LJ,.xJ n1,lkn\iU csl.:: uu pro<lu,; w,1,,.,- rcaJ. So/11(;�, Vr.ri6ciirn cvI"li\li�: D,:1t10n$\r<llu 1'>< 11 2'. 0 -'Ii ll x ll = 0 ,�..,;.

t10n$\r<llu 1'>< 11 2'. 0 -'Ii ll x ll = 0 ,�..,;. ,;i m11u/ll dncl 5',,/,,fic: v,:rHkliu, (,'(JJldi\iilc:
P,mlru (bi ,-,,rifio,1m ,,,le 1•alru mruli\ii: ( ) : 11.• x R' -> iii, \x,y) � •1:r.1y1 - x = 0 Fie x E R' 11u ,..,cl,ir arhilrar. A·,"\,in: Prima crnuli\H: d� ,,.,,-ifi<>il ,,,i.e d(xs) 2: 0 �i d(xs) = U d,,d ,;i m1111ai dadi
x,y, + 5:rzy, X = Y· Fie x, y E N, doul num..,.e [Link], Ac-em:
SPATH EUCLTOIENF,. I. x ii - lz1 I + lz2I :::: o,
Peutru µrirnn c1-e�uie :<i .-uriliciirn (x,x) :C: 0 .'ji (x,x) - U daei> :;i i,uumi dnxii
<loo,m,oo l.1: 1 1, l �·, I ?: 0. �1,.; rnu\L,
TllANSFOR.M,[Link] [Link].E PE SPA\11 EUCLJDTENE
x= U
A,-,,n,c
, , 1 1 , ., 1 ,
llx ll � o ,,, 1:r, I + 1-t:, I � o <* "' = "• = o,
d(:c , 11) =
I -,·~ - --" I
I + :,: I ·I �
20

(x, .,,, = 4,,1 :r:1 - "

· •"'' + �"''""' = -1:r.1 - 2 2:,,.,.., + 1!1"'2 + x,, - IG" - cclil,'Jill'.nL cu X = (0,0) = 0.
4 '
p.,,icru ,. dol•« cm1d;\ie ,wc,u de ,..,,;f,,;,t llaxll - l<>lllxll- f'ie x - ("1, :r.2) E 1t
2

. I , n _ ., i E
- (2:,, - 4:r-,) + v, ·":! 2 o. 7 i.; !< � - U s-> X - Y
" (J + }(I + )
i11 plus, (A,x) = 0 <[Link] �; llLllllni <lac,I (2:t, - �:c,)" + ¥,1;;:J = 0, cchi,lllcHL CII & �;,.:;•��.-..1:, I + l,.x, 1 - l<>llz,I + l<>IP:·, 1 - 1 1( 1:r,I + l:r.,l ) - l<>IM- 1
°_
l_
• !.
_ e,___
\ <.
_\_ '1�
o_l_ P�n1-t·u a doua contli;ie ver:ificli.n; d(x, y} ,._ ,1.(_y, x). Aver,,
"
Exemp111 1. 1. $;\ "" voriftre (ll>cii urrnl:a,_,..,,.,.,fo a,plio;,,,\ii s111t1 pr"<I""" oca.l�re:
(a.) (•,,) : R' x R' ...;. R, \x,y) - �1y1 - :r,y1 - ;;,1'!,-, + •b,it,; 7'_.,.. ( �t\ � " ( ::b.
'')
X = (0,0).
Pti,!rn � dont> (."(HKli\ic: {xs) = (y, x). /wen,,
dcd
PEnu·u a ti-.,ia OO!ldi\ie awm de veriflcnt llx + YII '.o ll xl + IIYII
Corc�i,l,,riirn x = (:r:1 ,:.c,), Y - (111, rn) E fr!:'. A,·,"u: " - ,y = (.CJ + //1 ,cr., + m),
,<(,,e) - 1--'--
r + :r. - -' y 1 - 1<-•l (-
l+ 'y--
l+ ' a:
l+
) 1-
{x, y) '- 4x,y, -x,y1 + <>:roy,
[b) (·. ) : R1 x R' ...;. R, \x, 1) = •Lqy1 - :i:0y, + fu:0y,.
(�) (·, · ) : R >< R ...;. R, \x,y) � x1 y1 + 4:i,2!12 + �3!,':i ,
:I

Jlcw11i,,ti,,,,
1
.t... /
{y, x) = 4y1 x 1
!/,,., + F,y,:c,.
-
ll x + 1 11 - I., , + Y il + I.,:, -'- !Jal :::; 1--:, 1 + IYd +
� (lx, l + i:ic, I ) + (IY,I + l;;,0- 11� IIYII- :;._
+ I ll', !
tJ I,
l(- l )l · !u - : l - 1 ! - ':, ] - d(y, x).
1 :r. , Y .
UliJJ:1;1 ,cl,i\i,, de ,,,:;dficai. ,-,,,� ,l(x, �) � J(x.y} + 1/(y, �). A,-�""
,let:i (x,y) -/- (y, x). 01,\iu�m di aplim\ia 11\L �.,,,., "" 1•n>1l11, so,ilar. Ucci ,;plicatin cslc o wmnii pc R2 . '<>. ""'- :,,.
Pentm (cl C i , R" x lit" _,, 12, (x, y) = x,y, +4x,y, +2:r3yJ, w,,ilkiun ron<li\iile: k □
Dclb:il'-1<, 1.1. Un produs s,,'11ar ,,e �p.�\iul v<,,::to,:io.l V I'= �orpul Cili!Juto.1,iv K
<>sl.c " r,111,:i,i" \",-} : V x V ➔ R ,,.n, ;o;[Link] r.,�:iirni P"r<xl,i de racLori {x, .v) E V DeuKJll.<l, riim pri111!i. cornli\kJ:(x,x) 2 0 �i (x,x) - 0 <i>L<:ii �i 1111111.J d,u;;> x - 0. Excmplu 1.3. Si\ :ac ,-criJicc <lacii functin <1(/4 : K", � 1t; > .lt,d(x,11) = I IHx
1111 a,;,,tlr.r /x,y) E M. ,'\.stfol iP.C.�L penLrn oricrm, Lroi vo,;wri x,y, z E V �i orice s,,i1hr A,-.,m: l"YI este o dis1.311\;; I"' 11:'1
;t.... -t.u.... •,

.
(x,A) = :r.,x, + 4x,:,;, + 2,;c,x:, = :,,� + 4:J:1 + 2a:; :C: 0 11- (� , :,A- ) l B(�,'j,:!,)
" C ll SW!l indcpliniw COHdi;iilc: Dcllnl\le I.:J. �'ic V <> 11ml\imo uc,·id3. flinc\io. d(·, ·) , V x V ➔ R •" numu�Le
Mai mult, (x,x;, - 0 d3Ci:i �i 11uma.i d3Ci1 ,:� + 4,t� + 2::,:_i - 0 F..chiv«len\ cu

[ (
(i)
ii)
{x,x) 2! U �i (x, x) - () da<.:o �i numo.i d,1e!I x - 0;
(1,x) = (x,y);
er , = ,:2 = :i,3 = 11, <led x = (0,(1,U).
Pentru " <loo" G<>n<li\ia: \x,y} - (y, x), """'"
[
,Hst.m1t� """ m�[Link]:� l )U V d,u;;.:
(i) d(x,y) 2'. U &i d(x, y) - U dncli. &i numoi dncli. x - y,
(ii) ,J(x, y) � d(y, x);
�
. 'l
cl.(,41 b) = A'6=- J ( ,ec,�,a!;,r-) -r C :le·:J.<1-)...

(iii) (•(x,y) - {.--,x ,y);

(i,) (x+y,�) = {x, �) + 1.l'.�).
Solu/,e: Veriftc4111 C<:>lldit,iilc: Deit1onstrJ111 pritna ,;,;mdl\ie:(x,x) 2'_ I) \i (x,x) - IJ
(x, y) - x,y, + -U,1,1, + 2$.}yJ � y 1:z;, + 4y;X2 + 2y3:t3
A [Link]>«:ornli\io,: <>(x,y) = (t<X, Y) - ,\ve111 :
= (y, x). (iii) d(x,z) S d(x,Y) + d(y,z)
S'u!u/ie: Y�riticiuu C<:>lldi\iile.
L.__
f:-------._
--'
"-•·
Prima <�Huli\ie de ""'ifiea.L e,1., d(x,y) <'. 0 �i ,l(x,.I') = fl ,!"': ii �; m11riai <ladi
<lacii �i numo.i dncii x = 0. ("x,y) = (uz,ly, -,. .1 (uo!',)y, + �(,n3)y3 -
x = y. Fie z. ;• E R\. , douii nurnere re!lle n�uule pooiU�. Awrn:
<l(x,r,, + •t•,r1, + 2:i::,!f.d - o(x,y}. d(z,y) = I In ;, - l»vl 2'. 0
Av""''
(x, x) - x 1 :r, - .r.;:i: 1 - x,x, + 4x,x; - :ci - Z..c ,"o + 4:rj -
- ,;} - �x,x, + :r) + � - /:,;1 - :t2 J' + ;!.,;� 2'. ll
V�'lificiim ultima o;:mdi\i�: (x + y, z) - (x, z) + (y, z). Avcm
(x + .Y, x) - (x1 + y1)c 1 + 4(�-, + •d.-i + 2(x:, + y:,)z,
• Pentr11 lf,y} ,.,..,ni:

<looru.,..,,, (x, - x,)" 2'. 0 fji x.1 2'. 0. Mai mult, (x,x/ 0 doc.!. fji numai dae�
(x 1 - :c,)' + axl = o. &hi•nl<rut "" x, - ,r2 � n iji ,., = o, <loci x = (0, n).
= �,�, + Y121 + -ix,,, + •l1J22, + �:r3,;3 + 2.�,,, =
d(o:, y) = U # l ln x - lli yj = 0 � lu
'')
� = 0 ..:- l/ = I ..-. x = 11 '
(f,g) - [ ,:(:,, + l )d,: + j\(4 - :J.,-)do: -
},. J
-1-- sf- '")' (" +.) ""
=
P�ntru o doua con<lil;ic vcrifici\rn d(x,y) = d(y,x). A""n,
1/ ,
,_
J
Pm1 tru " doua eOllili>;ie: -:x,y) = {y, x), avem: f,7
(x,y) = "!YI o:,m x,112 + [Link] = ;•1 0:1 - Y!XJ ill"' -j {lf.!Xl = (y,x),
= (x,:, + -l,zz2 -t- 2:r3:i) + {u,z, + -4�;z, + 211.1z3] =
(x,z) + iY , �).
J(:r., y) - 1 ln:i: - 111 •11 - l(-l)(h1 y - l11x) l - l(-l) I • I hi y - l 11 z l - '
A [Link]. c,m,li\ie: "(x .)") = (c,x, y). Avem: - l ln y - ln :rl - d(y,o:J.
[)<;:cl Ol)liU<\ii, C�l<: 1111 �r <Ju:; :,t.111M rt.'<11.
o
□
(ox, y) = (<>x1)y1 - (ox,)y1 - (<•:i:1 )!/2 -r 4(o:i,,)y2 = illtima. rela\l<l de wrificat este d(x,z) 5 d(x, y) + d(y, z). Avem:
Ex..mpln 1 .2. SA ""· v�rifi"" .i,.,;. r,mcti� 11 • 11 : R' -+ 11:, ll xll - 1,,, I + 1,.,,1 .,.to "
ll(:CJ]/1 - "OJI] - :qJr., + fr>,,,) = "(x, _y:,. ,l(,r,z) = I ln:i: - l1ul = l lnx - In y + ln !I - luzl =
i,orm/i pc K"
Vtrilidim ulLinJa cn11<li\ic: (x + y, �) = {x.,:) + {_y,,:), A,,:rn:
Dcfinitic 1.2, Fie "" spnt,lu ,.,.,toriol cuclidion V &i <r C K. Fuuc\ia, II · 11 , V > K :,; I 1,,:,: - ln yl - p11 y -111 zl "'" ,l(,:,y) + il(y, c).
(x + y,z) � (:r:1 + y1)z1 - (:r:, + 1/2),1 - (.�, + ;� )z2 + 1(.,, + �,)z-, �
= :r,z, + l/1Z1 - T2Z1 - �,z, - x,:;, -�,�, + 1x,�, + 111,z, =
w """"'';te onrm� pe \I d•ci<:
(i) ll xll 2'. U fji !x ii = U <lacil �i num"i dacil x = ll;
i11 C<:>rtcluiie, apl i ta\i<> este o meLricA. ( J..;ia.,.,Jt<)
�
□ = �Ifo' (:.c' + 2., + I )dx + t ( If, - ,r.,, + 4"")dx
.
=
- (x,i, - z,,z, - l'1Z:1 + ¼z,) + (11,z, - y,z, - 111z. + 4;�z,) - [ (ii) llnxll - 1<> 111 4 Ext!niplt> 1 .4, Sl�e wrrnc� dr.c,\ fonc\i� d(·, ·) : N x N -> R, d(:i:, !/) - Im - I r\":,
= �1;i l l 1 J 1 J£ . �
1
1
8 · Ut
4
- \/'4:l
-:ir.3 _
(x,�) + (y.�). (iii) ll x + yll s ll xll + IIYll - cste o distm 1',� 11c N. :i ·
_;�0.£«-- +� -t.i,.:

J'[Link] d(/, g) avem, Fie v = (a, b,�) E R" ,rn w,ctor orto�ounl p;, v1 fji pe v2. Deci �"""'' □
d(/, g) 11 / - g ll ,/( f - 9, f - 9) = ,IIJ, f) - 2 /J, 9) + (g, g) (v, v1 ) - 0 �i (v, v•,) - 0. Exemplu 1.11. S3 se p=iieze o fornilie orlonom,a<-� de so!n\ii pe11t:ru [Link]·
: o,{J <e l<)
A..-em Vf,g) = �. \f, ,q) = ¥ �i :,: - 2y + : fa + l = O
- \v, v1 ) = O ¢:. \(a,b. c), ( 1. - l , 2)) = a <* a - � + 2c = O { :c + z - 1 - n
(v, v2) = U <* ((a, b; c), ( 1,J, !}) = () ¢:, a + Jb+ c = U

in ooncluzic,
5olu\i!I; sistenrului <"lte r, -7a, b = o. c = =
•1". (I E It Alt>gem, de ewmplu,
" = 1, d�ci nu o/00\ur ,• o,l�ou�l po ..-, �j pa "> ,-,1,., v = {-7, I, 1]. 0b\\,w,n
SoJuji,:: ltc-mlvilm sistemuJ dcecua1;ii lini�rc �\ deWrminiinl o baui peotru sub,;pn\lul
sululiil"'. . (
li - l a,b,2o+

= srn,,l v , ""
' _,,. +'")
2
, --,--

"' (0,2, . ;)JI.

(1, 0,Z, -1), v,
: o,t! E lt\

1
1/(/, 11) - ✓\!, I) - 2 ·:J,g) - (o,9} - �'fiS. mul1;imcn o�o�onllli"i S = (v,, v2, v} 111 ll". l{crultli cii S rote o bo:zii. ortogonolii,
Fa<:c,,, olisernl\i•> ,:ii ,ludl
{ :c + l . x E [n, ] 1
<leo,u",,,_ mice 11111\\ime. "'�'�"'Ill� (d,,,i li11i,.,- iml�[Link].) �" � ,-.,cLmi iu 111.i
(dirnu. Ill�-�) e,;l<l o bazil. 0
(: qJ � �1) ~ (cb � �1)
Dc-ei a = u, t = a, ,: = (! - " .\i y = " + ,1, n,{1 <a R.
a
n�i:i mul\i111�a fl = \ v1 = ( l , n, 2. -1), v, = (0, 2, I , .�)J est� 1111 ,i.,1.�m ,le r,�,.,,,a1,.,;
�n1ru U.�l"i mull, 0 este liniar ii,d,:-r,eod,1Mi Jeo,irere rang(v , v2] = 2. 0 b/lZii
1
peH\rn /J esl,e fl - \v 1 - (l, II, 2, - ), �·, - (0,2, I, 3)}.
f(a:) = x, <J(<) =
Ex•m1pl11 l.7. S!i "" ,h,u,·mine HTI V(]r,uir v E R3 ortogon"I Vl)(,1milor v 1 Subsp,t.\iul solu\iilor siswmului rete: \'eriliclrn dad ,.,, v2 sw11 ortogomili:
· 1 - ,!,;, x E ( l , 1] '
R\\lllCi
(1,�, -1), vi - (0, , �). 1 II = [(-<> + µ', a + 1/,a, /:I) : <>.fl E JR)
- 1 , :,; E (11, ]
(/ - 'l)('") - /(,:) -g(x) - { J.z-1," E (l , 4]
1 Snlutii:: Cii110;.,u ,;Ii tkl<:rminii111 vo::[Link] •· = (a,b,c) E R' ttl 11ropdel, ii.\-ile: d(:<:i v,, V2 "" suut Ol'IO)(Onali.

Mun,:;
,. c,;tc wmor, rnhimk:nt, c,1 11•11 = I;
v e,<Le 1Jrli,g1m"J pe v1 , -,cl1iv"lt-11t cu (,·, v,) - ll;
P = {( " � /l. ,.,. t /l, ,.,, /l) . r,, R i; RJ = Am uhtim,t I3 = {v, = ( l , 0, 2 , - 1 ) , v2
p,oce,!�ttl Gr/[Link] l )euLru o. oh\in" o l,ru,il, orl01t0nnM�.
=
(0,2, J . 3)) ((�tr, u lmz�. 1\nlicilm

v e,;� crlog,:,10al � v,, ecl,i�n; �u (v . v,) - (I. - Sr>',m /v, - (-1, 1, l, U), v, - (1, 1 , 11, I) 1- .
Furmilm I,""" ml<>1,'<>111J/i /J' - \ .,, , , w, }, HIKiC
Awni: llcci mul\imco /J = (v 1 = (-1, I; 1 ,0), v� = (1, I, U, I)\ cstc HTI sislcm de gcnc,ratnri
peutrn /_/. Mai 11111IL, /1 e;;Le liu.,.,. i11de1�""lentii detiar�.ce rang[v , v2] = 2. = v, = [l, (], 2, -1 )
tlcd ll v ll = l <'> ll vll 2 = 1 <'".) a' I fl- ➔ c' = l;
w1

d(f, _,i) = II/ - YII =

v?.s. (v, v1 ) = 0 ,.., {(a,/1, c]. (1, 2, -1)) = U ¢:. a •I· 21, - c = ()
1
0 b,,,r, rwntru I/ '"'"' D- i,·, - (-1, I, , 0), V2 - ( , I , U, 1)). 1 w2
{v1 , w 1 :•
- v, - w,.
Vcrilicl111 tlncii � J, �� S11Ht ortogo,rnli,
(w , , w,)
11 ai-t.n � � " ;i+i,J'{> {v, v� ) = O 4 {(a, b, c). (U. l, 2)) = O 4 h- 2c = I).
1 =
(,•1 , v,,) = \(-l, l, 1,0), (l, ,U, 1)) - l + J + 0 + IJ 0. = A\'em, {v,. w 1 ) = (v,. v 1 ) = i w w
-I s { 1 , ,) = ((L 0, 2, -l). ( l , O. 2, -!)) = I +0+
ri' + ll + ,.' = 1 Am ub\im,L 11 - \v 1 - (-J, L 1 , 0), v, - (I, l, O, l )} ,ssle o l"tzi> <>rLq:<•11,lii. 4 + 1 - 6, deci
\ a + 2b c = O
2:i: + 3, :,; E [O, l]
s.f.:J, 'J , + 1·< <,.:17 + " �. {, b + 2c = 0
fb1rniu11 bu,� oaonormata. ![Link],
, "• v2 w, =
,
(0, 2. l,�) + (l,0,2,-1) =
I
6 3 G
4 17
( . 2, . ) .
D = f u, = , u, = ). ij
(9 + 1,)(,::) = g(:r) + 1,(,r) = \ fi - :r:, :r: E: (1, 2] DiB ultim1' (>:Ua\lc ,,l,\illtm, /, = -2,:, inluc..i111 in H dn1111-oc,rn\lc �i ,v,[Link] 11 = :�,, y;;-jj
4,:c E (2, ,t] im- din prim" rd"\in g,l><im
r-;;-]f
1
AH, ;,,;iWc IJ' = { w,, w,) = {.,_., = ( , 0, 2, -1), w, = ( �,'l. 1, .!j)} bazii ortui,;o.
n,,1�-
=� :i.'iJ! -,- ,1c + J! = L
Z
IJn:,.(l ort,;:,nonnatii se ob\iru: o,;tfol:
"d1i,10Jcut cu c = ±i.:;,. Obl,i11C111 YC<:lorii:

( s ' ' ) · • ( '; ' , ·

\' '-' '- ' '3(i 'i' Y - .,fjo - ) -V.
D" ={ = u, � w, ' ui � 11"'\11
II , 11
w,
}
'
=
' ,/:Jli
=
/30 ,/:m y ,/:lfi

0 LJ

Ex+1:m11ln [Link]. j,. "l '"\iul ,ucturi.,1 r<!ol RJ ,;,; con•i1lar& [Link] ,. , - ( l , - 1 , 2) �i e:xcrnplu 1. O. Sii. s,-, prc<:i•= o fiunili, nrtonorru�lit <lo sc,la,\ii p,mtnJ sistcnml:
v0 - ( 1 . J, 1). SU sc nmW cti ,,:,:;torii sunt orto�,:111nli �i ,;ii. .s<J complctcw ,,,dorii {J:ic y z l t = U
p�nli hi o bo,;ii. Ot"LOgo11nlli iu JI!? . x + Zy - z - t = O
S�/11/ie: Y�n,wii v 1 *; ,•., s11nt .,,t,1;[Link] <ladi ii 11 11rnai dacii i,v, , v2 ) = 0. !',ol<»<irr, 5,,.�,1ic: Rernlv/irn ai>olenml ,l.,�,,:,m\ii lininrn ,ii ,kwrrniniim o h,»:ii. punlrn suh>pn\iul
produsul sc:ilru canonic: solu\iilor.
Avcm:

(; _,' _,_, [D_,) ~ (' _,'

{v 1 , v2) (( 1, -1,2), (1,J, 1)) = l - I + (-1) · a + � - J = 0, D
=
_,
,foci v.,,;torii sunt orWg<J1lOli.
PenLru " ajunge la o \,..:,-li <>.-Logonal�, mai ,wem 1 1evoie de 1111 ai,L.l,!.m· Vll<:l, or ,
v � (11, b, I'.), Ot"L"l\011:,I I"' v, �i IJe v;. llcd z - a, y � I,, , - 2" + ;, t - �, a, l, ,;, R
['] [j]) Excmp!u I.I(). SO 00 C()Hi,"trui:o..'<.-fi o bazii octonumintii pcutru ]t:, µlcdind <le la
""'

"
w,
86/i:(ie: ,\plid(m ,-.,o,,,:,.ks!I de orto,.,rmiuc CriU 11·Scl1111idi, u, = ' l .)
= (-2, (>'s, w ,)
w, = v, -
Prut 1: Av'1t1 brueo. /l = {v 1 = (2, :!, l ), v-i = (:J,4, l ), VJ = (l; �,2)] . li "'2 II
w1
( w, , w ,)
1
Pas 2: Go11struirn b=o. ortoi,;01111 0. IJ' = ( w, , w,, w,), un<lc: l'olot,im i,rodu,;ul SC!llar {, } : R" x It'' -> R., (x.y) - r,y1 -x,y1 - x,�, + 4:,:2:y.,;
Aplit::iil,, l'""'""leul ,li, orL011i,rn.,,re Cram•Sd11ui,lc:
(�·a, w ,)
wa - v, - ---w, - ---w,
(�·a, w 2)
(w , , w ,) (w0 , w;)
w1 = v ,

\v,,wi \ .
=
Pas 1: Avern baza B f v , ; ( 1 , 2), v2 (-1, 1)}. =
P,L� 2: [Link] 00,.a Ot"toi,:onnlii. /J' = j w1 , w2 }, lll>dc: (v,,w,) ( v,, wo) ( v, , w3)
w, = v-, - w, - v, - ---w , - ---w: - --- w,.
, {w 1 , w 1 ) (w, , w,_) (w3 , w3 )
(w,, w ,•) ..,. w, - v, Cakulliru:
{v3 , w 1 ) {v,, w,)

(' ')
w .,. v - w - w, ! v,, w, )
., c, \ w, , w, ) , (w�, w,;, w2 = v2 -
A�rn
(w , , w , )
w1

Cak:uh:trn: w, = v ,
0 l
=
Colculam:

WJ = V) (�,3- J)
�
Exem1>l11 I.I 1. Sii. se C<J11J;Crui'"""i o b,i,:ii orlc,uurrrn,l>'i 11c11tru R' plcdwJ <le la
□
w, � v, � (1, 2)
w, = {v2, w ,)
v, - - --w,
( w1 , w 1)
( v,, w i )
Wi = v-, - >= ! •·,,w,)
{w, , w,) "' ' ll = { v , = (1 . 2). v, = ( 1 , 1 )).
w, - v, - ,.
( · , , w ,)
w1

(vi , w 1) - 'L'r ((�' �) · G

n-a
uncle �r) - - ! + 0 - -l
folo;i,.d i,r<Xlu,;nl s<:!t!,,r c,mnHit::, =,pceci, 11nxl11sul scW..r (, ) : llt'xR� ...;. R, (x,y} =
(�-� , w ,) - {(:J, ,J, 1), (�, :I, 1 )) - 6 + 1� + I - l'I ( v2, w1 ) = ((-1, 1), (1,2)) = -1 - 1 + 2 + 8 = �
:r ,y, - :r-,y, - ., , v, + �x,v,.
(w ,, w 1 ) - ((2, ;\, l), (i,3, 1)/ = 4 + n + I - 11, ,:..-, , w , ) = /,(1 , 2), ( 1 . 2)) = I - 2 - 2 + lfi = 1.1, (w , , w ,) - ·r, (C� ;f) - 5 + - 6, 1
H"lujie: foluNm prndusotl ,.,-[..,- ,,u1ouit, diu R',
<lec:i
\x, y) = x 1 y1 I z2 1t.1, ,r = (x,. x2 ), y = (y1 , � )
,foci
S
1 2L
w2 � (- 1, 1 ) - i:j( , 2) = (-T:i, -T:i
J) Deci
Aplidirn 1•nJ1;i,deu) <le. mt.u,1 orn,a.n, Gr�m·S,:,l,111idl:
Pa,; I : A,-cm boui. /J - { v, - ( I , :!}, v2 - (-1, l)) . . ..
Pais ."!: F,e v,=i,rn 11 1
w,
u, =-
w,
Al111H:i mul\im�-" R" "' \11 1 , 112 }
w, -
(_, I !)
"
p,._� 2: Co11"Lrnirr, ha= mL<L.1,!.'lllalii fl' � \w 1 , w,}, mule: :e N' llw, 11 "
,.. , = v , 1e<Le o ].,,,.,.; "''""'"' " """ i11 1111 . Ave111:
1
'
{v,, w, )

C•b1li1m:
w; = v, -
{w,, w, )
w1
{v0, w1 ) -,. Tr ( G, �) - G, �Y ' ) -" 1 + u .. 1

w, - v, - ( 1 , 2) l"s, w,) . T, ( (: :) (-,l !)') •-l

(v2 , w ,)
W; = v, - w,
{w,, w ,)
IHt<lc
(vi; w 1 } - ((-1, 1 ) , ( 1 . :t)) - -1 + 2 - l
11' -
1 1:: 11
- (-
�i5ti·-¾i) !) (�•
decl
(w1 , w1 ) = ({l, 2), (1,2j) = J H = �. Ex�m11lu J . 12. ,% oe 1.,u1mtruiai;c;1 o haz� urtonurmatii J)llutrn M2(lt) pltcii,� ,k,
1n 007.o.
"
., . (: ) ' ( ' :) + ii (�� l)
ll
-
' (i 0
W2 = (-1, 1 ) - ¾ ( J, 2) =
(-tD JJ - {v, - C� �) , v? - (�
l
. (o --nf.)
Pas J , Pie verwrii u 1 = 11:: 11 '
u, = U
:� " Atlllld mul\ime.& B" "" {u 1 , u,} folosind prodruml [Link] [Link]
..
P�ntru ullimul •ector O.V<'Ul
f;

( v., w2 ) (v,, w�)

11
�.,,,,_ " 1.,,,,1 orl,i11rn-111ai.i'c lu nl _ ,hmu: (A. B) � 'fr(,1B , ). (v,, w i )
. .. w, w, w, j w, 11 = y (w 1 , W 1 ) = ..;'f,; Sufalic: [Link] prOCO<leul de ortu,.,n,mro Gmm.&hrni,lt:
w, =
v, - ---w, - ---
{w 1 , ,..,) (w,, w,)
. w, - --- w,
( w3 , w3 )
p,.,, 3 F,,. wmmni u1 - N' u, - h' u:, - At11nci [Link]
PaB 1: Avem bazo. Ucci
IJ" - {u, , u,, u,J ww o bu,li wtonormaliL in IR�. Ave111:

ll w , 11 - ,;( w. , w ,) - �IT,
llw., 11'
Il w, II - v� ( w, , w,,1 - y/�(!
Deci l,a,z,, �rt-011on1 1at/i ,:,;l.e H" - {u1 , u,) nndc
+
-;j::-
-,� 9
-7
.,/!i
., ;1
� "'
{> U = {v , = G i) , v2 = (�
1
�) , v3 = (t �) , v. = (� )
� }
(v,. w,) = 'l"• ( C !) · G, �f) = 2 +2 = �

D - (-1 ff) = �
w, Pas �= O,ustruirn h..zh [Link] U' - {w,, w._, , w,, w ,i }, uru.l�,
--- 'L6 + J + 25 1,/4':i \v, , w�} T,- ( (�
ll w, ll = �' (w,, w,) = I} = u, - - =
% 4 1 iiwJi
�

"

') - .!..!! (- !
(" ') ' ('
I 2
-
6 0 l IJ l

A,n [Link]. 1,,.,.,. or<ogrnu>.l�

=
(" -')
()
s'
r.

Nom,ii,r, \fCCtorii:

ll w , n - ,;( w,, w,) = v'6 , jw, 11 - ✓{..-,. w,) - tj

� --- 'iT
G □
rs
ll w,11 - ✓\w3 , w:,) - \/ fJ, ll w, 11 - l( w, . w.,) - ;,)f,7i Exemplu l.1•1, Sil se detenni,oe 81J.J:,,pa\iul S:i 5 R' astfol !!!cit e,n.e ortogonal
.,,1l«Jm\iil1,r:
S, - ((:c,y,zj E It" : :r - � - ll, y - 0} ,
S, = l(:c,y. >) E R" : 3:. - 11 = O, :c + > = 0)
�i S, © S, © 5:, = 11.3 .

□ s, = {(o:,y,z) E .r.' : './; - z - U,y � o) - Sp,tn{v, = ( l ,O, I ) }

Ddiui;ie 1.4. Fie V uu "l'IJ.\iu �uclidi!UJ ,;i S uu ,mbsp"-\iu =torial. M\<l\imeo.
.'I, = {(:r:,y,z) E R' : 3:r - y = O,:. + z = 11} = Sp,m{v, = ( l , :l, -l )}­
S·'- - (� E Y : v .l w, \'w E S}
Co11skler6111 vectorul v '- (a. �,c) E S�- JJ>n S,i onogonal pe S1 (ii pe S, glisim
se 11u11w�i,, coruplcmentul [Link] �l lni S �i .5 ()l)Ce, n11 �ulispa.\iu v<.;torinl V _l <"1 �i V .l Y�,
nl lui V.
1.

Cum v .l v 1 , nvem j v, v 1) = O, a<licli.: n + ,, = U.

Teorem� 1.1, Fie V un /J/Xltiu rodidfon !i; S tm oubopaJiu t'tti<ln·at [Link] V = Di1 1 v .l v,, ,wmu (v, ,·2 ) = II. ,WkS,., a + :;& - ,: = ll.
s w s1. . Ob\inem di v - (a, b, c) - (-,:, jc, c), <loci

£xemplu 1.u, SJ se detenuineC<:>n1pl�me1,1ul oaoi,--oMI �l subsp:,\iului ,,-.cwria-L .'?ci '= s1,,m\v = (-:1, 2 , :!)).
S � Hz, y, zi E ll!." : :,: - �y + c - 1>1- Ma.i mull, .'i1 (� 8-, \P Sa = K'.
Snli!/<r.: ,\plidim ,�:fini\ia:
sJ = (v = (a, l>,e) E Kl : v .l v , , V,·1 E S} =
0
- lv - {l<,b,,c) E R' , (,· , v,i - U, \Iv, - (",V,21J - .:i:l f -
1. 'rn
..,[Link], [Link]� PE SPATH F,11(�.mlENF,
= (v = (a,b,c) C: R"' : ax I 1/y I c ,:21.• x) = O.V-",U C R] =
Excmp\11 2.1. Sc consiJcrii u·a,i,;fon,u,rcn linillrii. 1' : R" -f R2 , dcli!litii prin
- { v - (",/,, e,) E R" : :r(a - c) + y(b + 21:) - 0,V:c, y E ll} -
= l v = (a,b. c) E li' n - c = U, b + 2c = U} = r(:r1 , �·, ) � (:c, �:i:�, 2:c, �-,).
= jv = (,:, -2c,c] : c tc lt). Sii. ;i,.-, del,:,nninc ndjw,ctn tnrnsforn,[Link] 'I'