TASK 1

Is a very soft, brownish – black material with a

carbón content of about 70%. A
Peat 1

Is the result, when coa lis heated and compressed further,

it is almost completely pure carbón. B
Lignite 2

Can be found in marshy places. It has a carbón

content of about 50%. C
Anthracite coal 3

Is a very hard coal with a carbón content of about

90%. D
Coke 4

Is the material which is obtained after the coal

Bituminous coal 5 degasification process and is primarily used as a fuel in
the steel making industry. E

Graphite 6 Is harder than lignite, but softer than anthracite

coal. F
TASK 2: Discuss the role of coal as an energy resource. Think of various
aspects such as; distriution of coal seams: economic considerations of
underground and surface mining; environmental problems such as local
landslides etc.

Despite becoming a highly polluting element of the planet's natural

resources, coal is extremely important today, especially when we
consider that much of the energy and production system is based on its
use.
Open discussion; Keywords are given; Environmental problems like CO2
emission, ozone depletion and contribution of fossil fuels can be better
discussed after reading the chapter about climate change.The burning of
fossil fuels is blamed for emissions that contribute to global climate
change, Fossil fuels much more efficient and cleaner. This is mostly
discussed on "clean coal technologies".
TASK 3: Describe the distillation process and separation into the
different fractions.

The hydrocarbon molecules of crude oil are mixed in different

amounts and are of different sizes. Thus: The hydrocarbons boil at
different temperatures, meaning they have different boiling points.
In a fractionating column crude oil is separated into the different
fractions. The larger the hydrocarbon molecules size, the higher its
boiling point and the less volatile they are.
Task 4

Fill in: “biodegraded organic material”, “crude oil”, “generation of

electricity”, “natural gas”, “pressure” and “viscosities”.

Petroleum
Petroleum, or crude oil , “is a liquid fuel that is present in various locations throughout the
world. It has many uses, from the generation of electricity to the manufacture of medicines,
plastics, and other commercial ítems.
Much like coal, petroleum is formed from the remains biodegraded organic material . Hen animals
that lived in the sea millions of years ago died underwater, their remains were gradually covered by
layers of very fine dirt known as,sil ton the ocean floor. Then, as the years passed, pressure from
the layers built up and compressed the organic material, forming the oil.
Petroleum has many fifferent, viscosities , or thicknesses. The viscosity depends on the amount of
gases and solids that are present in the oil. Often, natural gas is disolved in the liquid and can be
extracted for other uses. Petroleum takes three main forms: paraffin, asphaltic, and mixed-base.
These forms are based upom the chemical makeup of the hydrocarbon-based oil.
 TASK 5

Discuss the role of oil as an anergy resource and its

environmental impact. Keywords help:

Limitation as a natural resource

Dependence on foreign oil (political aspects)
Controlling prices
Environmental aspect: shipping the oil, oil spills
 UNIT 23

Task 1

Fill in the missing words: “crust”, “formation”, “originates”, “radioactive decay” and “solar radiation”.

Thirty to 50 per cent of the Earths heat orinated as residual heat dating back
to the Earths formation Most of the rest is a result of natural radioactive
decay Which has been taking place for millions of years, producing heat in a
process that continues today. In addition, a further part of heat comes from
the solar radiation thet warms the Earths Surface. The temperatura in the
Earths inner core are estimated variously to be at between 4,500 to 6,500
degrees Celsius. Approximately 40 per cent of the heat flux that reaches the
Earths Surface originates In the Earths interior, the remaining 60 per cent
comes from the Earths crust .
 TASK 2
Name advantages and disadvantages of geotermal power given in the
text.

Advantages Disadvantages

No pollution Not available in many locations

Theoretically inexhaustible
energy source Not much power per vent

Often an excellent supplement

to other renewable sources Not much power per vent

Does not require structures such as solar

panels or windmills to collect the energy;
can be directly used to heat or produce Not enough hot springs
electricity (thus very cheap)