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DECLARACIÓN ................................................................................................. II
CERTIFICACIÓN .............................................................................................. III
AGRADECIMIENTO ......................................................................................... V
DEDICATORIA ................................................................................................ VI
ÍNDICE ........................................................................................................... VII
RESUMEN ....................................................................................................... XI
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... XII
CAPITULO I
ANTECEDENTES
1.1.- OBJETIVOS............................................................................................... 4
1.1.1.- OBJETIVO GENERAL..................................................................................................4
1.2.2.- OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS: ......................................................................................4
CAPITULO II
MARCO TEÓRICO
2.1. GALLETAS .........................................................................................................................5
Historia ................................................................................................................................5
2.1.1. Tipos de galletas ..................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2. Composición química .............................................................................................8
2.2.1.- QUINUA..........................................................................................................................8
2.2.2. Cultivo de la quinua ..............................................................................................10
2.2.3. Producción de Quinua en Ecuador. ...................................................................12
2.2.4. Usos de la Quinua ................................................................................................13
2.3.1. PLÁTANO ......................................................................................................................16
2.3.2. Composición nutricional.......................................................................................17
2.3.5. Usos del Plátano ...................................................................................................18
2.3.4. Composición química del plátano ......................................................................19
2.3.5. Producción de Harina de Plátano .......................................................................22
2.4.1. AVENA ...........................................................................................................................22
2.4.2. Composición nutricional.......................................................................................23
2.5. Descripción de los ingredientes. ....................................................................................28
Huevos. .............................................................................................................................29
Azúcar. ..............................................................................................................................29
9,,
CAPITULO III
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
3.1.- UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA .................................................................................32
3.2.- CARACTERÍSTICAS CLIMATOLÓGICA EN EL LABORATORIO ..................32
3.3.- TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ...................................................................................32
3.4.1.- Factor A: ...............................................................................................................33
3.4.2.- Factor B.- ..............................................................................................................33
3.4.2.1.- Tipos de edulcorantes .....................................................................................33
3.5.- TRATAMIENTOS....................................................................................................33
3.6.- PROCEDIMIENTO .................................................................................................35
3.6.1.- Diseño experimental ...........................................................................................35
3.6.2.- Análisis estadísticos............................................................................................35
3.6.3.- Análisis funcional .................................................................................................35
3.6.4.- Características de las unidades experimentales. ...........................................36
3.6.4.1.- Materiales de laboratorio.................................................................................36
3.6.4.2.- Equipos y Maquinarias ....................................................................................37
3.7.- MANEJO DEL EXPERIMENTO............................................................................37
3.7.1.- Materia prima principales. ..................................................................................37
3.7.2.- Materia prima secundaria...................................................................................37
3.8.- PROCESO DE PREPARACIÓN DE LA GALLETA ...........................................38
3.9.- METODOLOGÍA PARA LA TOMA DE DATOS .................................................. 41
3.10. ANÁLISIS ORGANOLÉPTICOS. .........................................................................43
ANÁLISIS BROMATOLÓGICOS:..................................................................................44
DETERMINACIÓN DE PROTEÍNAS (MÉTODO INEN 465): ....................................44
DETERMINACIÓN DE GRASAS (MÉTODO AOAC17°TH): .....................................46
Procedimiento. .................................................................................................................47
DETERMINACIÓN DE CENIZAS (MÉTODO AOAC 938.08): ..................................47
DETERMINACIÓN DE HUMEDAD (MÉTODO AOAC 934.01): ...............................48
DETERMINACIÓN DE CARBOHIDRATOS.- ..............................................................51
DETERMINACIÓN DE CALORÍAS.- ............................................................................51
ANÁLISIS MICROBIOLÓGICOS...................................................................................52
DETERMINACIÓN DE AEROBIOS MESÓFILOS; MOHOS Y LEVADURAS
(AOAC 997.02): ...............................................................................................................52
ANÁLISIS FÍSICO ± QUÍMICOS ...................................................................................54
9,,,
DETERMINACIÓN DE ACIDEZ.- (MÉTODO VOLUMETRICO) ...............................54
DETERMINACIÓN DE PH (MÉTODO INEN 181): .....................................................55
CAPITULO IV
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ..............................................................................................56
4.6.- DISCUSIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS. ..................................................... 69
CAPÍTULO V
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES ................................................... 70
BIBLIOGRAFÍAS ............................................................................................. 72
ANEXOS .......................................................................................................... 77
...........................................................................................................................................79
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y comprobación en resultados estadísticos en cuantos parámetros de
color, olor, sabor y textura fue aceptable en referencias a otros tipos de
galletas.
¾ La composición bromatológica del producto terminado obtenida del mejor

tratamiento contiene un valor de 6,76 %, cenizas 2,69 %, humedad
4,62 %, grasas 10,74%, fibras 0,08%, carbohidratos 82,92%, calorías
383,02 kcal.
¾ En cuanto a los análisis microbiológico al mejor tratamiento se determinó

que el producto no obtuvo ninguna proliferación de microorganismo al ser
realizados a los 2 días de la elaboración de la galleta tales análisis como
aerobios mesofilos, mohos y levaduras en ninguna proporción
(<1*10UFC/G), lo cual hace referencia que el producto se elaboró en
buenas condiciones y con buena buenas prácticas de manufacturas.
¾ Se estableció la valoración físico-químico, mediante la determinación de

análisis tales como ph (potencial de hidrogeno) que se obtuvo como
resultado 6,85 %, la determinación de acidez con un resultado de 0,16 %.
¾ Una vez realizado el estudio económico al mejor tratamiento T6 (A2B2),

(25% de harina de quinua, 50% de harina de plátano, 25% de harina de
avena y 32% de azúcar), en presentación de 250 gr con un costo de
$ 1.52 en 30 galletas un valor de $ 0.05 ctv., cada una concluyendo así
con la galleta elaborada tiene un valor competitivo con las galletas que se
encuentran en el mercado.

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esterilizados ya que estos nos podrían alteran el producto a la hora de la
realización de todos los análisis.
¾ En base a la catacion de los jueces, se recomienda elevar el porcentaje

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¾ Al momento del horneado de las galletas colocar papel de aluminio en

las pailas y mantener a 180ºC para tener una buena consistencia y
textura del producto terminado.
¾ Empacar la galletas después de 30 minutos de reposo de haber salido

del horneo ya que al empacar caliente podría producir humedad y a su
vez alteración en el producto terminado.
¾ Se recomienda la industrialización y comercialización de esta galleta

innovadora ya que podría ser una buena opción de alimentación y
nutrición para todo el país tanto en escuelas y colegios para niños y
adultos de todas las edades.
¾ Se recomienda el uso de la galleta ganadora evaluada estadísticamente

T6 (A2B2), (25% de harina de quinua, 50% de harina de plátano, 25%
de harina de avena y 32% de azúcar), para la elaboración de productos
similares.
¾ determinar en siguientes investigaciones el tiempo de vida útil de la

galleta (25% de harina de quinua, 50% de harina de plátano, 25% de
harina de avena y 32% de azúcar) ya que en esta investigación
solamente se comprobó que la galleta a inicios de elaborada estaba libre
de proliferación de microorganismos y no su tiempo de vida útil.

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Análisis de la varianza
OLOR
Variable N R² R² Aj CV
OLOR 432 0,38 0,30 18,51
Cuadro de Análisis de la Varianza (SC tipo III)
F.V. SC gl CM F p-valor
Modelo. 82,57 46 1,79 5,07 <0,0001
TRATAMIENTO 34,17 11 3,11 8,77 <0,0001
JUECES 48,40 35 1,38 3,90 <0,0001
Error 136,41 385 0,35
Total 218,98 431
Test:Tukey Alfa=0,05 DMS=0,45960

Error: 0,3543 gl: 385
TRATAMIENTO Medias n E.E.
T6 3,92 36 0,10 A
T5 3,42 36 0,10 B
T10 3,33 36 0,10 B
T12 3,31 36 0,10 B
T11 3,31 36 0,10 B
T7 3,25 36 0,10 B
T9 3,19 36 0,10 B
T4 3,11 36 0,10 B C
T8 3,06 36 0,10 B C
T3 3,00 36 0,10 B C
T2 2,97 36 0,10 B C
T1 2,72 36 0,10 C
Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05)
COLOR
COLOR 432 0,50 0,44 17,01
Modelo. 110,28 46 2,40 8,26 <0,0001
TRATAMIENTO 32,28 11 2,93 10,11 <0,0001
JUECES 78,00 35 2,23 7,68 <0,0001
Error 111,72 385 0,29
Total 222,00 431

Error: 0,2902 gl: 385

T6 3,83 36 0,09 A
T10 3,44 36 0,09 A B
T11 3,36 36 0,09 B C
T5 3,19 36 0,09 B C
T7 3,17 36 0,09 B C
T12 3,14 36 0,09 B C
T3 3,08 36 0,09 B C
T4 3,06 36 0,09 B C D
T8 3,03 36 0,09 C D
T9 3,03 36 0,09 C D
T2 3,00 36 0,09 C D
T1 2,67 36 0,09 D
SABOR
SABOR 432 0,48 0,42 20,40

Modelo. 144,83 46 3,15 7,88 <0,0001
TRATAMIENTO 103,69 11 9,43 23,58 <0,0001
JUECES 41,14 35 1,18 2,94 <0,0001
Error 153,89 385 0,40
Total 298,72 431

Error: 0,3997 gl: 385
T6 4,19 36 0,11 A
T5 3,50 36 0,11 B
T11 3,36 36 0,11 B C
T12 3,28 36 0,11 B C D
T10 3,19 36 0,11 B C D E
T4 3,11 36 0,11 B C D E
T7 3,08 36 0,11 B C D E
T8 3,00 36 0,11 C D E
T9 2,89 36 0,11 C D E
T2 2,81 36 0,11 D E
T3 2,75 36 0,11 E
T1 2,03 36 0,11 F
TEXTURA
TEXTURA 432 0,39 0,32 20,36

Modelo. 97,98 46 2,13 5,42 <0,0001
TRATAMIENTO 53,66 11 4,88 12,41 <0,0001
JUECES 44,32 35 1,27 3,22 <0,0001

Error 151,34 385 0,39
Total 249,32 431

Error: 0,3931 gl: 385

T6 3,92 36 0,10 A
T12 3,39 36 0,10 B
T11 3,33 36 0,10 B C
T5 3,28 36 0,10 B C
T7 3,08 36 0,10 B C D
T10 3,06 36 0,10 B C D
T3 3,06 36 0,10 B C D
T8 2,97 36 0,10 B C D
T4 2,86 36 0,10 C D
T2 2,78 36 0,10 D
T1 2,61 36 0,10 D
T9 2,61 36 0,10 D

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UNIVERSIDAD LAICA ELOY ALFARO DE MANABÍ

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS

TESIS PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE

MANTA ± MANABÍ ± ECUADOR

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