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Diseño de Una Placa de Control para Un Estabilizador Regulador de Tensión Doméstico
Diseño de Una Placa de Control para Un Estabilizador Regulador de Tensión Doméstico
INGENIERO ELÉTRICO
Madrid
Mayo 2014
RESUMEN DEL PROYECTO
Este documento constituye un resumen que pretende abarcar los aspectos más
importantes sobre el funcionamiento y la utilidad de este tipo de dispositivos.
Para ello se clasifica el documento en cuatro apartados: Introducción,
Metodología, Resultados y Conclusiones.
Introducción
Módulo de medida
El módulo de control está comandado por una placa Arduino Mega 2560. Es el
encargado de analizar las medidas extraídas del módulo de medida y
compararlo con unos valores prefijados en la placa. Para redes de baja tensión,
se mide la tensión y se compara con la tensión nominal de la línea de 220V. Si
el voltaje medido es superior al nominal, el módulo de control genera una
respuesta que alimenta el servomotor en el sentido que conlleva una
disminución de la tensión, y viceversa.
Sobre la placa Arduino se acopla una placa de relés cuya actuación se puede
programar fácilmente en el propio Arduino. De esta manera, las medidas de
tensión y corriente constituyen dos inputs; mientras que la tierra (GND), tensión
de +5V, y los relés se configuran como outputs. Ver Fig. A.6.
Módulo de actuación
Conclusiones
El proyecto presentado se centra en los estabilizadores reguladores de tensión, de los
cuales se sabe que constituyen un elemento fundamental en un sistema eléctrico. La
inclusión de estos dispositivos en una red de distribución permite mejorar y asegurar
los niveles mínimos de calidad en el suministro eléctrico impuestos por la normativa
vigente.
De entre sus características fundamentales, cabe destacar aspectos determinantes
como son su robustez y su fiabilidad. Ello convierte a los reguladores de tensión
electromecánicos en los dispositivos ideales para aquellas zonas con menor acceso y,
consecuentemente, mayor dificultad en las tareas de instalación y mantenimiento. El
bajo coste de todos sus materiales le concede un valor positivo desde el punto de vista
económico, permitiendo su instalación en numerosos puntos de la red de distribución
sin suponer un desembolso considerable.
El diseño de la placa presentado en este proyecto permite, además de analizar la
tensión existente en la línea, tomar medidas de la corriente y de los desfases
existentes en ambas señales. Futuros desarrollos de los reguladores de tensión
electromecánicos pueden permitir la monitorización de todos los parámetros eléctricos
existentes en una línea a tiempo real, mejorando de esta manera el conocimiento del
estado de la línea y la previsión del comportamiento del flujo eléctrico en cada
instante.
ABSTRACT
This document contains a summary of the project that pretends to cover the key
aspects about the functionality and utility of this type of devices. To do so, it is
divided in four main paragraphs: Introduction, Methodology, Results and
Conclusions.
Introduction
These devices are made to be working in low voltage networks. This type of
networks generally refers to the supply of electric energy to industries or
domestic clients. The power charge fluctuations that take place at a consumer
level are numerous and rather random. Due to these continuous power charge
changes the voltage needs to be treated in order to recover the rated value of
voltage. That is the reason why voltage regulator stabilizers constitute an
essential part within an electric distribution system, being so one of the most
reliable sources to ensure the quality of the electric power supply to the clients.
Thanks to the mentioned system, the voltage regulation depends on the power
transformer selected for the fabrication of the device. In the analysis that took
held during the completion of this project, a transformer whose secondary
winding generated a maximum of 30V was chosen. Therefore, the maximum
range of regulation to be made with this system is ± 30V.
The main purpose of this project is the design of an electronic badge that would
be in charge of the movement of the servomotor in order to change the
transformation rate in the variable autotransformer to obtain the desired voltage
values in the output. It is necessary to have complete knowledge of the voltage
every instance as well as the reference values to follow in order to ensure a
minimum quality in the supply of electric energy.
The objective of this project is the design of a badge that will command the
operations of a voltage regulator stabilizer. This function is being held by three
modules: measurement, control and actuation. Fig. A.3.
In the first place, the measurement module is in charge of the analysis of the
current and voltage values in an electrical line. These measurements are sent
to the control module, which will then compare them with some reference
values that had been prefixed earlier in the badge. Once the measurements
have been analyzed and compared, the control module takes the provided
decisions which are then transmitted to the actuation module. This last module
is responsible for the movement of the rotary cursor over the windings of the
autotransformer in the direction which provides the required regulation (elevate
or lower the output voltage).
Measurement module
The current process of measurement is made based on the same criteria used
in the voltage measurement, adding the restriction of the current signal nature.
To change the measurement to a voltage type signal, Ohm’s Law is calculated
through a known value resistance (U=I·R). The electrical diagram and the signal
graphs are represented in the following figure. Fig. A.5.
The control module is commanded by an Arduino Mega 2560 badge. Its main
objective is to analyze the measurements that had been made by the
measurement module and compare them with some prefixed values. In the
case of low voltage distribution networks, the voltage is measured and
compared to the rated line voltage, which is 220V. If the measured voltage is
higher than the rated value, the control module generates a signal which
activates the rotation of the servomotor in the direction that implies a reduction
of the voltage. Same idea is applied to the opposite case.
A relay shield is coupled over the Arduino badge. This shield can be easily
programmed thanks to the Arduino computer interface. The voltage and current
measurements are transmitted to the Arduino badge as inputs. On the other
hand, the +5V pin, the GND pin and the relays are configured as outputs. Fig.
A.6.
A code is designed and implemented in the Arduino badge. Once this is done,
the badge is totally independent and it will actuate automatically whenever is
needed.
Actuation Module
The decisions made by the control module are then sent to the actuation
module through the relay shield. The relay contacts are connected in series with
the supply circuits of the servomotor. In addition to these, two relays are added
to interrupt the power supply to the servomotor once the first/final windings are
reached. Fig. A.7.
The opposite test is made afterwards, increasing the voltage to a value of 230V.
The voltage regulator stabilizer actuates correctly. The following figure shows
the voltage level during these tests. Fig. A.8.
Conclusions
Its most important characteristics are the robustness and the reliability. This fact
makes them suitable for tranches with limited access, where the installation and
maintenance gets harder. The low cost of the materials with which the voltage
regulator are made grant its overall low cost.
The design of the Arduino badge created in this project allows the measurement
of other electrical parameters apart from the voltage. Future developments can
be made in terms of power calculation and centralization of the data, in order to
improve the knowledge of the state of the electrical network.