1 4 Ù õ‘ª Š†¼ê•Z%C

(1) Lagrange Šõ‘ª9{‘L«

(2) ûÚ Newton Šõ‘ª
(3) Hermite Šõ‘ª
(4) ©ã$g Š
(5) ng ^ Š
(6) •Z˜—%C
(7) •Z²•%C

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
1 .‚KF (Lagrange) Š
(1) ¼ê'X y = f (x) ´˜‡¼êL: yi = f (xi) (i = 0, 1, 2 · · · , n);
(2) ¼ê)ÛLˆª y = f (x) • , éE,.
^˜‡{ü ¼ê (˜„´õ‘ª)p(x) Cq¼ê f (x).
½Â 1.1 ¼ê y = f (x) 3«m [a, b] þk½Â, …®•3:
a ≤ x0 < x1 < · · · < xn ≤ b þ Š f (x0), f (x1), · · · , f (xn), e•3˜
‡gê؇L n õ‘ª pn(x), ¦
pn(xi) = f (xi) (i = 0, 1, 2 · · · , n) (1.1)
¤á, K¡ pn(x) • f (x) n g Š õ ‘ ª, ª(1.1)• Š ^ ‡, :
x0, x1, · · · , xn ¡• Š!:, ¡ f (x) • Š¼ê.
3AÛþ, Šõ‘ªÒ´¦-‚ y = pn(x), ¦ÙÏL‰½
n + 1 ‡: (xi, yi), i = 0, 1, · · · , n.
½n 1.1 ÷v Š^‡(1.1) n gõ‘ª pn(x) ´•3•˜ .

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

O
x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x

ã 1.0 Šõ‘ª AÛ¿Â

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
1.1 Ä Šõ‘ª
¯K ¦ n gõ‘ª lk (x), ¦÷v
lk (x0) = 0, lk (x1) = 0, · · · , lk (xk−1) = 0, lk (xk ) = 1,
lk (xk+1) = 0, · · · , lk (xn) = 0.
=

1 (j = k)
lk (xj ) = (1.2)
6 k).
0 (j =
d^‡ (1.2) • x0, x1, · · · , xk−1, xk+1, · · · , xn ´ n gõ‘ª lk (x)
":, ¤± lk (x) k n ‡Ïfµ
x − x0, x − x1, · · · , x − xk−1, x − xk+1, · · · , x − xn.
¤±k
lk (x) = Ak (x − x0)(x − x1) · · · (x − xk−1)(x − xk+1) · · · (x − xn)
Yn
= Ak (x − xi) (1.3)
i=0
i6=k

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
Ù¥ Ak •–½~ê. d lk (xk ) = 1, =
Y n
Ak (xk − xi) = 1
i=0
i6=k

1
Ak = Q
n ⇒
(xk − xi)
i=0
i6=k

n
Q
(x − xi)
i=0 n
i6=k
Y x − xi
lk (x) = Q
n = . (1.4)
xk − x i
(xk − xi) i=0
i6=k
i=0
i6=k

lk (x) ¡• n gÄ
Ä Šõ‘ª. k = 0, 1, · · · , n ž, Œ n+1‡
Ä Šõ‘ª l0(x), l1(x), · · · , ln(x).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
1.2 Lagrange Šõ‘ª
|^Ä Šõ‘ª, ÷v Š^‡ (1.1) ng Šõ‘ªŒ±
L«•
n
X
pn(x) = f (xk )lk (x). (1.5)
k=0
¯¢þ, du pn(x) ´ n gõ‘ª, …
n
X
pn(xi) = f (xk )lk (xi) = f (xi)li(xi) = f (xi), (i = 0, 1, · · · , n, )
k=0
(1.5) ¡• n g Lagrange Šõ ‘ª, P• Ln(x), =
n n n
X X Y x − xi
Ln(x) = f (xk )lk (x) = f (xk ) . (1.6)
i=0
xk − xi
k=0 k=0
i6=k

5 1.1 l0(x), l1(x) · · · , ln(x) ‚5Ã', §´ n gõ‘ª˜m Pn

˜|Ä, 1, x, x2, · · · , xn •´Ù˜|Ä. l0(x), l1(x) · · · , ln(x) ¡• n
g Lagrange Š ļê.
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
1.3 Š{‘9Ø O
¡ Rn(x) = f (x) − Ln(x) • Šõ‘ª {‘.
½n 1.2 f (n)(x) 3 [a, b] þëY, f (n+1)(x) 3 (a, b) S•3, x0,
x1, · · · , xn ∈ [a, b] •pÉ!:, Ln(x) ´÷v (1.1) Šõ‘ª, Ké
∀x ∈ [a, b], ∃ ξ ∈ (a, b) (ξ •6u x), ¦
f (n+1)(ξ)
Rn(x) = f (x) − Ln(x) = ωn+1(x), (1.7)
(n + 1)!
n
Ù¥ ωn+1(x) = (x − xi).
Q
i=0

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
5 1.2 (1) ξ •6u x, =
ξ = ξ(x) ∈ (min{ x0, x1, · · · , xn}, max{x0, x1, · · · , xn}).

(2) f (x) ´˜‡gê؇L n õ‘ªž, f (x) − Ln(x) = 0,

Ï Ln(x) = f (x). AO f (x) = 1, Kk
Xn
lk (x) = 1.
k=0

(3) ξ ˜„ØU¦Ñ, Ïd•U OØ . max |f (n+1)(x)| =

a≤x≤b
Mn+1, Kk
Mn+1
|Rn(x)| ≤ |ω(x)|.
(n + 1)!

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 1.1 ®•¼ê f (x) = sin x, x ∈ [0, π].
(1) ± x0 = 0, x1 = π2 , x2 = π • Š!:, ¦ f (x) 2 g Šõ‘
ª L2(x), ¿Š f (x) Ú L2(x) ã”.
(2) ± x0 = 0, x1 = π3 , x2 = 2π
3 , x3 = π • Š!:, ¦ f (x) 3g
Šõ‘ª L3(x), ¿Š f (x) Ú L3(x) ã”.
) (1) dLagrange Šõ‘ª•
 π
x− (x − π)  π  (x − 0) (x − π)
L2(x) =f (0)  2 +f
π 2
π  π 
0− (0 − π) −0 −π
2 2 2
 π
(x − 0) x −
+ f (π) 2
 π
(π − 0) π −
2
4
= − 2 x(x − π).
π
f (x) Ú L2(x) 㔄ã1.1.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

y = L2 (x)
y = sin x

0.5

O π π x
2

ã 1.1 g Šõ ‘ª L2(x)
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
(2) f (x) 3 g Šõ‘ª•
 
 π  2π
x− x− (x − π)
3 3
L3(x) =f (0)   
π  2π
0− 0− (0 − π)
3 3 
2π
 π  (x − 0) x − 3 (x − π)
+f  
3  π  π 2π π 
−0 − −π
3 3  3 3
π 
 
2π (x − 0) x − (x − π)
+f   3  
3 2π 2π π 2π
−0 − −π
3 3 2  3
 π 2π
(x − 0) x − x−
3 3
+ f (π)  
 π  2π
(π − 0) π − π−
3 3 µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 √
9 3
= − 2 x(x − π).
4π
f (x) Ú L3(x) 㔄ã1.2.
y

y = sin x y = L3 (x)

0.5

O π 2π π x
3 3

ã 1.2 ng Šõ ‘ª L3(x)
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 1.2 ¼ê Z x
2 −t2
f (x) = √ e dt
π 0
¼êŠ®E¤¼êL. b 3«m [4, 6] þ^‚5 ŠOŽ f (x)
CqŠ, ¯¬kõŒ Ø º
) 3 [4, 6] þŠ f (x) ‚5 Šõ‘ª p1(x), K
1
R1(x) = f (x) − p1(x) = f 00(ξ)(x − x0)(x − x1), ξ ∈ [4, 6],
2
2 2 4x 2
f 0(x) = √ e−x , f 00(x) = − √ e−x ,
π π
000 4 −x2
2
f (x) = √ (2x − 1)e > 0, x ∈ (4, 6), =⇒ f 00(x) %
π
¤±k
1
|R2(x)| ≤ × |f 00(4)| × |(5 − 4)(5 − 6)| = 0.508 × 10−6.
2

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
2 û! © Ú Newton Š
Lagrange Š ":µ !:O\½~ ž, Šõ‘ª Ln(x)
òu)Cz, OŽØB.
Lk−1(x) ´± x0, x1, · · · , xk−1 • Š!: f (x) k−1g
Šõ‘ª, Lk (x) ´± x0, x1, · · · , xk−1, xk • Š!: f (x) k g
Šõ‘ª, • Lk−1 Ú Lk (x) ƒm 'X. -
g(x) = Lk (x) − Lk−1(x),
K g(x) ´gê؇L k õ‘ª, …é j = 0, 1, · · · , k − 1 k
g(xj ) = Lk (xj ) − Lk−1(xj ) = f (xj ) − f (xj ) = 0. =⇒
g(x) = ak (x − x0)(x − x1) · · · (x − xk−1)
Ù¥ ak ´Ú x Ã' ~ê. •Œ± ¤
Lk (x) = Lk−1(x) + ak (x − x0)(x − x1) · · · (x − xk−1), (2.1)
Lk (x) = a0 + a1(x − x0) + a2(x − x0)(x − x1) + · · ·
+ak (x − x0)(x − x1) · · · (x − xk−1).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
e¡¦ ak , 3 (2.1) ¥- x = xk
Lk (xk ) − Lk−1(xk )
ak =
(xk − x0)(xk − x1) · · · (xk − xk−1)
k−1
P k−1
Q xk −xi
f (xk ) − f (xm) xm −xi
m=0 i=0
i6=m
= k−1
Q
(xk − xi)
i=0
k−1
f (xk ) f (xm)
X
= k−1 − k−1
Q m=0
Q
(xk − xi) (xk − xm) (xm − xi)
i=0 i=0
i6=m
k
X f (xm)
= k
(2.2)
m=0
Q
(xm − xi)
i=0
i6=m

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
2.1 û 9 Newton Šõ‘ª
½Â 2.1 ®•¼ê f (x) 3 n + 1 ‡pÉ!: x0, x1, · · · , xn þ
¼êŠ• f (x0), f (x1), · · · , f (xn), ¡
f (xj ) − f (xi)
f [xi, xj ] =
xj − xi
• f (x) 'u!: xi, xj 1 û. ¡ 1 û f [xi, xj ] Ú f [xj , xk ]
û
f [xj , xk ] − f [xi, xj ]
f [xi, xj , xk ] =
xk − xi
• f (x) 'u!: xi, xj , xk 2 û, ˜„/, ¡ 2 ‡ k − 1
û• k û, =
f [x0, x1, · · · , xk−1, xk ]
f [x1, x2, · · · , xk−1, xk ] − f [x0, x1, · · · , xk−2, xk−1]
= .
xk − x0
½0 û´¼êŠ.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
OŽ¼ê û, Œ±ÏL L{OŽ"
L 2.1 û OŽ
i xi f (xi) f [xi, xi+1] f [xi, xi+1, xi+2] f [xi, xi+1, xi+2, xi+3]
0 x0 f (x0) f [x0, x1] f [x0, x1, x2] f [x0, x1, x2, x3]
1 x1 f (x1) f [x1, x2] f [x1, x2, x3] ..
2 x2 f (x2) f [x2, x3] ..
3 x3 f (x3) ..
.. .. ..

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ûke 5Ÿµ
5Ÿ 2.1 k ûŒL«¤¼êŠ f (x0), f (x1), · · · , f (xk ) ‚5
|Ü, =
k
X f (xm)
f [x0, x1, · · · , xk ] = k
. (2.3)
m=0
Q
(xm − xi)
i=0
i6=m

d (2.2) Ú (2.3) •, ak = f [x0, x1, · · · , xk ]. |^ (2.1) Œ

Ln(x) = f (x0) + f [x0, x1](x − x0) + f [x0, x1, x2](x − x0)(x − x1)
+ · · · + f [x0, x1, · · · , xn](x − x0)(x − x1) · · · (x − xn−1). (2.4)
(2.4) ¡• n g Newton Šõ‘ª .
5Ÿ 2.2 k û f [x0, x1, · · · , xk ] †!: gSÃ'. =
f [x0, · · · , xi, · · · , xj , · · · , xk ] = f [x0, · · · , xj , · · · , xi, · · · , xk ],
0 ≤ i, j ≤ k.
5Ÿ 2.3 k ûÚ k êƒmkXe'Xµ
f (k)(η)
f [x0, x1, · · · , xk ] = , (2.5)
k! µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
Ù¥ η ∈ (min{x0, x1, · · · , xk }, max{x0, x1, · · · , xk }).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
3 ©9 å! : Newton Š õ‘ª (g
gÆ )

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
4 Hermite Š
½Â 4.1 ‰½ [a, b] ¥ n + 1 ‡pÉ!: xi (i = 0, 1 · · · , n) þ
¼êŠÚ† mi êŠ f (xi), f 0(xi), · · · , f (mi)(xi). - m =
n
(mi + 1) − 1, e•3˜‡gê؇L m õ‘ª Hm(x), ¦
P
i=0

0 0 (m0 ) (m0 )

 H m (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ), Hm (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ), · · · , Hm (x 0 ) = f (x0),
(m )

0
Hm(x1) = f (x1), Hm (x1) = f 0(x1), · · · , Hm 1 (x1) = f (m1)(x1),

 .. .. ..

0 (m )
(xn) = f 0(xn), · · · , Hm n (xn) = f (mn)(xn),

Hm(xn) = f (xn), Hm

(4.1)
K¡ Hm(x) • f (x) g Hermite
mg Šõ‘ª.
½n 4.1 ÷v (4.1) m gõ‘ª Hm(x) •3•˜.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ½n 4.2 Hm(x) •÷v(4.1) m g Hermite Šõ‘ª, f (x)
3•¹ (n + 1) ‡pÉ!: x0, x1, · · · , xn «m [a, b] þäk m
ëY ê, 3 (a, b) S•3 ( m+ 1) ê, Ké?¿ x ∈ [a, b], •3
ξ ∈ (a, b), ¦
n
f (m+1)(ξ) Y
Rm(x) = f (x) − Hm(x) = (x − xi)mi+1.
(m + 1)! i=0

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 kí2 Newton û ½Â.
½n 4.3 (Hermite-Gennochi) e f ∈ C n[a, b], a ≤ x0 < x1 < · · · <
xn ≤ b, Kk
Z Z
f [x0, x1, · · · , xn] = · · · f (n)(t0x0 + t1x1 + · · · + tnxn)dt1 · · · dtn
τn
n n
Ù¥ t0 = 1 − ti ≤ 1} • n ‘üX
P P
ti, τn = {(t1, t2, · · · , tn)|ti ≥ 0,
i=1 i=1
/.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
˜‘üX/•«m [0, 1], ‘Ún‘üX/„eã:
t2

(0,1)

O (1,0) t1

ã 3.1 ‘üX/

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 t3

(0, 0, 1)

O (0, 1, 0) t2

(1, 0, 0)
t1

ã 3.2 n‘üX /

5¿ ȼê´ÏL˜ ëY¼ê f (n)(x) † n ‚5ëY¼

n
ê tixi EÜ ¤, ¤± f [x0, x1, · · · , xn] ´ x0, x1, · · · , xn ëY¼
P
i=0
ê. Ïd
f (x) − f (x0)
f [x0, x0] = lim f [x0, x] = lim = f 0(x0),
x→x0 x→x0 x − x0

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
f [x · · · , x}0] = xlim
| 0, x0,{z f [x0, x1, · · · , xk ]
1 →x0
..
k+1‡
xk →x0
f (k)(η) f (k)(x0)
= xlim =
1 →x0 k! k!
..
xk →x0
f [x0, x1] − f [x0, x0]
f [x0, x0, x1] = .
x1 − x0

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 •Äe¡¯Kµ¦‚5¼ê p(x) ÷v

p(x0) = f (x0),
(4.2)
p0(x0) = f 0(x0).
• )ûù‡¯K, ·‚k•Äe¡ ¯Kµ¦‚5¼ê q(x) ÷v

q(x0) = f (x0),
(4.3)
q(x1) = f (x1).
·‚k
q(x) = f (x0) + f [x0, x1](x − x0).
3þª¥- x1 → x0, Kk
lim f [x0, x1] = f [x0, x0] = f 0(x0),
x1 →x0

l ˜gõ‘ª
f (x0) + f [x0, x0](x − x0),
w,§÷v^‡(4.2). ¤±
p(x) = f (x0) + f [x0, x0](x − x0).
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
lù‡~fŒ±wÑ, ·‚Œ±ò Š¯K (4.1) w¤´3 m + 1 ØÓ
!:þ Newton Š, , 4•Ò¤• n+1 ØÓ!:þ Hermite
Š, ¡ƒ•-!: Š.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 m g Hermite Šõ‘ª•
m0
Hm(x) = f (x0) + f [x0, x0](x − x0) + · · · + f [x 0 ,
| {z }· · · , x0 ](x − x 0 )
m0 +1
m0 +1
+f [x 0 ,
| {z }· · · , x0 , x1 ](x − x 0 ) + ··· +
m0 +1
m0 +1 m1
f [x 0 , · · · ,
| {z } | {z } x0 , x1 , · · · , x1 ](x − x 0 ) (x − x 1 ) + ··· +
m0 +1 m1 +1
f [x · · , x}0, · · · , |xn−1, ·{z
| 0, ·{z · · , xn−1}, xn]
m0 +1 mn−1 +1
(x − x0)m0+1 · · · (x − xn−1)mn−1+1
+ · · · + f [x
| 0, ·{z
· · , x}0, · · · , |xn−1, ·{z
· · , xn−1}, |xn, ·{z
· · , x}n]
m0 +1 mn−1 +1 mn +1
(x − x0)m0+1 · · · (x − xn−1) mn−1 +1
(x − xn)mn ,

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 Š{‘•
f (x) − Hm(x) = f [x
| 0, ·{z
· · , x}0, |x1, ·{z
· · , x}1, · · · , |xn, ·{z
· · , x}n, x]
m0 +1 m1 +1 mn +1
(x − x0)m0+1(x − x1)m1+1 · · · (x − xn)mn+1
n
f (m+1)(ξ) Y
= (x − xi)mi+1
(m + 1)! i=0
Ù¥ min{x0, x1, · · · , xn, x} < ξ < max{x0, x1, · · · , xn, x}.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 4.1 e n = 0, m0 = k, = 1 ‡ k + 1 - Š!:, Ù Šõ‘ª
•
k
Hk (x) = f (x0) + f [x0, x0](x − x0) + · · · + f [x 0 ,
| {z }· · · , x0 ](x − x 0 )
k+1
(k)
0 f (x0)
= f (x0) + f (x0)(x − x0) + · · · + (x − x0)k .
k!
d=• k Taylor Ðmª.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 4.2 ¦ 4 g Šõ‘ª H(x), ¦
H(0) = 3, H 0(0) = 4, H(1) = 5, H 0(1) = 6, H 00(1) = 7.
) Œ± LOŽˆ: û.
k xk f (xk ) 1 û 2 û 3 û 4 û
13
0 0 3 4 −2 6 −
2
1
1 0 3 2 4 −
2
7
2 1 5 6
2
3 1 5 6
4 1 5

¤±
13
H(x) = 3 + 4(x − 0) − 2(x − 0)2 + 6(x − 0)2(x − 1) − (x − 0)2(x − 1)2.
2

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 4.3 f (x) ∈ C 4[a, b], Š 3 gõ‘ª H3(x), ¦
H3(a) = f (a), H30 (a) = f 0(a), H3(b) = f (b), H30 (b) = f 0(b)
¿ Ñ Š{‘.
) d Newton . Šúª
H3(x) = f (a) + f [a, a](x − a) + f [a, a, b](x − a)2
+f [a, a, b, b](x − a)2(x − b).
¦ û.
0 0 f (b) − f (a)
f [a, a] = f (a), f [b, b] = f (b), f [a, b] = ,
b−a
0
f [a, b] − f [a.a] f [a, b] − f (a)
f [a, a, b] = = ,
b−a b−a
0
f [b, b] − f [a, b] f (b) − f [a, b]
f [a, b, b] = = ,
b−a b−a
f [a, b, b] − f [a, a, b]
f [a, a, b, b] =
b−a
1 0 0
= 2
{f (b) − 2f [a, b] + f (a)},
(b − a) µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
Ï
0 1
H3(x) = f (a) + f (a)(x − a) + {f [a, b] − f 0(a)}(x − a)2
b−a
1 0 0 2
{f (b) − 2f [a, b] + f (a)}(x − a) (x − b).
(b − a)2
Š{‘
f 4)(ξ)
f (x) − H3(x) = (x − a)2(x − b)2, ξ ∈ (a, b)
4!

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
~ 4.4 ¦˜‡ 3 gõ‘ª H(x), ¦Ù÷v
H(a) = f (a), H(b) = f (b), H 0(a) = f 0(a), H 00(b) = f 00(b).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
5 pg Š ":9©ã$g Š
5.1 pg Š ¾ 5Ÿ
we¡ ~fµ f (x) = 1/(1 + 25x2), x ∈ [−1, 1], ò [−1, 1]10
© !: xi = −1 + i/5 (i = 0, 1, · · · , 10). K f (x) 10 g Šõ‘ª
•
X10
L10(x) = f (xi)li(x)
i=0
Ù¥
10
Y x − xj
li(x) = .
j=0
xi − xj
j6=i

OŽ(JXeLµ

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 x f (x) L10(x) x f (x) L10(x)
−1.00 0.03846 0.03848 −0.46 0.15898 0.24145
−0.96 0.04160 1.80438 −0.40 0.20000 0.19999
−0.90 0.04706 1.57872 −0.36 0.23585 0.18878
−0.86 0.05131 0.88808 −0.30 0.30769 0.23535
−0.80 0.05882 0.05882 −0.26 0.37175 0.31650
−0.76 0.06477 −0.20130 −0.20 0.50000 0.50000
−0.70 0.07547 −0.22620 −1.16 0.60976 0.64316
−0.66 0.08410 −0.10832 −0.10 0.80000 0.84340
−0.60 0.10000 0.10000 −0.06 0.91743 0.94090
−0.56 0.11312 0.19873 0.00 1.00000 1.00000
−0.50 0.13793 0.25376
lOŽ(JwÑ, x 3 ±1 NCž, f (x) ŠÚ L10(x) Šƒ
éŒ. ù«y–¡ Runge y–. Ù¢Œ±y², f (x) n g Šõ‘ª
Ln(x) 3 [ 1, 1] þØ´˜—Âñ f (x).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

1.5

1
y = f (x)

0.5

y = L5 (x)

−1 O 1 x

ã 4.1 ¼ê f (x) ÚL5(x)

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

1.5

1 y = L10 (x)
y = f (x)

0.5

−1 O 1 x

ã 4.2 ¼ê f (x) ÚL10(x)

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

y = f (x)

−1 O 1 x

−5 y = L16 (x)

−10

−15

ã 4.3 ¼ê f (x) ÚL16(x)

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
5.2 ©ã‚5 Š
‰½ f (x) 3 n + 1 ‡!: a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b þ ¼ê
Šµ
x x0 x1 · · · xn−1 xn
f (x) f (x0) f (x1) · · · f (xn−1) f (xn)
P hi = xi+1 − xi, h = max hi. 3z‡ «m [xi, xi+1] þŠ f (x)
0≤i≤n−1
‚5 Š
L1,i(x) = f (xi) + f [xi, xi+1](x − xi), x ∈ [xi, xi+1],
ÙØ •
1 00
f (x) − L1,i(x) = f (ξi)(x − xi)(x − xi+1), ξi ∈ (xi, xi+1),
2
l k
1 00
max |f (x) − L1,i(x)| ≤ max f (ξi)(x − xi)(x − xi+1)
xi ≤x≤xi+1 xi ≤x≤xi+1 2
1 2
≤ hi max |f 00(x)|. (5.1)
8 xi≤x≤xi+1
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
-


 L1,0(x), x ∈ [x0, x1)
 L1,1(x), x ∈ [x1, x2)


L̃1(x) = ..


 L1,n−2(x), x ∈ [xn−2, xn−1)
x ∈ [xn−1, xn],

 L
1,n−1 (x),

u´k
L̃1(xi) = f (xi) (i = 0, 1, · · · , n)
= L̃1(x) ´ f (x) Š¼ê, ¡•© ©ã ‚ 5 Š ¼ ê , Ù ŠØ •
max |f (x) − L̃1(x)| = max max |f (x) − L̃1(x)|
a≤x≤b 0≤i≤n xi ≤x≤xi+1
= max max |f (x) − L1,i(x)|
0≤i≤n xi ≤x≤xi+1
1
≤ max h2i max |f 00(x)|
0≤i≤n 8 xi ≤x≤xi+1
1 2
≤ h max |f 00(x)|.
8 a≤x≤b
•‡ f (x) 3 [a, b] þk 2 ëY ê, h → 0 ž{‘˜—ªu", =
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
©ã‚5 Š¼ê L̃1(x) ˜—Âñu f (x).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
5.3 ©ã 3 g Hermite Š
‰½ f (x) 3 n + 1 ‡!: a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b þ ¼êL
x x0 x1 · · · xn−1 xn
f (x) f (x0) f (x1) · · · f (xn−1) f (xn)
f 0(x) f 0(x0) f 0(x1) · · · f 0(xn−1) f 0(xn)
P hi = xi+1 − xi, h = max hi. 3z‡ «m [xi, xi+1] þ|^êâ
0≤i≤n−1

x xi xi+1
f (x) f (xi) f (xi+1)
f 0(x) f 0(xi) f 0(xi+1)
Š 3 g Hermite Š
0 f [xi, xi+1] − f 0(xi)
H3,i(x) = f (xi) + f (xi)(x − xi) + (x − xi)2 +
hi
f 0(xi+1) − 2f [xi, xi+1] + f 0(xi) 2
2 (x − x i ) (x − xi+1),
hi

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
Ù Š{‘
f (4)(ξ)
f (x) − H3,i(x) = (x − xi)2(x − xi+1)2, ξ ∈ (xi, xi+1).
4!
u´
1 h4i
max |f (x) − H3,i(x)| ≤ max |f (4)(x)|. (5.2)
xi ≤x≤xi+1 4! 16 xi≤x≤xi+1
- 

 H3,0(x), x ∈ [x0, x1)
 H3,1(x), x ∈ [x1, x2)


H̃3(x) = ..


 H3,n−2(x), x ∈ [xn−2, xn−1)
3,n−1 (x), x ∈ [xn−1 , xn ].

 H

K
H̃3(xi) = f (xi), H̃30 (xi) = f 0(xi) (i = 0, 1, · · · , n.)
= H̃3(x) ÷v Š^‡. ¡ H̃3(x) • f (x) © ã n g Š ¼ ê, ÙØ
•
max |f (x) − H̃3(x)| = max max |f (x) − H̃3(x)|
a≤x≤b 0≤i≤n xi ≤x≤xi+1
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 = max max |f (x) − H3,i(x)|
0≤i≤n xi ≤x≤xi+1
1 h4i
≤ max max |f (4)(x)|
0≤i≤n 4! 16 xi ≤x≤xi+1
1 4
≤ h max |f (4)(x)|.
384 a≤x≤b
©ãng Hermite Š {‘Ú f (x) 4 êk', f (x) 3 [a, b]
þk 4 ëY ê, Kk
˜—
H̃3(x) −−→ f (x).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
6 ng ^ Š
©ã Š`:: ˜—Âñ. ":: 1w5 .
6.1 ng ^ Š¼ê
½Â 6.1 3«m [a, b] þ‰½ n + 1 ‡ Š!:
a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn = b
9Ù¼ê3!:þ Š yi = f (xi), i = 0, 1, · · · , n. e•3¼ê S(x) ÷
vµ
(1) S(xj ) = yj , j = 0, 1, · · · , n;
(2) S(x) 3z‡ «m [xj , xj+1] j = 0, 1, · · · , n þ´ 3 gõ‘ª;
(3) S(x) ∈ C 2[a, b].
K¡ S(x) • f (x) 3g ^ Š¼ê.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ‡(½ S(x), 3z‡ «m [xj , xj+1] þ‡(½ 4 ‡ëê, ¤±
‡(½ 4n ‡ëê. Šâ S(x) 3 [a, b] þ êëY, 3!: xj
j = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1 ?÷ve¡ ëY5^‡:
S(xj − 0) = S(xj + 0), S 0(xj − 0) = S 0(xj + 0),
S 00(xj − 0) = S 00(xj + 0). (6.1)
k 3n − 3 ‡^‡, \þ Š^‡ n + 1 ‡, k 4n − 2 ‡^‡. „
‡\ 2 ‡^‡, Ï~3à:?N\^‡ (>.^‡), ˜„k±en«µ
(1) ®•üà: ˜ ê, =
S 0(x0) = f 0(x0), S 0(xn) = f 0(xn). (6.2)
(2) ®•üà: ê, =
S 00(x0) = f 00(x0), S 00(xn) = f 00(xn). (6.3)
AO, S 00(x0) = 0, S 00(xn) = 0 ž, ¡•g,>.^‡.
(3) ±Ï>.^‡, f (x0) = f (xn) ž,
S 0(x0 + 0) = S 0(xn − 0), S 00(x0 + 0) = S 00(xn − 0). (6.4)

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
6.2 ^ Š¼ê ïá
S(x) 3 [xj , xj+1] þ´ 3 gõ‘ª, K S 00(x) ´‚5¼ê, S 00(xj ) =
Mj , S 00(xj+1) = Mj+1, K
00 1
S (x) = Mj + (Mj+1 − Mj )(x − xj ), x ∈ [xj , xj+1], (6.5)
hj
Ù¥ hj = xj+1 − xj , j = 0, 1, · · · , n − 1. È©þª
1
S 0(x) = cj + Mj (x − xj ) + (Mj+1 − Mj )(x − xj )2,
2hj
x ∈ [xj , xj+1], (6.6)
2È©˜g
1
S(x) = yj + cj (x − xj ) + Mj (x − xj )2 +
2
1
(Mj+1 − Mj )(x − xj )3, x ∈ [xj , xj+1]. (6.7)
6hj
|^ S(xj+1) = yj+1, Œ
1 1 
cj = f [xj , xj+1] − Mj + Mj+1 hj , (6.8)
3 6 µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
¤±
n 1 1  o
S(x) = yj + f [xj , xj+1] − Mj + Mj+1 hj (x − xj )
3 6
1 2 1
+ Mj (x − xj ) + (Mj+1 − Mj )(x − xj )3,
2 6hj
x ∈ [xj , xj+1], j = 0, 1, · · · , n − 1. (6.9)
d (6.6) Ú (6.8)
1 1 
S 0(xj + 0) = cj = f [xj , xj+1] − Mj + Mj+1 hj ,
3 6
j = 0, 1, · · · , n − 1, (6.10)
0 1
S (xj+1 − 0) = cj + Mj hj + (Mj+1 − Mj )hj
2
1 1 
= f [xj , xj+1] + Mj + Mj+1 hj ,
6 3
j = 0, 1, · · · , n − 1. (6.11)
þª¥ j †¤ j − 1
1 1 
S(xj − 0) = f [xj−1, xj ] + Mj−1 + Mj hj−1,
6 3 µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 j = 1, 2 · · · , n. (6.12)
ò (6.10) Ú (6.12) “\ëY5•§ S 0(xj − 0) = S 0(xj + 0),
j = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1,
1 1 
f [xj−1, xj ] + Mj−1 + Mj hj−1
6 1 3 1 
= f [xj , xj+1] − Mj + Mj+1 hj ,
3 6
=
µj Mj−1 + 2Mj + λj Mj+1 = dj , j = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1, (6.13)
Ù¥
hj−1 hj
µj = , λj = = 1 − µj ,
hj−1 + hj hj−1 + hj
dj = 6f [xj−1, xj , xj+1]. (6.14)
ª (6.13) ‰Ñ n − 1 ‡•§. XJ>.^‡´ (6.2), r S 0(x0) = f00 ,
S 0(xn) = fn0 ©O“\ (6.10) Ú (6.12)
1 1 
f [x0, x1] − M0 + M1 h0 = f00 ,
3 6 µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 1 1 
f [xn−1, xn] + Mn−1 + Mn hn−1 = fn0 ,
6 3
=
2M0 + M1 = 6f [x0, x0, x1] ≡ d0, (6.15)
Mn−1 + 2Mn = 6f [xn−1, xn, xn] ≡ dn. (6.16)
éá (6.13), (6.15) Ú (6.16) e¡ ‚5•§|
    
2 1 M0 d0
 µ1 2 λ1   M1   d 1 
    
 µ2 2 λ2   M2   d 2 
 
... ... ...   ..  =  ..  . (6.17)
   

    
 µn−1 2 λn−1   Mn−1   dn−1 
1 2 Mn dn
XJ>.^‡´ (6.3), K M0 = f000, Mn = fn00. ùž (6.13) 1˜
‡•§Ú• ˜‡•§©O•
2M0 + λ1M2 = d1 − µ1f000, (6.18)
µn−1Mn−2 + 2Mn−1 = dn−1 − λn−1fn00. (6.19)
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
l e¡‚5•§|
    
2 λ1 M1 d1 − µ1f000
 µ2 2 λ2   M2   d2 
    
 µ3 2 λ3   M3  
  d3 
 (.6.20)
... ... ...   ..  =  ..
  
 
    
 µn−2 2 λn−2   Mn−2   dn−2 
µn−1 2 Mn−1 dn−1 − λn−1fn00
XJ>.^‡´ (6.4), Kd S 0(x0) = S 0(xn)
1 1  1
f [x0, x1] − M0 + M1 h0 = f [xn−1, xn] + Mn−1
3 6 6
1 
+ Mn hn−1. (6.21)
3
d S 00(x0) = S 00(xn)
M0 = Mn
“\ (6.21)
λnM1 + µnMn−1 + 2Mn = dn,
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
Ù¥
h0 hn−1
λn = , µn = ,
h0 + hn−1 h0 + hn−1
f [x0, x1] − f [xn−1, xn]
dn = 6 .
h0 + hn−1
dž (6.13) 1˜‡•§•
2M1 + λ1M2 + µ1Mn = d1,
¤± e¡ ‚5•§|
2 λ1 µ1 M1 d1
    
 µ2 2 λ2   M2   d2 
µ 2 λ M d
    
 3 3  3   3 
... ... ...   .  =  ..  . (6.22)
.
     


 µn−2 2 λn−2  M
  n−2   dn−2 
  
 µn−1 2 λn−1   Mn−1   dn−1 
λn µn 2 Mn dn
•§ (6.17),(6.20) Ú (6.22) éA XêÝ ´î‚é Ó` , c
2 ‡•§´ 3 é , Œ±^J`{¦), 1n‡•§•Œ^aq •
{¦). µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ¦Ñ M0, M1, . . . , Mn , ò¦‚“\ (6.9) B ng ^ Š¼ê
©ãLˆª.
~ 6.1 ‰½êâµ
x 1 2 4 5
f (x) 1 3 4 2
¦ f (x) g, (>.^‡) 3 g ^ Š¼ê, ¿¦ f (3) Ú f (4.5)
CqŠ.
) P x0 = 1 x1 − 2, x2 = 4, x3 = 5, K
f (x0) = 1, f (x1) = 3, f (x2) = 4, f (x3) = 2
h0 = x1 − x0 = 1, h1 = x2 − x1 = 2, h3 = x3 − x2 = 1
h0 1 h1 2
µ1 = = , µ2 = =
h0 + h1 3 h1 + h2 3
1 5
f [x0, x1, x2] = − , f [x1, x2, x3] = − .
2 6
dg,>.^‡• M0 = M3 = 0, ‚5•§|
" #
− 21
 2  
2 3 M1
2 =6 5
3 2 M 2 − 6
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 3 9
) M1 = − , M2 = − . “\ (6.9) 3 g ^¼ê
4 4

17 1 3

 1 + (x − 1) − (x − 1) , 1 ≤ x < 2,
8 8




 7 3 1
S(x) = 3 + (x − 2) − (x − 2) − (x − 2)3, 2 ≤ x < 4,
2

 4 8 8
 5 9 2 3
(x − 4)3, 4 ≤ x ≤ 5.


 4 − (x − 4) − (x − 4) +
4 8 8


17 201
OŽ f (3) ≈ S(3) = , f (4.5) ≈ S(4.5) = .
4 64

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

O 1 2 4 5 x

ã 5.1 n g ^¼ê S(x)

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
6.3 3g ^¼ê Ø .
g(x) ∈ C[a, b], P
kgk∞ = max |g(x)|.
a≤x≤b

½n 6.1 f (x) ∈ C 4[a, b], S(x) •÷v1˜>.^‡ (6.2) ½

1 >.^‡ (6.3) 3 g ^¼ê, h = max hi, hi = xi+1 − xi
0≤i≤n−1
(i = 0, 1, · · · , n − 1), Kk O
kf (k) − S (k)k∞ ≤ ck kf (4)k∞h4−k , k = 0, 1, 2, (6.23)
1 1
Ù¥ c0 = , c1 = c2 = .
16 2

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
7 •Z˜—%C
7.1 ‚5D‰˜m
½Â 7.1 (‚5˜m) X ´˜‡8Ü. XJé ∀x, y ∈ X, λ ∈ R,
k λx ∈ X, x + y ∈ X, K¡ X ´‚
‚5 ˜ m .
½Â 7.2 (‚5Ã') X ´ R þ ˜‡‚5˜m, ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm ∈
X, XJ•3Ø •" ê a1, a2, · · · , am ∈ R ¦
a1ϕ1 + a2ϕ2 + · · · + amϕm = 0,
K¡ ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm ‚5ƒ'¶ÄK¡ ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm ‚ 5Ã'.
e‚5˜m X ´d m ‡‚5Ã' ƒ ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm ܤ, =
é?¿ ϕ ∈ X, •3¢ê a1, a2, · · · , am ∈ R, ¦
ϕ = a1ϕ1 + a2ϕ2 + · · · + amϕm,
K¡ ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm ´ X ˜|Ä, P• X = span{ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm},
¿¡ X ´ m ‘‚5˜m , Xê a1, a2, · · · , am ¡• ϕ 3Ä ϕ1, ϕ2, · · · , ϕm
e ‹I, P• (a1, a2, · · · , am). XJ X Ä ƒ‡êkáõ‡,
K¡ X ´Ã¡‘‚5˜m.
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~: gê؇L n õ‘ª˜m Mn, «m [a, b] þ¤këY¼ê|
¤ ¼ê˜m C[a, b].
½Â 7.3 X ´˜‡‚5˜m. eé ∀x ∈ X, éAu¢ê, P•
kxk, …÷ve¡'X:
(1) ∀x ∈ X, k kxk ≥ 0, … kxk = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0.
(2) ∀λ ∈ R, x ∈ X, k kλxk = |λ|kxk.
(3) ∀x, y ∈ X, k kx + yk ≤ kxk + kyk.
K¡ k · k • X þ ˜‡‰
‰ê, éA ˜m¡‚
‚5 D ‰ ˜ m .
½Â 7.4 X ´‚5D‰˜m, x, y ∈ X, ¡ kx − yk • x Ú y ƒ
m ål.
~ X = Rn ž, =••þ‰ê, k 1, 2, ∞ ‰ê.
~ X = C[a, b] = {f |f (x)3[a, b]þëY}. 3 C[a, b] þ½ÂÏ~
\{Úê¦$Ž C[a, b] ´˜‡‚5˜m. f ∈ C[a, b], P
Z b
kf k1 = |f (x)| dx, kf k∞ = max |f (x)|,
a a≤x≤b

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 s
Z b
kf k2 = [f (x)]2 dx.
a

K k · k1, k · k∞, k · k2 ´ C[a, b] þ ‰ê.

f, g ∈ C[a, b], f Ú g 3 [a, b] þ •ŒØ L«•µ
kf − gk∞ = max |f (x) − g(x)|.
a≤x≤b

½Â 7.5 X ´‚5D‰˜m, M ⊆ X ´ X f˜m, f ∈ X.

e ∃ϕ ∈ M ¦ ∀ψ ∈ M k
kf − ϕk ≤ kf − ψk,
K¡ ϕ ´ f 3 M ¥ •Z%C .

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
7.2 •Z˜—%Cõ‘ª
P Mn = {pn|pn•gê؇Ln õ‘ª}, K Mn ⊂ C[a, b].
½Â 7.6 f ∈ C[a, b]. e ∃pn ∈ Mn, ¦ é ∀qn ∈ Mn, k
kf − pnk∞ ≤ kf − qnk∞.
K¡ pn(x) ´ f (x) n g•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª.
5 7.1 d½Â•
kf − pnk∞ = min kf − qnk∞,
qn ∈Mn

½
max |f (x) − p(x)| = min max |f (x) − qn(x)|.
a≤x≤b qn ∈Mn a≤x≤b

•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª •3•˜5
½n 7.1 f ∈ C[a, b], K f 3 Mn ¥•3•˜ n g•Z˜—
%Cõ‘ª pn(x).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ½Â 7.7 g ∈ C[a, b]. XJ ∃x0 ∈ [a, b] ¦ |g(x0)| = kgk∞ =
maxa≤x≤b |g(x)|, K¡ x0 • g(x) 3 [a, b] þ :.
g(x0) = kgk∞, x0 ¡ g(x) :.
g(x0) = −kgk∞, x0 ¡ g(x) K :.
Ún 7.1 f ∈ C[a, b], pn(x) ´ f (x) n g•Z˜—%Cõ‘
ª, K f − pn 7•3 K :.
•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª A ½n.
½n 7.2 f ∈ C[a, b], pn(x) ´ n gõ‘ª, K pn(x) ´ f (x) n
g•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª ⇐⇒ f (x) − pn(x) 3 [a, b] þ– k (n + 2) ‡
† :, =•3 (n + 2) ‡: a ≤ x0 < x1 < · · · < xn < xn+1 ≤ b,
¦
f (xi) − pn(xi) = (−1)iσkf − pnk∞, i = 0, 1, · · · , n + 1,
Ù¥ σ = 1 ½ σ = −1.
íØ 7.1 f ∈ C[a, b], pn(x) ´ f (x) n g•Z˜—%Cõ‘
ª. XJ f (n+1)(x) 3 (a, b) S•3… Ò, K f (x) − pn(x) 3 [a, b] ST
k (n + 2) ‡ † :, …üà: a, b •´ :.
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 díØ 7.1, XJ f (x) ∈ C[a, b] … f (n+1) 3 (a, b) þ Ò, f (x)
n g•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª•
pn(x) = c0 + c1x + · · · + cnxn,
K f (x) − pn(x) 3 [a, b] þk n + 2 ‡ † : a < x 1 < x2 < · · · <
xn < b, ·‚k
f (a) − pn(a) = −[f (x1) − pn(x1)]
= f (x2) − pn(x2)
= ···
= (−1)n[f (xn) − pn(xn)]
= (−1)n+1[f (b) −n (b)]
f 0(xi) − p0n(xn) = 0, i = 1, 2 · · · , n
þã´äk 2n + 1 ‡ëê c0, c1, · · · , cn, x1, x2, · · · , cn 2n + 1 š‚
5•§|, ˜„Œ^S“{¦), 3AÏœ/Œ°(¦).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 7.1 f (x) ∈ C 2[a, b], … f 00(x) 3 (a, b) S•3… Ò, ¦ f (x)
1 g•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª p1(x).
) p1(x) = c0 + c1x, K f (x) − p1(x) 3 [a, b] Sk 3 ‡ † :
a, x1, b, u´Œ

f (a) − p1(a) = −[f (x1) − p1(x1)] = f (b) − p1(b),
f 0(x1) − p01(x1) = 0,
OŽŒ
f (b) − f (a) f (a) + f (x1) a + x1
c1 = , x1 = (f 0)−1(c1), c0 = − c1 ,
b−a 2 2
p1(x) 㔄ã7.1.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 y

y = p1 (x)

y = f (x)

O x

ã 7.1 ˜ g•Z˜—% Cõ‘ª

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 7.2 ¦¼ê f (x) = ln(1 + x) 3 [0, 1] þ 1 g•Z˜—%Cõ
Ի p1(x) = c0 + c1x.
00 1
) f (x) = − 3 (0, 1) S Ò, ¤± f (x) − p1(x) 3 [0, 1] Sk
(1 + x)2
3‡ : 0, x1, 1. ·‚k
f (0) − p1(0) = −[f (x1) − p1(x1)] = f (1) − p1(1),
f 0(x1) − p01(x1) = 0.
=
−c0 = −[ln 1 + x1 − c0 − c1x1]
= ln 2 − c0 − c1,
1
= c1 .
1 + x1
1
c0 = [ln 2 − ln ln 2 − 1], c1 = ln 2.
2

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 7.3 ¦ a, b, ¦
1
max − ax − b
1≤x≤2 x
• Š, ¿¦Ñ• Š.
1
) T¯K=¦¼ê f (x) = 3 [1, 2] þ 1 g•Z˜—%Cõ
x
2
‘ª p1(x) = b + ax. f 00(x) = 3 3 [1, 2] þ Ò, f (x) − p1(x) 3 [1, 2]
x
þk 3 ‡ : 1, x1, 2 ÷v
f (1) − p1(1) = −[f (x1) − p1(x1)] = f (2) − p1(2),
f 0(x1) − p01(x1) = 0.
3 √ 1
Œ¦ c0 = (1 + 2), c1 = − .
4 2

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 íØ 7.2 f (x) ∈ C[a, b], K f (x) n g•Z˜—%Cõ‘ª
pn(x) • f (x) ,‡ n g Šõ‘ª.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
8 •Z²•%C
8.1 SȘm
½Â 8.1 X ´˜‡‚5˜m, eé ∀x, y ∈ X k¢ê†ƒéA,
PT¢ê• (x, y), …÷v:
(1) ∀x, y ∈ X, k (x, y) = (y, x);
(2) ∀x, y ∈ X, λ ∈ R, k (λx, y) = λ(x, y);
(3) ∀x, y, z ∈ X, k (x + y, z) = (x, z) + (y, z);
(4) ∀x ∈ X, k (x, x) ≥ 0, … (x, x) = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0.
K X ¡•S
SÈ ˜ m , $Ž (·, ·) ¤•S
SÈ .
½Â 8.2 X ´SȘm, x, y ∈ X, XJ (x, y) = 0, K¡ x Ú y
.
~ X = Rn, x = (x1, x2, · · · , xn)T , y = (y1, y2, · · · , yn)T , P
Xn
(x, y) = x i yi ,
i=1
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
K (x, y) ´ Rn þ ˜‡SÈ.
~ •Ä‚5˜m C[a, b]. é f, g ∈ C[a, b], P
Z b
(f, g) = f (x)g(x)dx,
a
K (f, g) • C[a, b] ¥ ˜‡SÈ.
Ún 8.1 (Cauchy-Schwartz Ø ª) X ´˜‡SȘm, Ké
∀x, y ∈ X k
(x, y)2 ≤ (x, x)(y, y).
X ´˜‡SȘm, x ∈ X, ½Â
p
kxk = (x, x),
KŒ± y kxk ´ X þ ˜‡‰ê, ¡• 2 ‰ê.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
8.2 •Z²•%C
½Â 8.3 X ´SȘm, (·, ·) ´SÈ, M ´ X k•‘f˜
m, ϕ0, ϕ1, · · · , ϕm ´ M ˜|Ä, f ∈ X, e•3 ϕ ∈ M , ¦ é?
¿ψ∈M k
kf − ϕk ≤ kf − ψk, (8.1)
½ö
kf − ϕk = min kf − ψk,
ψ∈M
K¡ ϕ ´ f 3 M ¥ •Z²•%C .
m m
Pϕ= aiϕi, K¯K (8.1) =¦ c0, c1, · · · , cm ¦
P P
ciϕi, ψ =
i=0 i=0
m
X m
X m
X m
X
(f − ciϕi, f − cj ϕj ) = min (f − aiϕi, f − aj ϕj ).
ψ∈M
i=0 j=0 i=0 j=0

P
m
X m
X
Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am) = (f − aiϕi, f − aj ϕj ),
i=0 j=0
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
K=¦ c0, c1, · · · , cm ¦
Φ(c0, c1 · · · , cm) = min Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am).
a0 ,a1 ,··· ,am ∈R

m
X m
X
Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am) = (f, f ) − 2 ai(f, ϕi) + aiaj (ϕi, ϕj ).
i=0 i,j=0

-
m
∂Φ X
= −2(f, ϕk ) + 2 ai(ϕi, ϕk ) = 0, k = 0, 1, · · · , m.
∂ak i=0

=
m
X
(ϕk , ϕi)ai = (f, ϕk ), k = 0, 1, · · · , m. (8.2)
i=0

¤± c0, c1, · · · , cm ´•§ (8.2) ), = c0, c1, · · · , cm ÷ve¡ ‚5

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
•§|:
    
(ϕ0, ϕ0) (ϕ0, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ0, ϕm) c0 (f, ϕ0)
 (ϕ1, ϕ0) (ϕ1, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ1, ϕm)   c1   (f, ϕ1) 
 .  =  . ,
 .. .. . (8.3)
 ··· .  .   . 
(ϕm, ϕ0) (ϕm, ϕ1) · · · (ϕm, ϕm) cm (f, ϕm)
¡•§|(8.3)• 5•§|, ½{
{• § | .
Ún 8.2 5•§|(8.3) XêÝ
 
(ϕ0, ϕ0) (ϕ0, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ0, ϕm)
 (ϕ1, ϕ0) (ϕ1, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ1, ϕm) 
A= .. .. . 
 ··· . 
(ϕm, ϕ0) (ϕm, ϕ1) · · · (ϕm, ϕm)
´é¡ ½Ý .
½n 8.1 5•§|(8.3)•3•˜) (c0, c1, · · · , cm)T .
½n 8.2 5•§|(8.3) •˜) (c0, c1, · · · , cm)T ´¼ê
Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am) • :.
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
8.3 ëY¼ê •Z²•%C
f (x) ∈ C[a, b], M = span{ϕ0(x), ϕ1(x), · · · , ϕm(x)} ´ C[a, b]
˜‡ m + 1 ‘f˜m. q(x), p(x) ∈ M ŒL«•
Xm Xm
q(x) = aiϕi(x), p(x) = ciϕi(x).
i=0 i=0

P
Z b m
X
Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am) = kf − qk2 = [f (x) − aiϕi(x)]2dx.
a i=0

¦ c0, c1, · · · , cm ¦
kf − pk2 ≤ kf − qk2, ∀q ∈ M.
=
Φ(c0, c1, · · · , cm) = min Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am).
a0 ,a1 ,··· ,am ∈R

d 8.2 !•Z²•%CnØ, c0, c1, · · · , cm ´e¡ ( 5) •§|

): µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
     
(ϕ0, ϕ0) (ϕ0, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ0, ϕm) c0 (f, ϕ0)
 (ϕ1, ϕ0) (ϕ1, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ1, ϕm)   c1   (f, ϕ1) 
 . = ,
 .. .. .. .. 
 .   . (8.4)
 . 
(ϕm, ϕ0) (ϕm, ϕ1) · · · (ϕm, ϕm) cm (f, ϕm)
Ù¥
Z b Z b
(ϕi, ϕj ) = ϕi(x)ϕj (x)dx, (f, ϕi) = f (x)ϕi(x)dx.
a a
XJ ϕi(x) = xi(i = 0, 1 · · · , m), K p(x) ¡• f (x) 3 [a, b] þ m g•
Z²•%Cõ‘ª.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 8.1 f (x) = ex, x ∈ [0, 1]. ¦ f (x) 2 g•Z²•%Cõ‘
ª p2(x) = c0 + c1x + c2x2.
) ϕ0(x) = 1, ϕ1(x) = x, ϕ2(x) = x2,
Z 1 Z 1
1
(ϕ0, ϕ0) = 1dx, (ϕ0, ϕ1) = xdx = ,
2
Z0 1 0
Z 1
1 1
(ϕ0, ϕ2) = x2dx = , (ϕ1, ϕ1) = x2 = ,
3 3
Z0 1 Z0 1
3 1 4 1
(ϕ1, ϕ2) = x dx = , (ϕ2, ϕ2) = x dx = ,
4 5
Z 10 0
Z 1
(f, ϕ0) = exdx = e − 1, (f, ϕ1) = xexdx = 1,
Z0 1 0

(f, ϕ2) = x2exdx = e − 2.

0

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 5•§|•:
1 1
    
1 2 3 c0 e−1
 1 1 1   c1  =  1  .
2 3 4
1 1 1 c2 e−2
3 4 5
) c0 = 39e − 105, c1 = 588 − 216e, c2 = 210e − 570.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 8.2 ¦ c, d, ¦
Z 1h i2
3 2
x − c − dx dx
0
• Š.
) T¯K=¦ f (x) = x3 3 [0, 1] þ •Z²•%Cõ‘ª p(x) =
c + dx2. ϕ0(x) = 1, ϕ1(x) = x2.
Z 1 Z 1
1
(ϕ0, ϕ0) = 1dx = 1, (ϕ0, ϕ1) = x2 = ,
3
Z0 1 Z0 1
1 1
(ϕ1, ϕ1) = x4dx = , (f, ϕ0) = x3dx = ,
5 4
Z 10 0
5 1
(f, ϕ1) = x dx = .
0 6
5•§•:
1
    1 
1 3 c
1 1 = 41 .
3 5
d 6
1 15
) c = − ,d = .
16 16 µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
8.4 ‡½‚5•§| • ¦)
‰½•§|
    
a11 a12 · · · a1n x1 b1
 a21 a22 · · · a2n   x2   b 2 
= . 
 .
 . .. .. ..  
 .
 .   .  (8.5)
am1 am2 · · · amn xn bm
Ù¥ m > n, XêÝ A •þ‚5Ã'. •§ (8.5) ¡•‡½•§
|. T•§|˜„vk°(). P
     
a1j x1 b1
 a2j   x2   b2 
Aj =  .  , j = 1, 2 · · · , n, x =  .  , b = 
    . ,
. .  . 
amj xn bm
K
A = (A1, A2, · · · , An).
•§| (8.5) Œ •
x1A1 + x2A2 + · · · + xnAn = b.
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
P M = span{A1, A2, · · · , An}, K M ´ Rm ˜‡k•‘f˜m. P
n
X
Φ(x1, x2, · · · , xn) = kb − xi A i k2 ,
i=1

¦ x∗1 , x∗2 , · · · , x∗n, ¦

Φ(x∗1 , x∗2 , · · · , x∗n) = min Φ(x1, x2, · · · , xn).
x1 ,x2 ,··· ,xn ∈R

d 8.2 !nØ•, x∗1 , x∗2 , · · · , x∗n ´e¡•§| ):

    
(A1, A1) (A1, A2) · · · (A1, An) x1 (b, A1)
 (A2, A1) (A2, A2) · · · (A2, An)   x2   (b, A2) 
 .. .. .. ..  .  =  . ,
  .   . 
(An, A1) (An, A2) · · · (An, An) xn (b, An)
=
AT Ax = AT b

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
~ 8.3 ¦e ‡½•§| • ¦):

 3x + 4y = 5
−4x + 8y = 1
 6x + 3y = 3
) XêÝ Úmà•þ•
   
3 4 5
A =  −4 8  , b =  1  ,
6 3 3
   
61 −2 29
AT A = , AT b = ,
−2 89 37
•§|
    
61 −2 x 29
= ,
−2 89 y 37
) x = 0.4894, y = 0.4267.

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
8.5 lÑêâ •Z²•%C
½Â 8.4 ‰½¼ê ϕ0(x), ϕ1(x), · · · , ϕm(x) 9 n ‡ØÓ!: x1, x2,
· · · , xn, e•3Ø •" ~ê c0, c1, · · · , cm, ¦
c0ϕ0(xk ) + c1ϕ1(xk ) + · · · + cmϕm(xk ) = 0, k = 1, 2, · · · , n,
K¡ ϕ0(x), ϕ1(x), · · · , ϕm(x) 'u!: x1, x2, · · · , xn ‚ 5 ƒ ', ÄK
¡•‚
‚5 Ã ' .
½Â 8.5 ‰½êâ
x x1 x 2 x3 · · · xn
y y 1 y2 y 3 · · · yn
ϕ0(x), ϕ1(x), · · · , ϕm(x) 'u!: x1, x2, · · · , xn ‚5Ã'. -
X m m
X
p(x) = ciϕi(x), q(x) = aiϕi(x),
i=0 i=0
n
X
Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am) = (q(xk ) − yk )2,
k=1
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
¦ c0, c1, · · · , cm, ¦
Φ(c0, c1, · · · , cm) = min Φ(a0, a1, · · · , am). (8.6)
a0 ,a1 ,··· ,am ∈R

¡ p(x) •‰½êâ [Ü ¼ê.

XJ ϕk (x) = xk , 0 ≤ k ≤ m, K¡ p(x) • m g • ¦[Üõ
Ի. P
   
ϕk (x1) y1
 ϕk (x2)   y2 
ϕk =  .
  , k = 0, 1, · · · , m, y= . ,
.   . 
ϕk (xn) yn
K c0, c1, · · · , cm ´e¡ ‚5•§| ):
    
(ϕ0, ϕ0) (ϕ0, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ0, ϕm) c0 (y, ϕ0)
 (ϕ1, ϕ0) (ϕ1, ϕ1) · · · (ϕ1, ϕm)   c1   (y, ϕ1) 
 . .. .. ..  .  =  .  . (8.7)
 .  .   . 
(ϕm, ϕ0) (ϕm, ϕ1) · · · (ϕm, ϕm) cm (y, ϕm)

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 ~ 8.4 * ÔN †‚$Ä, Xeêâ:
t 0 0.9 1.9 3.0 3.9 5.0
s 0 10 30 51 80 111
Á^• ¦{¦ 2 gõ‘ª f (t) = c0 + c1t + c2t2 [Üþãêâ.
) ϕ0(t) = 1, ϕ1(t) = t, ϕ2(t) = t2.
       
1 0 0 0
1  0.9   0.81   10 
       
1  1.9   3.61   30 
 1  , ϕ1 =  3.0  , ϕ2 =  9  ,
ϕ0 =   51  ,
y=
     
       
1  3.9   15.21   80 
1 5.0 25 111
“\•§ (8.7)
    
6 14.7 53.63 c0 282
 14.7 53.63 218.907   c1  =  1086 
53.63 218.907 951.0323 c2 4567.2
) c0 = −0.6170, c1 = 11.1586, c2 = 2.2687. ¤±,
f (t) = −0.6170 + 11.1586t + 2.2687t2. µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 Ù㔌„ã8.2.
éu, š‚5%C¯K, ŒÏL· C†z•‚5˜m%C¯
1
K. X[ܼê y = aebx, y = ax+b .

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
 s

120

90

60

30 f (t) = −0.6170 + 11.1586t + 2.2687t2

O 2 4 6 8 t

ã 8.2 g[Üõ‘ª
µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *
9 SK

SK 4 p.192 * 196

1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37(þÅK).

µ ¶ · ¸ ' r *