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Definicion.
Definicion.
valor λ .
Procesos:
``
Como encontraremos a λ ?.
Planteamos dos matrices de orden: A : (m × n) , x : (n × 1)
Por definición de λ :
Ax = λx
Ax − λx = 0
Ax − λI x = 0
(A − λI )x = 0
Soluciones unicas, x = →
0 Contradiccion: por definicion: x ≠ 0 , entonces no hay
soluciones unicas.
Solucines infinitas, esta es la unica opción correcta.
encontramos con una linea de 0, y si hay una linea de 0, eso significa que det A = 0 ′
⟹ det [ (A − λI )x ] = 0
Ejemplos.
1 3 0 λ 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
A = 0 −2 0 λI = 0 λ 0
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
0 6 1 0 0 λ
Encontremos A − λI
1 − λ 3 0 matriz imporante
⎡ ⎤
A − λI = 0 −2 − λ 0 (I ) De ella se basan todos
⎣ ⎦
0 6 1 − λ los procedimientos
Encontremos ahora con cualquier método: Notar que puedes utilizar el metodo de
ruffini para factorizar polinomios si es posible.
caracteristico
obtenemos
Gauss-J →
⎢⎥
Sustituiremos en (I ) el siguiente valor de λ
Para λ = 1
1
A − λI =
⎣
0
0
λ1 = 1
λ 2 = −2
0
⎡
⎣
0
0
3
−3
|
0
0
0
0
⎤
Definicion:
1
⎤
⎦
→ x2 = 0
→ x1 ∈ R
→ x3 ∈ R
Observa que solo encontramos 1 sola condición, las otras dos variables son libres.
además
1 = 1 esta dado por
E λ 1 =1 = {(k, 0, t)|k, t ∈ R}
Polinomio característico:
valores propios
A =
⎡
⎣
2
−2
Polinomio característico:
valores propios
3
−1
0
0
λ
−3
λ
4
4
⎤
⎢⎥
encontrar los valores propios de la matriz:
− 14λ
− 14λ
4
−2
A − λI =
3
1
−1
+ 68λ
λ1 = 2
λ2 = 4
λ3 = 6
+ 68λ
0
2
⎡
⎣
1
−3
4 − λ
−2
2
⎤
− 136λ + 96
4 1
− 136λ + 96
T (a + bx + cx
3 − λ
−1
2
2 − λ
0
T : P3 → P3
−3
5 − λ
⎦
3
+ dx ) =
+ (2a − b + 5d)x
⎤
3
Y para λ = 2
Para λ = 6
⎢⎥
Vector propio: Para λ = 4
Preguntas. #anki1
Questions:
⎡
⎣
0
−2
−2
−2
2
1
1
−1
−1
−3
−1
0
0
0
−2
−4
0
−3
−3
−1
1
⎦
⎤
⎤
x1 + x4 = 0
x2 + x4 = 0
x3 + x4 = 0
→
λ1 = 2
λ2 = 4
λ3 = 6
→ Gauss-J →
E λ=4 = {−k − kx − kx
E λ=2 = {−k + kx + tx
E λ=6 = {k + kx − kx
⎡
Answers:
x4 = k ∈ R
2
x 3 = −k
x 2 = −k
x 1 = −k
3
+ kx |k ∈ R}
3
+ kx |k ∈ R}
3
+ kx |k, t ∈ R}
1
−1 x − x = 0
−1
⎤ 1
0
0
0
1
0
⎤
x2 − x4 = 0
x3 + x4 = 0
T (v) = λv. The vector v is called the eigenvector associated with the eigenvalue
λ.
x4 ∈ R
3. We set up the equation Ax = λx, which can be rewritten as Ax − λx = 0, and
then as (A − λI )x = 0, where I is the identity matrix. This equation represents a
homogeneous system of equations, which implies that det(A − λI ) = 0. This
equation is known as the characteristic equation, and the polynomial on the left-
hand side is the characteristic polynomial. Solving this equation gives the
eigenvalues of A.
4. Once we have an eigenvalue λ, we substitute it into the equation (A − λI )x = 0
and solve this system of homogeneous equations. The solutions of this system
give us the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue λ.
5. The eigenspace associated with an eigenvalue λ is the set of all eigenvectors
corresponding to λ, along with the zero vector. It forms a subspace of the
original vector space.
6. The eigenvalues are determined by setting up and solving the characteristic
equation det(A − λI ) = 0. In the given example, the characteristic polynomial for
matrix A was calculated and equated to zero, leading to the solutions λ = 1 and
1
7. The eigenvectors are found by substituting each eigenvalue into the equation
(A − λI )x = 0 and solving for x. The resulting vectors are the eigenvectors. The
eigenspace associated with each eigenvalue is the set of all scalar multiples of
the corresponding eigenvectors, along with the zero vector.
CB = AC
Teoremas
Si A y B son matrices semejantes de n × n, entonces A B tienen el mismo polinomio
característico y, por consiguiente, tienen los mismos eigenvalores.
If A and B are similar matrices of size n × n, then there exists an invertible matrix C
such that B = C AC . The characteristic polynomial of a matrix M is defined as
−1
pM (λ) = det(M − λI ).
−1 −1
= det(C AC − C (λI )C)
−1
= det(C (A − λI )C)
−1
= det(C ) det(A − λI ) det(C)
= det(A − λI )
= p A (λ)
Thus, matrices A and B have the same characteristic polynomial and therefore have
the same eigenvalues.
Matriz diagonalizable.
Una matriz A de n × n es diagonalizable si existe una matriz diagonal D tal que A es
semejante a D.
λ1 0 … 0
⎡ ⎤
0 λ2 … 0
D =
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
⎣ ⎦
0 0 … λn
↑ ↑ ↑
⎡ ⎤
C = v1 v2 … vn
⎣ ⎦
↓ ↓ ↓
Recordemos que
λ 1 v 1 = Av 1
λ 2 v 2 = Av 2
λ n v n = Av n
Entonces:
⎢⎥
⎡
⎣
↑
v1
↓
↑
v2
⎣
…
λ1 v1
↓
↑
vn
↑
⎤
λ2 v2
↓
⎡
⎣
λ1
…
0
λ2
0
⟹
λn vn
Teoremas de la profa.
Preguntas. #anki1
↓
…
⎦
D = C
CD = AC
λn
0
=
⎤
⎣
−1
=
⎡
⎣
AC
a 11
a 21
a n1
Av 1
↑
↓
⋮
a 22
a n2
Av 2
λ
⋯
…
a 1n
a 2n
a nn
Av n
↑
↓
⎤
⎦
⎡
⎦
↑
v1
↓
↑
v2
↓
… v
Respuestas.
The matrix C is a matrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of the matrix A. To find
C , you first need to compute the eigenvectors of A. For each eigenvalue λ, solve the
Once you have found the eigenvectors, arrange them as columns to form the matrix
C.
The matrix D is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of A.
The order of the eigenvalues in D should correspond to the order of the eigenvectors
in C .