REGLAS DE PLURALIZACIN

Existen dos clases de sustantivos en Ingls. Sustantivos regulares, que son aquellos que siguen reglas para cambiar del singular al plural. Y sustantivos irregulares, que son los que cambian sin seguir ninguna regla, los cuales debemos memorizar. Vamos a estudiar las reglas para pluralizar los sustantivos regulares.

REGLA No. 1 Cuando un sustantivo singular termina en O, S, SS, SH, CH o X se agrega ES para formar su plural
Example: A tomato Some tomatoes A bus Some buses A fox Some foxes A kiss A watch A witch Some kisses Some watches Some witches

Exepciones: Son excepciones de la regla, las palabras: Piano, Radio, Soprano, Banjo, Photo, Epoch y Stomach, en cuyo caso para formar el plural, nicamente agregamos una s al final de la palabra.

REGLA No. 2 Cuando un sustantivo singular termina en F o FE, estas se reemplazan por VES para formar su plural Example: A knife A wife Some knives Some wives A wolf A thief Some wolves Some thieves

Excepciones: Son excepciones de la regla, las palabras: Roof, Giraffe, Belief, Handkerchief, Chef, Chief y Cuff, en cuyo caso para formar el plural, nicamente agregamos una s al final de la palabra.

REGLA No. 3 Cuando un sustantivo singular termina en Y, antecedida por una Consonante, la Y se reemplaza por IES para formar su plural Example: A secretary A library Some secretaries Some libraries A baby Some babies Some butterflies

A butterfly

Esta regla no tiene excepciones.

REGLA No. 4 En todos los dems casos, simplemente se agrega una S al final de la palabra, para formar su plural.

Example:
A banana An apple Some bananas Some apples A house A dog Some houses Some dogs

No hay excepciones para esta regla.

PLURAL DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS IRREGULARES: Dado que los sustantivos irregulares no siguen ninguna regla para cambiar, debemos memorizar su forma plural. Estos son bien pocos, y son: Man Child Foot Mouse Ox Offspring Deer Men Children Feet Mice Oxen Offspring Deer Woman Person Tooth Goose Sheep Cactus Phenomenon Women People Teeth Geese Sheep Cacti Phenomena

EXERCISE 1
1. Find 2 examples for every rule. Select 5 irregular nouns and make sentences using them.

HOW MUCH - HOW MANY

Para preguntar por la cantidad de elementos u objetos, existen 2 palabras en Ingls: How much que es usado con sustantivos no-contables, y How many que es usado con sustantivos contables. Existen dos tipos de estructura para formular preguntas con estas palabras: Para preguntar por la cantidad de elementos que existen o que hay en un lugar. How much + elemento + To Be +There + Complemento? How many Nota: Recuerde que el verbo TO BE se debe usar en singular (is) si se pregunta por un sustantivo no-contable, o en plural (are) si se refiere a un sustantivo contable. Example: How much milk is there in the refrigerator? There is 1 liter How many apples are there in the refrigerator? There are 5

EXERCISE 2

Complete the following questions using How much or How many and the appropriate form of the To Be verb. ________________ sugar ______ there in the bowl?

________________ eggs ______ there in the basket?

________________ coffee ______ there in the cup? ________________ pounds of chicken _____ there in the refrigerator? ________________ money _______ there in the piggy bank?

Cheese.
Uncountable. There is some cheese. A piece of cheese.

Icecream.
Countable. There are three icecreams. There are some icecreams.

Sausage.
Countable. A sausage. There is a sausage. Two sausages. There are some sausages. There is a hot dog. Two hot dogs.

Biscuit.
Countable. A biscuit. Two biscuits. There is a biscuit. There are some ginger biscuits. There arent any chocolate biscuits.

Chair.
Countable. A chair. There is a chair. There are some chairs in this class.

Sofa.
Countable. A sofa. Two sofas. There is a sofa in my house. There arent any sofas in this class.

Banana.
Countable. There is a banana. There are some bananas. There are two bananas.

Strawberry.
Countable. There is a strawberry. Three strawberries. There are three strawberies. There are some strawberries. There isnt any cream.

Lemon, orange and tomato.

All are countable. A lemon, an orange a tomato. Two or three lemons, oranges and tomatoes. There are some lemons and some tomatoes and some oranges but there arent any carrots.

A, an, some and any.

We use A with countable nouns: a pear, a peach, a tomato, a sofa. We use AN when the words starts with a vowel: an orange, an umbrella. We use SOME with countable and uncountable nouns ( without specifying the exact number)in affirmative sentences: some milk, some potatoes, some sugar, some books, some cds. We use ANY with countable and uncountable nouns in negative and interrogative sentences: any coffee, any chairs, any furniture.

Read the following examples.

There are some tomatoes. There are some melons. There some cucumbers. There are some oranges There arent any onions. There isnt any milk in the greengrocers. There isnt any sugar in the greengrocers.

Make sentences about the picture using the following words: pan, fridge, table, kitchen cloth, spoon, milk, salad, window, oven, girl...