetia scrub on rocky-sandy substrates.
Moist/wet forests, Varzea-terrafirme, mostly whitewater rivers (except Apaporis), oxbow lakes, forested
swamps. Also isolated white sand savannas, campinas, especially along upper Apaporis and other streams
draining the Sierra de Chiribiquete.
Floodplain along Ro Caqueta/Japura from western border of region to the mouth of the river.
Features description
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
Birds
72
Roraima Savannas
27
Southern Tepuis
Trombetas-Branco
Interfluvium
26
32
25
Brazilian Tepuis
24
31
23
Lower Ro Branco
Amap Mangroves
22
30
Amap Savannas
21
Ro Branco Basin
Campinas
Tumucumac
20
29
Tirio Savanna
19
Ro Branco-Ro Negro
Interfluvium
Curuni/Sipaliwini Rivers
18
28
17
R, N
E, N, O
E, N, O
E, N, O
E, N
E, G
E, G
Purpose for
selection
Area name
ID
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
High
Medium
Not known by
group
Low
High
Medium
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
Includes the major high elevations (up to 3,014 m) and the major assemblage of biomes. It contains white
sand forests in the lowlands and montane forests, evergreen forests and tepui forests in the uplands and
highlands.
Tepuis as typically defined, including only the areas in Brazil, which have not been studied (and may not even
be mapped). Includes Serra da Mocidade in far east of area near Caracarai in the state of Roraima.
Varzea (whitewater) in floodplain of Ro Branco, extending from near the southern limit of the Roraima
savanna domain (27) to the mouth of the river.
White sand forests and campinas (chavascais), growing on frequently water-saturated soils with scrubby
vegetation, mostly in large blocks on either side of middle Ro Branco (marked), but also extending in all
directions (mostly west) in increasingly small patches embedded in other sub-regions.
Lowland humid forest between Ro Branco and Ro Negro, mostly in Brazil. Includes numerous campinas
which are too small to map, as well as a heterogenous mix of forest types including vast areas of white-sand
based forest on water-logged soils.
Large patch of open vegetation on quaternary sediments that follow basically the Ro Branco drainage in
Brazil, but include also the Rupununi savannas in Guyana. It is covered by open savanna, gallery forests, and
mauritia stands. Altitude varies from 100 to 200 m asl.
Lowland humid rain forest covering area located between Ro Branco, lower Ro Negro, Ro Trombetas, and
the Amazon.
The core area of a savanna corridor along the Amazon river. It is composed by a mosaic of savanna vegetation
(with strong floristic and faunistic affinities with cerrado), gallery forests, and white sand campinas. Altitude is
around 50150 m asl.
Large area of lowland tropical forests with an extensive set of ridges crossing it. It encompasses the drainages
of several tributaries of the Amazon, including Rio Jari. Altitude varies between 200700 m asl.
Floodplain of Amazon (north bank and islands) from opposite mouth of Rio Madeira to near mouth of the
Amazon.
A well conserved and large mangrove patch. It is isolated from other mangrove regions in South America.
This region is composed of a mosaic of habitats including grasslands, savannas, and tall mangroves.
Isolated savanna patch, with strong floristic and faunistic past connections with the cerrado. This region is on
a tertiary plateau covered by savanna with gallery forest along the rivers. Altitude varies from 20 to 100 m asl.
Large system of a more hilly landscape among wide extensions of lowland forest, with numerous granite
outcrops which are sometimes arranged so close to each other that an area rich in xerophytic habitats has
developed among the rain forest.
Isolated savanna patch, with strong floristic and faunistic past connections with Brazilian cerrado. It is a region
covered by open cerrado with gallery forests along the rivers. Altitude is around 300 m asl.
Features description
Consenso 2002
73
Southern Ro Negro
Campinas
Lower Ro Negro
Floodplain
Japur-Negro
Interfluvium
Solimes Vrzea
34
35
36
37
R, E, N
Middle Ro Negro
Floodplain
33
Purpose for
selection
Area name
ID
Medium
High
Low
Level of scientific
understanding
Medium
Low
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Floodplain of the north bank of the Amazon river, above mouth of Rio Madeira up to mouth of Ro Caquet.
Lowland humid forest between Ro Japur, Solimes (upper Amazon), and Negro. Includes scattered
campinas but they are too small to show on map.
Floodplain of lower Ro Negro from mouth of Ro Branco to mouth of Ro Negro. Includes enormous fluvial
archipelago (Anavilhanas) of seasonally flooded forest.
Similar formation to 29 but on south side (right/west) bank of Ro Negro, extending mostly west of Barcelos.
Continues likewise throughout adjacent regions in patches mostly too small to map.
Floodplain, including islands in river, of Ro Negro from approximately St. Isabel downstream to mouth of
Ro Branco.
Features description
74
200
400
Globally Threatened
globally threatened alone
with other factors
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
600
12
10
11
mammals
Consenso 2002
75
Caura Basin
Guayana Highlands
Arac/Demini Mosaic
Ro Branco/Rupununi
Savannas and Kanuku
Mountains
Orinoco Delta
Coronie-Nanni Swamp
Acara-WilhelminaTumucumac Uplands
Amap Savannas
10
11
12
Area name
ID
E, N
E, N
R, O
R, E
R, E, O
R, E, N
R, E, N
R, E, N, O
Purpose for
selection
Low
Low
High
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
High
Level of scientific
understanding
High
High
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
High
Need for
biological
surveys
Features Description
Low mountain system forming divide between Guianan and Amazonian drainages also including the
central uplands of Suriname as a northern extension. Important as a transitional area between Amazonian
and Guianan fauna though remaining essentially as a Guianan region for several species dependent on
rocky habitats. 400600 m asl.
Lowland wet forest, relatively uniform in elevation, ranging mainly between 0 and 300 m asl.
Transition zone between coastal and high forest. High seasonal variations = floodable palm savannas,
blackwater creeks, and swamps. Still remote but impacted by hunters from Nickerie. These areas are
unstudied until now and, although important ecologically, have received little attention.
Important area of transition between northern Venezuela and the Guayana Shield. High diversity of flora
and fauna in different ecological units, including lowlands, mountain forests, and mangroves.
Savanna, including Kanuku mountains in the east. Incorporates lowland grasslands and forested mountain
outcrops up to approximately 400 m asl. Savannas have corridors of gallery forest.
Highland region of sandstone and quartzite mountains, approximately above 500 m asl. Includes highly
endemic flora. Incorporates highland forest and savanna mosaics. Elevation rises gradually towards the west.
Initial plateaus found about 500 m asl in Guyana, 700800 m asl in Venezuela.
Integration of typical Amazonian and Guianan species. The most extensive watershed in the region under
pristine conditions. A good representation of the altitudinal and ecological gradient of the northern section
of the Guayana region. A diversity of species.
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
Mammals
76
200
Quartenary
Tertiary
Cretaceous-Tertiary
Jurassic-Cretaceous
Triassic-Jurassic
Paleozoic-Mesozoic
Carboniferous-Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Cambrian-Ordovician
Precambrian-Paleozoic
Cretaceous-Tertiary volcanics
Mesozoic volcanics
Mesozoic-Cenozoic intrusives
Paleozoic-Mesozoic intrusives
Mesozoic metamorphics
Paleozoic metamorphics
Precambrian undifferentiated
Water
unmapped area
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
geology
Consenso 2002
77
200
Important Watersheds
high water yield
populated area water source
both high yield and
populated area source
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
notable watersheds
78
200
Elevation in meters
4000
3000
2000
1250
750
250
100
0
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
elevation
Consenso 2002
79
80
200
Protected areas
Other protected areas
Proposed protected areas
Multi-use areas
Tepuy formations
Biosphere Reserve
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
94
95
400
96
89
91
600
92
88 87
93
90
86
85
84
10
11
74
82
14
12
13
81
81
73
83
15
78
76
17
20
71
80
72
77 75
79
16
18
22
70
24
21
19
25
23
26
30
31
29
68
33
41
66
56
62
61
55
64
60
51
49 50
52
63
65
57
45
43
46
42
35
44 47
38
48
32 39 40
53 54
28 34 36 37
67
69
27
58
59
protected areas
Consenso 2002
81
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Colombia
Colombia
Colombia
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Nani
Hertenrits
Conservation Concession
Southern Region
Kanukus
Iwokrama
Orinduik Falls
Kaiteur
Roraima Mountains
Shell Beach
Mariusa
Imataca
Canaima
La Paragua
Jaua Sarisariama
El Caura
Parima-Tapirapec
Duida-Marahuaca
Serrana de la Neblina
Yapacana
Cerro Autana
Sipapo
Piedra La Tortuga
Piedra Pintada
Puinawai
Nukak
Chiribiquete
Name
Nature reserve
National park
National park
Forest reserve
Forest reserve
National park
Forest reserve
National park
National park
National park
Natural monument
National park
Natural monument
Forest reserve
Natural monument
Natural monument
Type
NA
680
810
NA
NA
3,600
NA
585.59
NA
NA
2,650
32,032.5
30,000
7,820
3,300
51,340
34,200
2,100
13,600
0.15
3,200
0.3
12,155
14.25
10,920
8,550
12,800
Area (km2)
Committee for IUCN; Capobianco et al., 2001, Biodiversidade na Amaznia Brasileira (So Paulo, Estao Liberdade: Instituto Socioambiental); IBAMA (http://www2.ibama.gov.br).
*Sources: World Database on Protected Areas (http://quin.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org); French
ID
Country
Protected Areas*
82
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51a
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
52
53
54
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
La Trinit
Lucifer-Dkou-Dkou
Trsor
Marais de Kaw-Roura
Marais de YiYi
Amana
Galibi
Wane Kreek
Wia-Wia
Copi
Sipaliwini
Brownsberg
Brinckheuvel
Boven-Cusewijne
Noord Saramacca
Coppename Monding
Peruvia
Noord Coronie
Snake Kreek
Kaburi Kreek
Mac Clemen
Name
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature park
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Nature reserve
Type
760
1,103
78.52
24.64
947
30.8
27
9.2
291.82
148
40
450
360
280
1,000
84
60
270
150
120
310
NA
16,000
NA
NA
NA
Area (km2)
Includes Anse de montabo (.02 km2) , Crique et marais de Yiyi (9.2 km2), Plateau du Mahury (.17km2), Pointe Isre / savanne sarcelle (12.58 km2), Ilets de Rmire (1.03 km2),
Montagne dArgent (7.4 km2), Ile Royale maison du directeur (.002 km2), Mont Bourda (.23 km2), Pointe Buzar (.01 km2), and Salines de Montjoly (.16 km2).
31
Suriname
51b
30
Suriname
French
Guiana
ID
Country
Consenso 2002
83
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
French
Guiana
French
Guiana
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Roraima
Monte Roraima
Marac
Serra da Mocidade
Niqui
Caracara
Viru
Aman
Ja
Anavilhanas
Rio Negro
Uatum
Nhamund
Sarac-Taquera
Rio Trombetas
Mulata
Jari
Rio Cajari
Rio Iratapuru
Parazinho
Montanhas do Tumucumaque
Amap
Lago Piratuba
Cabo Orange
Fort de Sal
Nouragues
Name
National forest
National park
Ecological station
National park
Ecological station
Ecological station
National park
National park
Ecological station
State park
Biological reserve
State park
National forest
Biological reserve
National forest
Ecological station
Extractive reserve
26,646.85
1,160
1,013.12
3,509.6
2,866
805.6
2,270.11
23,500
22,720
3,500.18
4,360.42
5,600
283.7
4,296
3,850
2,127.51
2,271.26
4,816.5
8,068.14
1.11
38,670
4,120
3,950
6,190
NA
600
1,000
Area (km2)
National forest
Biological reserve
National park
Nature reserve
Type
Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque is listed here as proposed because it was not declared until August 2002, four months after the Guayana Shield Conservation
Priority-setting Workshop was held.
55
ID
French
Guiana
Country
84
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Pari Cachoeira I
Uruu
Pari-Cachoeira II
Tarauac II
Cubat
Tarauac I
Piraiauara
Iana-Aiari
Cuiari
Iana
Xi
Pico da Neblina
Formaciones de Tepuyes
85
Brazil
Venezuela
84
Brazil
Serra do Arac
Alto Orinoco-Casiquiare
83
Brazil
Amazonas
Name
Venezuela
82
ID
Brazil
Country
Natural monument
Biosphere reserve
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
National forest
Biological reserve
National park
State park
National forest
Type
NA
84,000
180
664.96
6,540
5,595.04
4,165.32
6,477.44
6,314.36
8,960
1,095.18
2,005.61
4,079.35
369
22,000
18,187
15,731
Area (km2)
Consenso 2002
85
200
Mining
existing mining licences
formal mining
small scale mining
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
400
600
mining
86
200
Forestry areas
active timber production
forest reserves and
national forests
Forests
forest
secondary forest
non-forested
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
20
400
19
13
16
18
12
600
11
17
15
14
10
ID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
NAME
Sipapo
El Caura
La Paragua
Imataca
Amap
Mulata
Sarac-Taquera
Roraima
Amazonas
Xi
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Iana
Cuiari
Iana-Aiari
Piraiauara
Tarauac I
Cubat
Tarauac II
Pari-Cachoeira II
Uruu
Pari Cachoeira I
forestry
Consenso 2002
200
Infrastructure features
major dams
Roads
paved roads
unpaved roads
roads proposed or under construction
Settlements
Capital cities
major settlements
other settlements
kilometers
scale: 1/13,500,000
projection: sinusoidal
central meridian: 63 wes t
200
Araracuara
400
Mitu
Bogot
600
San Carlos
de Ro Negro
La Esmeralda
Inrida
Carua
ch
agua
Puerto Ordaz
Mac
Presidente
Figueredo
Boa Vista
Guri
Ciudad Bolvar
Puerto Ayacucho
Caracas
87
Nieuw
Nickerie
Manaus
Balbina
Jataparu
Afobaka
Coracy
Nunes
Amap
Cayenne
Macapa
Saul
PetitSaut
Albina
Paramaribo
New Amsterdam
Georgetown
Aishalton
Lethem
Bartica
Linden
Regina
infrastructure
88
Consenso 2002
89
Colombia
Venezuela
Venezuela
Colombia,
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Guyana
Guyana
Ro Tomo
Ro Vichada
Ro Guaviare
Middle Ro
Orinoco
Amazonas State
near Puerto
Ayachucho
Rivers in Puerto
Inrida area
including Ros
Orinoco and
Atabapo
Upper Ro
Orinoco and Delta
Ro Caura between
Maripa and Las
Trincheras
South of Orinoco
Delta
Northwest District
Coastal Area
Essequibo River
including Parika
and Bartica Areas
10
11
12
13
14
Guyana
Colombia
Colombia
Colombia
Ro Bita
Colombia
Country
Ro Meta
Area Name
ID
26, 25
26
24, 26
26
12, 13, 14
15, 16
2, 14
2, 14, 8
2, 56
2, 14
2, 14
2, 14
2, 14
Market
Links
Bushmeat species, such as paca, tapir, curassow, spectacled caiman, and freshwater fish,
are collected in the forested areas along the Essequibo river. The black curassow is hunted
throughout the Essequibo region.
The populated coastal area is hunted for various bushmeat species, including the muscovy
duck and spectacled caiman.
Bushmeat species,
muscovy duck,
reptiles and
amphibians
Local people who sell to
intermediaries
Bushmeat,
freshwater fish
This district is an important area for the harvest of animals for both the pet and bushmeat
trades. Reptiles, mammals, and birds are sold on the Amerindian markets of Santa Rosa,
Mabaruma, and the regional market Charity, and from there they are transported to
Georgetown.
Bushmeat species,
parrots, macaws and
toucans, monkeys,
aquarium fish
Local people who sell to
intermediaries
Birds, such as parrots and toucans, are captured in the area south of the Orinoco Delta and
smuggled into Guyana (Bevilacqua et al. 2002). There is one legal parrot export project
operated by the Warao Indians in Delta Amaruco State.
The Ro Caura is being fished for both consumption and secondarily for the aquarium fish
trade. Recent research shows that diversity and abundance of fish have declined in this area.
River turtles are being poached for food.
The upper Ro Orinoco and Delta are commercially fished for the large cities of Ciudad
Bolivar and Ciudad Guayana. Some of the popular species of catfish are locally depleted.
The Rio Inrida and tributaries are the most important aquarium fish harvesting area in
Colombia; 50% of all fish are harvested here (Ajiaco-Martnz et al. 2002).
The tributaries of the Rio Orinoco in Amazonas State are important ornamental fish
collection areas. The neon tetra and the endemic Altum angelfish are mainly collected here.
Fish are transported onto either Bogot or Caracas and then onto Miami (US).
Freshwater fish for consumption are caught along the Rio Orinoco in Amazonas State. This
stretch of the river serves the town of Puerto Ayacucho.
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish
Aquarium fish
Freshwater fish
(mainly catfish)
The Ro Vichada is fished both for consumption (mainly large catfish) and for aquarium
fish for the international trade. The endemic endangered aquarium fish (Osteoglossum
ferreirae) is being over-exploited in the area.
Aquarium fish,
catfish
Catfish
Aquarium fish are collected in this black water river for the international market. One
endemic species (Osteoglossum ferreirae) is considered endangered in Colombia due to overexploitation.
Harvesting of catfish for food and aquarium fish for the international trade occurs along the
Ro Meta.
Description
Aquarium fish
Aquarium fish
Catfish, aquarium
fish
Target Species
Local people?
Local people
Commercial fishermen
Local people
Local people
Who Harvests?
Note: Blank table cells indicate instances where no relevant information was provided by workshop participants.
90
Guyana
Disputed
area between
Guyana and
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Rupununi
(Apoteri and
Rewa)
New River
Triangle
Apura including
Kabalabo
Coastal area
Marataka River
area
Area around
Kwamasalamutu
Sipaliwini Savanna
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Suriname
Area around
Apetina
Southwest Area
24
25
26
27
French Guiana
French Guiana
French Guiana
Suriname
23
Suriname
Guyana
Country
Near Mabura
Area Name
15
ID
37
42
35
34
33
33
32, 33
33, 29
28, 33, 26
33, 26
26, 30, 31
26
Market
Links
Local hunters
Local hunters
Professional hunters
Local people
Local trappers
local trappers
Indians, commercial
trappers
Local trappers
Various bushmeat species are hunted in the forests around Sal for the local trade. A
comprehensive data set is available from the notes of a hunter covering the last 13 years. A
decline in agoutis was noted.
The marshes and wetlands around Mana are hunted for local trade. All legal bushmeat
species except tapir are hunted, as tapir have disappeared from the coast due to overhunting. Birds are particularly importantthey make up > 50% of the hunted biomass.
Professional hunters are hunting bushmeat species in the forests of southwest French Guiana
to trade to illegal Brazilian gold miners (garimperos), thereby putting extra pressure on the
resources traditionally used by the indigenous people.
Bushmeat species
Bushmeat species
An area primarily exploited for the bushmeat. However, amphibians, birds, and snakes are
also collected live for the international pet trade.
Bushmeat species,
amphibians, birds,
snakes
Parrots, macaws, toucans, and songbirds are collected from the Sipaliwini area (including
the Sipaliwini airstrip) and transported to Paramaribo. Dendrobates frogs are also collected
in this area. Dendrobates azureus is only found in this part of Suriname.
Songbirds,
parrots, macaws,
toucans, frogs
(Dendrobatidae)
Parrots, macaws, and especially toucans are trapped here, as well as the twa twa songbird,
which is virtually extirpated from the area. Game birds are transported up the Suriname
river for the Paramaribo market.
This savanna area is a bird collection area. Parrots, macaws and toucans are destined for
the international market, mainly Europe. Songbirds are popular domestically for singing
contests and are virtually extinct in this area. Bushmeat is also hunted here.
Parrots, macaws,
toucans, songbirds
(twa twa), bushmeat
mammals
Parrots, macaws,
toucans, songbirds,
game birds
An area of Moriche savanna where parrots, macaws, and toucans are trapped for the
international pet trade. Songbirds are harvested here mainly for the domestic trade,
although songbird populations are in decline.
Thousands of shore birds are shot in the coastal area of Suriname for local use and local
trade especially in the towns of Bigi Pani, Matapica and Weg-naar-zee.
Parrots, macaws,
toucans, songbirds
Shore birds
Macaws and reptiles are caught for the international pet trade. Agouti, paca, deer, peccary,
tapir, and tortoises are hunted as bushmeat. Tapir is now rare in this area. Game birds are
also hunted and are in decline.
Macaws,tortoises,
bushmeat species,
game bird species,
reptiles
Commercial trappers
and seasonal local
catchers
Local hunters
Collection of poison frogs (Dendrobates) is occuring illegally in the New River Triangle, an
area officially closed as borders are disputed. Frogs go to Georgetown and Paramaribo and
are exported to Europe and North America for the pet market.
An area of savanna and forest mosaic where river turtles and arapaima are collected for the
regional bushmeat trade. Songbirds are also captured in the Rupununi and transported to
Georgetown and Paramaribo.
Snakes, such as the rainbow boa and emerald boa, are collected along the banks of the
Essequibo river for the international market.
Description
Frogs
(Dendrobatidae)
Freshwater fish
(arapaima), river
turtles, songbirds
Snakes
Target Species
Local people
Local people
Local people
Who Harvests?
Consenso 2002
91
French Guiana
French Guiana
French Guiana
French Guiana
French Guiana
French Guiana
Brazil
Brazil
Coastal Area
Area around
Bellevue
Region around
Cayenne
Montane de Kaw
Cacao
Along Road of
East to St. George
and Brazil
Coastal Area of
Amap State
Rio Xeriuni
Rio Negro
Rio Unini
Upper Rio Ja
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
French Guiana
French Guiana
Area around
St. Laurent du
Maroni
Country
Area Name
ID
54
54
55, 54
54
49
48, 47
45
44
43, 41, 39
41, 39
41
38
41, 39
36
Market
Links
The Cacao area is an insect collection area. Morpho butterflies are caught to be made into
pictures for the tourist market. Tarantulas are also captured in this area and are either dried
as tourist souvenirs or exported live for the pet trade.
Insects (Morpho
butterflies,
tarantulas)
Local people
Local people
Local people
Local commercial
hunters
Local people
River Turtles
Aquarium fish
Aquarium fish
River turtles
Bushmeat species
Bushmeat species,
freshwater fish
River turtles are caught in this area for the Manaus market.
Aquarium fish are collected where Rio Unini splits into Lago Agua Preta and Rio Preto and
transported to Manaus for export to the US and Europe.
A harvesting area of major importance for Brazils aquarium fish trade, mainly for the
popular cardinal tetra. A long term project called Project Piaba is ongoing in the Barcelos
area. The sustainability of this trade is sometimes questioned.
River turtles are caught in this area for the local bushmeat trade.
An area of savanna and lowland forest where bushmeat species such as paca, agouti,
capybara, armadillo, and deer are hunted.
Areas of Vrzea and mangroves on the coastal zone between Amap and the border of
French Guiana are hunted for bushmeat for the local trade. The area is also being fished by
local people and small fishing boats coming from other Brazilian states.
An area of primary pristine rainforest hunted for all legal bushmeat species for commercial
trade. 6070% of the commercial hunters are from Brazil.
This area of primary pristine rainforest is hunted along the road between French Guiana
and Brazil. All legal bushmeat species are hunted for the local market. Research on the tapir
population in the area is ongoing.
This area is popular with insect collectors. Professionals collect staghorn beetles and other
large coleptera for the international market. Beetles go to Cayenne and Kourou and then
onto Europe.
Insects (Coleopteras)
Scientists, hobbyists,
professional collectors
An area around Cayenne covering approximately 5060 km is hunted by local hunters for
all the legal bushmeat species. There are very few cases of poaching of illegal animals for the
Cayenne market. Cebus monkeys are in decline in this area.
Local commercial
hunters
Local hunters from the
city and rural areas
The entire coastal forest is hunted by rural and urban hunters for both the local markets
and personal consumption. Primates have virtually disappeared from this area due to overexploitation. Morpho butterfly wings are made into pictures for souvenirs.
Local hunters are active along the Maroni/Marowijne river on the French Guiana and
Suriname sides of river. All legal bushmeat species, including game birds, are hunted for the
market at St. Laurent. Scarlet ibis is heavily hunted in the Marowijne/Maroni river area for
its meat and feathers. Scarlet ibis feathers are sometimes used in souvenirs for tourists.
Description
All legal bushmeat species are hunted around the Amerindian village of Berrevue to supply
city of Iracoubo. This is a recent phenomenon resulting from dirt tracks made in the forest
for logging.
Primates, Morpho
butterflies
Target Species
Local hunters
Who Harvests?
92
Ciudad Guayana,
Venezuela
Tucupita, Venezuela
Upata, Venezuela
Guasipati, Venezuela
El Callao, Venezuela
Tumeremo, Venezuela
El Dorado, Venezuela
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Guaniamo, Venezuela
10
Ciudad Bolvar
Los Pijigaos,
Venezuela
15
Puerto Ayacucho,
Venezuela
Caracas, Venezuela
Puerto Carreo,
Colombia
14
Puerto Inrida,
Colombia
Las Trincheras,
Venezuela
Araracuara, Colombia
13
Maripa, Venezuela
Miraflores, Colombia
12
Bogot, Colombia
Caicara, Venezuela
Florencia, Colombia
11
Area Name
ID
W, B
W, B
B, W
B, W
Category
Market Description
Bushmeat is supplied to this mining town. This is the oldest mining town in the area.
Ornamental fish are collected in the Guianan area and transported to Caracas and then
onto the international market, mainly Miami (US).
A large market for bushmeat, as Guaniamo is the largest diamond mining town in
southern Venezuela.
This town is a collection point for both fish for consumption and the aquarium trade.
Piaroa communities take NTFPs including smoked meat to the local market.
An important town for the aquarium fish trade. Also a center of illegal wildlife trade.
An important town for the aquarium fish trade. Also a center of illegal wildlife trade.
This is an important collection point for large catfish, which are transported to Leticia
and Bogot.
Fish for consumption and the ornamental trade are transported to Bogot. Ornamental
fish are then transported onto the US, Europe, and Japan.
Animal Markets
R, I
L, R
L, R
L, R, I
Type of
Market
Bevilacqua 2002
Bevilacqua 2002
Bevilacqua 2002
Bakker 1999
Bakker 1999
Bakker 1999
Reference
Ochoa, Huber
Ochoa, Huber
Ochoa, Huber
Ochoa, Huber
Ochoa, Huber
Ochoa
Ochoa
Ochoa
Lasso
Chernoff
Chernoff
Ochoa, Huber
Huber
Ochoa, Huber
Ochoa
C. Rodriguez
Mojica
Experts
Information
Quality
Consenso 2002
93
Kilmetro 88,
Venezuela
Charity, Guyana
Parika, Guyana
Georgetown, Guyana
Orealla, Guyana
Apura, Suriname
Nieuw Nickerie,
Guyana
Lethem, Guyana
Kwamalasamutu,
Suriname
Paramaribo, Suriname
Apetina, Suriname
Maripasoula, French
Guiana
St. Laurent du
Maroni, French
Guiana
Iracoubo, French
Guiana
Kourou, French
Guiana
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Area Name
23
ID
W, B
B, W
W, B
W, B
B, W
W, B
W, B
W, B
Category
Bushmeat is sold on markets and in restaurants in Kourou. Souvenir insects are also sold
in Kourou.
An informal market related to Amerindian Village, where bushmeat is sold door to door.
Live animals are transported from Apetina to Georgetown for the international market.
A large central market held daily, selling bushmeat, song birds, and occasionally live
animals. Live animals are exported from Paramaribo to Europe and the US.
Live animals (particularly birds) and bushmeat are transported from Kwamalasamutu to
Paramaribo.
A market specializing in (illegal) arapaima and giant river turtles often originating from
Guyana.
Located on the border, this town is a center for illegal wildlife trade. Live animals are
transported across the border between Guyana and Suriname, where they are then
exported internationally from Georgetown or Paramaribo.
An informal market selling bushmeat door to door; hunters are known to local
inhabitants. Bushmeat is transported to Orealla, Springlands, and Paramaribo. Live
animals are transported via Paramaribo and Georgetown for the international market.
A large daily market selling bushmeat and live animals. Animals are exported to the
Caribbean, Europe, and the US from Georgetown.
An important market for the Northwest District. Live animals for the pet trade and dead
for the bushmeat trade can be found on this market. Live animals, particularly birds, are
transported to Georgetown for export to the US or Europe.
This mining town of 40,000 people has a formal market for bushmeat and probably
consumes more bushmeat than all the other mining towns in the area.
Market Description
L, R
L, R, I
L, R, I
L, R
R, I
L, R, I
L, R
L, R, I
L, R
Type of
Market
Unpublished report
Reference
Richard-Hansen,
Garrouste
de Thoisy, KWATA
Rodet
Richard-Hansen
Duplaix, Ouboter
CI
Kwamalasamutu,
Plotkin, V. van
Roosmalen
Allicock
Allicock
Felix
Duplaix, Teunissen,
Lingaard
Duplaix
Allicock, Duplaix
Felix
van Andel
Huber
Experts
Information
Quality
94
Cacao, French
Guiana
Regina, French
Guiana
Camopi, French
Guiana
Caloene, Brazil
Amap, Brazil
Macap, Brazil
Belm, Brazil
Santarm, Brazil
Manaus, Brazil
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
54
Leticia, Colombia
42
56
Cayenne, French
Guiana
41
Barcelos, Brazil
Macouria, French
Guiana
40
55
Area Name
ID
B, W
B, W
W, B
B, W
B, W
Category
An important regional market for freshwater fish for consumption. Fish sold on the
market of Leticia originate from Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela. Also suspected to be a
center of illegal wildlife trade.
An important center for the aquarium fish trade in the upper Negro River area. From
Barcelos, aquarium fish are transported by river to Manaus and from there exported to
the US and Europe.
A large urban center with indications of illegal wildlife and bushmeat trade.
The large Ver-o-Peso market sells many animal products, such as caiman and river
turtles.
A large market in a city home to one of the two Amerindian councils, selling bushmeat
to gold miners (illegal garimperos).
Large tables in village, twice per week, with 2540 hunters selling bushmeat.
The market consists of three to four tables, once or twice per week.
Pictures made of Morpho butterfly wings, intended for tourists, are sold in Cacao.
A large daily market, with 12 tables. Bushmeat species without legal protection are no
longer found on the Cayenne market.
Market Description
L, R
L, R, I?
L, R
Type of
Market
RENCTAS 2001
Reference
Mojica
M. van Roosmalen
Hoogmoed, M. van
Roosmalen
Sabatier
Takiyama
Richard-Hansen
Ouhoud Renoux
Ouhoud Renoux
Garrouste
Catzeflis, Mauffrey
J.J. Tyburn
Bonoit de Thoisy,
KWATA
Experts
Information
Quality
Consenso 2002
95
96
Consenso 2002
97
Venezuela
Venezuela
Alto Orinoco
Ro OrinocoGuayapo
Ro Cataniapo
Ro Orinoco
North Ro Caura
La Gran Sabana
Orinoco Delta
Mabaruma
Northwest District
10
11
Guyana
Guyana
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela
Atabapo Basin
Colombia
Country
Bajo Inrida
Area Name
ID
26
26
17
14
16
Market
Links
The lightweight wood of Malouetia tamaquarina is used for making crafts. The species
occurs in flooded forest along white water rivers and is thought to be in very fast decline.
The harvesting area is located between Puerto Ayacucho and Puerto Carreo.
Seeds of Dipteryx odorata are collected in the north of the Ro Caura and processed in a
factory in Upata for making coumarin oil (for the perfume industry). The coumarin is
traded to Ciudad Guayana and possibly to international markets.
Ischnosiphon obliquus is declining rapidly in this savanna area due to over-exploitation for
its fibers. The fibers are used for making crafts for the tourist industry. Trade is local but
also sometimes to Caracas.
Palm hearts from Euterpe oleracea are harvested in swamp forests in the Orinoco delta.
There is a long-term GEF/UNDP project ongoing in this area. One of the projects focuses
is the sustainable harvesting of palm heart.
The aerial roots of Heteropsis flexuosa and Clusia grandiflora are harvested in primary
forest in the vicinity of Mabaruma, where furniture processing takes place. Furniture is
transported to Georgetown.
In the Northwest District many NTFPs are commercially traded. Van Andel (2000) did
comprehensive research into the NTFPs used in the Northwest District. Palm hearts from
Euterpe oleracea are harvested from swamp forests. Fibers from the leaves of Mauritia
flexuosa are collected in savanna areas for making crafts (e.g., hammocks). Both species are
thought to be in slow decline due to overharvesting and habitat destruction. The seeds of
Carapa guianensis are collected in primary forest for making oil.
Malouetia tamaquarina
Dipteryx odorata
Ischnosiphon obliquus
Euterpe oleracea
Heteropsis flexuosa
Clusia grandiflora
Euterpe oleracea
Mauritia flexuosa
Carapa guianensis
Local people
Local people
Local people
Local people
Commercial traders
Local people
Heteropsis spp.
Fibers from the petiole base of the leaves of Leopoldinia piassaba are collected from palm
trees in medium-sized forest. Fibers are used for making handicrafts, like brooms. The
species is thought to be in slow decline.
Leopoldinia piassaba
The aerial roots of Heteropsis species are collected along the Orinoco river to make crafts.
Over-exploitation is suspected, and Heteropsis species are thought to be in fast decline.
The harvesting area is in fact bigger than indicated on the map, and extends all along the
Orinoco river.
Malouetia spp.
Heteropetalum brasiliense
Jessenia bataua and Oenocarpus bacaba fruits are harvested to make oil from their seeds.
The fruits themselves are only used for subsistence. The harvesting area is thought to be
between the Ro Orinoco and the Reserva Florestal Sipapo.
An area of shrub savanna and forest where fibers of Leopoldinia piassaba and aerial roots of
Heteropsis species are harvested. Extensive research on chiqui-chiqui in the Departement
of Guaina has been carried out by Etter et al. (1998, 2001).
Description
Leopoldinia piassaba
Heteropsis spp.
Species Harvested
Jessenia bataua
Oenocarpus bacaba
Local people
Local people
Local people
Who Harvests?
98
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
St. Cuthberts,
Mahaica River
Estuary of the
Berbice River
Santa Mission,
Demerara
Mabura Hill
Iwokrama
Kanuku Mountains
Kwamalasamutu
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
33
41
Suriname
French
Guiana
Brazil
Brazil
Saramacca River
Perika-Mungo
Road
Cayenne
Coastal Southeast
Amap
Macap, Amazon
Delta
21
22
23
24
25
50, 51
50
33
Suriname
Allalapadu
33
33
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
Market
Links
20
Suriname
Suriname
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Guyana
Country
Upper Pomeroon
Area Name
12
ID
Local people
Local people
Local people
Trio
Euterpe oleracea
Carapa guianensis
Copaifera reticulata
Carapa guianensis
Euterpe oleracea
Palm hearts and fruits (for aai juice) are harvested from Euterpe oleracea in the coastal
swamp forests. E. oleracea populations are thought to be stable.
Andiroba oil from Carapa guianensis and copaiba oil from Copaifera reticulata are extracted
from the primary forests in the area. Both species are also used in the timber industry.
Priority for research is high.
There is small-scale harvest of Carapa guianensis seeds from trees standing in primary forest
for making oil. Harvesting takes place around the coastal road between Cayenne and St.
Laurent.
Fruits (for podosiri juice) are harvested from Euterpe oleracea by Maroons and Amerindians
in (secondary) forests of the coastal swamps. There is small-scale trade to Paramaribo. Palm
heart is not, however, harvested in this area.
Fruits (for podosiri juice) are harvested from Euterpe oleracea in the swamp forests along
the river. There is small-scale trade to Paramaribo. Palm heart is not, however, harvested in
this area.
Bertholletia excelsa
Trio
Euterpe oleracea
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) are harvested from primary forests around
Kwamalasamutu. Small-scale trade due to high transport costs. Listed as high priority for
research as the status of the species in this area is unknown.
Manilkara bidentata
Local people
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) are extracted in primary forests. Allalapadu is the old
village of the Trio Amerindians now living in Kwamalasamutu; there is a recent migration
back from Kwamalasamutu to Allalapadu. Trade is just starting.
Latex from Manilkara bidentata is harvested in high primary forest to make balata figurines
(crafts) for the tourist market.
Manilkara bidentata
Carapa guianensis
Bertholletia excelsa
Crabwood (or karaba) oil is produced from the seeds of Carapa guianensis in the forests
of Iwokrama. It is being developed as a commercial product. The latex from Manilkara
bidentata is made into balata figurines for tourists.
Clusia grandiflora
Local people
The aerial roots of Clusia grandiflora are harvested from primary terra firme forest in the
area between Mabura Hill to Pibiri (DDL Timber Concession). Roots are brought to
processing factories in Georgetown (e.g., Liana Cane Ltd.) to make furniture. There is an
immediate need for research on sustainable harvesting levels.
Ischnosiphon arouma and sometimes I. obliquus are used for making crafts. Mauritia
flexuosa fibers, locally known as tibisiri, are made into hammocks. Mauritia flexuosa
swamps are often burned down, making it a priority for research.
Palm hearts from Euterpe oleracea are harvested from swamp forests in the estuary of the
Berbice river. There is a French processing factory, and canned palm hearts are traded to
the international market.
Mauritia flexuosa is being over-harvested in the swamp savannnas for making crafts
(van Andel 2000). The species is in fast decline, and there is a high priority for research.
Ischnosiphon arouma is presumed to be harvested for the trade in crafts.
The aerial roots of Heteropsis flexuosa and Clusia grandiflora are harvested in primary forest
for the furniture processing sites in Charity and Georgetown. C. grandiflora is thought to
be in fast decline due to over-harvesting. Research on sustainable harvesting levels needs to
start immediately.
Description
Ischnosiphon arouma
Mauritia flexuosa
Euterpe oleracea
Mauritia flexuosa
Ischnosiphon arouma
Heteropsis flexuosa
Clusia grandiflora
Species Harvested
Local people
Local people
Local people
Who Harvests?
Consenso 2002
99
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Extractive Reserve
of Cajari River
Rio Jari
Rio Jauaperi
Novo Airo
Codajs
Rio Xeriuini/
Branco
Rio Araa
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Brazil
Country
South Amapa
Area Name
26
ID
54
55, 54
55
55, 54,
51
54
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) and latex from Hevea brasiliensis are collected in primary
forests. The nuts and latex are traded to Belm. The latex is exported from Belm for the
international pharmaceutical industry.
Bertholletia excelsa
Hevea brasiliensis
Ischnosiphon arouma fibers and the aerial roots of Heteropsis species are extracted from
forests in Ja National Park and the Waimiri-Atroari Reserve. The status of extraction of
both species is unknown.
Palm hearts from Euterpe oleracea are harvested from the swamp forests in this area.
Research is needed on sustainable harvesting levels.
Ischnosiphon arouma
Heteropsis spp.
Euterpe oleracea
An area of white sand savannas and flooded forest along black water rivers where
Leopoldinia piassaba is harvested for its fibers to make handicrafts. Fibers are traded
through Barcelos to Manaus.
Fibers of Ischnosiphon species are used for making crafts (e.g., basketry) and are collected
from forests in this area. The status of the species is thought to be stable.
Euterpe oleracea
Leopoldinia piassaba
Ischnosiphon arouma
Baniwa tribe
Local people
Palm hearts from Euterpe oleracea are harvested in the swamp forests around Barcelos. Palm
hearts from other species may be extracted as well, although these might be cultivated.
Bertholletia excelsa
Hevea brasiliensis
Brazil nuts from Bertholletia excelsa and latex from Hevea brasiliensis are collected in
primary forests. Brazil nuts are traded through Carvoeiro to Barcelos to Manaus. Latex is
traded to Manaus and Belm and then to international markets.
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) and latex from Hevea brasiliensis are collected in primary
forests along the Rio Jauaperi. The nuts are traded to Barcelos and onto Manaus. The latex
goes onto the international market via Belm.
Bertholletia excelsa
Hevea brasiliensis
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) and latex from Hevea brasiliensis are collected in primary
forests along these rivers. The nuts are processed at Oriximin, then traded to Belm. The
latex is probably traded internationally via Belm.
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), latex from Hevea brasiliensis, and palm hearts (Euterpe
oleracea) are collected in the area. The nuts are traded to Belm. The latex is traded to
Belm and then internationally for the pharmaceutical industry. Palm hearts are traded to
Macap.
Bertholletia excelsa
Hevea brasiliensis
Euterpe oleracea
Bertholletia excelsa
Hevea brasiliensis
Andiroba oil from Carapa guianensis and copaiba oil from Copaifera reticulata are extracted
from primary forests in the area. Both species are also used in the timber industry. Priority
for research is high.
Description
Carapa guianensis
Copaifera reticulata
Species Harvested
Local people
Local people
Local people
Local people
55, 54,
51
54
Qilombos (Maroons)
Local people
Local people
Local people
Who Harvests?
53, 51
51
50, 51
50
Market
Links
100
Manaus, Brazil
Barcelos, Brazil
54
55
Many NTFPs from the Amazon delta and the Amazon end up
in Belm.
Paramaribo is a large market for NTFPs both for the local market
and for export to Surinamese living abroad.
Puerto Inrida is a local market where crafts are traded. Also fibers
of Leopoldinia piassaba are transported to Bogot for the broom
industry.
Market Description
CF, F, L
CF, F, L
F, L
F, L
F, O, L
F, CF, O
CF
CF, O
CF
NTFP
Category
L, N
L, R, I
L, R, I
N, I
L, R, I
L, R, I
L, N, I
L, R, I
L, N, I
L, N
L, N
L, N
Type of
Market
Bnki, Vicentini
Bnki, de Granville
Bnki, Malone,
Roosmalen, Werkhoven,
Raghoenandan
Bnki, Gopaul,
Chandarballi, Ter Steege,
Zagt
Bnki, Rosales
Bnki, Hernandez
Authors
Mesquita, van
Roosmalen
Mesquita
van Roosmalen
de Granville
Teunissen,
Raghoenandan,
Werkhoven
Rosales, MARN
Rosales, Aymard
Hernandez
Berry, Aymard
Etter, Balcazar
Experts
Reference
Sources: World Database on Protected Areas (http://quin.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org); French Committee for IUCN; Capobianco et al. 2001,
Biodiversidade na Amaznia Brasileira (So Paulo, Estao Liberdade: Instituto Socioambiental); IBAMA (http://www2.ibama.gov.br).
Oriximin,
Brazil
Paramaribo,
Suriname
33
53
Georgetown,
Guyana
26
Belm, Brazil
Tucupita,
Venezuela
17
51
Ciudad
Guayana,
Venezuela
16
Macap, Brazil
Caracas,
Venezuela
14
50
Puerto
Ayacucho,
Venezuela
Cayenne, French
Guiana
Puerto Inrida,
Colombia
41
Area Name
ID
Plant Markets*
Information
Quality
Map Sources
Dams
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos
Naturais Renovveis (IBAMA)
Elevation
GTOPO30, United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Forest Cover
Tropical Ecosystem Environment Observations by Satellites (TREES)
Forestry
Guyana Integrated National Resources Information System (GINRIS), Centrum voor Landbouwkundig
Onderzoek in Suriname (CELOS), France Office National des Forts (ONF)
Geologic Guayana Shield
Gibbs, A.K. & Barron, C.N. 1993. The geology of the Guiana Shield. Oxford Monographs on Geology and
Geophysics No. 22. New York: Oxford University Press.
Geology
United States Geological Survey
Hydrography
Digital Chart of the World (DCW)
Mining
Instituto Socioambiental, Global Forest Watch, Guayana Shield Conservation Priority-setting Workshop
Populated Places
Woods Hole, US National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)
Protected Areas
World Database of Protected Areas
Roads
IBAMA, DCW, USGS, Guayana Shield Conservation Priority-setting Workshop
Other Data
Guayana Shield Conservation Priority-setting Workshop
Consenso 2002
101
Prioridades de conservacin para el escudo de Guayana: Consenso 2002 es una publicacin de:
Conservation International
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science
1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20036, USA
Telf.: 202.912.1000
Fax: 202.912.1030
www.conservation.org
Revisin: Neil Lindeman
Diseo: Glenda P. Fbregas
Mapas: CABS Conservation Mapping Program, Mark Denil, Jefe de Cartografa
Greg Buppert, Lorena Bustos, Sonya Krogh, Lisa Stewart
Fotografas: Portada (de izquierda a derecha) C. Brewer-Caras, Conservation International, A. Ahogado
Reconocimientos
El equipo profesional del Taller para el establecimiento de prioridades de conservacin para el Escudo de Guayana
desea expresar su agradecimiento muy especial a los diferentes organismos e instituciones que contribuyeron al
xito de esta iniciativa, entre los que se cuentan (pero no se excluye a otros) los siguientes: en Guyana, el Guyana
Integrated Natural Resources Information System (GINRIS), University of Guyana, Guyana Forestry Commission,
Guyana Geology and Mines Commission, Guyana Land and Surveys Commission, Guyana National Herbarium, y
la Protected Areas Secretariat; en Suriname, Centrum voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek in Suriname (CELOS),
Stichting Planbureau Suriname (SPS), Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname (especialmente Kenneth Tjon, Gerda
Wesenhagen, Marga Werkhoven, Paul Ouboter, y Armand Moredjo), Lands Bosbeheer-Afdeling: Natuurbeheer,
Stichting Natuurbehoud Suriname (STINASU), Ministerie van Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen, Ministerie van Arbeid,
Technologische Ontwikkeling en Milieu, Ministerie van Onderwijs en Volksontwikkeling, Ministerie van Planning
en Ontwikkelingssamenwerking, Nationaal Herbarium van Suriname (BBS), y Nationale Zoologische Collectie van
Suriname (NZCS); en la Guayana Francesa, Office National des Forts (ONF), cole Nationale de Gnie Rural et
des Eaux et Forts (ENGREF), y el Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD); en Venezuela, Instituto
Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientficas (IVIC), Instituto Nacional de Parques (InParques), Instituto Geogrfico de
Venezuela Simn Bolvar (IGVSB), Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana (UNEG), Universidad Simn
Bolvar (USB), Gobernacin del Estado Bolvar, ProVita, y Fundacin de Ciencias Naturales La Salle; en Colombia,
Fundacin Puerto Rastrojo, Instituto Von Humboldt, y Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNC); y en Brasil,
Instituto de Estudos e Pesquisas do Estado do Amap (IEPA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaznia (INPA),
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovveis (IBAMA), y Museo Goeldi. Adems,
las contribuciones de las siguientes organizaciones internacionales fueron fundamentales para el xito del taller:
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Smithsonian Institution, World Resources Institute (WRI), y el World Conservation
Monitoring Center (WCMC). Por sus aportes a los grupos de trabajo expresamos nuestro reconocimiento a Paul
Berry, Hans ter Steege, Patrick Lavelle, Carlos Lasso, Celsa Searis, Teresa Cristina Avila Pires, Mario Cohn-Haft,
Mark Engstrom, Judith Rosales, Lelys Bravo, Joost Duivenvoorden, Sandy Griffith, Andrew Bishop, Ana Liz Flores,
Clayton Hall, Stan Malone, Amy MacKinven, Olaf Bnki, y Greg Love. Por su apoyo continuo y su disponibilidad
durante todo el taller, agradecemos al personal del laboratorio de procesamiento del SIG: Paul Burgess, Kenneth Tjon,
Minu Parahoe, Curtis Bernard, Alexandre Dinnouti, Henri Asmoredjo, y Naseem Nasir. Nuestro agradecimiento
especial tambin para Adriano Paglia, Antonio Telesca, Monique Pool, Wouter Veening, Dave Zwaan, Jean-Jacques de
Granville, y Otto Huber por su ayuda en la revisin de las traducciones a varios idiomas de los productos terminados
del taller. Finalmente, deseamos agradecer al comit asesor que aport la visin para este taller y sus productos, a
saber: Pieter Borkent, Keith Brown, Paul Burgess, Jenny Chun, David H. Clarke, Jos Maria DaSilva, Jean-Jacques de
Granville, Regina De Souza, Lisa Famolare, Matt Foster, Sandy Griffith, Marinus Hoogmoed, Otto Huber, Marion
Jansen Jacobs, Amy MacKinven, Stan Malone, Ernesto Medina, Reggy Nelson, Silvio Olivieri, Richard Olver, Lita
Paparoni, Roberto Roca, Patsy Ross, Joe Singh, Wim Udenhout, Wouter Veening, Carly Vynne, y Neville Waldron.
Escudo de Guayana
Consenso 2002