Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Financiamiento Productivo
Daniel Titelman
PROFUNDIZACIN FINANCIERA
En la mayora de los pases de Amrica
Latina, los bancos son la mayor fuente de
financiamiento externo
El endeudamiento mediante bonos
corporativos, domina al financiamiento
accionarios. A su vez, el financiamiento
bancario, domina al financiamiento mediante
bonos corporativos.
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Argentina
18.4
19.4
18.9
19.8
22.3
24.4
23.4
22.3
16.3
20.52
20.68
Bolivia
43.5
44.7
42.6
45.5
49.8
55.1
52.4
47.8
44.0
46.87
48.05
Brasil
27.6
30.6
28.4
27.0
29.7
30.6
27.2
27.9
27.5
28.99
27.52
Chile
45.0
45.0
51.8
54.4
57.7
59.1
63.3
65.0
66.7
52.16
65.04
Colombia
13.2
15.4
16.5
17.5
20.7
21.2
18.3
18.3
19.2
17.44
18.61
Ecuador
27.4
31.4
34.3
36.9
39.6
41.4
41.7
43.3
38.8
35.16
41.30
El Salvador
17.4
22.4
23.5
25.2
30.4
36.8
30.1
28.6
23.5
25.96
27.39
Mxico
28.9
27.5
16.9
14.5
16.5
14.5
11.8
10.3
9.6
19.80
10.53
Paraguay
17.7
20.9
21.0
23.4
23.7
22.5
21.4
22.4
22.4
21.54
22.05
Per
10.6
13.3
17.4
20.8
25.3
27.4
25.6
24.6
23.2
19.13
24.47
Uruguay
18.7
20.4
22.9
24.3
29.7
47.0
50.4
51.8
60.5
27.18
54.23
Venezuela
11.3
6.8
5.3
8.2
10.7
9.6
8.8
9.8
9.5
8.64
9.36
23.3
24.8
25.0
26.5
29.7
32.5
31.2
31.0
30.1
26.9
30.8
Alemania
107.06
126.63
Estados Unidos
40.22
42.11
42.46
43.38
44.99
45.61
47.71
49.08
49.90
43.13
48.90
Francia
87.22
85.46
83.53
81.58
79.77
83.39
87.08
92.66
98.80
83.49
92.85
Japon
110.79
105.20
Reino Unido
114.09
135.13
Promedio desarrollados(1)
88.81
91.71
101.74
89.60
91.37
92.14
93.39
94.97
PROFUNDIZACIN FINANCIERA
( Crdito bancario al sector privado como % del PIB)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
PRSTAMOS / DEPSITOS
Argentina
Bolivia
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Rep. Dominicana
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
A.Latina Promedio simple
A. Latina Promedio sin extremos
Estados Unidos
Fuente: Cepal.
1997
100.00
113.20
117.63
142.11
108.59
75.08
82.80
99.17
91.88
79.75
83.42
101.66
60.20
94.98
102.24
119.63
66.91
1998
100.00
121.72
118.68
137.84
108.25
76.14
91.34
97.56
85.63
113.75
89.04
128.23
64.67
87.19
108.48
117.86
65.26
1999
100.00
112.70
118.76
126.93
193.01
67.58
133.27
144.17
92.15
92.02
84.83
92.09
76.23
84.47
97.35
120.96
63.97
2000
100.00
104.40
132.98
127.58
153.57
69.35
131.12
58.52
86.29
73.53
83.00
93.30
65.14
91.61
95.81
82.72
58.35
2001
95.09
94.51
121.20
128.50
134.77
88.86
133.62
84.97
72.03
70.33
82.63
78.48
64.14
76.82
84.89
92.24
63.86
2002
119.24
95.79
108.32
125.44
79.45
75.57
194.04
70.35
87.15
66.99
76.57
92.34
44.74
77.64
82.92
55.60
61.36
96.43
95.80
100.69
100.61
105.91
102.90
94.55
93.02
92.17
91.22
89.03
84.98
273.93
316.31
343.83
413.57
397.01
442.08
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
97-02
2.13
2.86
2.77
2.54
8.87
10.84
4.94
Bolivia
30.79
23.57
20.59
21.28
9.32
10.50
19.11
Brasil
43.30
45.59
43.18
33.81
33.74
36.22
39.22
Chile
3.26
4.57
3.75
5.17
5.37
3.85
4.32
Colombia
8.13
7.28
6.83
5.92
7.37
6.75
7.05
Costa Rica
8.36
8.62
10.00
10.15
10.79
13.47
10.22
Ecuador
11.66
7.29
5.91
7.19
8.33
9.21
8.25
Guatemala
12.10
10.55
10.70
9.72
9.38
9.30
10.29
Honduras
8.89
10.21
8.49
9.39
8.11
7.74
8.80
Mxico
8.62
13.14
14.83
11.25
8.73
6.26
10.43
Panam
3.36
3.80
2.93
3.18
3.88
5.25
3.73
Paraguay
13.09
11.83
8.73
9.56
10.35
9.39
10.48
Per
13.00
13.62
12.48
12.91
9.56
10.22
11.95
Uruguay
43.43
37.22
34.16
32.95
32.71
64.86
40.46
7.84
8.54
8.94
7.65
6.01
5.87
7.47
14.53
13.91
12.95
12.18
11.50
13.98
13.17
3.35
3.38
3.02
3.08
3.15
3.16
3.19
2.53
1.50
2.89
3.33
3.28
3.56
2.85
Argentina
Venezuela
Prom edio A.Latina
Fuente: Cepal.
1997
3.28
10.82
12.31
13.67
7.93
13.85
8.23
9.78
12.83
20.17
2.61
16.74
6.40
17.21
12.26
22.98
1.45
16.59
A.LatinaPromedio simple
A.Latina Promedio sin extremos
Development Banks
Alemania
Francia
Italia
UK.
Estados Unidos
Japon
Canada
G-7
11.62
11.54
6.83
10.6
7.6
1.0
17.2
15.5
0.8
14.7
9.6
Fuente: Cepal.
1998
1999
2000
3.37
1.62
0.30
7.84
8.78
-9.38
6.89
15.49
10.29
11.54
9.37
12.70
-11.60
-28.69
-16.22
11.60
14.63
14.03
.
14.21
-3.56
2.81
13.74
11.56
9.84
4.21
4.37
7.68
8.89
16.46
21.14
22.47
19.45
14.58
19.29
15.60
10.57
8.41
3.59
4.30
12.17
18.10
22.51
1.78
-4.72
21.06
9.09
9.10
9.22
7.32
10.2
7.8
7.4
14.5
13.3
-22.5
12.2
6.1
8.34
9.96
4.82
6.5
10.5
10.0
17.7
15.7
-11.8
14.2
9.0
7.00
7.55
3.83
6.1
14.9
12.9
14.0
14.0
3.3
13.9
11.3
2001
2002
2.39
-45.90
-4.29
0.69
6.03
9.70
17.68
14.35
9.08
11.78
15.07
13.67
12.47
15.30
11.87
13.43
4.41
6.73
8.86
9.79
10.41
-3.20
13.66
11.79
15.65
19.76
8.26
6.49
8.43
19.63
21.61
-3.54
17.99
29.18
10.20
10.51
7.85
10.17
4.6
10.3
9.1
9.2
12.9
-0.1
13.0
8.4
10.90
15.4
9.9
12.1
Fuente: Cepal.
1997
0.39
0.77
0.93
1.01
1.09
1.52
1.17
0.78
1.00
1.71
0.28
0.81
0.48
2.51
1.03
2.05
0.25
2.18
1.11
1.08
0.67
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.9
1.3
0.0
0.7
0.5
1998
0.39
0.66
0.61
0.90
-1.22
1.01
1.35
1.13
1.19
0.47
0.80
3.60
0.73
1.11
0.91
1.06
0.63
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.1
-0.6
0.5
0.4
1999
2000
0.18
0.03
0.72
-0.92
1.45
0.86
0.81
1.00
-3.18
-1.89
1.7
1.53
-14.71
-10.71
-0.27
0.24
1.16
0.89
0.44
0.83
0.96
1.39
1.34
1.52
1.12
2.04
1.38
0.34
0.42
1.69
2.18
0.27
-0.51
2.83
1.16
-0.04
-0.05
0.44
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.0
1.3
-0.5
0.7
0.5
-0.05
-0.06
0.35
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
0.2
0.7
0.7
2001
2002
0.30
-6.77
-0.47
0.08
0.47
0.81
1.32
1.13
0.90
1.19
1.71
1.18
-2.87
1.44
0.86
1.04
0.23
0.35
0.89
0.88
1.13
-0.35
0.78
0.67
1.25
2.52
0.97
0.65
0.85
1.97
2.24
-0.33
2.63
4.86
0.78
0.87
0.19
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.6
1.1
0.0
0.6
0.5
0.66
0.76
0.7
1.4
-0.2
0.5
0.6
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
14.64
16.41
20.22
15.16
29.57
58.40
71.61
101.22
16.31
77.08
Bolivia
1.44
1.54
4.14
6.71
8.33
20.76
19.38
18.83
3.76
19.66
Brasil
20.97
28.00
31.63
20.42
42.48
37.58
36.59
29.09
24.76
34.42
Chile
113.26
87.03
87.00
65.34
93.40
79.98
84.74
73.59
92.43
79.44
Colombia
19.34
17.64
18.31
13.56
13.43
11.41
16.04
11.83
14.69
13.09
Ecuador
13.03
9.15
9.00
6.57
2.49
4.42
6.74
7.20
7.70
6.12
Mexico
31.63
32.06
39.00
21.78
32.02
21.54
20.23
16.83
34.07
19.53
4.05
4.33
5.47
29.79
20.49
25.93
19.74
20.87
20.94
18.18
20.52
0.98
0.93
0.80
0.80
0.82
1.60
0.90
1.07
Paraguay
Peru
21.99
22.02
Uruguay
Venezuela
4.61
4.72
14.25
16.44
7.92
7.23
6.70
4.93
4.21
11.61
5.28
A.Latina (muestra) a/
26.78
25.34
23.69
16.66
23.74
26.13
28.19
28.53
20.82
27.62
Alemania
23.49
28.15
39.09
51.01
68.09
68.07
58.06
37.16
36.57
54.43
Estados Unidos
92.66
108.59
135.95
153.18
179.37
153.74 136.98
105.26
116.99
131.99
Francia
33.61
38.03
47.96
68.29
102.20
110.82
89.66
71.73
51.32
90.74
Japon
69.30
65.78
51.39
63.34
101.19
66.25
54.37
51.65
70.98
57.43
124.04
146.34
150.34
166.74
201.15
180.25 155.70
126.06
146.32
154.01
Reino Unido
Fuente:Cepal en base a datos de Standard and Poor's Emerging Markets Stock Review y Global Stock Markets Review.
a/ promedio simple.
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Argentina
174
175
180
156
149
147
136
130
129
127
111
83
Brazil
570
565
550
544
543
551
536
527
478
459
428
399
Chile
221
245
263
279
284
283
295
287
285
258
249
254
83
80
89
113
190
189
189
163
145
126
123
114
65
142
145
40
42
41
37
28
30
195
190
206
185
193
198
194
188
179
168
170
60
55
55
248
257
242
230
207
202
16
19
17
91
94
87
85
63
59
1,494 1,349
1,281
Colombia
Ecuador
Mexico
209
Paraguay
Peru
298
287
233
218
246
231
Uruguay
Venezuela
Total Muestra
87
91
93
90
90
1,642
1,703
1,740
1,751
1,727
87
1,723 1,810
1,763 1,654
Fuente: Cepal, en base a datos de Emerging Stock Markets Factbook, 2001; Emerging Stock Markets Review,
September 2002, Standard & Poor's.
Fuente: Cepal.
12.0
19.5
33.2
4.2
3.5
15.8
19.8
8.2
14.4
13.9
3.0
11.3
9.5
25.5
17.8
58.0
11.6
Tasa de
inters activa
real comn
Rendimiento
soberano
50.3
16.0
10.3
10.5
6.4
8.7
6.3
4.8
58.6
88.1
9.1
6.8
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
El Salvador
Mxico
Per
Venezuela
Total
LA
Tasas de Inters
Elevadas
50%
55 %
40 %
49 %
46 %
42 %
40 %
64 %
43 %
Garantas
5%
12 %
11 %
11 %
28 %
12 %
8%
7%
15 %
Burocracia de la
Banca
5%
5%
4%
5%
7%
4%
5%
6%
4%
Plazos
demasiado cortos
19 %
12 %
7%
7%
6%
11 %
16 %
2%
11 %
Falta de liquidez
de la Banca
0%
1%
0%
9%
2%
17 %
7%
3%
4%
Falta Conexiones
1%
1%
3%
3%
1%
5%
5%
0%
3%
BRASIL
COLOMBIA
PERU
URUGUAY
CHILE
1995
28.54
35.08
1996
27.77
27.91
1997
26.24
16.13
1998
18.80
19.96
1.37
37.09
1999
17.50
17.06
4.00
37.85
2000
17.43
15.35
3.53
33.59
2001
16.55
5.79
36.27
2002
18.46
6.01
42.01
36.62
13.05
2003
19.58
7.27
41.71
26.46
12.07
Fuente:Cepal
TEMAS DE POLTICA
La liberalizacin financiera no es suficiente, se
necesita avanzar en el desarrollo de un sistema
financiero
Las reformas financieras deben orientarse hacia el
desarrollo de nuevos instrumentos de mercado
Dado el predominio del sistema bancario, es
importante que ste opere de manera eficiente
El desarrollo de los mercados de capitales es un
proceso lento
Existe un rol a cumplir por parte de los nuevos
bancos de desarrollo
INSTRUMENTOS DE MANEJO DE
RIESGO QUE PROMUEVEN EL
ACCESO DE LAS PyMEs
Instrumentos de deuda
En el sector bancario
En el mercado de capitales
(securitizacin)
Otros instrumentos
Mercado accionario
Capital de riesgo
Algunos problemas
SECURITIZACIN
No es fcil crear un mercado de bonos de
largo plazo
Inversionistas institucionales
Estabilidad macroeconmica
Marco regulatorio
Tasas de ahorro
Ejemplos interesantes:
Bono Forestal, en Chile
Bono de la Universidad, en Chile
AMRICA LATINA:
Mezcla pblica y privada en el sistema bancario
Pas
Argentina
Bolivia
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Honduras
M xico
Paraguay
Per
Repblica
Dominicana
Uruguay
Venezuela
AL
Banca
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Pblica
Privada
Loans
31
69
7
93
38
62
12
88
15
85
58
42
19
81
9
91
1
99
29
71
9
91
17
83
0
100
30
70
3
97
15
85
Esquemas de garantas
Capital de riesgo
Securitizacin
Factoring
OTROS INSTRUMENTOS
Derivados
Mercados accionarios
Para nuevas e innovadoras compaas
Venta corta (fondos de cobertura para
manejo de riesgo)
Capital de riesgo
ALGUNAS CONCLUSIONES
ALGUNAS CONCLUSIONES
Desarrollo Financiero y
Financiamiento Productivo
Daniel Titelman