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Presentacion Cap 5
Presentacion Cap 5
FIGURA 5-5
Principio de
conservación
de la masa
para una tina
de baño
ordinaria.
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FIGURA 5-7
Principio de
conservación de la
masa para un
sistema de flujo
estacionario con
dos entradas y una
salida.
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FIGURA 5-8
Durante un proceso
de flujo estacionario,
los flujos
volumétricos no
necesariamente se
conservan, aunque sí
los flujos másicos.
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FIGURA 5-9
Esquema para
el ejemplo 5-1.
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Solución
Se utiliza una manguera de jardín para llenar con agua una cubeta.
Se determinarán los flujos volumétrico y másico de agua y la velocidad en
la salida.
Suposiciones:
1 El agua es una sustancia incompresible.
2 El flujo por la manguera es estacionario.
3 No se desperdicia agua debido a salpicaduras.
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FIGURA 5-14
La energía total está formada por tres partes para un fluido estático y
por cuatro partes para un fluido en movimiento.
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FIGURA 5-19
En condiciones de flujo estacionario, las propiedades del fluido en una
entrada o salida permanecen constantes (no cambian con el tiempo).
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FIGURA 5-20
Un calentador de agua en operación estacionaria.
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FIGURA 5-21
En operación estacionaria, los trabajos de flecha y eléctrico son las
únicas formas de trabajo en un sistema simple compresible.
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FIGURA 5-23
A velocidades muy altas, incluso cambios pequeños de velocidad
causan cambios importantes en la energía cinética del fluido.
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Toberas y difusores
Las toberas y los difusores se utilizan generalmente en motores de propulsión por
reacción, cohetes, vehículos espaciales e incluso en mangueras de jardín. Una tobera es
un dispositivo que incrementa la velocidad de un fluido a expensas de la presión. Un
difusor es un dispositivo que incrementa la presión de un fluido al desacelerarlo. Es
decir, las toberas y los difusores llevan a cabo tareas opuestas. El área de la sección
transversal de una tobera disminuye en la dirección de flujo para flujos subsónicos y
aumenta para los supersónicos. Lo contrario es cierto para los difusores.
La tasa de transferencia de calor entre el fluido que fluye por una tobera o un difusor y los
alrededores es comúnmente muy pequeña (Q = 0) ya que el fluido tiene velocidades altas
y por lo tanto no se mantiene suficiente tiempo en el dispositivo como para que ocurra
alguna transferencia de calor importante. Las toberas y difusores por lo común no
implican trabajo (W. = 0) y cualquier cambio de energía potencial es insignificante (Δep
= 0). Pero las toberas y los difusores normalmente están relacionados con velocidades
muy altas, entonces cuando un fluido pasa por alguno de estos dispositivos experimenta
grandes cambios en su velocidad (Fig. 5-25). Por lo tanto, se deben tomar en cuenta los
cambios de energía cinética al analizar el flujo por estos dispositivos (Δec no es igual 0).
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FIGURA 5-25
La forma de toberas y
difusores es tal que
causan grandes cambios
en la velocidad del fluido
y, por lo tanto, en la
energía cinética
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FIGURA 5-26
Esquema para el ejemplo 5-4.
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