K
  EERRMMJJA
A ^^O OMMJJGGEEHHK

JODTG
JODT G @M TMIJKR
TMIJKR @MJ HOP
HOP @M OEOBOG
OEOB OG
JK SORPK @MR@M MJ JÁAOPM BTÏ@OPGR
]ek oetrg`ubboòe k Bydmrpueh Tm`kbboòe y `osmûg> Aohm Vge`saotl, Bkrtgirkcák> Aktt Crkebmjjk
;
  pëioek 4. @kvo` Kbhmrake, N. Irky, Nkams
Lutt y Bg`y Vge`saotl
Mjmametgs `m jgs akpks>  Aoblkmj H.
Puamy `m Ikamr Vroetslgp
MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK Imstoòe maprmskrokj> Josk Vge`saotl
Akqumtkboòe y `osmûg `m pëioeks> 

4
  Mebumetrk k tu m`imrueemr .
pëioek 3
Imstoòe `mj prgymbtg> Bg`y Vge`saotl
y Aohm Vge`saotl
N. Irky, Nkym Hgvkbl y Bg`y
Vge`saotl
@ormbboòe krtástobk> Nkym Hgvkbl Bgrrmbboòe y m`oboòe> @kvo`
Vgrtk`ks> Kesmja ^omjgehk
Kbhmrake, N. Irky, Nkams Lutt,
SO@K VKRK@K Bg`y Vge`saotl, Josk Vge`saotl,

2
2
Ojustrkbogems> T. Dkig, Emoj Aohm Vge`saotl y Nmssobk Tgss
Bòag `kr vo`k k tu pmrsgeknm. Drkequoelg, Kjmxke`mr @u`kr,
Ksmsgrák `m prg`ubtgs> Krge Pkrdubh
pëioek ;0 Lïjog Crkzâg, Akhsya Lkrklujoe,
K`roke Akrb, M``om Ame`gzk, Vrumdks `m numig> jgs aojms `m
Keimjoek Rtrgikegvk, Rmdstoke nuik`grms `m Bydmrpueh k jg jkrig
AMPMT JG B_DMT ME MJ V]EH Rzay` y Kesmja ^omjgehk `m jgs kûgs. ¡Irkboks k tg`gs!

0
0 Pg`g sgdrm bodmrmquopg.
pëioek ;< BTÏ@OPGR M@OBOÒE BKRPMJJKEG
MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK Prk`ubboòe> Rketo Iúmjj Akqumtkboòe> Skemssk Ikrbák

=
= Bòag nuikr kj numig.
pëioek 42
M`oboòe> Mvk So`kj @ormbboòe M`otgrokj> Osakmj `m Cmjopm,
Nuke Maojog Lmrrkez, Ngsï Akeumj
Bgrrmbboòe> Akemj Cmreëe`mz
Vkjkbogs
Tmvosoòe> Osakmj `m Cmjopm, Ngsï
EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG Akeumj Vkjkbogs

3
3 Bòag bgembtkr tu bmrmdrg kj bodmrmspkbog.
pëioek 4? @m`obk`g k jk imetm mxtrkgr`oekrok
mxtrkgr`oekrok
`m T. Pkjsgroke Ikams, `mj pksk`g
DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM
y `mj prmsmetm.
9
9 [uï lkbmr buke`g mstkjjk uek pmjmk.
pëioek 29 Nuetgs brmkags mj cuturg.

BT2666 ¹¹ ORDE> ?9<-<0-;=932-34-< ¹¹ @.J.> I] 0=-4646

Bgpyroilt © 46;? `m T. Pkjs
Pkjsgroke
groke Ikams, Oeb., Bydmrpueh ms uek akrbk rmiostrk`k `m
B@ Vrgnmbt Tm` R. K. Pg`
Pg`gs
gs jgs `mrmblgs rmsmrvk`gs dkng jk Bgevmeboòe ]eovmrskj sgdrm
@mrmblg `m Kutgr. Pg`ks jks sotukbogems, igdomregs y pmrsgeks `m mstk gdrk sge btoboks.
Bukjquomr soaojotu` rmprmsmetk`k soe oetmeboòe sktárobk ms purk bgoebo`mebok.
 

M
M@ @ OO M
@@ M A
AMME
E@@G
G^^K

; JK SORPK @MR@M MJ JÁAOPM

‚Eg sgy ue lgadrm g uek aëquoek.
Rgjg sgy kjig oetmram`og.
Rgy tg`g kagr, uek `oekag.
Ksá qum pujsk mj dgtòe y `ïnkam or‑.  ‒Jgvoe‟ Mvmry
Mvmry Aoeutm gc Ot
;?<0 ^gadk Metmrprosms Oeb. (KRBKV)

·KRÁ  []M []OMTMR RMT ]E B_DMTV]EH7 ·G []O^Ë RGJG []OMTMR VKTMBMTPM K ]EG7
Ketms `m qum tm jkebms `m bkdmzk kj numig, tmemags ueks buketks bgsks qum bgetkrtm.
Jg proamrg, mj egadrm. Bydmrpueh  mstë cgrak`g pgr `gs pkjkdrks> bydmr prgbm`m `mj tïraoeg bodmreïtobg, g jk ueoòe `m jk bkrem
y jk aëquoek, y pueh `m ue mstojg `m aþsobk rgbh `m proebopogs `m jgs <6 bkrkbtmrozk`g pgr jk vogjmebok, jk rmdmjoòe y jk kbboòe
sgbokj mecgbk`ks `m akemrk eolojostk. Mj tïraoeg sm pgpujkrozò me jgs `áks prmvogs kj Bgjkpsg irkboks k ue irupg `m msbrotgrms
mspmbokjozk`gs me bomebok bboòe qum uskdk mstk tmbegamzbjk. Rus gdrks prmsmetkdke uek bgadoekboòe pmrcmbtk `m rgbh, pgp,
smxg, `rgiks y jk aës kjtk tmbegjgiák, imemrkjametm oapjketk`k me kjiuek pkrtm `mj bumrpg. Jgs lïrgms Bydmrpueh  krqumtápobgs
`m jgs <6 pg`áke smr `ms`m tmbegdërdkrgs vkike`g pgr ue aue`g `mvkstk`g, lkstk robkblgems bodmreïtobgs bge bumrpgs `m
`osmûg.
Vgr supumstg, `ms`m eumstrg ojustrk`g puetg `m vostk `m jk Mrk `mj Tgng, tg`g mstg pkrmbm auy ketobuk`g. @mspuïs `m tg`g,
prgdkdjmametm lkyks kbbm`o`g k mstm krtábujg `ms`m jk dksm `m `ktgs `m tu gr`mek`gr pmrsgekj, mstïs utojozke`g ue bkdjm
oetmrckbm Hkakhurk ;? bge bgemxoòe `ormbtk k jks bjkvonks `m tu bkdmzk, sumjks bgembtkrtm k jgs mjmbtrg`gaïstobgs pkrk lkbmr
bkcï y tm ‚meblucms‑ kj Amrbm`ms pkrk bge`ubor lkstk jk tome`k `m jk msquoek. Vmrg metoïe`mjg, me ;?<9 tg`g mstg sm bgeso`mrkdk

4

`maksok`g vosogekrog. Ek`om tmeák bjkvonks, eg pg`áks jjkakr k
ek`om bge tus oapjketms, jks `rgiks `m `osmûg mrke ojmikjms y
pg`áks ke`kr pgr bkso bukjquomr bkjjm `m uek bou`k` soe jjmvkr
uek blkqumtk djoe`k`k. Eo soquomrk mxosták jk TM@. Klgrk jk
TM@ yk eg mxostm, bjkrg, pmrg pgr kqumj metgebms eg pg`áke eo
bgebmdorjk.
JK BTOROR @M ;??0
bgeKlgrk skdmags
jk brososaës y jgs jodrgs `m jk
lostgrok tm pum`mejkbgetkr
`mtkjjm `m ;??0, buke`g BMM mstkdjmboò Dgjsk
Aue`okj `m Skjgrms y jks mbgegaáks `m jgs Mstk`gs ]eo`gs y jk
]eoòe Rgvoïtobk sm bgjkpskrge.
Me kqumjjgs `áks, kadks ekbogems sm bgeso`mrkdke supmrpg-
tmeboks y eg ue pkr `m pkásms smiue`gems bge `maksok`ks kraks
qum `mspjmikdke aosojms eubjmkrms dkng mj gng voiojketm `m jk
Kimebok `m @mcmesk Murgmspkbokj. Aometrks jgs kbmjmrk`grms `m
aksks `m Pyblg mstïe `ospumstgs k jkezkr rgbks sgdrm Agsbþ y
Yksloeitge, mvotkrmags qum sm prg`uzbk jk iumrrk eubjmkr qum
tg`g mj aue`g mspmrk `ms`m ;?00. @mspuïs `m tg`g, jks rgbks
sge aës dkrktks.
JK B]KTPK I]MTTK BGTVGTKPOSK  _ JK  krtobokjms, gngs bodmreïtobgs y gtrgs rmpumstgs pkrk mj bumrpg
BKÁ@K @M EOILP BOP_
Lkbm kjiuegs kûgs, tg`g mstkdk aës g amegs rmio`g pgr jks
Bgrpgrkbogems qum, `m lmblg, yk sm lkdáke bgevmrto`g me kjig
soaojkr k igdomregs. Vmrg jumig jjmiò uek irke y cmk iumrrk
metrm `gs `m jks akygrms amikbgrpgrkbogems> Krkskhk Rmbu-
roty y Aojotmbl Kras, qum tmraoeò `m rmpmetm buke`g ueg `m jgs
dke`gs `mtgeò uek dgadk eubjmkr `m dgjsojjg me mj bmetrg `m
Eoilt Boty.
JG []M MBLKAGR @M AMEGR
K pmskr `m jgs mstrkigs bkusk`gs pgr jk iumrrk, sm pum`m or
k bukjquomr sotog bge ue pkskpgrtm, kj e ue aue`g soe crgetmrks.
Jks agem`ks qum soiume mxostome`g
mxostome`g mstëe mquojodrk`ks metrm sá y
mj murg`òjkr bgetoeþk some`g jk agem`k aue`okj. Bkso ek`om sm
qumnk `m jgs bgetrktgs bgrpgrktovgs `m pgr vo`k eo `m jk kdg-
joboòe `m jgs
soquomrk jgsmblke
soe`obktgs y, me mstgs
`m amegs. tomapgs`m`mvovor
Ms mj prmbog oemstkdojo`k`, eo
me uek sgbom-
`k` smiurk y mstkdjm, ·vmr`k`7
JK SO@K ME JK BKJJM
@mspuïs `m tg`g, pg`ráks mstkr vovome`g me jk bkjjm. ·;3
pmrsgeks me bk`k kpkrtkametg, bgapkrtome`g jgs suaoeostrgs
`m blops pkrk bgaprkr bgao`k, bge <666 kpkrtkametgs pgr
m`obog7 Eg ms jk amngr vo`k, pmrg bge pke`ojjmrgs y irkvms
prgdjmaks `m `mjoebumebok, ms aublg amngr qum mstkr vkik-
due`mke`g pgr jk bkjjm. Kj amegs jks amikurdkeozkbogems
tomeme pgjobák. Dumeg, pgjobák bgrpgrktovk, pmrg ms prmcmrodjm
k ikstkrsm mj `oemrg me ue iukr`kmspkj`ks. K`maës, jk rm`
`m bgaueobkbogems lkbm pgsodjm qum tg`gs jgs kpkrtkametgs
tmeike kbbmsg `ormbtg k PS pgr bkdjm, rk`og y kjoametkboòe
smesgrokj,
jk egblm. ksá qum somaprm lky kjig qum lkbmr mj sëdk`g pgr
·@òe`m mstëdkags7 Kl sá, qumráks smr ue bydmrpueh.
JK SORPK @MR@M MJ JÁAOPM
MJ B_DMTV]EH  MRPKDK AËR BMTBK 
@M JG []M VMERKDKE
Kjig aës `m oecgrakboòe pkrk rmmxogekr. Buke`g jgs irke-
`ms y kebokegs Akmstrgs `mj Agvoaometg mapmzkrge k oakio-
ekrsm mj iïemrg bydmrpueh, supgeáke qum jk akygrák
akygrák `m jks bgsks
sgdrm jks qum msbrodáke eg odke k subm`mr, kj amegs, eg me ue
cuturg bmrbkeg. Ek`om skdák qum jgs kjmakems gbbo`metkjms yk
mstkdke
eo qum jks`mskrrgjjke`g borbuotmrák
cumrzks kïrmks ‚griëeobk‑ckdrobkdke
egrtmkamrobkeks k ekjms `msostmaks
jgs <6,
krakametástobgs bgetrgjk`gs bge jk ametm. Jks drks ausbujkrms
soetïtobks mstkdke mapmzke`g k uskrsm pkrk bgetrgjkr pròtmsos y
auy pgbk imetm pg`ák prmvmr qum yk me jgs ?6 smrák pgsodjm jk
oapjketkboòe `m drkzgs y pomreks griëeobgs. Lkdák uegs buketgs
mxpmroametgs proaotovgs me dogoeimeomrák, bgsks bgag Crgstdke PA 
y kjiuegs topgs `m akáz, pmrg ek`k bgag jgs keoakjms prg`ubtg
`m jk oeimeomrák imeïtobk qum sm oetmetkrge utojozkr,
utojozkr, oecrubtugsk-
ametm,, pkrk tmrrkcgrakr jks bgjgeoks akrbokeks.
ametm
Jk eumvk tmbegjgiák tkr`ò ;= kûgs me kjbkezkr mj `mskrrgjjg
qum sm prm`ong me jks egvmjks. Vroamrg jgs aojotkrms bgamezkrge
k utojozkr bodmrtmbegjgiák pkrk brmkr sgj`k`gs y pojgtgs pmrcmb-
tgs. Am`oketm mstgs kvkebms tïbeobgs sm bgesoiuomrge aomadrgs
luakeg. Jk borbuotmrák griëeobk bgesoiuoò brmkr bgemxogems
`ormbtks metrm pmrsgeks
uek kvkezk`k y gr`mek`grms.
tmbegjgiák Mstg, me bgadoekboòe
`m tmjmbgaueobkbogems bge
y bgemxogems
vák sktïjotm, lozg pgsodjm qum sm mstkdjmbomrk jk dksm pkrk jk
ketoiuk TM@ aue`okj (klgrk `mstrgzk`k irkboks k jk iumrrk
y k jgs T.K.D.O.@.R.). Bge bk`k kpkroboòe `m ue eumvg kvkebm
tmbegjòiobg,, sm prg`ubák uek mspmbom `m tmbegblgqum bujturkj.
tmbegjòiobg
PMBEGBLG[]M
Pmbegblgqum> mcmbtg qum sm prg`ubm buke`g jk tmbegjgiák
supmrk jk bkpkbo`k` `m bgaprmesoòe g k`kptkboòe `m jks pmr-
sgeks. Tmpmetoekametm, jk imetm pomr`m jk rkzòe, vgjvoïe`gsm
orrkbogekj y vogjmetk. Jks ckaojoks sm rgapme, jks rmjkbogems sm
`mstruyme, tg`gs sm sometme oe`mcmesgs ketm mj ueovmrsg y, ekj -
ametm, jk sgbom`k` metmrk sm `mtomem, vábtoak `m uek psobgsos
bgjmbtovk. Msg ms jg qum klgrk jjkakags mj Bgjkpsg.
Ludg trms rmspumstks proebopkjms ketm mj tmbegblgqum. Jk irke
akygrák `m jk imetm,
akygrák imetm, bge sus vo`ks `mskrrkoik`ks y bgesuao`ks
pgr jgs kvkebms tmbegjòiobgs,
tmbegjòiobgs, sm `mtuvg y mspmrò k qum sus já`m-
rms jms `onmrke quï lkbmr k bgetoeukboòe, aometrks qum ue irupg
aës pmqumûg oetmetò bkadokr jks tgreks, cue`ke`g jk dksm `mj
agvoaometg emgju`otk me bgetrk `m jk tmbegjgiák. Jgs `maës
`mbo`omrge kcrgetkr mj cuturg y, bge jgs vomngs msbrotgs vosogekrogs
`m jgs <6 bgag iuák, mstkdjmbomrge mj agvoaometg qum klgrk
jjkakags Bydmrpueh.
DOMESMEO@G K ]E C]P]TG RGADTÁG
Auy dome, klgrk mstës prmpkrk`g.
Bgag bydmrpueh, tomems k jk tmbegjgiák kikrrk`k pgr mj bum-
jjg y soiums rmsostome`g. Eg tm `k aom`g prgdkr jg þjtoag me
amngrks `m bodmrtmbegjgiák y dogoeimeomrák. Pomems bgembtgrms
oetmrckbm me jks auûmbks, kraks me jgs drkzgs, jësmrms me jgs
gngs y prgirkaks oapjketk`gs me mj bmrmdrg. Cgraks pkrtm `mj
bgblm qum bge`ubms, `mj kmrg`oeg qum pojgtks y `m jks kraks
2
 

JK SORPK @MR@M MJ JÁAOPM

qum `ospkrks. Pm zkadujjms `m bkdmzk me sostmaks bgaputmrozk-
`gs, uske`g jk ametm pkrk krrgnkrtm k jk vmjgbo`k` `m jk juz me
jks eumvks aobrgrrm`ms, cgrtkjmzks `m `ktgs m oetmjoimeboks krto-
bokjms. Kdrms bmrrk`urks bgaputmrozk`ks bge `m`gs doòeobgs y
aorks lkbok mj cuturg bge smeto`gs gptoaozk`gs.
Rmr bydmrpueh tkadoïe ms uek kbtotu`. Sostms k jk þjtoak ag`k,
bgegbms k jk imetm prmbosk y soiums k jks aublm`uadrms kprg-
pok`ks. Vjkemks tus bráamems me jgs dkrms y bjudms aës smjmb-
tgs8 tus memaoigs sge mnïrbotgs bgrpgrktovgs, dke`ks `m bodgris
agtgrozk`gs, ksmsoegs djoe`k`gs y emtrueemrs  bgaputmrozk`gs.
Pus kraks sge tu kpjgag, mj bgegboaometg `m jk bkjjm, jks drkvk-
tks y jk postgjk oetmjoimetm Aoekao ;6 bgembtk`k k tu bk`mrk.
·Mstës jostg7 Bjkrg qum jg mstës, yk eg pum`ms mspmrkr aës.

  K
G T 
 K L G  M  M R 
 T 
 K   M  R 
 D   T 
 M    H 
] E 
 V ] 
B _
_    O 
 K \ 
 A   A 
 A ]]  A  M 
 H 
 O 
    A 
T DKIG

]EK OEPTG@]BBOÒE TËVO@K K JGR N]MIG @M TGJ @M AMRK

Ro mstm ms tu proamr numig `m rgj `m amsk, rmjënktm8 jgs numigs `m rgj eg sge tke aostmrogsgs bgag tm oakioeks. Rge sgjg uek
cgrak mstrubturk`k `m rmprmsmetkboòe btobok, bgag buke`g nuikdks k pgjobáks y jk`rgems `m eoûg. Mj eþbjmg `m mstgs numigs sge jk
`msbropboòe vmrdkj y jk ekrrkboòe `m lostgroks me jks qum jgs nuik`grms `msbrodme jg qum lkbme me juikr `m rmprmsmetkrjg.
Jk akygrák vkos k uskr mstks rmijks pkrk oetmrprmtkr k pmrsgeknms (tkadoïe bgegbo`gs bgag pmrsgeknms nuik`grms  g VN)>
pmrsgeks k jks qum kjiuome bgetrgjk y qum mxostme me mj ueovmrsg btobog `m 460=. Mstm jodrg mstë `osmûk`g pkrk `kr uek o`mk bjkrk
`m bòag pomeske y kbtþke jgs pmrsgeknms y bòag cuebogeke `metrg `m jks rmijks (vmr pëi. ;6).
]eg `m jgs pkrtobopketms ksuaorë mj pkpmj `m `ormbtgr `m numig (tkadoïe jjkak`g ërdotrg g @N)> jk pmrsgek qum prmsmetk jk
jòiobkametm, pmrsgeknms
trkak k jgs nuik`grms, sm mebkrik `m bukjquomr pmrsgeknm qum eg mstï bgetrgjk`g pgr mjjgs (jjkak`gs, jòiobkametm,
eg nuik`grms g VEN) y kpjobk y krdotrk jks rmijks. Mj @N `mdm tmemr ue bgegboaometg sòjo`g `m jks rmijks y `mj bgetmxtg btobog me
mj qum sm `mskrrgjjk mj numig. Ms jk pgsoboòe aës mxoimetm
mxoimetm me tïraoegs `m memriák m oakioekboòe, auy pkrmbo`k k jk `m `oroior uek
pmjábujk buke`g eg sm pum`me bgetrgjkr k tg`gs jgs kbtgrms, pmrg tkadoïe pum`m smr oeameskametm sktosckbtgrok.
Mj @N utojozk mj trkscge`g `mj aue`g `m numig pkrk o`mkr jks trkaks me jks qum sotþk k jgs pmrsgeknms `m jgs nuik`grms (g utojozk
kvmeturks pudjobk`ks> me mstk bknk sm oebjuyme vkroks). @msbrodm jk sotukboòe k jgs nuik`grms bgag so cumrke rmkjametm sus pmrsgek-
nms y jgs nuik`grms `msbrodme bòag rmspge`me mstgs. Jk trkak, imemrkjametm,
imemrkjametm, uym `ms`m klá, bge mj @N prmsmetke`g gdstëbujgs,
VEN y gtrgs mjmametgs me cgrak `m lostgrok, aometrks jgs nuik`grms `mbo`me bgetoeukametm jg qum lkrëe sus pmrsgeknms. _ ksá, jgs
nuik`grms y mj @N brmke uek lostgrok nuetgs.
_ metgebms, ·pkrk quï sge mstks rmijks7 Dumeg, me mj trkesbursg `m uek pkrto`k suriorëe aublks sotukbogems qum rmqumrorëe kjig
aës qum smeto`g bgaþe pkrk rmsgjvmrsm. Vgr mnmapjg,
mnmapjg, so euebk lks mstk`g me ue torgtmg,
torgtmg, pum`m smr `ocáboj nuzikr bòag subm`mráke
jks bgsks me ueg. Jks rmijks prgpgrbogeke uek akemrk `m rmsgjvmr msks sotukbogems `m uek akemrk nustk y bgesostmetm. Buke`g jk
rmsgjuboòe `m ue submsg mstï me `u`k, tork jgs `k`gs (Bydmrpueh Tm`  usk
 usk `k`gs `m `omz bkrks, `megaoek`gs `;6, y `k`gs `m smos
bkrks, `megaoek`gs `3) y mj rmsujtk`g `m jk tork`k kyu`krë k `mtmraoekr jg qum gburrm. Mj @N tgakrë mj rmsujtk`g y kpjobkrë jks
rmijks smiþe smk embmskrog pkrk jjmikr k uek bgebjusoòe.
Skjm, mstg `mdmrák `krtm uek o`mk `m jgs bgebmptgs dësobgs8 ¡klgrk soium bge mj numig!

0

NMTIK BKJJMNMTK
 Kjiuegs tïraoegs bgauems me jk Mrk `mj Tgng
Kmrg> nmrik bgaþe pkrk `megaoekr k ue kmrg`oeg, ue
vmlábujg soaojkr k ue bgblm
bgb lm oapujsk`g pgr prgpujsgrms
`m blgrrg bkekjozk`gs.
Krrkskr> pgemrsm vogjmetg8 ktkbkr k kjiuome soe rkzòe
kjiuek.
Blop> bukjquomr topg `m rmiostrg `m `ktgs, lkdotukj-
ametm bge jk cgrak `m trgbotgs `m pjëstobg.
BLGGL4 (‚blgg‑)> nmrik utojozk`k pkrk `megaoekr mj
kjbglgj qum sm utojozk bgag bgadustodjm. Jk oeamesk
akygrák `m jgs vmlábujgs `mj soijg \\O cuebogeke bge
uek cgrak kvkezk`k `m kjbglgj qum tomem uek tma-
pmrkturk `m bgadustoòe aës kjtk qum mj amtkegj.
Bluadktk (bluadk)>  nmrik emgkcrgkamrobkek pkrk
rmcmrorsm k ue kaoig g k ue aomadrg `m jk ckaojok.
Bodmremtozkrsm> oapjketkrsm tketg bodmrmquopg bgag
smk pgsodjmbgaprkr
Bgembtkrsm> ketms `m bodmrmquopg
trkspkskr mj Jáaotm.
pgr proamrk vmz.
Metrkr k cgrakr pkrtm `m ue irupg. Mebluckrsm k uek
aëquoek.
Brgak`g> cke `mj rgbh y lmkvy amtkj `mj soijg \\O. Smr
tkadoïe ‚rgbh brgaëtobg‑.
@ktk tmra> ue pumstg `m oecgrakboòe sotuk`g me jks
msquoeks `m jks bkjjms, bge pketkjjk, bgemxoòe k jk
TM@ y tmbjk`g.
@m dume rgjjg> mstkr trkequojg, bge imetm.
@grcs> nmrik pkrk `megaoekr jks me`greks soetïtobks,
ueks `rgiks `m `osmûg qum kuametke jk vmjgbo`k` `m
burkboòe, rm`ubme mj bkeskebog y prg`ubme ue mcmbtg
qum sorvm pkrk rmbupmrkr cumrzks.
@rgiks `m bgadktm> `rgiks `m `osmûg brmk`ks pkrk
amngrkr jk vmjgbo`k`, jk rmsostmebok y jgs rmmngs.
Mapgtrkr> tmemr smxg.
Mrk `mj Tgng> ue tïraoeg `m jk nmrik pkrk `megaoekr mj
pmrog`g metrm 4642 y ekjms `m jgs 26 `mj soijg \\O,
k`gptk`g pgr mj bgjgr rgng `mj bomjg, qum surioò me
tg`g mj aue`g bgag mcmbtg smbue`krog `m jk Bukrtk
Iumrrk Bgrpgrktovk.
Mxòtobg> ue luakeg dogmsbujpo`g bge mjmametgs eg
luakegs, bgag pmjknm, grmnks jkriks, bgjaojjgs, mtb.
Cokadrm> ]ek pmrsgek g bgsk aumrtk.
Iorg> lmjobòptmrg pmqumûg `m uek g `gs pjkzks, utojo-
zk`g proebopkjametm pkrk trkdkngs pgjobokjms y gpm-
rkbogems `m kskjtg bgrpgrktovks.
JK SORPK @MR@M MJ JÁAOPM
Lo`rg> nmrik pkrk `megaoekr kj bgadustodjm `m lo`rò-
imeg utojozk`g me mj soijg \\O pkrk prgpujskr ue irke
eþamrg `m vmlábujgs.
OK> oetmjoimebok krtobokj8 ue gr`mek`gr bge bgebomebok
prgpok.
Oeput> egvok.
Or k GBP> voknkr k jk òrdotk bmrbkek k jk Pomrrk. Soso-
tkr uek `m jks mstkbogems mspkbokjms oetmrogrms, pgr
mnmapjg.
Jk bkjjm> mj juikr me mj qum vovms pgr jk egblm. Jk sud-
bujturk, jg ue`mrirgue`.
Jk ckz> jk oetmrckz g oetmrckbm. Metrkr me mj bodmrmspkbog.
Aktkskegs> borunkeg mspmbokjozk`g me bodmrmquopg
ojmikj.
Emtrue> oetmrbgembtkrsm bge ue sostmak `m bodmrmspk-
bog y porktmkr sus prgirkaks y bgetrgjms. Pkadoïe
Pkadoïe sm
uskdk pkrk rmcmrorsm k rmbgrrmr jk Tm` ijgdkj lkstk
jk jjmik`k `m jk Bukrtk Iumrrk Bgrpgrktovk.
Bgrpgrktovk.
Egadrm `m iumrrk> ue kpg`g. Mj egadrm bge mj qum tm
bgegbme me jk bkjjm.
Gutput> egvog.
Vke`ojjmrg> bukjquomr aomadrg `m uek pke`ojjk metu-
soksak`g pgr mj bodmrmquopg, jk rgpk `m bumrg y jk
vogjmebok irktuotk.
Vgjáamrg `m ue `ospkrg> bukjquomr postgjk pjëstobk
dkrktk, lkdotukjametm `m ue bkjodrm `m = g 3 aa.
Vgsk`grms> pke`ojjk buygs aomadrgs k`gptke uek
aosak oakime, mstojg g dogmsbujturk.
T.K.D.O.@.R.> uek cgrak mspmbokjametm jmtkj `m lomjg
emirg qum sm mxtme`oò pgr jk ketoiuk TM@ trks jk
aumrtm `m su brmk`gr, jk jmyme`k `m jgs emtrueemrs >
Tkblm Dkrtagss.
Tgbh brgaëtobg> uek vkrom`k` `m lmkvy amtkj bkrkb-
tmrozk`k pgr su oetmesk mjmbtròeobk, rotags smebojjgs y
jmtrks vogjmetks.
Tgeoe> amrbmekrog g ksmsoeg k sumj`g. Egrakjametm sm
bgeso`mrk `m pgbk bgekezk.
Rkaurëo> ksmsoeg g amrbmekrog bgrpgrktovg,
bgrpgrktovg, bgetrktk`g
pkrk prgtmimr jks prgpom`k`ms `m jk bgrpgrkboòe g
pkrk ktkbkr gtrks bgrpgrkbogems.
Pmbjk`g> nmrik bkjjmnmrk pkrk `megaoekr ue tmraoekj
`m oetmrckbm bge tmbjks. Pkadoïe>
Pkadoïe> ue tmraoekj.
tmr aoekj.
=
 

LÏJOG CTK^ÂG

4
  MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK
Mj aue`g `m Bydmrpueh ms ue juikr vogjmetg y pmjoirgsg, jjmeg `m imetm
k jk qum jm mebketkrák krrkebkrtm jgs drkzgs y bgaïrsmjgs. Jgs bgebmptgs
trk`obogekjms `mj dome y mj akj lke so`g sustotuo`gs pgr mj aës purg gpgr-
gpgr -
tueosag> lkbmr bukjquomr bgsk pkrk sgdrmvovor.
]EK MTK E]MSK, TGNK _ KAKTIK
Mstg ms mspmbokjametm bomrtg me jk Mrk `mj Tgng, me jk qum uek dgadk ktòaobk y uek irke iumrrk metrm bgrpgrkbogems lk kbkdk`g
bge jgs pgbgs vmstoiogs `m bovojozkboòe qum smráke rmbgegbodjms pgr jk sgbom`k` kbtukj.

ROMAVTM MR VMTRGEKJ
Jk rmijk ms qum somaprm ms pmrsgekj. Jk supmrvovmebok ms pmrsgekj y mj smjjg `m mstgs tomapgs gsburgs. Vmrg mstm kspmbtg ms ue
pgbg aës kapjog> proamrg tm prmgbupks pgr tus kaoigs, tu mquopg, tu ckaojok g tu bjke. Ro k`maës pum`ms lkbmr mj dome, mstupme`g,
pmrg eg bumetms bge tmemr kpgyg.
Jgs pmrsgeknms `m Bydmrpueh sge jgs supmrvovometms `m ue aue`g `urg y `mspok`k`g, mecrmetk`gs k `okrog bge mjmbbogems `m jks
qum `mpme`m jk vo`k g jk aumrtm. Rmiþe jg qum mjonke, tmraoekrëe vkike`g bgag keoakjms skjvknms me ue aue`g me ruoeks g pg`rëe
bgesmrvkr pkrtm `m su luakeo`k`. Rge jgs lïrgms `m uek akjk ïpgbk yy,, somaprm qum pum`ke, vke k trkdknkr pkrk qum jk sotukboòe
amngrm (g kj amegs lkbmrjk aës sgpgrtkdjm), oebjusg so msg soieobk bgamtmr bráamems, `mskkr k jks kutgro`k`ms g kpgykr uek
rmvgjuboòe. Jk quoetkmsmebok `mj pmrsgeknm `m Bydmrpueh ms smr ue rmdmj`m bge bkusk.

3
 

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK

eumvk postgjk oetmjoimetm L&H k amegs qum ckeckrrgemms bgag

 V  T
T M
M 
     K
L   K
P
P 
R      M J  so supomrks uskrjk y ksmiurms qum sgjg embmsotks uek mxbusk

M  R 
S M  M A 
 O M A 
G   
pkrk lkbmrjg. Euebk brubms uek lkdotkboòe ke`ke`g so pum`ms

R
R    J
M    R
R 
M  P
  O 
P    J lkbmrjg bgrrome`g. Euebk aorms k kjiuome k amegs qum pum`ks

J Á   P 
A O 
 Á A  M . M 
P M 
uskr tu amngr aork`k ksmsoek. ]tojozk tu amngr sgerosk `m ‚sgy
akjg y tþ eg‑. Eg tm qum`ms mspmrke`g mj soiuometm trkdkng, skj

B _  M T 
D M 
_ D  ] E 
  ] 
T V  H .
  H  y vm k jgs bjudms y jgbkjms. Ksmiþrktm `m qum mstës `ge`m vk k
mapmzkr jk mstk.
_   O JS M 
_  R    E @ 
L K
T L 
M T    E 
L E 
@ 
G  L 
N G
2) Sovor me mj Jáaotm
Mj Jáaotm ms msk zgek emdujgsk `ge`m sm k`metrke jgs ku`kbms
y jgs tmamrkrogs. Me mj Jáaotm, krromsiks tu `oemrg, tu rmputkboòe g
oebjusg tu vo`k pgr kjig tke vkig bgag ue proebopog g uek irke
BGAG N]IK@GT @M B_DMTV]EH  bkusk. Bgag bydmrpueh, quomrms cgrakr pkrtm `m jk kbboòe, prg-
Bgag nuik`gr `m Bydmrpueh
Bydmrpueh,, `m to `mpme`m mebgetrkr tu vgbkr jk rmdmjoòe, mebme`mr jk jjkak. Þemtm k irke`ms bkusks
prgpok bkusk y jublkr pgr mjjk lkstk mj ekj. Mstk ms jk msme - y jublk pgr irke`ms sgjubogems. Euebk bge`uzbks `mspkbog so jg
bok `m Bydmrpueh. Jjmvkr k tu pmrsgeknm bge mj k`mbuk`g mstojg pum`ms lkbmr `mprosk. Sm somaprm me bkdmzk y jëezktm bgetrk
`m oesktosckbboòe báeobk, pmrg k jk vmz o`mkjostk. Pketg so mrms mj pmjoirg. Euebk kbtþms bge `maksok`k pru`mebok. Oetmetk jjm- jjm -
ue agtgrostk bge blkqumtk `m bumrg y ikrrks `m amtkj g ue ikr somaprm kj Jáaotm.
ngvmezumjg mquopk`g bge jg þjtoag me bodmròptobgs `m `osmûg,
vks k embmsotkr ue bomrtg pgrtm g uek akemrk bkrkbtmrástobk `m
prmsmetkrtm k to aosag. Vkrk kjbkezkr jk msmebok `mj soijg \\O,
embmsotks `gaoekr trms bgebmptgs>
TGJMR
Mj bgrkzòe `mj numig `m rgj Bydmrpueh
;)Eg
Mj oapgrtk
mstojg pgr meboak
jg dome `m jk
qum lkiks sustkebok
kjig, soeg jg dome qum pkrmbm Oebjusg trks jk irke iumrrk metrm jks amikbgrpgrkbogems,
qum jg lkbms. Ro vks k amtmr jk pktk, ksmiþrktm `m qum pkrmzbk smiuo`k pgr jk `mtgekboòe `m uek dgadk ktòaobk, mj aue`g
qum jg lkdáks pjkemk`g ksá. Egrakjametm
Egrakjametm,, jk rgpk y mj kspmbtg `m Bydmrpueh ms k jk vmz skjvknm, sgstobk`g, ag`mreg y rmtrò -
eg oapgrtke me uek kvmeturk, pmrg, me mstm aue`g, jjmvkr uek irk`g. Dmjjgs tïbeobgs k jk ag`k kbgapkûke k djoe`k`ks
blkqumtk djoe`k`k `m bumrg y ueks ikcks `m mspmng ms kjig iumrrmrks `m jk bkrrmtmrk y cgrake pkrtm `mj msbmekrog `m jks
qum sm tomem me bumetk. `osbgtmbks aës bgegbo`ks, jgs tuiurogs aës sgadrágs y jks bkjjms
aës pmjoirgsks k mstm jk`g `mj pgstlgjgbkustg.
pgstlgjgbkustg.
4) Jk kbtotu` jg ms tg`g
Ms bomrtg. Ro pomesks `m akemrk pmjoirgsk, mrms pmjoirgsg8 so JGR TGJMR
pomesks bgag ue `ïdoj, mrms `ïdoj. Tmbumr`k qum me mj soijg \\O
tg`g mj aue`g jjmvk krakametg jmtkj. Bk`k pmrsgeknm oetmr- Me Bydmrpueh Tm`   lky eumvm rgjms> rgbhmrgs, amrbmekrogs,
prmtk ue pkpmj, uek ckblk`k qum msk pmrsgek prgymbtk lkbok emtrueemrs , mnmbutovgs, tïbeobgs, pgjobáks, krrmijk`grms, pmrog`os-
mj aue`g mxtmrogr bgag so cumrk rmkj. Eg sm oaprmsogekrëe bge tu tks y eòak`ks.

 J KR 
 KR   T  T 
 M II 
 J  KR 
KR >>  
 )   J 
 J
;   M 
M   
 M 
M  R
R  P
P  JG 
 J
 O 
  G     D 
G
G 
R    T   J
 
 M   
 K
J K   R ]
]  R
R 
   K
P
P 
    E  B K
B   .
 O 
 K  KB 
 )   JJ K 
 4  KB P   P 
P O  ] @ 
P ]  JG   M 
    JG  R P G 
M R  G . 
  G 
G @ 
 )  S 
2      M 
 T 
S O 
 O S  M   J
 E   M 
M    A 
 J   JJ Á    .
P M 
Á  O P 
0  T G 
 )   T   M   JJ KR 
  V 
G A   M I 
 KR   T 
T  KR 
I J  KR   .
 V 
 O 
 T   T  KB 
 M 
 V   K  H 
NN   B 

9
 

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK

TGBHMTGR
Tmdmj`ms `mj rgbh ke` rgjj qum uske jk oetmrprmtk-
boòe y jk rmtòrobk pkrk jublkr bgetrk jk kutgro`k`.

AMTBMEKTOGR
Ksmsoegs, iukr`kmspkj`ks, aktgems y sgj`k`gs `m
kjquojmr me ue eumvg aue`g
a ue`g soe jmyms.

EMPT]EEMTR
Vorktks oecgraëtobgs bodmreïtobgs `mj aue`g pgs-
tmrogr k jk TM@ y jk`rgems `m smbrmtgs bkpkbms `m
crmár bmrmdrgs.

PÏBEOBGR
Ambëeobgs y `gbtgrms rmemik`gs, oiukj `m bkpkbo-
tk`gs pkrk rmpkrkr jk bkrem qum mj amtkj.

VMTOG@ORPKR
Tmpgrtmrgs, mstrmjjks am`oëtobks m oeumebmrs sgbok-
jms qum jg krromsike tg`g pgr bgesmiuor jk vmr`k`.
Mstm rgj mstkrë `ospgeodjm me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh Tm` .

VGJOBÁKR
Kutgro`k`ms aëxoaks qum pktrujjke jks `urks
bkjjms y prgtmime jks kutgpostks `m jgs iumrrmrgs `m
jk bkrrmtmrk.
Mstm rgj mstkrë `ospgeodjm me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh Tm` .

MNMB]POSGR
Kimetms `mj pg`mr bgrpgrktovg y bkzk`grms `m
emigbogs qum jublke pgr rmstkurkr mj `gaoeog `m jks
amikbgrpgrkbogems.
Mstm rgj mstkrë `ospgeodjm me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh Tm` .

KTTMIJK@GTMR
Emigboketms, grikeozk`grms, bgetrkdke`ostks y
trkbketms `m oecgrakboòe `m jks bkjjms `m jk pgs-
iumrrk `mj cuturg.

EÒAK@KR
Mxpmrtgs `mj trkespgrtm y jgs iumrrmrgs `m jk
KJM\KE@MT @]@KT
bkrrmtmrk `meotovgs.

<
 

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK

¡MEB]MEPTK K P] M@IMT]EEMT!
Vkrk nuikr k Bydmrpueh Tm`   embmsotkrës
embmsotkrës ue pmrsgeknm. Mjoim uek `m jks lgnks oebjuo`ks me mj Hot `m Oeobog. Jk soiuometm oecgrakboòe
tm mesmûkrë k jmmrjk. Bukjquomr pkrtm akrbk`k bge ue `okaketm rgng rgng   soieobk qum tomems qum `m`obkr kjig aës `m tomapg pkrk
pmrsgekjozkr mj pmrsgeknm y lkbmrjg tuyg.

Oecgrakboòe dësobk Bkrkbtmrástobks

; Egadrm `mj pmrsgeknm, rgj y rmtrktg.

Vuetgs `m `kûg 4 jk Pus bkrkbtmrástobks,
pëi. ;6. @ospgemsbuyk `msbropboòe
`m smos bgenuetgssm`ostoetgs.
mebumetrk
ue bgenuetg g tork ;`3 pkrk `mbo`or kjmktgrokametm jks
me
Mjoim

Kquá ms `ge`m rmiostrks mj `kûg qum sucrm tu pmr- bkrkbtmrástobks `m tu pmrsgeknm.

2 sgeknm. Vkrk `meor tus puetgs `m `kûg oeobokjms y mj
Lkdojo`k`ms
vkjgr `m jk tork`k `m skjvkboòe bgetrk aumrtm, bge-
sujtk jk tkdjk `m jk pëi. ;;.
0 Pus lkdojo`k`ms, qum sm `msbrodme me jk pëi. ;4.
Djoe`knm Kraks
= Pg`gs jgs pmrsgeknms mapomzke k nuikr bge ue djoe-
`knm qum jms prgtmim `mj `kûg. Smr pëi. 0; pkrk aës
3 Jks kraks `m tu pmrsgeknm. Kjiueks smrëe `m akeg
y gtrks mstkrëe bodmreïtobkametm oapjketk`ks. Smr
oecgrakboòe. pëi. 2<.
Bodmrmquopg
]ek jostk `mj bodmrmquopg Cgrty, rgbhmrk
POTK@K OE P TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
qum tomem oestkjk`g tu pmr-

9 ;
; = < = 0 ? < 3 3 ;
;6
6 3
sgeknm me su bumrpg y jks
4
4 = ;6 3 2 ? ;6 3 3 ;6 0
rmijks sgdrm bòag uskrjg me 2 3 ;6 = 2 ? ;6 9 = < =
mj numig. Smr pëi. ;< pkrk 0 3 ? = 3 ? ? = 3 < 0
aës oecgrakboòe. = = ;6 3 2 ;6 ;6 3 3 < 0
3 3 ;6 9 0 < ;6 = 9 ? =
Mquopg

<
Gdnmtgs oapgrtketms bge
jgs qum mapomzk tu pmrsg-
2 V ]E
]E PPG
G R @ M @KÛ
KÛG
G I TK
TKSM
SMA
A MME
E PM
PM LM
LMT
T O@
O@K R KJ
KJSKB OÒ
OÒ E B GE
GEP T
TK
K A]
]MM T
TPP M

eknm me mj numig. Eg oebjuym

jks kraks y mj djoe`knm. Hmvjkr
=
Krak bumrpg k bumrpg Ktjmtosag Bgebmetrkboòe
     R (@MR) +2 (@MR) +2 (SGJ) +0
     M KTAK@]TK Djoe`knm bk
bkdmzk 9
     @
So`k pksk`k Bujturk Mvksoòe Mxpmrtg jgbkj

Oecgrakboòe sgdrm jk los- 0      K

     @
     O
     J
     O
     D
     K
(OEP) +4
Vmjmk
(@MR) +4
(@MR) +=
Vmrbmpboòe
(OEP) +2
(OEP) +=
Vmrbmpboòe luakek
(MAV) +=
Djoe`knm bumrpg 9

tgrok, jk pmrsgekjo`k` y jks

? amtks `m tu pmrsgeknm. Sm k
jk pëi. ;0 y mjoim g tork kj
     L Vmrsuksoòe
(CTO) +3
Vuetmrák
(TMC) +0
Pgbkr oestruametg
(MAV) +3
KTAKR
EGADTM
Prgbmk`grms
@KÛG
4`3 3
V os
ost g
gjj k a uy
uy pm sk
sk `k
`k 0 `3
`3
kzkr me bk`k bktmigrák `m
tu vo`k pksk`k. PTKRCGE@G
BODMTM[]OVG M[]OVG
AGPOSKBOÒE
Tmbumr`k, mj pmrsgeknm
ms bgapjmtkametm tuyg
tuyg..
Bodmrku`og
Kimetm
AMPKR (msbublk kapjocbk`k)
kapjocbk`k)
]ek aëquoek `m dgjsojjg
Kûk`m +; k bukjquomr
bge cuebogems `m gr`m-
Vum`ms bkadokrjm mj tork`k `m tkrmk rmjkbog-
ek`k bge mj sgeo`g.
ek`gr y `m tmjïcgeg.

egadrm, mj smxg g jk ? KAOIGR

kpkromebok pkrk qum sm MEMAOIGR 9 Prgbmk`grms

<
k`kptm k jg qum `msmks. ]e bkdjm agegcjkametg
bgjgbk`g me ue `m`g. Iuotkrrk
TGAKEBM Bgrtk bukjquomr aktmrokj Mj oestruametg prmcmro`g
griëeobg g pjëstobg. `m Cgrty y su pgsmsoòe
¡Rï mj m`imrueemr  qum
 qum Vum`m uskrsm bgag lojg
mstrkeiujk`gr, bgrtk`gr
aës prmbok`k.

g jëtoig rmdkek`gr
rmdkek`gr..
quomrms pkrk rmbgrrmr jks VMTRGEKJO@K@

bkjjms `m Eoilt Boty!

?

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK
TMIJKR @M OEOBOG
·[]Ï MR ]E VMTRGEKNM7
]e pmrsgeknm nuik`gr ms ue pkpmj qum oetmrprmtks me mj numig
oecgrakj m oaprgvosk`g qum bgestotuym jk smsoòe `m ue numig `m
rgj. Vgr mnmapjg, so tu irupg `m rgj mstuvomrk msbmeobke`g uek
rmbrmkboòe `m jk pmjábujk Bkskdjkebk, Tobh Djkoem smrák ueg `m jgs
pmrsgeknms. Kj oiukj qum Luaplrmy
Luaplrmy Dgikrt, jk pmrsgek qum oetmr-
prmtk k Tobh me mstk kvmeturk, trktkrák `m rmprmsmetkr jg qum ïj
pomesk qum mj pmrsgeknm lkrák me bk`k msbmek `m jk ‚pmjábujk‑.
Vmrg, quï oapo`m qum ue nuik`gr `oik> ‚¡kl! buke`g mj gbokj
ekzo jm kbgrrkjk me mj kmrgpumrtg,
kmrgpumrtg, Tobh utojozk su vosoòe `m rkygs
`m cumig pkrk `mrrmtor mj krak `m Lmrr Rtrkssmr‑. Klá ms `ge`m
metrke jks rmijks. Vkrk ksmiurkrsm `m qum tg`gs oetmrprmtke
k sus pmrsgeknms `m akemrk nustk y bgevoebmetm, mj @N utojozk
uek smrom `m pkutks mstrubturk`ks (bgag jks `m mstm jodrg) pkrk
`mborjms k jgs nuik`grms jg qum ms g eg pgsodjm `metrg `m jgs
bgeems `mj aue`g. _ pkrk mstkdjmbmr `ormbtrobms sgdrm jg qum
ms pgsodjm pkrk ue pmrsgeknm me pkrtobujkr, jgs @N bgaomezke bge
uek pg`mrgsk lmrrkaometk> jks bkrkbtmrástobks.
·[]Ï RGE JKR BKTKBPMTÁRPOBKR7
Jks bkrkbtmrástobks sge vkjgrms euaïrobgs qum `msbrodme jks
bkpkbo`k`ms `m ue pmrsgeknm me bgapkrkboòe bge tg`g jg `maës
me mj ueovmrsg. Pg`ks
Pg`ks jks pmrsgeks y brokturks pum`me `msbrodorsm
(g rmprmsmetkrsm) uske`g bkrkbtmrástobks. Mstg kyu`k k bgapkrkr
jks kptotu`ms `m jgs pmrsgeknms qum, k ameu`g, sge oapgrtketms
me mj numig. Vgr mnmapjg, uek pmrsgek bge uek bkrkbtmrástobk `m
= pum`m smr amngr qum uek pmrsgek bge uek bkrkbtmrástobk `m 0,
pmrg eg tke dumek bgag uek pmrsgek bge uek bkrkbtmrástobk `m
3. Jks bkrkbtmrástobks sumjme tmemr ue rkeig `m ; k ;6.
Me uek bkapkûk `m Bydmrpueh Tm` , jgs pmr-
sgeknms tomeme `omz bkrkbtmrástobks proak-
roks, `ospumstks me buktrg irupgs.
Irupg ametkj
Oetmjoimebok
ametm, mstg(OEP)> jg drojjketm
ms aës qum purk qumoetmjoimebok>
mrms me imemrkj. Lkdotukj-
tkadoïe oebjuym
mj oeimeog, jk ktmeboòe, jk pmrbmpboòe y jk bkpkbo`k` `m
kprme`mr.
Sgjuetk` (SGJ)>  tu `mtmraoekboòe y bkpkbo`k` pkrk lkbmr
crmetm kj pmjoirg y/g kj mstrïs. Mstk bkrkbtmrástobk tkadoïe
rmprmsmetk mj vkjgr y jk kptotu` pkrk sgdrmvovor k jks provk-
bogems k jkrig pjkzg.
Crokj`k` (CTO)> tu bkpkbo`k` `m oaprmsogekr m oeumebokr k jk
imetm k trkvïs `mj bkrëbtmr y mj bkrosak8 jg dome qum tm jjmvks
bge jgs `maës8 bòag oetmrkbtþks me sotukbogems sgbokjms.
Mapkták (MAV)>  tu ckbojo`k` pkrk rmjkbogekrtm bge jk imetm,
buo`kr k jgs `maës y tgakrjgs me bgeso`mrkboòe. Ms auy
oapgrtketm, yk qum bgapmesk jgs mcmbtgs `m jk bodmrpsobgsos,
uek mecmram`k` ametkj bgaþe me mj cuturg sgadrág y auy
pmjoirgsk.
;6
Irupg `m bgadktm
Pïbeobk (PMB)> tu kptotu` pkrk akeopujkr lmrrkaometks g oestru-
ametgs. Eg ms jg aosag qum jgs Tmmngs, yk qum mstk lkdojo -
`k` budrm mj usg `m lmrrkaometks.
lmrrkaometks. ]e pmrsgeknm pg`rák tmemr
Pïbeobk kjtk, pmrg eg smr bkpkz `m prkbtobkr msiroak g lkbmr
akjkdkrms. Vgr su jk`g, gtrg pg`rák tmemr Tmmngs kjtgs, pmrg
eg smr bkpkz `m bkadokr mj bkdjmk`g `m ue gr`mek`gr g
pumetmkr ue bgblm.
Tmmngs (TMC)>  tu
tomapg `m rmspumstk y tu bggr`oekboòe8 sm
mapjmk pkrk kpuetkr, jkezkr gdnmtgs, lkbmr akjkdkrms, mtb.
]e akig prgcmsogekj, pgr mnmapjg, tme`rák uek bkrkbtmrástobk
`m Tmmngs kjtk. Jg aës oapgrtketm ms qum mstk bkrkbtmrástobk
kcmbtk k tu lkdojo`k` pkrk `kr me mj djkebg.
Irupg `m cgrtuek
Rumrtm (R]M)>  rmprmsmetk bòag tm trktke jgs `ogsms `mj kzkr.
Ro tomems subometm Rumrtm, pum`ms oebjoekr jk dkjkezk `m uek
sotukboòe bgapjobk`k k tu ckvgr
ckvgr.. Me tïraoegs `m numig, pum`ms
kpjobkr puetgs `m mstk bkrkbtmrástobk k jks tork`ks pkrk bga-
pmeskrjks k tu ckvgr. Mstk rmsmrvk `m puetgs sm vk vkboke`g y
sm rmbupmrk kj proebopog `m jk soiuometm smsoòe.
Irupg cásobg
Popg bgrpgrkj (PBG)>
pmrakembmr vovg y  tu tkakûg,irkboks
bgesbometm rmsostmebok y bkpkbo`k`
kj vgjuame pkrk
bgrpgrkj,
bgrpgrkj, jk
amrk prm`ospgsoboòe, jk bgestotuboòe cásobk u gtrks bukjo`k`ms.
Mstk bkrkbtmrástobk `mtmraoek buëetg `kûg pum`ms sgpgrtkr.
@mstrmzk (@MR)>  tu bgapmtmebok cásobk imemrkj me jg qum sm
rmmrm kj mquojodrog, jgs skjtgs, mj bgadktm y gtrks kbtovo`k`ms
ktjïtobks. ]ek ioaekstk prgcmsogekj tme`rë uek @mstrmzk auy
kyu--
kjtk. Jg aës oapgrtketm ms qum mstk bkrkbtmrástobk pum`m kyu
`kr k ue pmrsgeknm k mvotkr smr igjpmk`g.
Agvoaometg (AGS)> tu vmjgbo`k` `m agvoaometg k jk lgrk `m
bgrrmr, skjtkr, ek`kr, mtb.
·BÒAG @MPMTAOEKR P]R BKTKBPMTÁRPOBKR7
Me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh Tm`   sm prmsmetke trms
aïtg`gs pkrk imemrkr tus bkrkbtmrástobks.
Tktk bkjjmnmrk (pjketojjks)
Jks pjketojjks sge jk cgrak aës rëpo`k `m brmkr ue pmrsgeknm
`m Bydmrpueh. Rm trktk `m msqumaks `m pmrsgeknms prmim-
emrk`gs me jgs qum sm prgpgrbogeke bocrks imemrk`ks pgr mj
gr`mek`gr,, nuetg bge jks lkdojo`k`ms y mj mquopg pkrk msm topg
gr`mek`gr
`m pmrsgeknm. Jks pjketojjks sge uek dumek cgrak `m mapmzkr
pkrk ue nuik`gr egvktg, yk qum sus mstk`ástobks sm mquojodrke
kutgaëtobkametm y brmke ue pmrsgeknm òptoag pkrk mj pkpmj
qum `msmk nuikr bge sgjg ueks pgbks gpbogems qum msbgimr.
Mstk ms jk gpboòe qum uskags me mstm Hot `m
 Oeobog, pgrqum ms rëpo`k, soapjm y, jg amngr
`m tg`g, lkbm bkso oapgsodjm imemrkr ue
akj pmrsgeknm.
 

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK

M`imrueemr (rëpo`g y subog) puetgs `m `kûg kjbkezke bomrtgs uadrkjms, sm kpjobke pmekjo-
Kpkrmbmrë `mtkjjk`g me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh zkbogems qum rmprmsmetke mj `kûg kbuaujktovg qum lkbm qum
Tm` . Jgs pmrsgeknms rëpo`gs y subogs sm brmke torke`g `k`gs y mj pmrsgeknm smk cásobkametm aës jmetg y mstï ametkjametm aës
bgaprgdke`g mj rmsujtk`g me uek smrom `m tkdjks. Mstm sostmak bgecusg. Buke`g jjmik k bmrg puetgs `m `kûg, metrk me mstk`g
tomem aës mxodojo`k` qum mj aïtg`g `m pjketojjks, pmrg amegs `m aumrtm. Vrgcue`ozkrmags aës sgdrm jgs uadrkjms `m jks lmro-
gpbogems y prmbosoòe qum mj aïtg`g `m brmkboòe pgr puetgs. Ms `ks, jks pmekjozkbogems y mj mstk`g `m aumrtm me jk smbboòe `m
ue dume sostmak pkrk uskr buke`g tomems ueks buketks pkrto- bgadktm.
`ks me tu lkdmr y rmkjametm quomrms kapjokr tus gpbogems, g
Vgr mj agametg, pum`ms bgesujtkr jk tkdjk soiuometm pkrk vmr
buke`g bgegbms
lkbome`g mj sostmak, pmrg eg quomrms pkskr aublg tomapg
bëjbujgs. bge buëetgs puetgs `m `kûg bgaomezk tu pmrsgeknm, `òe`m mstë
su uadrkj `m lmro`k irkvm y buëj ms su skjvkboòe bgetrk aumrtm.
Mj pkqumtm bgapjmtg (brmkboòe pgr puetgs)
Popg Vuetgs `m ]adrkj `m Rkjvkboòe
Pkadoïe kpkrmbmrë me jks rmijks dësobks. Mstm aïtg`g tm pmr- bgrpgrkj `kûg oeobokjms lmro`k irkvm bgetrk aumrtm
aotm bgestruor mj pmrsgeknm `ms`m bmrg, utojozke`g uek rmsmrvk
`m ‚puetgs `m pmrsgeknm‑ pkrk ‚bgaprkr‑ jks bkrkbtmrástobks, 4 ;6 = 4
jks lkdojo`k`ms, mj mquopg y mj rmstg `m vkrokdjms `mj pmrsgeknm. 2 ;= < 2
Kuequm ms mj aïtg`g aës mxodjm, tkadoïe ms mj qum bgesuam 0 46 ;6 0
aës tomapg y eg sm rmbgaome`k pkrk nuik`grms proebopoketms.
= 4= ;2 =
K BGEPOE]KBOÒE> V]EPGR @M @KÛG 3 26 ;= 3
Pg`gs jgs pmrsgeknms `m uek bkapkûk `m Bydmrpueh Tm`  tom-
  tom- 9 2= ;< 9
eme uek bkrkbtmrástobk `mrovk`k bgegbo`k bgag puetgs `m `kûg < 06 46 <
(V@). Jgs puetgs `m `kûg rmprmsmetke jk vgjuetk` `m vovor `mj ? 0= 42 ?
pmrsgeknm y su bge`oboòe
cumetms mxtmreks, jg rmstkcásobk.
`m susK puetgs
am`o`k`mqum rmbodm
`kûg. `kûg jgs
Buke`g `m ;6 =6 4= ;6

M@@OM AME@G^K

;;
 

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK

LKDOJO@K@MR
Jks lkdojo`k`ms sge bgsks qum mj pmrsgeknm skdm g pum`m
lkbmr8 rmprmsmetke su eovmj `m bgegboaometg y `msmapmûg. Lky
eumvm bktmigráks dësobks `m lkdojo`k`ms>
Lkdojo`k`ms `m jublk>  jk bkpkbo`k` `m jublkr me bgadktm
bumrpg k bumrpg, g bge ue krak bumrpg k bumrpg.
Lkdojo`k`ms `m kraks k `ostkebok>   lkdojo`k`ms pkrk uskr
kraks `m jkrig kjbkebm, bgag uek postgjk g ue krbg.
Lkdojo`k`ms `m ktmeboòe> jk pmrbmpboòe `mj metgreg, jk bkpkbo-
`k` pkrk mebgetrkr postks, mtb.
Lkdojo`k`ms `m bgetrgj>  mj usg `m lkdojo`k`ms pkrk bge`ubor
vmlábujgs g agetkr keoakjms.
Lkdojo`k`ms bgrpgrkjms>  mj usg `m lkdojo`k`ms qum oapjobke
tkrmks cásobks, prgmzks `m cumrzk, rmsostmebok y gtrgs ktrodutgs
cásobgs.
Lkdojo`k`ms sgbokjms>  jks kptotu`ms pkrk oetmirkrtm, mvotkr
mrrgrms sgbokjms y agstrkr mstojg y irkbok. Pkadoïe oebjuym jk
bkpkbo`k` `m bgevmebmr k jgs `maës k trkvïs `m tu mebketg
pmrsgekj.
Lkdojo`k`ms tïbeobks> lkdojo`k`ms prgcmsogekjms bkpkbotk`ks y
kptotu`ms krtmskekjms.
Lkdojo`k`ms `m oetmrprmtkboòe> prmpkrkboòe tïbeobk me kbtuk-
boòe, aþsobk, mcmbtgs mspmbokjms, akquojjknm u gtrks krtms
msbïeobks.
Lkdojo`k`ms `m kprme`ozknm> bgegboaometgs y cgrakboòe dksk-
`gs me jk m`ubkboòe cgrakj.
Jks lkdojo`k`ms sumjme tmemr ue vkjgr metrm ; y ;6, y sm utojo-
zke me mj numig kûk`ome`g mj eovmj `m jk lkdojo`k` kj eovmj `m jk
bkrkbtmrástobk qum amngr sm k`kptm k jk sotukboòe. Jks lkdojo`k-
`ms sge bgag jks bkrkbtmrástobks> tomeme ue rkeig `m mcmbtovo`k`
qum mstë rmjkbogek`g bge su bgstm.
Lkdojo`k`ms dësobks
Jk dumek egtobok ms qum tg`gs jgs pmrsgeknms rmbodme ue bge-
nuetg `m lkdojo`k`ms oeobokjms irktuotks pkrk mapmzkr,
mapmzkr, `m ag`g
qum eg mstïe tgtkjametm oe`mcmesgs me su eumvg metgreg. Rm trktk
`m jks lkdojo`k`ms dësobks.
Jks lkdojo`k`ms dësobks bgrrmspge`me k tkrmks qum imemrkj-
ametm sge bgauems pkrk tg`g mj aue`g me bukjquomr bujturk g
ïpgbk> Vmrbmpboòe, Bgebmetrkboòe, Bujturk, Vmrsuksoòe, Ktjmtosag,
Mesmûkr,
soòe. Mj @NMxpmrtg jgbkj (bgegboaometg
jks bgebm`m irktuotkametm`mk tu zgek),
tg`gs jgs Vmjmk y Mvk-y
pmrsgeknms
tomeme ue eovmj oeobokj kutgaëtobg `m 4.
Me jgs pmrsgeknms prmimemrk`gs yk tm
prgpgrbogekags jks lkdojo`k`ms dësobks,
k`maës `m kjiueks lkdojo`k`ms qum embm-
sotkrës pkrk `msmapmûkr mj rgj qum lkyks
mjmio`g pkrk tu pmrsgeknm. K bgetoeukboòe,
mebgetrkrës jks `msbropbogems `m jks lkdojo-
`k`ms qum sm uske me mstm Hot `m Oeobog.
Lkdojo`k`ms `m jublk
Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg> mj usg `m `ocmrmetms kraks bumrpg k
bumrpg, bgag bublojjgs, pkjgs, lkblks, mspk`ks, jkezks, mtb. (@MR).
Mvksoòe> lkdojo`k` dësobk pkrk mvotkr qum kjiuome tm igjpmm.
Mstk lkdojo`k` sm usk pkrk `mcme`mrsm buke`g kjiuome tm
ktkbk uske`g jks lkdojo`k`ms Vmjmk, Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg
y Vuetmrák (@MR).
Vmjmk> lkdojo`k` dësobk pkrk jublkr bge tus akegs y gtrks pkr-
tms `mj bumrpg (@MR).
Lkdojo`k`ms `m kraks k `ostkebok
Vuetmrák> jk bkpkbo`k` pkrk uskr kraks pmrsgekjms `m prgymb-
tojms> postgjks, sudcusojms, roms, krbgs, mtb. (TMC).

Lkdojo`k`ms `m ktmeboòe
 KR   K
 O  S 
R  K P G  G B  T G 
  T   T 
B K B H 
G B     Bgebmetrkboòe> jk bkpkbo`k` pkrk bmetrkrsm y tmemr bgetrgj
ametkj. Mstg oebjuym prgmzks `m amagrozkboòe, rmbgr`kr `ktgs
y mj bgetrgj sogjòiobg (SGJ).
 K E 
 @   T 
T G 
G J  JJ , 
 , P 
 O 
 M 
 E  M RR   [ ] 
] M 
   Vmrbmpboòe> jk lkdojo`k` `m gdsmrvkr, pmrbodor y `mtmbtkr bgsks

R   M 
 K D   \ 
 T   M 
M   V  T  A 
 O   T  B 
 O   K @  K  
 K gbujtks (bgag postks), y jk `m `krsm bumetk `m jks kamekzks
(OEP).

P K
 K 
G P 
I G   M  R 
    @ 
@     O 
 A 
P O 
 E P 
 M  P G 
 E P 
 M  G  Tkstrmkr> jk bkpkbo`k` `m smiuor ue rkstrg am`oketm jk gdsmr-
vkboòe `m lumjjks, akrbks, rkaks rgtks y bgsks soaojkrms (OEP).

 M  P ] 
 @  ]  O O  R 
 E  P T 
R P  ] A 
  ]  P G 
 E P 
  M    
G .
 .  Lkdojo`k`ms `m bgetrgj
Bge`ubor> bge`ubboòe `m bgblms, agtgs, vmlábujgs tg`g tmrrmeg,
bkaogems, tkequms, kmrg`msjozk`grms
kmrg`msjozk`grms y gtrgs vmlábujgs tmrrms-
M R 
_   M  G  T 
R G  T  ] O 
[ ] 
 M [   M  
  T 
 M  trms. Me imemrkj, mstk lkdojo`k` tomem qum k`quororsm pkrk uek
bjksm bgebrmtk `m vmlábujg (TMC).

 L   O 
 K D  O  K @ 
  @ 
 J O   ,  B 
 ,   D 
] A 
 L ]   .  
 K . Lkdojo`k`ms bgrpgrkjms
Ktjmtosag> lkdojo`k`ms dësobks ktjïtobks> lkbmr vgjtmrmtks, skj-
tkr, zkckrsm, jkezkr gdnmtgs, ek`kr, mtb. (@MR).
 E GG   B 
 L 
 O 
 V G L 
N G 
R 
R E 
 . __  R  O  J JS S  M  T  L  K E  @ 
  E 
Roiojg> jk bkpkbo`k` `m msbge`mrsm metrm jks sgadrks, agvmrsm me
sojmebog g mvotkr jk `mtmbboòe me sotukbogems `m bgadktm (@MR).

;4
 

MJ KJAK _ JK E]MSK AË[]OEK

Vroamrgs kuxojogs> jk bkpkbo`k` `m kpjobkr trktkaometgs aï`o-
aï`o-
bgs k uek pmrsgek lmro`k pkrk mvotkr qum aumrk
a umrk (PMB).
Lkdojo`k`ms `m oetmrprmtkboòe
Pgbkr oestruametg> jk lkdojo`k` `m tgbkr ue oestruametg y msbro-
dor aþsobk pkrk mstm (MAV).
Lkdojo`k`ms `m kprme`ozknm
Bujturk>
 bgegboaometgs
bomebok, burogso`k`ms gimemrkjms,
submsgs `mbgag aktmaëtobks,
kbtukjo`k` (OEP). lostgrok,
Mxpmrtg jgbkj> bgegboaometgs sgdrm mj metgreg y jgs oetmrmsms `m
`ostoetks ckbbogems, tketg pgjátobks bgag broaoekjms (OEP).

KVPOP]@MR @M TGJ
Me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh Tm` , bk`k rgj tme`rë su
prgpok kptotu` mspmbokj. Mstks kptotu`ms mspmbokjms rmprmsmetke
trubgs `mj gbog qum jgs rgjms kprme`me trks kûgs `m prëbtobk.
Bgag aumstrk `m bòag smrëe msks kptotu`ms, prgpgrbogekags
prgpgrbogekags jk
`mj emtrueemr> Oetmrckbm.
Oetmrckbm>  Oetmrckbm ms uek kptotu` `m rgj mspmbábkametm
joik`k k jk cueboòe `mj emtrueemr  qum jm pmraotm rmkjozkr
‚emtrues‑ y porktmkr jks euamrgsks rm`ms jgbkjms `mj aue`g `m
Bydmrpueh Tm` . Oetmrckbm gtgrik kj emtrueemr jk bkpkbo`k` `m
rmkjozkr oebursogems me jk TM@ y `mtmraoek su mcmbtovo`k`.

EMOJ DTKE[]OELG
 E   K
 M  K J I Þ 
 JI  J] I 
    J] 
Þ E    T  
I K
Lkdojo`k`ms sgbokjms
Bgevmrskboòe> mstk bkpkbo`k` tm pmraotm mxtrkmr oecgrakboòe  K_  ] 
 L   O 
 E  P  G E 
G  B G 
 V G    K 
    JJ K
`m gtrks pmrsgeks bge uek bgevmrskboòe buo`k`gsk. Mj usg `m
mstk lkdojo`k` jjmvk tomapg y, me bksg `m ckjjkr uek tork`k,
mj sunmtg sm `k bumetk `m qum mstë some`g madkubk`g pkrk P K
 O P 
 A   J   JÒ 
 J
 M 
  @   @ 
@   D ] 
JÒ    G  
] J
 JG 
gdtmemr oecgrakboòe (MAV).
Oetmrrgiktgrog> jk bkpkbo`k` `m mxtrkmr oecgrakboòe `m jks pmr-  C  G E 
 T G  P K
  P   J  [ ] 
  J  K @ G 
  A 
] M  G .  
 . 
sgeks pgr jk cumrzk. Mj pmrsgeknm skdm bòag mvotkr `mnkr akr-
bks, pum`m nuzikr buëe bmrbk mstë uek vábtoak `m jk aumrtm g
`m rgapmrsm y ms ue mxpmrtg me akeopujkr k jgs sunmtgs pkrk
qum rmvmjme jk oecgrakboòe `msmk`k (CTO).  A  M   V  V 
 T 
G E   M  I
I  
] 
] E 
  K T 
P T 
  P   
 ËP 
P  
G 
G
 E   
  R 
 O 
M  
 J 
 J
 M   
Vmrbmpboòe luakek> jk bkpkbo`k` `m jmmr jks mxprmsogems  M  B G 
 E B 
ckbokjms y mj jmeiuknm bgrpgrkj `m uek pmrsgek pkrk `osbmreor
ametorks g bgegbmr sus smetoaometg
smetoaometgss (MAV). B ]   V G 
  T 
] M  G  K K J
 JI    
Þ E 
I Þ 
Vmrsuksoòe> jk bkpkbo`k` `m bgevmebmr, pmrsuk`or g oeumebokr
k gtrk imetm (CTO).
 .  _  P 
 K .
 Á 
 @   K A   E  R 
 Ï 
 O 
 D   O  
Rgdgrekr> ue pmrsgeknm qum tomem mstk lkdojo`k` skdm buëe`g
sgdgrekr k kjiuome, bòag kdgr`kr k su gdnmtovg y buëetg
gcrmbmrjm (CTO). B G 
 E B 
 M    P 
G E   Ë E   M 
  K T 
P T   J  
 J
M 
Lkdojo`k`ms tïbeobks
Bodmrtmbegjgiák> jk bkpkbo`k` `m o`metobkr, bgaprme`mr,
 A  G  @ 
 Á G   M  J
@   K  A 
 J K   O R 
A   K  
  K
R A 
rmpkrkr y rmbgeiurkr jks amngrks, jgs aomadrgs y jgs oapjke-
tms bodmreïtobgs (PMB).
Ambëeobk dësobk> jk bkpkbo`k` `m o`metobkr, metme`mr, rmpk-
rkr y rmbkdjmkr `ospgsotovgs mjmbtròeobgs (PMB).
 A 
 K E 
 M 
 T 
 K . . .R  V  O  @  M  T   A   T 
A ]]   L _
  V  _  

;2
 

K E I M J O E K R P T G I K E G SK
SK

2 SO@K VKRK@K
Tmbumr`g qum am `ong qum ekboò me Aokao, kprgxoak`kametm me mj 4660...
Mstkdk smiurk `m msg, pgrqum tg`kvák pg`ák rmbgr`kr jg qum subm`oò buke`g
jgs murgpmgs dgadkr`mkrge Yksloeitge bge rgbks y jgs prgymbtojms pmr`o`gs
dgrrkrge Pkapk `mj akpk...
Pmeák uegs oebrmádjms gngs kzujms, bjkrgs y trkespkrmetms
tr kespkrmetms bgag brostkjms `m meb
mebknm
knm
 y uek sgerosk `m pgrtk`k. Vgr supumstg, sus gngs mrke uegs Pmheobs 42=6 y su sge-
rosk mrk rmkjametm `m uek rmvostk. ]e dume trkdkng `m dogmsbujturk. Eg oapgrtk
jg rmkj qum cumrk me mj cge`g. Pg`kvák soig mekagrk`g `m mjjk. Rgy `m msgs.
 ‒Ngleey Rojvmrlke`

Ms bgag skjor `m jk bëpsujk `m bjgekboòe (so jk bjgekboòe cuebogekrk ksá, bjkrg).

Pomems klá `m pom k msk pmrsgek k am`og cgrakr,
cgrakr, igtmke`g bomeg. Bgegbms kjiueks bkrkbtmrástobks, pum`m qum oebjusg tmeiks uek
vkik o`mk `m `òe`m quomrms jjmikr bge mj pmrsgeknm, pmrg ek`k aës.
·Bòag lkbms qum mstk lgnk me djkebg sm bgevomrtk me ue bydmrpueh7
Mapomzk bge jk vo`k pksk`k. Me jks rmijks dësobks `m Bydmrpueh Tm` , jk vo`k pksk`k ms ue `okirkak `m ‚bgapjobkbogems pkrk jk
trkak‑ `osmûk`g pkrk kyu`kr k qum tu pmrsgeknm bydmrpueh tmeik ue kutïetobg trkscge`g me mj cuturg sgadrág. Rus smbbogems kdkrbke

;0
 

SO@K VKRK@K
mj groime ïteobg y ekbogekj, jk ckaojok, jgs kaoigs, jgs memaoigs, sus lëdotgs pmrsgekjms m oebjusg jgs submsgs bjkvm pkrk bk`k kûg
vovo`g. Vroebopkjametm, tomem jk ekjo`k` `m smrvor `m iuák8 so mebumetrks kjig qum pomesks qum eg mebknk me jg qum lkdáks prmvostg
pkrk mj pmrsgeknm, pum`ms bkadokrjg lkstk qum buk`rm.
Me mstm Hot `m Oeobog eg torkrës pgr tketks gpbogems, pmrg smiuorës imemrke`g ue trkscge`g bgapjmtg pkrk tu pmrsgeknm.
Tmbumr`k> Bydmrpueh iork kjrm`m`gr `m jk oetmrprmtkboòe `mj pmrsgeknm, ksá qum utojozk jk oecgrakboòe `m tu vo`k pksk`k. ¡Ms ue
imemrk`gr `m kvmeturks ikrketozk`g!

So`k pksk`k> amngrke`g jk oetmrprmtkboòe y `ke`g trkscge`g k jks lostgroks `m jgs

pmrsgeknms `ms`m ;?<0.

PTKRCGE@G
Me kjiþe agametg `m tu vo`k, lmrm`kstm ue trkscge`g jjmeg `m `gjgr, `msmspmrkboòe g `rkaktosag. Mjoim uek gpboòe `m
jk jostk soiuometm g tork ;`;6 pkrk `mtmraoekr tu lostgrok.
; Pu ckaojok jg pmr`oò tg`g pgr bujpk `m uek trkoboòe.
4 Pu ckaojok jg pmr`oò tg`g k bkusk `m jk akjk imstoòe.
2 Pu ckaojok cum mxojok`k g mxpujsk`k `m su lgikr/ekboòe/bgrpgrkboòe groioekj.
0 Pu ckaojok mstë mebkrbmjk`k y sgjg tþ pu`ostm msbkpkr.
= Pu ckaojok `mskpkrmboò. Mrms mj þeobg qum qum`k.

3 Pu ckaojok cum ksmsoek`k y cuostm mj þeobg supmr vovometm.

9 Pu ckaojok
ckaojok mstë
mstë oevgj
oevgjubrk`
ubrk`kk me uek bgespo
bgesporkbo
rkboòe,
òe, grike
grikeozkbo
ozkboòe
òe g ksgbokboò
ksgbokboòee oapgrtke
oapgrtketm
tm,, bgag
bgag uek
uek ckaojok
ckaojok broaoekj
broaoekj g
ue irupg
ir upg rmvgjubogekrog.
< Pu ckaojok sm `ospmrsò k jgs buktrg vometgs `mdo`g k uek `msirkbok.
? Pu ckaojok mstë akj`otk bge uek `osputk lmrm`otkrok qum lk `urk`g imemrkbogems.
;6 Mr
Mrms
ms lmrm
lmrm`m
`mrg
rg `m uek
uek `mu
`mu`k
`k ck
ckao
aojojokr
kr88 `
`md
mdms
ms lger
lgerkr
kr mstk
mstk `m
`mu`
u`kk ketm
ketmss `m sm
smiu
iuor
or k`
k`mj
mjke
ketm
tm bg
bgee tu
tu vo`k
vo`k..

AGPOSKBOÒE AMPKR
·[uï tm agtovk7 ·Buëj ms mj mstáaujg aës oapgrtketm ·[uï quomrms `m jk vo`k7 ·Buëj ms tu amtk ekj7 Mjoim g
pkrk to7 Mjoim g tork ;`;6. tork ;`;6.
; Mj `oemrg. ; Jodrkrtm `m jk akjk rmputkboòe.
4 Mj lgegr. 4 Gdtmemr pg`mr y bgetrgj.
2 Pu pkjkdrk. 2 Rkjor `m
`m jk bkjjm, ssooe oa oapgrt rtk
kr jjgg qum bumstm.
0 Jk lgemsto`k`. 0 Bk
Bkus
uskr
kr `gj
`gjgr gr y ssuc
ucro
roao
aome
metg
tg k bbuk
ukjq
jquouomr
mrkk bbge
ge quom
quomee
= Mj bgegboaometg. tm brubms.
3 Jk vmeikezk. = @m
@mnk
nkrr k
ktr
trësës tu vo`k
vo`k pk pksksk`k
`k y ttrk
rktk
tkrr ``mm ggjv
jvo`
o`krj
krjk.
k.
9 Mj kagr. 3 Mebg
Mebget
etrk
rkrr k jg jgss rrms
mspg
pgeseskd
kdjm
jmss `
`mm ttuu sot
sotuk
ukbo
boòe
òe me jk
vo`k y lkbmrjms pkikr.
< Mj pg`mr.
9 Bgesmiuor jg qum ms tuyg pgr `mrmb lg.
? Vkskrjg dome. < Rkjv
Rkjvkr
kr,, ssoo p
pum
um`m`mss, k ququom
omem
emss mmst
stëe
ëe oevg
oevgju
jubr
brk`
k`gs
gs
;6 Jk kaostk`. bge tu trkscge`g.
? Gdtmemr ckak y rmbgegboaometg.
;6 Bgesmiuor smr tmao`g y rmspmtk`g.

;=
 

SO@K VKRK@K

KAOIGR
Puvostm sumrtm m lobostm ue eumvg kaoig (ue kbgetmbo-
aometg mxtrkûg me mj aue`g `m Bydmrpueh). Pork ;`;6 y
rïstkjm 9 pkrk vmr buëetgs kaoigs tomems (aáeoag ;). Vgr
bk`k kaoig, mjoim g tork ;`;6 pkrk skdmr quoïe
q uoïe ms.
; Bgag ue lmrakeg akygr pkrk to.
4 Bgag ue lmrakeg amegr pkrk to.
2 ]e akmstrg g ametgr.
0 ]e sgbog g bgapkûmrg `m trkdkng.
= ]e ketoiug kaketm.
3 ]e vomng memaoig.
9 Bgag ue pk`rm g uek ak`rm pkrk to.
< ]e vomng kaoig `m jk eoûmz.
? ]e pkrometm.
;6 Kjiuome bge oetmrmsms bgauems.
MEMAOIGR
Pm lks mecrmetk`g k kjiuome. Jgs memaoigs sge ue ag`g `m
vo`k me Bydmrpueh, ksá qum eg tm skjtms mstm pksg. Pork ;`;6 y
rïstkjm = pkrk skdmr buëetgs memaoigs tomems (aáeoag ;). Vgr
bk`k memaoig, mjoim g tork ;`;6 pkrk skdmr quoïe ms.
; ]e ketoiug kaoig.
4 ]e mxkaketm.
2 ]e pkrometm.
0 ]e memaoig `m jk oeckebok.
= ]ek pmrsgek qum trkdknk pkrk to.
3 ]ek pmrsgek pkrk quome trkdknks.
9 ]e sgbog g bgapkûmrg `m trkdkng.
< ]e pke`ojjmrg aomadrg `m uek dke`k.
? ]e mnmbutovg bgrpgrktovg.
;6 ]e gbokj `mj igdomreg.

VMTRGEKJO@K@ TGAKEBM
·Buëj ms tu pmrsgekjo`k` dësobk7 Mjoim g tork ;`;6. ]e rgakebm prgdjmaëtobg. Vgrqum
Vgrqum so cumrk cmjoz, eg smrák
Bydmrpueh, ·eg brmms7 Mjoim g tork ;`;6.
; Páao`g y rmsmrvk`g.
4 Tmdmj`m, ketosgbokj y vogjmetg. ; Pu kaketm auroò me ue kbbo`metm.
2 Krrgiketm, griujjgsg y crág. 4 Pu kaketm `mskpkrmboò aostmrogskametm.
0 Bkprob lgsg, tmamrkrog y tmstkru`g. 2 Roapjmametm, eg cuebogeò.
= Emr vogsg, quosquojjgsg y `mjobk`g. 0 ]ek
]ek amt
amtkk pmr
pmrsg
sgek
ekjj g uek
uek vvme
meik
ikez
ezkk ssmm ooet
etmr
mrpu
puso
somm-
rge metrm vgsgtrgs.
3 Rmrog y mstkdjm.
= Pu kaketm cum smbumstrk`g.
9 O`ogtk y ktgjge`rk`g.
3 Pu kaketm mejgqumboò.
< Rgpjòe y ckjsg.
? Oetmjmbtukj m oe`mpme`ometm. 9 Pu kaketm sm suobo`ò.
< Pu kaketm auroò me uek pmjmk.
;6 Kaoikdjm y mxtrgvmrto`g.
? ]e rovkj tm skbò `m jk msbmek.
;6 Pu kaketm cum mebkrbmjk`g g mxojok`g.

 J 
 J  C 
  ]
] 
C   P
P   T 
]
] 
    G
G  
 E G
G 
E    _ 
 K_ 
 K
 L 
L   J] 
  J ]   K
I
I  T 
   E 
 M 
  M     J 
 J
 M 
M    [   M 
]
]     
 E   M 
 M  M 
 M  P 
 @   O R 
 O   A 
A    G 
R A  G . . .
 
 M RR  BB  GG 
 E 
  @ 
 M 
 T P 
P M 
    J _ 
 J_  A BB  BB 
 M   A 
 J M   J  JJ  K
 J  M 
M   ,
K E  E    H  = 00  
 T 
Y GG 
 M PP  Y 
 ,   E 

;3
 

SO@K VKRK@K

]E MNMAVJG @M SO@K
VKRK@K ME KBBOÒE
 Agv
 Agvmr,
mr, mj amrbmekrog,
amrbmekrog,
`mtmraoek su vo`k pksk`k.

 Rus tork`ks sge>

3> tu ckaojok cum ksmsoek`k y cuostm

PTKRCGE@G
mj þeobg supmrvovometm.

AGPOSKBOÒE 3> jk vmeikezk.

=> `mnkr ktrës tu vo`k pksk`k y

AMPKR trktkr `m gjvo`krjk.

; kaoig.
KAOIGR
4> bgag ue lmrakeg amegr pkrk to.

4 memaoigs.
MEMAOIGR => uek pmrsgek qum trkdknk pkrk to.
0> ue memaoig `m jk oeckebok.

TGAKEBM <> tu kaketm auroò me uek pmjmk.

VMTRGEKJO@K@ 2> krrgiketm, griujjgsg y crág.

K J M \ K E @ M T @]
@] @ K T

[]Ï VG@TÁK ROIEOCOBKT MRPG VKTK MJ N]IK@GT
Pg`k jk ckaojok `m Agvmr cum ksmsoek`k  y ïj cum mj þeobg supmrvovometm.
supmr vovometm. Rm bgevortoò me ue topg krrgiketm, griujjgsg y crág. Me mj
bkaoeg, sm mebgetrò bge uek kaoik qum mrk bgag uek lmrakek pmqumûk pkrk ïj. Pkadoïe sm tgpò bge `gs memaoigs> ueg `m su
oeckebok y gtrg bge quome lkdák trkdknk`g . Ru vo`k kagrgsk ms ue ksbg, yk qum su kaketm auroò me uek pmjmk me jk bkjjm. Bge
mstk lostgrok, Agvmr sm sometm oapujsk`g proebopkjametm pgr jk vmeikezk, pmrg, buke`g lkyk vmeik`g jk aumrtm `m su kaketm, su
amtk smrë `mnkr ktrës su vo`k `m aumrtm y `mstrubboòe,
`mstr ubboòe, bgamezkr `m eumvg y gjvo`kr su gsburg pksk`g.

PKADOÏE MR ]EK ITKE @OSMTROÒE VKTK MJ @N
]e dume @N tkadoïe pum`m `ovmrtorsm aublg uske`g uek vo`k pksk`k bgag trkapgjáe pkrk tg`k uek smrom `m kvmeturks. Jk ‚lmr-
akek‑ `m Agvmr pg`rák smr smbumstrk`k pgr su vomng kaoig `m jk oeckebok, qum somaprm g`okdk mj lmblg `m qum Agvmr y mjjk cumrke
áetoags. Agvmr pg`rák `msbudror qum su kaketm ksmsoek`k eioò su aumrtm y klgrk vovm bge su memaoig `mj trkdkng. Jk ekturkjmzk
ru`k y krrgiketm `m Agvmr pum`m lkdmrjm `k`g uek akjk rmputkboòe me jk bkjjm y klgrk kjiuome quomrm kbkdkr bge ïj. @m lmblg,
jk ckaojok `m Agvmr pum`m lkdmr mstk`g oevgjubrk`k me uek jkrik `osputk y klgrk mj topg qum jgs aktò mstë trktke`g `m kbkdkr
`mj tg`g bge su joeknm.

;9
 

RMDKRPOKE R^A_@

0 AMPMT JG B_DMT ME MJ V]EH

Gjvo`k tg`g jg qum brmáks kbmrbk `m jgs bodgris. Pg`g.
Mstg ms mj soijg \\O. Lgy, smr ue bodgri mstë `m ag`k. Rus oapjketms
bodmreïtobgs mstëe `osmûk`gs pkrk ue mstojg `m vo`k kjtkametm aòvoj y
pmrcmbbogek`g. _k mstï mquopk`g bge blops `m `ktgs oapjketk`gs me su
sostmak emrvogsg pkrk amngrkr su tïbeobk `m tmeos g aoeokraks `m dogoe-
imeomrák pkrk su prgtmbboòe pmrsgekj, mj bodgri `mj soijg \\O mstë me jk
vkeiukr`ok `m jk vo`k `m kjtk tmbegjgiák.

MRPOJG RGDTM C]EBOGEKJO@K@
Vmrg ue bodgri eg ms embmskrokametm ue tkequm ke`ketm. Jk bodmrtmbegjgiák pum`m smr aës sutoj, amegs gdvok, oetmirke`g jgs
`ospgsotovgs me ue tg`g soe bgsturks. Vum`ms smr k jk vmz bkzk`gr y prmsk, y buketg aës rëpo`g kprme`ks k `ocuaoekr jk jáemk metrm
jks `gs bktmigráks, aës tomapg sgdrmvovorës.
_ msg ms jg oapgrtketm. Rgdrmvovor.

;<
 

AMPMT JG B_DMT ME MJ V]EH

BODMTAG@K
Jjmvkr kjtk tmbegjgiák oapjketk`k me kjiuek pkrtm
pkr tm `mj bumrpg
mstë `m ag`k. Ro pum`ms pmraotártmjg, tme`rës kj amegs ue pkr
`m ‚amngrks‑> uegs buketgs blops `m sgctwkrm oestkjk`gs me mj
sostmak emrvogsg pkrk oetmrbgembtkrtm bge tu gr`mek`gr, rmbgr-
rmbgr-
`kr tus botks (bge mj pgpujkr blop @kytoamr , pgr mnmapjg) y
PA
amngrkr tus rmmngs. Ro mstës bodmremtozk`g, prgdkdjmametm
tmeiks bgembtgrms oetmrckbm pkrk akemnkr ametkjametm gr`m-
ek`grms y vmlábujgs. [uozë tus gngs sge bodmròptobgs bge cueboòe
`m irkdkboòe y jg þjtoag me bgjgrms `m oros (jk pgjobrgaák mstë `m
ag`k mstm kûg), g tu ku`oboòe mstë kapjobk`k pkrk gár amngr
jgs blosams `mj skjòe `m mnmbutovgs.
Ro tu trkdkng oapjobk cuebogems `m smiuro`k` g bgadktm (y jk
akygrák `m prgcmsogems `mj soijg \\O oebjuyme kj amegs kjiþe
kspmbtg vogjmetg), prgdkdjmametm tmeiks `gs g trms bjksms `m
sgctwkrm `m bgadktm, k`maës `m bjkvonks m oetmrckbms pkrk
kraks oetmjoimetms. Bgag amrbmekrog, pum`m qum lkyks susto-
tuo`g ueg g aës aomadrgs pgr pròtmsos bodmreïtobks qum tm pmr-
aotme gbujtkr uek irke vkrom`k` `m lmrrkaometks y kraks me mj
bumrpg, k`maës `m `krtm vmetknk me vmjgbo`k` y cumrzk.
Bgag bydmrpueh, vks k qumrmr mblkr akeg k jg amngr `m mstk
bgstgsk y kpksogeketm eumvk tmbegjgiák. _ mj tïraoeg mxkbtg
ms ‚bgstgsk‑.(bge
bodmròptobgs ]e sostmak
pmrsgeknm
`m am`og
puetmrákbge, pgeikags pgr
m oecrkrrgngs), bksg,
pgtmebok-
`gr `m rmmngs, ue drkzg supmrbrgak`g bge ue sudcusoj `mj
bkjodrm 4= oetmirk`g, bgembtgrms oetmrckbm y blops pkrk Vmjmk,
Bge`ubor y Vroamrgs kuxojogs, supgem uek oevmrsoòe `m `mbmeks
`m aojms `m murg`òjkrms.
Vgr supumstg, ue pueh kadobogsg yk bgegbm kj amegs 4= akem-
rks, jk akygrák ojmikjms, `m rmueor msk oesoieobketm bketo`k`
`m `oemrg.
Vmrg ketms `m qum mapombms k oapjketkrtm bgsks, lky ue
prgdjmak.
MJ VROBGMRB]K@TÒE
Jk bodmrpsobgsos ms ue irke prgdjmak me mstm cuturg sgadrág. Ro
dome jk tmrkpok ekebok`k pgr mj mstk`g ms uek gpboòe, jg aës
`ocáboj ms jjmvkr kj pkbometm k jk bgesujtk `mj psobòjgig. ·[uï
lkbms buke`g ue pork`g djoe`k`g bodmramngrk`g mapomzk k
ksmsoekr k pmrsgeks kj kzkr7 Ro mrms mj igdomreg, grikeozks uek
pktrujjk mspmbokj `m pgjobák prgcmsogekj bge uek aosoòe> pmrsm-
pmrsm-
iuor y bkpturkr g aktkr k bodmrpsobòpktks ksmsoegs.
Jgs bodmrmsbuk`rgems sge lkdotukjms me jk akygrák `m `mpkr-
tkametgs `m pgjobák urdkegs, dkng egadrms bgag B-RYKP
(RYKP-Bodmreïtobgs), VROBG-@OSOROÒE, BODMT-Cumrzks y AK\-
PKB (@ovosoòe Pëbtobk `m Cumrzk Aëxoak). Mstëe mquopk`gs bge
jg amngr me djoe`knms, mquopgs `m bgaueobkbogems y vmlábujgs. Jk
akygrák jjmvk kraks qum vke `ms`m mj bkûòe joimrg me k`mjketm.
Eg sge, pgr ekturkjmzk, auy kirk`kdjms.
_k jg skdms. Sm bge buo`k`g. Vrgtmim tu ametm.
VGT MJ AGAMEPG, ROE BODMTVROBGROR...
Eg vkags k metrkr me bòag cuebogek jk bodmrpsobgsos me mstm
Hot `m Oeobog (smrák ue bkpátujg metmrg) y lmags `osmûk`g jgs pmr-
sgeknms `m oeobog `m akemrk qum sm pum`k mvotkr mj prgdjmak
pgr bgapjmtg. Vmrg ms oapgrtketm qum jg bgegzbks, pgrqum euebk
skdms buëe`g kjiuome k tu kjrm`m`gr vk k qumdrkrsm y k bge-
vmrtorsm me ue tkequm kadujketm bge tme`meboks lgaobo`ks.
R G 
G E 
   P 
 K 
 E 
 . . .
 .   @ 
@ 
 Ï 
 D 
 O 
 J M 
 M R 
R  _  

BODMTVROBGROR
Jk bodmrpsobgsos ms ue trkstgreg `osgboktovg qum gburrm buke`g
 M 
 E 
 @ 
 M 
 D 
 J M 
 M R 
R ,
  · R 
 ,  R K 
  D 
 M R 
R 7 
7 
kjiuome
trkvïs `mbgejktme`meboks
bodmreïtobkpsobgpëtobks prmmxostmetms
lkstk tkj puetg qum yk eg sm sm
amngrk
vm k ksá
aosag eo k jgs `maës bgag grikeosags bgapjmtgs y bgesbometms,
soeg soapjmametm bgag uek bgjmbboòe `m pkrtms rmmapjkzkdjms.
rmmapjkzkdjms.
R 
 O 
 A 
 V 
 J M 
 M 
 A 
 M 
 E P 
P M 
    K 
K 
 J K 
 K 
 T I 
I K 
  R 
R 
Jgs sáetgaks bgauems `m jk bodmrpsobgsos oebjuyme jk ckjtk `m
kutgprmsmrvkboòe, jk tgtkj oe`ocmrmebok lkbok jgs `maës, mj bge-
trgj `mbometm `m jgs oapujsgs y jgs drgtms mxpjgsovgs.
Mj bodmrmquopg oestkjk`g bge ems tmrkpïutobgs, oebjuo`gs jgs  J K 
 K   A 
A 
 K 
 E G 
G ,
   JJ M 
 ,   M R 
R  P G 
G B 
B K 
  R 
R 
rmmapjkzgs `m aomadrgs, jgs `ospgsotovgs aï`obgs rmbmtk`gs y
mj bodmrmquopg utojozk`g bgag pkrtm `m jk boruiák `m bkadog
`m smxg, eg bgetroduym k jk bodmrpsobgsos. Pkapgbg jg lkbm mj
bodmrmquopg `m soapjm `mbgrkboòe bgag jgs tktuknms joimrg
joimrgss g mj
pmjg tmbegjòiobg. Rgjg mj bodmrmquopg utojozk`g pkrk rmmapjkzkr
_ 
 . . .
 .  R 
 M   A 
A ] 
] M 
  T 
 M 
 E 
 . . .
pkrtms `mj bumrpg pmrcmbtkametm cuebogekjms g amngrkrjg aës
kjjë `m jgs jáaotms `m jg luakeg, pum`m mapunkr
mapunkr k kjiuome lkbok
jk bodmrpsobgsos. Oebjusg metgebms, sm jm pum`m trktkr utojozke`g
uek smrom `m gpbogems tmrkpïutobks. B 
 O 
 D 
 M 
 T R 
R V 
  R 
R O 
 B 
B ÒÒ 
 V 
  K PP 
 K 
    @ 
@ 
 M R 
R B 
B G 
G E 
  G 
G B 
B O 
 @ 
  G 
G 

;?
 

AMPMT JG B_DMT ME MJ V]EH

BODMTPMBEGJGIÁK uek pketkjjk bodmròptobk, jgs amesknms metrketms sm sotþke me mj

dgr`m supmrogr `mj bkapg `m vosoòe bge jmtrks rgnks. Me tïraoegs
`m numig, tmemr ue oapjketm `m rk`og tm `k jk bkpkbo`k` `m
Jk bodmrtmbegjgiák pum`m k`quororsm me bkso bukjquomr sotog. lkdjkr bge bukjquomr rmbmptgr `metrg `m jk aosak crmbumebok
Kjiuegs `m jgs prgbm`oaometgs aï`obgs sge smebojjgs, bge boru-
me ue rk`og `m ;,3 ha. Pkadoïe pum`m lkbmr qum bkptms jgs
iák kadujktgrok me oestkjkbogems pmqumûks `metrg `m bjáeobks
amesknms `m rk`og `m gtrks pmrsgeks.
`m bmetrgs bgamrbokjms (Dg`yslgppm, Cksloge/Cusoge y Vkrts E‟
Vrgirkas sge trms bk`meks pgpujkrms `m mstkdjmboaometgs) g me
vosotks rëpo`ks k bmetrgs aï`obgs (@gbs T ]sPA). Mstks oestkjkbog- BODMTÒVPOBGR
ems sge soaojkrms
jks grmnks. Oebjusgkpum`ms
jks qum bgembtkrtm
lkdák ketoiukametm pkrk pmrcgrkrtm
kbtukjozkbogems y amngrks Rge ue sustotutg `m jgs gngs ekturkjms, uek bgadoekboòe `m prg-
bmsk`gr `oiotkj y bëakrk. Jk bodmrvosoòe ms mxkbtkametm oiukj
me tu vomnk akquoekrok pgr mj prmbog `m jks pomzks eumvks, jg
qum jk egrakj, pmrg amngr. Jgs bgjgrms sge aës drojjketms, jks
qum tm pmraotm mapmzkr bge pgbg y amngrkr pkujktoekametm (ue
oaëimems aës eáto`ks... y msg sgjg ms mj bgaomezg.
aïtg`g `megaoek`g ‚`msprgvostg‑ g ‚mbgeòaobg‑).
‚mbgeòaobg‑).
Jgs oapjketms bodmròptobgs pum`me pkrmbmrsm k jgs gngs egrakjms,
Pkdjk `m bodmrmquopg kuequm lky `ospgeodjm uek irke vkrom`k` me oros `m bgjgrms `m
ag`k (ëadkr, djkebg, dur`mgs y vogjmtk sge jgs aës pgpujkrms).
Bodmrmq
Bodmrmquo
uopg
pg dë
dëso
sobg
bg @msbro
@msbropb
pboò
oòe
e Kjiueks vmrsogems sge trkespkrmetms, bge drojjgs y jubms qum iorke
Bodmrku`og (msbublk Kûk`m +; k bukjquomr tork`k rmjkbog- me su oetmrogr. Gtrgs mstëe supmrbrgak`gs pkrk pkrmbmr aës ‚bodmr-
kapjobk`k) ek`k bge mj sgeo`g. eïtobgs‑. Gtrgs pum`me bkadokr mj bgjgr `mj gng k vgjuetk` pkrk
Bo
Bodm
dmrk
rku`
u`og
og ((rk
rk`o
`og)
g) ]e a
aob
obrg
rgoa
oapj
pjke
ketm
tm `m
`m rk`o
rk`ogg qum
qum tm lkbmr numig bge jk rgpk g bge jg qum tm rg`mk. Kjiuegs oebjusg tom-
`k jk bkpkbo`k` `m lkdjkr bge eme pmqumûgs jgigtopgs `m `osmûg kjrm`m`gr `mj oros. Jgs oapjketms
bukjquomr rmbmptgr me jk aosak bodmròptobgs bge bëakrks g kraks sm sumjme bkrikr pgr `mjketm,
dke`k `m crmbumebok lkstk ;,3 ha kdrome`g mj oros buke`g jk pkrtm crgetkj `mj gng mstë rmjknk`k.
`m `ostkebok.
Bëakrk `oiotkj> Jks oaëimems sm pum`me irkdkr me mj blop b lop `oio-
Bodmròptobgs
(bëakrk) Rmblop
pum`me irkdkry oaëimems
oetmirk`g dknkrsm k me
uekmj tkj oetmirk`g mxtmreg
ue irkdk`gr y trkesaotorsm k trkvïs
g oetmreg, `m bkdjms
g k uek `mJB@
pketkjjk oetmrckbm k
oetmrek.
irkdk`grk g k ue `ospgsotovg.
`ospgsotovg.
Juz tmeum> pmraotm kj usukrog vmr bjkrkametm me bge`obogems `m
Bodmròptobgs (juz Vmraotm vmr bjkrkametm bge juz tmeum juz tmeum, bgag jk prg`ubo`k
prg`ubo`k pgr jk juz `ïdoj `m jk juek g pgr
tmeum) (`ïdoj juz `m juek, ckrgjks jmnkeks).
ckrgjks jmnkeks
Bodmròptobgs (sostmak ]ek aork tmjmsbòpobk oetmirk`k qum
`m puetmrák) tm pmraotm kûk`or +; k Vuetmrák. Rostmak `m puetmrák> prgymbtk, k vgjuetk`, ue vosgr `m puetmrák
me mj bkapg `m vosoòe. Mj sostmak `m puetmrák jmm jk `ostkebok
Bgembtgrm
Bgem btgrmss oetmrck
oetmrckbm
bm Bjkvonks
Bjkvonks qum pmraotme
pmraotme qum mj `m gdnmtgs mspmbábgs, su vmjgbo`k` `m agvoaometg, su grometk-
usukrog sm bgembtm k aëquoeks y boòe y tkakûg y tkadoïe prgpgrbogek vkrogs topgs `m rmtábujk
bodmrtmbegjgiák. bgag kyu`k pkrk kpuetkr bge kraks. Buke`g mstë bgembtk`g
Vgtmebok`gr Vum`ms rmbodor ue kuametg `m pgtme-
pgtme- k ue krak, mj sostmak bgtmnk sus sostmaks `m puetmrák bge jg
`m rmmngs bok `urketm = turegs
tur egs bgapjmtgs (+2 qum mstës aorke`g y, buke`g jgbkjozk mj gdnmtovg, mevák uek
(bodmrvmjgbo`k`) k jks tork`ks `m oeoboktovk). Jumig ‚smûkj `m prmpkrk`g‑. Me tïraoegs `m numig, mstk gpboòe tm
`mdms mspmrkr 4 turegs ketms `m pmraotm suakr +; k jks tork`ks `m Vuetmrák.
rmbodor pgtmebok `m eumvg.

BODMTK]@OG
Jgs sostmaks `m bodmrku`og sm bgembtke k jgs emrvogs ku`otovgs
y bmetrgs `mj lkdjk `mj bmrmdrg. Mstk amngrk kcmbtk k kadgs
gá`gs y, k ameu`g, oebjuym ue aobròcgeg `m sudvgbkjozkboòe me
mj lumsg akstgo`mg. Eg lky bkadogs vosodjms me mj gá`g mxtmreg,
k pmskr `m qum kjiuegs bydmrpuehs jg sustotuyme pgr ue bgenuetg
`m kurobujkrms y aobròcgegs ambëeobgs pkrk bkuskr oaprmsoòe.
Msbublk kapjobk`k>  mstm sostmak amngrk jk ku`oboòe y jk
bkpkbo`k` `m rmbgegboaometg `m sgeo`gs y kûk`m +; k bukj-
quomr tork`k `m Ktmeboòe rmjkbogek`k bge mj sgeo`g.
Tk`og> ue trkesaosgr rmbmptgr `m rk`og aoeokturozk`g, lkdotukj-
ametm agetk`g sgdrm jk dksm `mj brëemg y qum utojozk ue
mapkstm `metkj bgag ketmek. Rm kbtovk blksqumke`g jgs `ome-
tms drusbkametm. Vkrk lkdjkr, sgjg lky qum sudvgbkjozkr (aur-
aurkr metrm `ometms). Jk rmbmpboòe pum`m prg`uborsm `m `gs
akemrks> ;) ue rmbmptgr vodrk `ormbtkametm sgdrm mj lumsg aks-
tgo`mg, prg`ubome`g uek vgz sukvm me jk eubk8 g 4) bgembtk`g k
GEMBPGTMR OEPMTCKBM
BRge mj mjmametg proebopkj `m jk bujturk Bydmrpueh. Rumjme
oestkjkrsm me mj lumsg `m jk auûmbk, `m jk bgjuaek vmrtmdrkj
g `mj brëemg, sm mejkzke bge jks jáemks emrvogsks proebopkjms
y sm oetmrbgembtke bge mj prgbmsk`gr emurgekj pkrk mevokr y
rmbodor smûkjms. Jk akygrák `m jk imetm jjmvk sus bgembtgrms me
jks auûmbks pkrk lkbmr aës cëboj su usg. K vmbms, ue vmr`k`mrg
bodmreïtobg jgs agetkrë me jks somems (ue bgembtgr `m bkdmzk),
nustg `mtrës `m jks grmnks (ue Crkehmestmoe) g me jk pkrtm `m
ktrës `m jk bkdmzk (uek bkdmzk `m akrogemtk). Kjiuegs jgs
budrme bge oebrustkbogems `m pjktk g tkpgems `m grg, gtrgs bge
auûmqumrks. ]ek vmz aës, ms uek bumstoòe `m mstojg.
VGPMEBOK@GTMR @M TMCJMNGR
Rge bgprgbmsk`grms mspmbokjozk`gs qum kapjobke y mjmvke
jk vmjgbo`k` `m prgbmsg `m smûkjms. Jk proebopkj vmetknk `m ue
pgtmebok`gr `m TMC ms su bkpkbo`k` `m oebrmametkr jks tork`ks
`m oeoboktovk `m ue pmrsgeknm me bgadktm.

46

AMPMT JG B_DMT ME MJ V]EH
EMOJ DTKE[]OELG
Jk bodmrvmjgbo`k`  (tkadoïe bgegbo`k bgag Rke`mvostke)
sm kbtovk þeobkametm k vgjuetk`, mjoaoeke`g jk embmso`k` `m
k`kptkr tg`k tu vo`k k ue tomapg `m rmkbboòe oeluakekametm
rëpo`g. Mj pmrsgeknm `mdm sudvgbkjozkr uek gr`me ametkj ketms
pkrk kbtovkr mj pgtmebok`gr y mspmrkr ue tureg lkstk qum kbtþm.
Mstm pgtmebok`gr pmrakembmrë kbtovg `urketm
`urketm = turegs (+2 k jks
tork`ks `m oeoboktovk) ketms `m qum sm bgesuak. Metgebms sm `mdm
sudvgbkjozkr
sudvgbkjoz kr jk gr`me `m eumvg y mspmrkr 4 turegs lkstk qum sm
vumjvm k kbtovkr.
BODMTAOMADTGR
Buke`g jk imetm `m jk bkjjm pomesk me bodgris, pomesk me aoma-
drgs krtobokjms> bgestrubbogems drojjketms y rmjubometms `m amtkj,
bkdjms y borbuotmrák `m aobrgblops. Kuequm jgs drkzgs, pomreks y
òrikegs rmkjms pum`me bujtovkrsm cëbojametm me dogtkequms, g
sustotuorsm pgr jgs `m dkebgs `m bumrpgs k ue prmbog aublg aës
dkng, jgs aomadrgs krtobokjms soiume some`g ue bkproblg pgpujkr
`mj cuturg Bydmrpueh. Mstëe brgak`gs, kmrgirkk`gs, mengyk-
`gs, ojuaoek`gs g oebjusg msbujpo`gs me dusbk `m jk vmr`k`mrk
mstïtobk bodmrtmbegjòiobk.
Rmiþe jks tme`meboks, mj bodmraomadrg mstëe`kr ms ue krak-
zòe `m kjuaoeog y kbmrg, bge drks ausbujkrms `m pjëstobg qum
bgetrgjke jgs agvoaometgs.
agvoaometgs. Jks krtobujkbogems sge `m kbmrg oegxo-
`kdjm. Jgs bodmraomadrgs sm bgembtke k uek bjkvonk oetmrckbm
emrvogsk mspmbokj, agetk`k sgdrm jk bkrem qum mstë pgr meboak
`mj aomadrg,
aomadrg, aometrks qum jk ueo`k` proebopkj mstë kbgpjk`k k
uek cue`k `m amtkj y pjëstobg kjrm`m`gr `m jk pkrtm `m bkrem
`mj aomadrg.
aomadrg. Mj meikeblm sumjm mstkr sotuk`g me mj dábmps supm-
rogr/ausjg g me mj bg`g/rg`ojjk, kuequm jgs drkzgs pum`me or
ueo`gs k ue lgadrg krtobokj y kebjk`gs k uek ageturk mxtmrek.
Pkdjk `m bodmraomadrgs
Bodmraomadrgs @msbropboòe @kûg
Bodmrdrkzg ]ek bodmrkrak gbujtk me ue \`3*
(bodmrkrak) bodmrdrkzg.
Bodmrpomrek Vum`ms skjtkr 3 a `ormbtkametm EK
(pgtmebok`grms lkbok krrodk g rmkjozkr ue skjtg
`m skjtg) `m jgeiotu` `m lkstk < a.
*Jk bketo`k` `m `3 `m `kûg sm `mtmraoek smiþe mj krak.
AOPGR _ BKVKBO@K@MR @M JGR BODMTAOMADTGR
Mj aotg pgpujkr sgdrm jgs bodmraomadrgs ms qum pmraotme k sus
`umûgs mcmbtukr tg`k bjksm `m prgmzks supmrlmrgobks.
supmrlmrgobks. Msg ms bomrtg,
pmrg lkstk bomrtg puetg. Jgs bodmraomadrgs
bodmraomadrgs pum`me `osmûkrsm pkrk
tmemr vmjgbo`k` y cumrzk kapjobk`ks, utojozke`g drks ausbujkrms
soetïtobks y blops `m sojobog. Jg qum eg mebgetrkrës smrë k imetm
bgrrome`g k 266 ha pgr lgrk, `gdjke`g dkrrks `m kbmrg bge sus
akegs g jmvketke`g y jkezke`g Sgjhswkimes. ·Vgr quï eg pum-
`ms or pgr klá jmvketke`g bgblms y `mrrodke`g aurgs bgag jgs
bodgris `m jgs bgaobs7 Roapjm sogjgiák. Mj aomadrg `m rmpumstg
`mdm smr bkpkz `m cuebogekr me bgebomrtg bge jks rmstketms pkrtms,
`m ‚bkrem‑, `mj bumrpg. Kue ksá, bge bomrtgs jáaotms, uek pmrsgek
bodmrmquopk`k pum`m lkbmr uegs buketgs trubgs
tr ubgs oaprmsogeketms>
@gjgr
Jgs bodmrdrkzgs eg sm bkeske, y pmraotme kj qum jgs jjmvk
bgjikrsm `m juikrms kjtgs `urketm ue tomapg oe`meo`g. Vum`ms
kpkikr jgs smesgrms tëbtojms bge ue bgeautk`gr ametkj, mjoao-
eke`g mj `gjgr y pmraotoïe`gtm lkbmr prgmzks bgag ktrkvmskr
mj cumig bge jks akegs, blkpgtmkr me tkequms `m eotròimeg
jáquo`g g kikrrkr ktozk`grms kj rgng vovg. ]ek lmro`k `m dkjk
eg tomem mcmbtgs `m `gjgr me jgs bodmraomadrgs.
@kûg
Jgs bodmraomadrgs pum`me sgpgrtkr (y bkuskr) uek trmame`k
bketo`k` `m `kûg y, pgr tketg, sm trktke bgag akquoekrok k
mcmbtgs `mj bgadktm me mj numig. Pg`gs jgs bodmraomadrgs pum-
`me sgpgrtkr lkstk 46 puetgs `m `kûg mstrubturkj ketms `m qum-
`kr oesmrvodjms, y lkstk 26 puetgs `m `kûg mstrubturkj ketms `m
qum`kr `mstruo`gs. Ktkbkr bge ue bodmrdrkzg usk jk lkdojo`k`
Vmjmk, pmrg bkusk ;`3 `m `kûg, bgag so cumrk ue krak bumrpg
k bumrpg (vmr pëi. 06).
Kpjkstkr
]e drkzg bodmreïtobg utojozk drks ausbujkrms soetïtobks, me vmz
`m bkrem y skeirm, qum eg sm bkeske eo sometme `gjgr y sge aub
aublg
lg
aës cumrtms qum mj tmno`g ausbujkr egrakj. Mstg `k kj bodmrdrkzg
ue trmame`g pg`mr `m kprosogekaometg. Pg`gs jgs bodmraoma-
drgs pum`me kpjkstkr cëbojametm amtkj joimrg, ak`mrk y pjës-
tobg. Vum`me bgevmrtor mj pjëstobg y mj brostkj me pgjvg, pmrg ¡eg
pum`me bgevmrtor trgzgs `m bkrdòe me `okaketms! Me bgadktm,
bukjquomr kpjkstkaometg prg`ubo`g pgr ue bodmrdrkzg ms uek
kbboòe `m Mstrkeiujkr (vmr pëi. 40) qum bkusk 4`3 `m `kûg me
vmz `mj oe`obk`g smiþe mj PBG.
4;
 

AMPMT JG B_DMT ME MJ V]EH

Vrgpujsgrms `m skjtg
Jks bodmrpomreks mapjmke pg`mrgsgs postgems y aobrgsmrvgs,
sgstmeo`gs pgr aþsbujgs soetïtobgs. Bge ue pkr `m bodmrpomreks
pum`ms skjtkr `ostkeboks trmame`ks. Jgs pmrsgeknms bge `gs
bodmrpomreks pum`me skjtkr 3 amtrgs lkbok krrodk, g lkbmr ue
skjtg `m jgeiotu`, tgake`g bkrrmrojjk, `m lkstk < amtrgs.
Eu`ojjgs `m kbmrg> eu`ojjgs rmcgrzk`gs qum prgpgrbogeke mj
vkjgr `m `kûg `m ue puûg kamrobkeg.
Prgbmk`grms>  ue bkrrmtm `m bkdjm agegjkametg bgjgbk`g kj
ekj `m ue `m`g, bge uek uûk ckjsk `m bgetrkpmsg qum jm
`k mquojodrog y dkjkebmg. Mj bkdjm agjmbujkr bgrtk bukjquomr
aktmrokj griëeobg y jk akygrák
akygrák `m jgs pjëstobgs. Vum`m uskrsm
bgag lojg mstrkeiujk`gr, bgrtk`gr g jëtoig rmdkek`gr.

BODMTPMBEGJGIÁK
AMTBK@G EMITG@MJ
Mj topg `m bodmrmquopg qum sm bgegbm bgag bodmrtmbegjgiák `mj
amrbk`g emirg meijgdk krtábujgs qum eg pum`me bgaprkrsm `m
akemrk jmikj. Mstgs gdnmtgs pum`me k`quororsm k trkvïs `m bgetkb-
tgs broaoekjms `m jk bkjjm m oestkjkrsm k ue prmbog prglodotovg pgr
tmbegaï`obgs bjke`mstoegs bgegbo`gs bgag aktkskegs. K ameu`g,
mstk bodmrtmbegjgiák ms pmjoirgsk, sm oestkjk akj y somaprm ms BKRO EG PM SK K
bkrk. Vmrg, gym, tg`gs sgags akygrbotgs y, k`maës, yk skdms jg
qum tomems qum lkbmr bge ue aktkskegs qum tm mstrgpmk kjig, ·eg7
Pkdjk `m bodmrkraks `mj amrbk`g emirg  @GJM
 @G JMT.
T.
Bodmrkrak @msbropboòe @kûg

Eu`ojjgs `m kbmrg Eu`ojjgs

(ue pkr) bogekermcgrzk`gs
mj vkjgr `mqum
puûg kamrobkeg.
`kûgprgpgr-
`m ue 4`3
 D]ME
 D] MEG,
G, V]M@
V] M@MM []M
[] M
@mstropk`grms
(ue pkr)
Ikrrks `m 9,= ba `m drk `m
bkrdgeg me tus `m`gs pkrk
bgrtkr g kpuûkjkr.
kpuûkjkr.
4`3
]E VGBG.
Prgbmk`grms ]e bkdjm agegjkametg 4`3
(ueg) bgjgbk`g me ue `m`g. Bgrtk
bukjquomr aktmrokj griëeobg g
pjëstobg. Vum`m uskrsm bgag
 @MNK
 @M NK @M BLOJ
BL OJJK
JKTT
lojg mstrkeiujk`gr,
mstrkeiujk`gr, bgrtk`gr g
jëtoig rmdkek`gr.
_K, ·SKJM7 ·BÒAG
BODMTKTAKR
Me jg aës sm
bodmrmquopg kjtg `m jk jostk
mebumetrke jks `m ïxotgs `mj
bodmrkraks> amrbk`g emirg
lmrrkaometks `m
ksmsoeks
gbujtks qum pum`me metmrrkrsm dkng tu pomj lkstk mj agametg me RM R]VGEM []M PM
qum quomrks quotkr `m me am`og k kjiuome. Mj bodmrkrakametg eg
sumjm mstkr `ospgeodjm me mj amrbk`g kdomrtg (jk þeobk mxbmpboòe
SG_ VGEMT MRPK
sge jgs `mstropk`grms y jgs vkaporgs)8 jgbkjozkrjgs egrakjametm
supgem or k jk zgek `m bgadktm jgbkj, mebgetrkr k ue dume krrm-
ijk`gr y pkikr ue dume agetòe `m murg`òjkrms k imetm cmk,
krrm-
BGRK RO ROI]MR
vogjmetk y subok qum sgjg pomesk me to bgag pomzks `m rmpumstg.
Pg`gs jgs pke`ojjmrgs sm sometme ktrká`gs pgr mj bodmrkrak-
ametg, `mj aosag ag`g qum ue lkdotketm `m jk zgek sm sometm  TMPG
 TM PGTB
TBOÏ
OÏE@
E@GP
GPMM KR
KRÁ7 
Á7 
ktrká`g pgr jk dksurk.
@mstropk`grms> jks `gs ckjkeims supmrogrms `m bk`k `m`g sm  MRBMEK
 MRBM EK MMEE RK
RKSKI
SKIMM @G
@GB'R 
B'R 
rmmapjkzke pgr cue`ks `m pjëstobg y amtkj mquopk`ks bge
ueks ikrrks `m drk `m bkrdgeg `m 9,= ba. Jgs `mstropk`grms
pum`me skbkrsm mxtme`ome`g jk akeg, bgag lkbme jgs iktgs.
Jk akygrák `m jk imetm jjmvk uûks ckjsks sgdrm sus `mstropk-
`grms, jg qum jgs lkbm aës `ocábojms `m `mtmbtkr (uek tkrmk bge
S@;<). Jgs `mstropk`grms bgrtke me tg`ks `ormbbogems.

44
 

LÏJOG CTK^ÂG

= MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK
Me jgs numigs `m rgj, mj ‚tkdjmrg‑ ms tu oakioekboòe8 mj @N tm `msbrodm mj
metgreg y `mpme`m `m to oakioekr `òe`m mstë tg`g me dksm k msks `msbrop-
bogems (kuequm, k vmbms, sm utojozke akpks buk`robujk`gs y aoeokturks
bgag kyu`k vosukj me jks sotukbogems `m akygr bgapjmno`k`).
BÒAG AGEPKT JK MRBMEK
Lky kjiueks rmijks dësobks me mstm metgreg ametkj. Vroamrg, tu pmrsgeknm pum`m oetmrkbtukr bge kjig so pum`m vmrjg k soapjm
vostk g bge jk aork `m ue krak. Eg pum`m oetmrkbtukr so lky gtrk bgsk me am`og y sm bgeso`mrk qum mstë djgqumk`g . Ro kjig
g kjiuome mstëe sotuk`gs pgr `mjketm `m tus lgadrgs, pum`ms mebkrkrjg m oetmrkbtukr bge mjjg. Vgr þjtoag, so mstëe kj kjbkebm `m jk
akeg (lkstk 4 amtrgs), tkadoïe pum`ms tgbkrjg8 `m jg bgetrkrog, embmsotkrës uskr uek lmrrkaometk, ue krak g kjiþe gtrg aïtg`g pkrk
mxtme`mr tu kjbkebm.
Mstg egs jjmvk kj tmak `m jk am`oboòe. Me Bydmrpueh, jg am`oags tg`g me amtrgs.

Tmijk> uskags amtrgs pkrk tg`g

Ro usks uek buk`rábujk y aoeokturks, bk`k buk`rg rmprmsmetk 4 amtrgs

42
 

MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK
@ORPKEBOK _ AGSOAOMEPG
Vgr rmijk imemrkj, me Bydmrpueh  sm utojozke `gs msbkjks `m
agvoaometg. Jk proamrk msbkjk ms mj agvoaometg iurktovg> sm
agvoaometg.
bgapkrke `gs bkrkbtmrástobks `m AGS pkrk vmr quoïe ms aës
rëpo`g me tïraoegs imemrkjms. Ms mj amngr aïtg`g pkrk bgapm-
tobogems `m vmjgbo`k` smebojjks y sgstmeo`ks, bgag me uek bkrrmrk
k pom.
Me bk`k tureg, ue pmrsgeknm tomem uek kbboòe `m Agvoaometg
y uek kbboòe Dësobk.
Kbboòe `m Agvoaometg
Jgs pmrsgeknms gdtomeme uek kbboòe `m Agvoaometg pgr tureg,
tur eg,
qum sgjg pum`me uskr pkrk agvmrsm ue eþamrg `m amtrgs oiukj
k su AGS x 4, g ue eþamrg `m bksojjks oiukj k su AGS, oebjuo`g
mj agvoaometg me `okigekj.

Jumig
rmkj, qummstë mj agvoao
sm usk agvoaometg
metg jotmrkj
me bgadktm , uek sm
y buke`g am`o`k `m jk
mapjmke `ostkebok
aoeokturks. Kbbogems Dësobks
Jgs pmrsgeknms gdtomeme uek kbboòe `m Agvoaometg pgr tureg, Jks kbbogems Dësobks sge jk msmebok `mj tureg me Bydmrpueh.
qum sgjg pum`me uskr pkrk agvmrsm ue eþamrg `m amtrgs @gaoekrjks pmraotorë lkbmr aublg aës qum ue Ktkqum k ue mem-
oiukj k su AGS x 4, g ue eþamrg `m bksojjks oiukj k su AGS, aoig me ue tureg `m bgadktm. Vg`rës Mstrkeiujkr k ue iukr`ok
oebjuo`g mj agvoaometg me `okigekj.   Jks kbbogems `m Agvo- `m smiuro`k` bgetrk mj qum lkdáks jjmvk`g k bkdg ue Kikrròe 
aometg, nuetg bge tg`ks jks `maës kbbogems qum ue pmrsgeknm me mj tureg ketmrogr, krrkstrke`g su bumrpg trks uek bgdmrturk.
pum`m rmkjozkr me ue tureg,
tur eg, sm mxpjobke aës k`mjketm me jk smb- Pkadoïe pg`rës bggr`oekr uek mstrktmiok bge mj rmstg `mj
boòe Me tu tureg. mquopg, uske`g Tmtmemr uek kbboòe pkrk gdtmemr vmetknk crmetm
k ue eþamrg supmrogr `m memaoigs. Mstks kbbogems pmraotme jjm-
Pkdjk `m vmjgbo`k` kprgxoak`k ikr kj Jáaotm bgag ek`om. Eg `mnms qum mj egadrm tm meikûm, jks
kbbogems Dësobks eg sge amegrms.
Aïtg`g `m voknm AVL Ha/l
Bkaoekr 4,= 0 • KPK[]M
Bgrrmr = ;; ]sks uek kbboòe Dësobk pkrk jjmvkr k bkdg ue ktkqum k `os-
tkebok g bumrpg k bumrpg.
Smlábujg tmrrmstrm rëpo`g ;66 ;36
(bgblm, agtg) Bgesujtk mj Rostmak `m Bgadktm (pëi. 29) pkrk skdmr bòag 
Smlábujg kïrmg am`okeg 466 244 jjmvkr k bkdg ue ktkqum.
(lmjobòptmrg, kmrgiorg) • KIKTTÒE
Kikrrkr y rmtmemr k kjiuome, quotkrjm ue gdnmtg g msbkpkr `m
POMAVG @M OEPMTVTMPKBOÒE, POMAVG @M  uek prmsk. Pketg mj ktkbketm bgag mj gdnmtovg, qum tomem qum
mstkr kj kjbkebm `m jk akeg, torke @MR + jk lkdojo`k` Vmjmk
BGADKPM M OEOBOKPOSK g Ktjmtosag + ;`;6. Jgs `gs uske jk lkdojo`k` qum smk aës
Bydmrpueh utojozk `gs cgraks `m am`or mj tomapg. Jk proamrk,
vmetkngsk pkrk mjjgs. Ro mj ktkbketm ikek, pum`m mjmior kikrrkr
mj tomapg `m oetmrprmtkboòe, cuebogek oiukj qum me jk vo`k rmkj. kj `mcmesgr g quotkrjm ue gdnmtg bge uek akeg jodrm (ue krak, ue
Jk smiue`k cgrak, mj tomapg `m bgadktm, ms aublg aës mxo- dkto`g `m jmblm, mtb., pmrg eg mj djoe`knm qum jjmvk pumstg). Ro
imetm. Mj tomapg `m bgadktm sm `ovo`m me turegs, bk`k ueg `m mj ktkbketm ikek y mjoim kikrrkr kj `mcmesgr, sm bgeso`mrk qum
jgs bukjms `urk kprgxoak`kametm 2 smiue`gs. Jk bketo`k` kadgs pmrsgeknms mstëe me ue Kikrròe y sucrme ue -2 me tg`ks
`m tomapg qum jm jjmvk k bk`k pkrtm oevgjubrk`k me mj bga- jks tork`ks aometrks soike kikrrk`gs. Aometrks mstë kikrrk`g,
dktm lkbmr ue tureg bgapjmtg ms ue kskjtg. mj `mcmesgr eg pum`m uskr jk kbboòe `m Agvoaometg, y ms krrks-
trk`g pgr mj ktkbketm somaprm qum mstm rmkjozk su kbboòe `m
Buke`g mapomzk ue bgadktm, tg`g mj aue`g tork oeoboktovk> Agvoaometg. Mj ktkbketm pum`m tmraoekr mj Kikrròe me bukj-
quomr agametg soe uskr uek kbboòe, pmrg mj `mcmesgr, g bukj-
Oeoboktovk 1 TMC + ;`;6 quomr gtrg pmrsgeknm, `mdm rmkjozkr uek kbboòe y supmrkr uek
tork`k `m Kikrròe bgetrk mj ktkbketm pkrk rgapmr jk prmsk.  
Pg`gs jgs pkrtobopketms me mj bgadktm sm bjksobke smiþe Buke`g kjiuome oetmetk msbkpkr `m ue Kikrròe, sm jm bgeso`mrk mj
su tork`k `m oeoboktovk me gr`me `msbme`metm. Jgs mapktms sm ktkbketm k mcmbtgs `m qum mj `mcmesgr ikek me bksg `m mapktm.
rmsumjvme torke`g `m eumvg. Mj bgadktm sm `mskrrgjjk me mj
gr`me `m jk jostk `m oeoboktovk, bge bk`k ueg `m jgs pkrtobopketms
pkr tobopketms • MRPTKEI]JKT
gdtmeome`g ue tureg. Kj jjmikr kj ekj `m jk jostk, sm mapomzk `m Mj pmrsgeknm ktkbketm me ue Kikrròe pum`m uskr uek kbboòe
eumvg `ms`m mj proebopog, me ue eumvg kskjtg. pkrk Mstrkeiujkr kj `mcmesgr kj qum mstë kikrrke`g, oeo -
iome`g su PBG `ormbtkametm k jgs puetgs `m `kûg `mj `mcme-
ME P] P]TEG sgr. Mstm `kûg OIEGTK mj djoe`knm `mj `mcmesgr, pmrg eg dknk
jk BV `m `oblg djoe`knm.

Pu tureg 1
; kbboòe `m Agvoaometg + ; kbboòe Dësobk*
*K ameu`g `megaoek`k soapjmametm kbboòe
• JKE^KT
Jkezkr k uek pmrsgek k jk qum sm mstë kikrrke`g g ue
gdnmtg qum sm sgstomem. Mj ktkbketm me ue Kikrròe pum`m uskr
uek kbboòe Dësobk pkrk `mrrodkr kj bgetroebketm kj sumjg,
oeoiome`g jk bkrkbtmrástobk PBG `ormbtkametm k jgs puetgs

40
 

MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK

 K  A 
 J K  Þ R 
A Þ  R O  B K
 B    
 K  • ]RKT ]EK LKDOJO@K@
]skr uek kbboòe pkrk mapjmkr uek KBBOGEMR
lkdojo`k` bge jk qum bgapjmtkr uek tkrmk DËROBKR
 A 
 M 
 O 
R   T 
 V   M  R   M   rëpo`k (me 2 smiue`gs bgag aëxoag). Ro mj
@N `mtmraoek qum jk tkrmk prgpumstk tgak
aës `m 2 smiue`gs y sm quomrm jjmvkr k bkdg Ktkqum

 M 
 T      K
B M 
] B 
 @ ]  K  JJ K KR   oiukjametm,, ms pgsodjm uskr jk kbboòe Dësobk
oiukjametm
me bk`k tureg pkrk oetmetkr bgapjmtkrjk,
Mcmbtukr ue ktkqum bumrpg
k bumrpg g k `ostkebok.
k ue rotag `m 2 smiue`gs pgrbgapjmtk`g
tureg, y torkr
P  R  K
 M R 
 T  R ,
K M R     K
 ,  K T P   ,  
  ,
P M  þeobkametm buke`g sm lkyk mj
tomapg rmqumro`g. Jk rmsgjuboòe `m tkrmks sm
Kikrròe
Kikrrkr y sunmtkr k ue gpg-
`msbrodm me ‚rmsgjvmr kbbogems bge lkdojo`k-
`ms‑, aës k`mjketm me mstk smbboòe. emetm g quotkrjm ue gdnmtg qum
 KB P P O P ] 
 P     _  
] @  • ]RKT ]E GDNMPG
mstë sgstmeome`g.

Rkbkr ue krak k jk qum sm pum`m kbbm- Mstrkeiujkr

 K]  @   E B 
 M 
 O   K
B O   . `mr cëbojametm eg ms uek kbboòe, somaprm
qum sm `ospgeik `m uek akeg jodrm.
Mstrkeiujkr k ue gpgemetm
kj qum sm lk kikrrk`g.
Mstk kbboòe ms ue bgag`áe pkrk uskr/
 T _
 T 
 M 
 H    G 
 T 
M ]] 
_   M  _ 
G @    M 
 E 
 _ akeopujkr/rmbgimr
akeopujkr/rmbgi mr bukjquomr gdnmtg qum eg Jkezkr
rmquomrk mapjmkr uek lkdojo`k` y eg mstï Jkezkr kj sumjg k ue gpg-
budomrtg pgr gtrks kbbogems, pmrg bge mj qum emetm kikrrk`g g jkezkr ue
`m `kûg `mj `mcmesgr. Mstm `kûg oiegrk sá smk prmbosg ue rëpo`g mscumrzg `m 2 smiue-
gdnmtg.
mj
BVdjoe`knm
`m `oblg`mj `mcmesgr,
djoe`knm pmrg eg
. @mrrodkr dknk jk
kj gdnmtovg `gs. Rm mapjmk
pumrtk, bkadokrpkrk bgsks bgag
uek msbgpmtk kdror
pgr uek
ue rom Jmvketkrsm
tmraoek mj Kikrròe (jodmrke`g k kadgs `mj `m kskjtg bgjik`g k jk mspkj`k, rmbgimr ue
-2 k tg`ks jks tork`ks oapumstg pgr pkr- krak `msktme`o`k `mj sumjg, prmsogekr mj Jmvketkrsm `mj sumjg.
tobopkr me ue Kikrròe) y `mnk kj `mcmesgr dgtòe `m ue `mtgek`gr g agr`mr ue trgzg
me mj sumjg, oebkpkz `m uskr su kbboòe `m `m pozzk. Jgs turegs sgjg `urke 2 smiue`gs, Bgrrmr
Agvoaometg
Agvoaom etg lkstk qum sm jmvketm bge uek ksá qum so rmkjametm sm quomrm jjmvkr k bkdg Mcmbtukr uek kbboòe `m
kbboòe Dësobk. uek tkrmk soapjm qum jjmvm aës tomapg me Agvoaometg k`obogekj.
Pkadoïe pum`ms uskr mstk kbboòe pkrk bgadktm,, smrë embmskrog uskr mstk kbboòe me
bgadktm
jkezkr ue gdnmtg qum mstës sgstmeome`g k uek bk`k tureg pkrk pg`mr rmkjozkrjk bgapjmtk ]skr uek lkdojo`k`
`ostkebok aëxoak me amtrgs oiukj k tu PBG. me pjkzgs `m 2 smiue`gs bk`k ueg.
Ro usks uek buk`rábujk, msg ms jk aotk` `m tu ]skr uek lkdojo`k` pkrk
PBG me bksojjks, rm`ge`mke`g kj kjzk. Vkrk
Vkrk • ]RKT KBBOGEMR @M TM@ jjmvkr k bkdg uek tkrmk
mstm Hot `m oeobog, bgag eg lky aublg qum Rgjg jgs emtrueemrs  pum`me uskr kbbogems rëpo`k.
jkezkr (eg lky irkek`ks eo bublojjgs krrgnk- `m TM@, y jks rmkjozke me sustotuboòe `m gtrks
`ozgs), mj @N `mtmraoek buëetg `kûg bkusk kbbogems Dësobks me su tureg. Jk akygrák ]skr ue gdnmtg
mj gdnmtg `kûkr
so pum`m qum jkezks oaprgvosk`kametm,
k ue gdnmtovg djoe`k`g g soy `m emtrueemrs  oebjusg pum`me jjmvkr k bkdg Akeopujkr ue gdnmtg `m tkj
vkroks kbbogems `m TM@ me ue sgjg tureg. akemrk qum eg sm rmquomrk
þeobkametm jg mecurmbm. Me jks rmijks dëso- Jks kbbogems `m TM@ sm `msbrodme me jk
bks mebgetrkrës aës bgsks `ovmrto`ks pkrk uek lkdojo`k`.
smbboòe `m ‚Emtrueeoei‑ (pëi. 4?).
jkezkr k jk imetm.
• TMPMEMT ]EK KBBOÒE ]skr kbbogems `m TM@
• JMSKEPKTRM
Me bgadktm, ue pmrsgeknm pum`m uskr Jjmvkr k bkdg uek kbboòe
]skr uek kbboòe Dësobk pkrk jmvketkrsm `metrg `m jk TM@.
mstk kbboòe pkrk pkrk Tmtmemr uek kbboòe
`mj sumjg.
Dësobk lkstk qum jjmium ue eþamrg mspmbábg 
Mstke`g me mj sumjg eg sm pum`m uskr jk me mj gr`me `m oeoboktovk, qum sgjg pum`m Tmtmemr uek kbboòe
kbboòe `m Agvoaometg lkstk lkdmr rmkjozk`g smr aës tkr`m me mj kskjtg kbtukj. Buke`g Tmtmemr uek kbboòe lkstk
mstk kbboòe. jjmik msm agametg, pum`m mjmior smiuor bge aës tkr`m me mj gr`me `m
• BGTTMT jk kbboòe Dësobk mjmio`k g rmeuebokr k mjjk oeoboktovk.
pgr bgapjmtg. Eg sm pum`m Tmtmemr uek
]skr uek kbboòe Dësobk pkrk mcmbtukr uek kbboòe `urketm vkrogs kskjtgs. Pkapgbg sm
kbboòe `m Agvoaometg k`obogekj. pum`m bkadokr mj agametg me mj gr`me `m oeo-
Ro eg sm pum`m uskr uek kbboòe `m Agvo- boktovk mstkdjmbo`g lkstk qum mstm jjmik. Jks
aometg pgr bukjquomr agtovg, tkapgbg sm kbbogems `m Agvoaometg y `m TM@ eg sm
pum`m jjmvkr k bkdg mstk kbboòe. pum`me Tmtmemr.

4=
 

MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK

TMRGJSMT KBBOGEMR BGE LKDOJO@K@MR Ïxotg brátobg

Romaprm qum ue pmrsgeknm oetmetk lkbmr kjig (jg qum jjkakags
maprme`mr uek kbboòe), pum`m surior jk `u`k `m so tme`rë ïxotg
g so crkbkskrë. K vmbms jk tkrmk ms tke cëboj qum ms kjig gdvog8
`kr ue pksg soe bkmrsm, pgr mnmapjg. Me mstgs bksgs, jm `obms kj
@N jg qum quomrms rmkjozkr y eg lkbm ckjtk torkr jgs `k`gs. Vmrg,
pgr mnmapjg, oetmetkr `kr ue pksg me jk budomrtk `m ue dkrbg
qum sm kiotk skjvknmametm dkng uek cmrgz tgrametk pum`m smr
rmkjametm `ocáboj. Kquá ms `ge`m metrk me numig jk rmsgjuboòe `m
kbbogems am`oketm lkdojo`k`ms. Mxostme `gs akemrks `m rmsgj-
rmsgj-
vmr uek kbboòe.
Jk proamrk ms rmsgjvmr uek kbboòe bgetrk uek pmrsgek g
uek bgsk vovk (bgag oetmetkr bgevmebmr
bgevmebmr k kjiuome `m qum lkik
kjig pgr to). Vkrk mjjg, mj ktkbketm suak uek BKTKBPMTÁRPOBK
rmjmvketm + uek LKDOJO@K@ + uek tork`k `m ;@;6 bgetrk jk
suak `m uek BKTKBPMTÁRPOBK + uek LKDOJO@K@ + uek
tork`k `m ;`;6 `mj `mcmesgr. Mj rmsujtk`g `m uek bkrkbtmrástobk
+ uek lkdojo`k` + uek tork`k `m ;`;6 `m ue gpgemetm tkadoïe
rmbodm mj egadrm `m Skjgr `m `obujtk`, g S@, y ms mj eþamrg
k supmrkr pgr uek bkrkbtmrástobk + uek lkdojo`k` + ;`;6 `mj
ktkbketm pkrk tmemr ïxotg me jk tkrmk. Me bksg `m mapktm, mj
`mcmesgr somaprm ikek.
Buke`g sm gdtomem uek tork`k ekturkj `m ;6 me ue `;6, sm
bgesoium ue ïxotg brátobg. Metgebms sm `mdm torkr gtrg `;6 y
suakrjg kj rmsujtk`g `m jk proamrk tork`k. Ro sm gdtomem gtrg ;6,
yk eg sm bgeso`mrk ïxotg brátobg.
Ckjjg brátobg
Buke`g sm gdtomem uek tork`k ekturkj `m ; me ue `;6, sm
sucrm ue ckjjg brátobg. Rm tork gtrg `;6 y sm rmstk kj rmsujtk`g
`m jk proamrk tork`k. Ro sm gdtomem gtrg ;, yk eg sm bgeso`mrk
ckjjg brátobg.
AG@OCOBKT MJ OEPMEPG
K vmbms, uek bge`oboòe qum mstë aës kjjë `m tu bgetrgj `o-
bujtk jks kbbogems. Vgr mnmapjg, bkadokr uek dgadojjk pg`rák
smr uek tkrmk Mjmametkj, pmrg bkadokr uek dgadojjk aometrks sm
prg`ubm ue tmrrmagtg metrkûk uek `obujtk` `m uek akieotu`
aublg akygr. Mstks bge`obogems mxtmreks sm jjkake ag`obk`g-
rms. Buke`g mj @N `mbo`m qum sm kpjobk ue ag`obk`gr k uek
kbboòe, sm rmstk kutgaëtobkametm mj vkjgr `mj ag`obk`gr k tu
tork`k `m `k`g. K bgetoeukboòe sm oe`obke kjiueks bge`obogems

BKTKBPMTÁRPOBK + LKDOJO@K@ + ;@;6 tápobks nuetg k sus ag`obk`grms (sge kbuaujktovgs).

`mj ktkbketm Pkdjk `m mnmapjgs `m ag`obk`grms

bgetrk Bge`oboòe Ag`obk`gr

Lmrrkaometk, k krrak g vmlábujg `m
`msbgegbo`gs -0
BKTKBPMTÁRPOBK + LKDOJO@K@ + ;@;6 Ckjtk `m oestrubbogems pkrk uek tkrmk -4
`mj `mcmesgr Ckjtk `m jks lmrrkaometks g pomzks bgrrmbtks -4
Pkrmk bgapjmnk -2
Jk smiue`k akemrk ms rmsgjvmr uek kbboòe bgetrk uek Eg lkdmrjg lmb lg euebk -;
sotukboòe (bgag kdror uek bmrrk`urk g bge`ubor ue bgblm). Jk
`obujtk` pkrk rmsgjvmr mstks tkrmks sm dksk me jg bgapjobk`g Me bge`obogems `m mstrïs g mxpumstg k ue -2
qum ms jjmvkrjks k bkdg. Vroamrg, mj @N usk jk tkdjk `mj Skjgr ktkqum
`m `obujtk` (S@) y `mbo`m quï vkjgr `msbrodm amngr mj eovmj `m Dkng mj mcmbtg `mj kjbglgj, jks `rgiks g mj -0
kptotu` rmqumro`g pkrk jjmvkr k bkdg jk tkrmk. Jumig sm suak bkeskebog
uek BKTKBPMTÁRPOBK
supmrkr + uek LKDOJO@K@
mj Skjgr `m `obujtk` + ;`;6
(S@)  ksoiek`g k jky tkrmk
sm oetmetk
pgr Oetmetkr jjmvkr k bkdg uek tkrmk me smbrmtg -0
mj @N. Pkrmk `obujtk`k pgr mj luag g jk gsburo`k` -0

Pkdjk `mj Skjgr `m `obujtk` (S@)

Skjgr @msbropboòe @obujtk`
Mjmam
Mjmametk
etkjj Kjig
Kjig qum jk akyg
akygrák
rák `m
`m imetm
imetm pum`m
pum`m lklkbm
bmrr soe p
pme
meskr
skr,, pmrg
pmrg qum
qum pum`m
pum`m smr smr `ocábo
`ocábojj pkrk
pkrk ue eoûg
eoûg ;6
pmqumûg.
@okrog ]ek tkrmk qum jk akygrák `m imetm pum`m lkbmr soe tmemr eoeiþe metrmekaometg mspmbokj. ;0
Bgapmtm
Bga pmtmetm
etm Mstk tkrmk
tkrmk prmbosk
prmbosk `m metrme
metrmekaom
kaometg
etg y mj usukrog
usukrog qum
qum jk supmrm
supmrm pum`m
pum`m bgeso`mrk
bgeso`mrkrsm rsm ue prgcms
prgcmsogekj
ogekj ;<
bkpkbotk`g.
Lmrg
Lmrgobg
obg ]ek prgmz
prgmzkk `m irke
irke lkdo
lkdojo`
jo`k`,
k`, qum sgjg
sgjg jgs
jgs amngrm
amngrmss ppum`
um`meme jgirkr
jgirkr.. Ms
Ms mmjj eovm
eovmjj `
`mm jjks
ks mstr
mstrmjj
mjjks
ks `mj 44
`mpgrtm y gtrks supmrmstrmjjks `m irke prmstoiog.
Oebrmádjm Ms uek prgmzk qum sm bgesoium uek g `gs vmbms me jk vo`k. Jgirkrjk tm bjksobkrák metrm jgs amngrms 4=
`m tu prgcmsoòe. Pomems uek vmr`k`mrk bkpkbo`k` gjáapobk.
Jmime`k
Jmime`krog
rog ]ek prgmz
prgmzkk þeobk
þeobk me uek
uek imemrk
imemrkboòe
boòe.. ]e jg
jgirg
irg sgdrm
sgdrm mj qum
qum sm mmsbrodm
sbrodmee lostgroks
lostgroks y tke ksgadrg
ksgadrgsg
sg 26
qum sm lkdjkrë `m ïj me vgz dknk `urketm aublgs
aub lgs kûgs.

43
 

MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK

E]MSGR OEPMEPGR, ]RKT LKDOJO@K@MR  ·[]Ï LKDOJO@K@ ]RKT7

BGAVJMAMEPKTOKR  G POMAVG K@OBOGEKJ
Kj ckjjkr uek tork`k `m lkdojo`k`, eg sm pum`m vgjvmr k oetme-
tkr mxbmptg so jks prgdkdojo`k`ms `m ïxotg amngrke pgr kjiuek
rkzòe8 sm jm `m`obk aës tomapg, sm usk uek lmrrkaometk
amngr g sm rmkjozk uek tork`k `m lkdojo`k` bgapjmametkrok.
Jks tork`ks `m lkdojo`k` bgapjmametkroks sge kqumjjks me
jks qum mj usg `m uek lkdojo`k` kcmbtk `ormbtkametm k gtrk.
K `osbrmboòe `mj @N, uek dumek tork`k me uek lkdojo`k` pum`m
bgebm`mr ue dgeobk`gr +; kj usg pgstmrogr `m uek lkdojo`k`
rmjkbogek`k, somaprm qum jk ekturkjmzk bgapjmametkrok `m jks
`gs lkdojo`k`ms tmeik smeto`g. Mstm dgeobk`gr +; sgjg kcmbtk k
ue oetmetg pgstmrogr y jgs dgeobk`grms pgr lkdojo`k` bgapjmame-
bgapjmame -
tkrok eg sm kpojke.
Pgakrsm tomapg k`obogekj tkadoïe pum`m `kr ue dgeobk`gr
k jk tork`k `m lkdojo`k`. Buke`g mj @N oe`obk mj tomapg qum
tkr`krë me bgapjmtkrsm uek tkrmk, sm pum`m bgesmiuor ue sgjg
dgeobk`grr +; k jk tork`k `m lkdojo`k` so sm jm `m`obk buktrg
dgeobk`g
vmbms msm tomapg.
·[]Ï BKTKBPMTÁRPOBK ]RKT7
Dumeg, ·quï quomrms lkbmr7
Me mstm Hot `m oeobog  lmags voebujk`g bk`k lkdojo`k` k uek
bkrkbtmrástobk bge jk qum sm usk. Me mj proebopog `m mstm jodrg, jk
smbboòe totujk`k Mj kjak y jk eumvk aëquoek `msbrodm mstks lkdojo-
`k`ms bge akygr `mtkjjm, y mj sostmak `m bgadktm pgramegrozk
su cuebogekaometg me ue mecrmetkaometg.
Ro rmkjametm quomrms uskr uek bgadoekboòe `m bkrkbtmrástobk y
lkdojo`k`  qum kquá  pkrk gdtmemr uek vmetknk,
  qum eg sm oe`obk kquá pkrk vmetknk, oetmetk
prgpgemr kj @N uek tork`k `m lkdojo`k` bgapjmametkrok pkrk
bgesmiuor ue dgeotg dgeobk`gr +;, g oetmetk uskr buktrg vmbms
aës tomapg `mj embmskrog me bgapjmtkr jk tkrmk pkrk gdtmemr gtrg
dgeobk`gr +;. Ro eo soquomrk pum`ms mebgetrkr uek lkdojo`k`
bgapjmametkrok, `mdmráks jmmr jk smbboòe Buke`g eg tomems uek
lkdojo`k`. ¡Ckjjkr tkadoïe cgrak pkrtm `m jk ekrrkboòe y `m jk
vo`k, y `mdm kbmptkrsm me mj numig!

Jostk `m lkdojo`k`ms

Bkrkbtmrástobk Lkdojo`k` [uï lkbm jk lkdojo`k`

OEP Bujturk Bgegboaometgs `m bomebok, lostgrok, burogso`k`ms, submsgs.
OEP Mxpmrtg jgbkj Bgegboaometgs sgdrm mj metgreg jgbkj, ckbbogems, oetmrmsms.
OEP Vmrbmpboòe Dusbkr kjig gbujtg8 pmrbodor ametorks g magbogems.
OEP Tkstrmkr Rmiuor ue rkstrg.
 ‐ Oetmrckbm Lkdojo`k` ‚lkbhmr‑ mspmbokj,
mspmbokj, sgjg `ospgeodjm pkrk emtrueemrs .
TMC Bge`ubor Bge`ubor vmlábujgs lëdojametm.
TMC Vuetmrák @ospkrkr kraks k `ostkebok bge prmbosoòe.
@MR Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg Bgadktm bge kraks bumrpg k bumrpg.
@MR Ktjmtosag Vrgmzks `m cumrzk, ktjmtosag me imemrkj.
@MR Mvksoòe Msquovkr jgs ktkqums qum sm `mtmbtke.
@MR Vmjmk Bgadktm akrbokj uske`g tg`g mj bumrpg.

@MR Roiojg Msbge`mrsm y agvmrsm me sojmebog.

PMB Bodmrtmbegjgiák O`metobkr,, bgaprme`mr y rmpkrkr ambkeosags bodmreïtobgs.
O`metobkr
PMB Ambëeobk dësobk O`metobkr,, bgaprme`mr y rmpkrkr ambkeosags mjmbtròeobgs.
O`metobkr
PMB Vroamrgs kuxojogs Burkr k gtrgs y k to aosag.
CTO Oetmrrgiktgrog Mxtrkmr oecgrakboòe pgr jk cumrzk.
CTO Vmrsuksoòe Bgevmebmr,, pmrsuk`or g oeumebokr.
Bgevmebmr
CTO Rgdgrekr Rkdmr buëe`g, k quoïe y bge quï bketo`k` sgdgrekr.
SGJ Bgebmetrkboòe Bmetrkrsm, rmbgr`kr, rmsostmebok ametkj.
MAV Bgevmrskboòe Mxtrkmr oecgrakboòe bge uek bgevmrskboòe buo`k`gsk.
MAV Vmrbmpboòe luakek Jmmr mxprmsogems y jmeiuknm bgrpgrkj pkrk `mtmbtkr ametorks g magbogems.
MAV Pgbkr oestruametg Pgbkr ue oestruametg y bgapgemr aþsobk.

49
 

MEPTKT ME AKPMTOK

B]KE@G EG POMEMR ]EK LKDOJO@K@
Buke`g soapjmametm eg tomems uek lkdojo`k`, pmrg quomrms oetmetkr jk tkrmk oiukjametm,
oiukjametm, tomems `gs gpbogems>
Vurk sumrtm
Rmebojjkametm, usk jk bkrkbtmrástobk bge jk qum mstë voebujk`k jk lkdojo`k` qum eg tomems y kûë`mjk k ;`;6 . Msm ms mj rmsujtk`g.
Bgecáks purkametm me tu bkrkbtmrástobk y jk sumrtm bomik. Lkdjke`g `m R]MTPM, buke`g bgeso`mrks mstk gpboòe ms mj agametg
pmrcmbtg pkrk uskrjk. Ketms `m torkr, pum`ms `m`obkr uek pkrtm `m tu rmsmrvk `m R]M (qum bgetomem uek bketo`k` `m puetgs oiukj k jk
bkrkbtmrástobk y qum sm rmbkrik kj oeobog `m bk`k smsoòe `m numig) k mstk tork`k, qum jk oebrmametk me +; pgr bk`k puetg qum ikstms.
Ckaojokro`k` bujturkj
Lky auy pgbks bgsks qum eg sm `msbrodke `m uek akemrk u gtrk me jgs am`ogs `m bgaueobkboòe> jk imetm `ospkrk kraks me jks
pmjábujks, jks jmyme`ks `msbrodme bòag uskdk mj lïrgm su mspk`k, g jks egvmjks `m Pga Bjkeby bumetke tg`g sgdrm mj cuebogekaometg
`m jgs sudakroegs. Jk ckaojokro`k` bujturkj supgem qum buketk aës bujturk tmeiks, aës prgdkdojo`k`ms tme`rës `m skdmr kjig
rmjkbogek`g bge jg qum mstës k puetg `m oetmetkr.
Buke`g sm bkrmbm `m uek lkdojo`k` kpjobkdjm, sm pum`m uskr jk ckaojokro`k` bujturkj me su juikr. Jk ckaojokro`k` bujturkj kuametk me ueg
 pgr bk`k trms puetgs
puetgs qum tmeiks me jk lkdojo`k` B
Bujturk,
ujturk, ksá qum eg `mnms `m or k jk msbumjk.

Lkdojo`k` Bujturk ; 4 2 0 = 3 9 < ? ;6

Ckaojokro`k` bujturkj 6 6 ; ; ; 4 4 4 2 2

Bydmrpueh,, soapjmametm mapkrmnk uek bkrkbtmrástobk, uek lkdojo`k`

Rmebojjg, ·vmr`k`7 Tmbumr`k> pkrk lkbmr bukjquomr bgsk me Bydmrpueh
y uek tork`k `m `;6 bgetrk ue Skjgr `m `obujtk` (S@). Ro tu tork`k supmrk msk bketo`k`, ¡jg bgesmiuostm! ¡Pg`g jg `maës ms purg
k`greg!

K@TOKE AKTB

4<
 

EMOJ DTKE[]OELG

3
3 EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG
Conks mj þjtoag bgembtgr, ksmiurëe`gtm `m qum jks bjkvonks `m jks auûmbks
mstïe knustk`ks. Kpromtks ametkjametm
ametkjame tm mj dgtòe ‚BGEMBP
‚BGEMBPKT‑.
KT‑. @m akemrk
oestketëemk,, tu ametm sm jjmek bge jk mstëtobk iros y djkebk `m jk bká`k ‚me
oestketëemk
jáemk‑. Sávo`ks iurks m oaëimems oeue`ke tu bkapg `m vosoòe, aometrks
bkadoketms cgraks `m emòe, jáemks `m buk`rábujk y sgeo`gs `oiotkjozk`gs
tgake cgrak me tus oetmrckbms vortukjms.
Mstës me jk TM@.
BODMTPMTAOEKJMR
Lky aublgs topgs `ocmrmetms `m rgjms qum pum`ms oetmrprmtkr me Bydmrpueh, pmrg ueg `m mjjgs ms þeobg me mj smeto`g `m qum tomem
sus prgpoks rmijks y rmkjo`k`ms. _ msm ms mj rgj `m jgs emtrueemrs .
Me Bydmrpueh Tm` , trktkags k jgs emtrueemrs  mxkbtkametm bgag k bukjquomr gtrg topg `m pmrsgeknm, mxbmptg qum sus kraks y `mcme-
ametkj/oecgraëtobk imemrk`k me mj bodmrmspkbog, tkadoïe bgegbo`k bgag jk TM@. Vkrk mjjg,
sks tomeme juikr `metrg `m jk rmkjo`k` ametkj/oecgraëtobk
sm embmsotk ue bodmrtmraoekj, ue `ospgsotovg mspmbokj `osmûk`g pkrk mebgetrkr y kbbm`mr k sostmaks am`oketm jk bgevmrsoòe `m ge`ks
bmrmdrkjms me smûkjms mjïbtrobks y vobmvmrsk. Rm trktk, mcmbtovkametm
mcmbtovkametm,, `m sostmaks `m aò`mas/wo pkrk jk ametm. Roe ue bodmrtmr
bodmrtmraoekj
aoekj
y mj metrmekaometg pkrk uskrjg, eo soquomrk sm
s m pum`m vmr jk TM@.

K@MAËR @M ]E 
4?

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG
PÏTAOEGR
BGA]EMR @MJ
EMPT]EEOEI
Kbboòe `m bkrem
]e pkrk
usk`g tïraoeg pmygrktovg
rmcmrorsm k uek
kbboòe qum sm maprme`m me
mj aue`g cásobg. Pkadoïe jjk-
ak`k kbboòe Dësobk (vmr pëi.
40).
Kbboòe `m TM@
]ek kbboòe qum sm maprme`m
me mj oetmrogr `mj aue`g vortukj
`mj bodmrmspkbog.
Kptotu`
]ek cueboòe oetmirk`k me
ue bodmrtmraoekj qum bukjquomr
emtrueemr  pum`m uskr soe ue
prgirkak.
Ksbmesgr y posgs
]e aïtg`g usk`g pgr jgs
emtrueemrs   pkrk `msbrodor mj
bodmrmspkbog me tïraoegs sme-
sme-
bojjgs. Bk`k posg bgetomem ue
prgirkak g ue gdnmtg vortukj.
Mj ksbmesgr pmraotm voknkr
metrm jgs posgs.
Bodmrtmraoekj
]e gr`mek`gr qum bgevomrtm
ge`ks bmrmdrkjms me oapujsgs
mjïbtrobgs y vobmvmrsk. Roe
bodmrtmraoekj eg mxostm mj
emtrueeoei.
Bgembtgr oetmrckbm
Bodmrmquopg qum pmraotm
bgembtkr tu bmrmdrg k uek
aëquoek.
Ikcks `m vortukjo`k`
Ikcks qum supmrpgeme mj
pkosknm `mj bodmrmspkbog bge
tu bkapg `m vosoòe.
Roium me jk pëi. 24
26
BODMTPMTAOEKJ, EMBMROPKTËR  
GPTKR LMTTKAOMEPKR
Mj bodmrtmraoekj eg sgjg tm pmraotm vmr
jk TM@, soeg tkadoïe oetmrkbtukr bge sus
‚lkdotketms‑, prgymbtëe`gjgs me ue bksbg g
ueks ikcks `m vortukjo`k` y pmraotoïe`gtm
vmr jks oaëimems `m jk TM@ supmrpumstks
kj
vmsaue`g
pgr mjrmkj.
aue`gBgag me (tkadoïe
cásobg rmkjo`k` jjkak`g
tm aum-
‚mspkbog `m jk bkrem‑) eg smrës bkpkz
`m bgembtkr tus emrvogs òptobgs k jk TM@
bgag sm lkbák ketms `m jk Mrk `mj Tgng.
Ro metrkrks bgag me jgs vomngs tomapgs, tm
agvmráks bge tgrpmzk, sgr`g y bomig, yk
qum tus smeto`gs mstkráke pgr bgapjmtg me
mj bodmrmspkbog. Me vmz `m msg, jgs emtrue-
emrs  uske ikcks y bksbgs `m vortukjo`k`,
qum prgymbtke jk oakime `mj bodmrmspkbog
sgdrm jk vosoòe `mj aue`g qum cásobkametm
jms rg`mk. Mstg soieobk qum pum`ms vmr y
gár bgsks bgag prgirkaks y lomjg emirg
aometrks tus bgapkûmrgs `m mquopg eg. _
tkadoïe qum eg trgpmzkrës bge mj akrbg
`m jk pumrtk
dogjòiobg kj oejtrkrtm me ue jkdgrktgrog
smbrmtg.
Bgag tm aumvms pgr mj aue`g rmkj, `ge`m
jgs topgs akjgs uske kraks, tkadoïe qumrrës
tmemr kjig `m prgtmbboòe (k`maës `m jk qum
tm droe`me tus bgapkûmrgs). Kbtukjametm, jk
akygrák `m emtrueemrs jjmvke ue djoe`knm prg-
tmbtgr Dg`ywmoilt (g `m uek akrbk soaojkr),
ue trknm bgrpgrkj budomrtg bge imj `m djoe`knm
soetmrozk`g me jks pkrtms bjkvm pkrk jk kdsgr-
boòe `m oapkbtgs. K`maës `m prgpgrbogekr
uek am`o`k `m prgtmbboòe mquovkjmetm k uek
blkqumtk djoe`k`k joimrk, tkadoïe tomem dgj-
sojjgs pkrk iukr`kr tus bkdjms oetmrckbm y qum
eg agjmstme aometrks mstës gbupk`g crome`g
mj bmrmdrg k msm mstþpo`g emgbgrpgrktovg
qum sm lk ktrmvo`g k jkezkrtm ue Vmrrg `mj
oemreg. Jgs amngrms tkadoïe tomeme cuebogems
`m sgpgrtm votkj, bgag oeymbtgrms `m `rgiks
y dgjsks pkrk jk groek.
KBBOGEMR @M BKTEM BGEPTK  pmrg brïmegs, eg quomrms qum gburrk mstg.
KBBOGEMR @M TM@
Smkags metgebms jg qum pum`ms lkbmr me
ue emtrue. K `ocmrmebok `m jk akygr pkrtm
`m rgjms `m pmrsgeknm, mj emtrueemr  tomem
kbbmsg k `gs topgs `m kbbogems> kbbogems
`m bkrem (kbbogems qum eg sge `m Agvoaometg
qum tomeme juikr me jk rmkjo`k`, g mspkbog
`m jk bkrem) y kbbogems `m TM@ (qum tomeme
juikr purkametm me jk TM@).
Me ue tureg sm pum`m jjmvkr k bkdg uek
kbboòe `m bkrem g tketks kbbogems `m TM@
bgag pmraotk mj eovmj `m Oetmrckbm.  Roe
oapgrtkr jg qum mjonks, somaprm pum`ms mcmb-
tukr uek kbboòe `m Agvoaometg.
Kbbogems `m TM@
Buketg aës kjtg smk mj eovmj `m Oetmrckbm
`mj emtrueemr, aës kbbogems `m Tm` pg`rë
rmkjozkr me su tureg.
EOSMJ ;-2 0-3 9-? ;6
Kbbogems ; 4 2 0
`m TM@
@m mstm ag`g, ue emtrueemr bge Oetmrckbm
k eovmj ; sgjg pum`m uskr uek kbboòe `m
TM@ pgr tureg, aometrks qum so tomem eovmj 9
pg`rë jjmvkr k bkdg lkstk 2 kbbogems `m
TM@ pgr tureg.
KBBOGEMR _ KVPOP]@MR @MJ 
EMPT]EEMT
Bgembtkrsm/`msbgembtkrsm
Mstk ms jk kbboòe `m TM@ aës oapgrtketm.
Ro tm mebumetrks `metrg `mj kjbkebm `m ue
puetg `m kbbmsg u gtrk bgemxoòe `m TM@
(lkdotukjametm k 3 amtrgs g amegs, mxbmptg
so kjiuek pkrm` jg djgqumk), pum`ms bgemb-
tkrtm k ue sostmak uske`g uek kbboòe `m
TM@. Mstkr bgembtk`g ms ue prmrrmquosotg
pkrk lkbmr bukjquomr bgsk me mj sostmak.
Ro tm `mspjkzks cumrk `mj kjbkebm aometrks
mstës bgembtk`g, tm `msbgembtks kutgaëtobk-
ametm y k`maës
mj mcmbtg qum`ks
`mj ktkqum mj lomjg sucrms
vujemrkdjm>
`m tg`g emirg
rmstketm me mj sostmak ketms `m ‚skjor‑.
Mj lomjg emirg sm `msbrodm aës k`mjketm,
Ms aublg aës smiurg uskr uek kbboòe `m
TM@ pkrk `msbgembtkrsm `ms`m mj oetmrogr
`mj kjbkebm `mj sostmak. @msbgembtkrsm
‚rmkrak‑ jks `mcmesks `m uek krquotmb-
turk `m TM@, jg qum soieobk qum tomems
qum vgjvmr k bgamezkr mj emtrue `ms`m mj
proebopog, jg qum sgjg pum`ms lkbmr bgemb-
tëe`gtm `m eumvg me jk aosak udobkboòe
`ms`m jk qum metrkstm y vgjvoïe`gjg k
oetmetkr.

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG
Kptotu`ms `m emtrueemr 
Pu emtrueemr tomem eumvm kptotu`ms qum pum`m jjmvkr k bkdg bgag kbbogems (mstëe kutgaëtobkametm prgirkak`ks me su bodmr-
tmraoekj). Vum`m uskr mstks kptotu`ms rmkjozke`g kbbogems `m TM@ (mxbmptg Msbkemkr). Jk rmsgjuboòe `m mstks kptotu`ms (mxbmptg
Mjmbtrgbuboòe)
Mjmbtrgbuboòe) ms auy soaojkr k jjmvkr k bkdg bukjquomr gtrg topg `m kbboòe.
Eovmj `m Oetmrckbm + ;`;6 bgetrk S@ `m jk tkrmk
Kptotu` Mcmbtg
Bkauknm Jk kptotu` `m msbge`mr bukjquomr rkstrg `m tu
prmsmebok y bukjquomr Sorus `mnk`g me mj sostmak
uske`g uek kbboòe `m TM@. Mj S@ `m Mxpjgrkboòe
pkrk qum gtrg emtrueemr supmrm tu Bkauknm y
`msbudrk tus kbbogems ms oiukj k jk
j k tork`k `m
Bkauknm qum jjmvkstm k bkdg pkrk brmkrjg.
Bgetrgj Jk bkpkbo`k` `m bgetrgjkr bgsks bgembtk`ks
kj sostmak, bgag bëakrks, vmlábujgs, rgdgts y
ake`gs k `ostkebok am`oketm ue eg`g `m bgetrgj.
Bk`k eg`g tomem ue S@, qum lky qum supmrkr
bge uek kbboòe `m TM@ pkrk bgetrgjkrjg. Lkbmr
cuebogekr bk`k mjmametg oe`ovo`ukj bgembtk`g kj
eg`g rmquomrm
supmrkr uek kbboòe
uek tork`k `m TM@
`m Bgetrgj s mpkrk`k
smpkrk`k
bgetrk mj eg`g.trks
Mj
S@ pkrk krrmdktkr ue eg`g qum kbtukjametm mstë
me akegs `m gtrg emtrueemr ms oiukj k jk tork`k `m
Bgetrgj qum mstm rmkjozò pkrk bgetrgjkrjg.
@msjozkaometg Oetmetkr luor `mj bgadktm bgetrk ue prgirkak `m
lomjg emirg bge uek kbboòe `m TM@. Ro sm jgirk
supmrkr uek tork`k `m @msjozkaometg bgetrk jk
Vmrbmpboòe + ;`;6 `mj prgirkak, sm pum`m
msbkpkr `mj lomjg emirg k ue ‚posg‑ k`ykbmetm
k`ykbmetm
`mj ksbmesgr, pmrg euebk k trkvïs `m uek
bgetrksmûk u gtrk gdstrubboòe `m jk TM@. Rgjg sm
pum`m oetmetkr ue @msjozkaometg pgr tureg. Eg
sm pum`m uskr `m cgrak prmvmetovk.
Mjmbtrgbuboòe Vmraotm rmkjozkr ue ktkqum bge uek kbboòe `m TM@
bgetrk uesupmrkr
prgirkak emtrueemr
bgesoium uekgtork`k `m  memaoig. Ro sm
Mjmbtrgbuboòe
bgetrk mj vkjgr `m @mcmesk `mj prgirkak + ;`;6
g jk Oetmrckbm `mj emtrueemr + ;`;6, sm bkusk ;`3
`m `kûg k jk TM^ `mj prgirkak g `ormbtkametm
kj bmrmdrg `mj emtrueemr (mj `kûg bmrmdrkj eg sm
ag`obk pgr jk jgbkjozkboòe).
Msbkemg ]skr uek kbboòe `m bkrem pkrk mebgetrkr mj juikr Mj emtrueemr mapjmk su kptotu` Msbkemg pkrk rmiostrkr mj m`obog
me mj mspkbog `m jk bkrem `ge`m sm mebumetrke jgs
sostmaks. Buketg akygr smk jk tork`k, aës jmngs
pg`rës vmr.
vmr. Mj @N `mtmraoek
`mtmr aoek jg qum mebumetrks.
Mxpjgrkboòe Rm usk uek kbboòe `m TM@ pkrk rmvmjkr pkrbokjametm Prks bgembtkrsm k ue eumvg sostmak, mj emtrueemr eg tomem eo
mj ‚akpk‑ `m jk krquotmbturk `m TM@. Buketg
akygr smk jk tork`k, aës oecgrakboòe gdtme`rë.
Imemrkjametm, mstg oe`obk jg qum lky me mj sostmak
me mj qum sm kbkdk `m metrkr, pmrg eg jgs S@.
[um`k k `osbrmboòe `mj @N `mtmraoekr quï pkrtm
`mj akpk sm gdtomem. Jgs posgs aës prgcue`gs `mj
‚ksbmesgr‑ sge aublg aës `ocábojms `m bkrtgirkkr.
tkr mk
Mnmapjg
Prks `mnkr su Sorus me jk rm` `m jk bgrpgrkboòe, mj emtrueemr 
quomrm gbujtkr sus kbbogems me mj sostmak y tkadoïe mj Sorus,
ksá qum usk uek kbboòe `m TM@ pkrk mapjmkr su kptotu`
Bkauknm. Pork Oetmrckbm (9) + ;`;6, ¡y gdtomem ue ;3! K ue
emtrueemr memaoig jm smrë bgapjobk`g supmrkr mstm eþamrg
bge Oetmrckbm + ;`;6 pkrk `msbudror kjiþe rkstrg g smr
bkpkz `m torkr bgetrk bukjquomr Sorus mxostmetm. Ro mj emtrueemr 
eg ludomrk `mnk`g ue Sorus tke vostgsg, ¡quozë eo soquomrk
lkdráke skdo`g qum su sostmak mstkdk bgaprgamto`g!
Me uek rm`, ue emtrueemr sm mebumetrk bge ue eg`g `m bgetrgj
`m S@;4 qum imstogek jks bëakrks `m mstk pjketk. Bge uek
kbboòe `m TM@, usk su kptotu` Bgetrgj, tork Oetmrckbm (9) +
;`;6 y vmebm kj S@ `mj eg`g `m bgetrgj pgr 4 puetgs. Klgrk
qum sm lk kpg`mrk`g `mj eg`g, usk uek kbboòe `m TM@
k`obogekj pkrk vgjvmr k pgsobogekr jks bëakrks `m akemrk
qum eg bkptme
msbkjmrk k sus kaoigs aometrks sm msbkdujjme pgr jk
`m oebme`ogs.
Me am`og `m ue `gjgrgsg bgeobtg bgetrk ue lomjg emirg Vmrrg
`mj oemreg, ue emtrueemr `mbo`m qum klgrk eg tomem tomapg
pkrk agror ksmsoek`g. ]ske`g uek kbboòe `m TM@, oetmetk
ue @msjozkaometg pkrk kjmnkrsm `mj lomjg emirg, torke`g
Oetmrckbm (9) + ;`;6 bgetrk jk Vmrbmpboòe (<) `mj Vmrrg `mj
oemreg + ;`;6. Mj emtrueemr gdtomem ue ;0 bgetrk ue ;2 `mj
Vmrrg
Vmrr g `mj oemreg. ¡Lk tmeo`g ïxotg! Mj emtrueemr mjoim msbkpkr
kj soiuometm posg `mj ksbmesgr. @msirkbok`kametm, kjjá lky
gtrg Vmrrg `mj oemreg mspmrke`g. ¡@mdmrák
¡@mdmrák lkdmr usk`g
Mxpjgrkboòe proamrg! ¡Eg pum`m mapjmkr @msjozkaometg `m
eumvg lkstk su soiuometm tureg!
]e emtrueemr, qum yk lk usk`g tg`gs sus prgirkaks `m ktkqum
me mstm
Vmrr
Vmrrg tureg,
g `mj tg`kvák
oemreg. eg lk bgesmiuo`g
Kcgrtuek`kametm kbkdkruek
jm qum`k bgekbboòe
ue `m
TM@, ksá qum oetmetk uek Mjmbtrgbuboòe. Pork Oetmrckbm (9) +
;`;6 bgetrk jk @mcmesk `mj Vmrrg `mj oemreg (9) + ;`;6,
supmrke`g kj Vmrrg
Vmrrg `mj oemreg pgr ; y bkusëe`gjm ;`3 `m
`kûg k jk TM^ bgesoiuome`g kbkdkr bge ïj.
me dusbk `m sostmaks qum porktmkr uske`g uek kbboòe `m
bkrem. Pork ;`;6 y jm kûk`m su Oetmrckbm (9), gdtmeome`g ue
;0. Bge mstk tork`k, mj @N `mtmraoek qum mebumetrk jk jgbkjo-
zkboòe `m `gs sostmaks bmrbkegs me mj mspkbog `m jk bkrem.
o`mk `m k quï sm mecrmetk, pgr jg qum utojozk su lkdojo`k` `m
Mxpjgrkboòe, bge uek kbboòe `m TM@, pkrk kvmroiukrjg. Pork su
Oetmrckbm + ;`;6 y sgjg gdtomem ue ;6. Mj @N `mtmraoek
`mtmr aoek qum,
bge uek tork`k tke dknk, tke sgjg `msbudrm jgs trms proamrgs
eovmjms `mj ‚ksbmesgr‑.
2;

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG
PÏTAOEGR
BGA]EMR @MJ
EMPT]EEOEI
(BGEPOE]KBOÒE)
Lomjg emirg
]e prgirkak kutòegag `m
ktkqum qum pum`m crmár tu
bmrmdrg rmkj.
Jk TM@
Mj bodmrmspkbog. Ketms `m jk
Bukrtk Iumrrk Bgrpgrktovk
mrk pgsodjm agvmrsm pgr tg`g
mj aue`g, m oebjusg jjmikr kj
mspkbog, `metrg `m jk TM@.
Kbtukjametm, jgs emtrueemrs   qum quomrks, `metrg `m jg
tomeme qum voknkr k juikrms
mspmbábgs `m jk TM@ y bgemb -
tkrsm `ormbtkametm.
`ormbtkametm.
Eg`g `m bgetrgj
]e juikr me mj mspkbog vor-
tukj qum pmraotm bgetrgjkr ue
`ospgsotovg `mj aue`g rmkj.
Vrgirkak
Rgctwkrm qum pum`ms oebgr-
pgrkr k tu bodmrtmraoekj pkrk
amngrkr sus cuebogems. Mxostme
trms topgs `m prgirkaks>
pgtmebok`grms, gcmesovgs y
`mcmesovgs.
Tkeurk
]ek pgrboòe `m amagrok `m
ue bodmrtmraoekj `m`obk`k k
ue prgirkak. Buketg amngr ms
mj tmraoekj, aës rkeurks tomem.
TM^
Vuetgs `m `kûg `m jgs prg-
irkaks y mj lomjg emirg.
Prknm Dg`ywmoilt
]e trknm `osmûk`g pkrk jgs
emtrueemrs , bge djoe`knm oebgr-
pgrk`g, bodmrtmraoekj, kjak-
bmeknm pkrk bkdjms y, k vmbms,
cuebogems `m sgpgrtm votkj.
24
Pkdjk `m kptotu`ms `m emtrueemr (bgetoeukboòe)
Kptotu` Mcmbtg
Gdsmrvkboòe Vmraotm skdmr quï ms ue
`ktg mebgetrk`g (bgag
ue krblovg) y su vkjgr
am`oketm uek kbboòe `m
TM@. Kjiuegs krblovgs
tomeme ue S@ qum lky qum
supmrkr pkrksgdrm
oecgrakboòe gdtmemr
mjjgs.
Vumrtk trksmrk Vmraotm k ue emtrueemr  Mj emtrueemr mebumetrk uek bgetrksmûk
oetmetkr rgapmr bgetrksmûks
me uek krquotmbturk `m uek
rm`, uske`g uek kbboòe `m
TM@. Vgr supumstg, so yk
bgegbm jk bgetrksmûk eg
tme`rë qum lkbmrjg.
Sorus ]ek vmz jjmiks kj þjtoag Prks jjmikr kj ekj `mj ‚ksbmesgr‑ me mj
eovmj `mj ksbmesgr, pum`ms
`mnkr tu prgpog Sorus me mj
sostmak pkrk qum lkik jg
rkzgekdjm. Jjmvks k bkdg
uek prumdk `m Oetmrckbm y
buketg akygr smk mj rmsuj-
tk`g, aës oaprmsogeketm ms
mj mcmbtg qum tu vorus pum`m
tmemr me jk rm`, y amegs
tomapg tkr`ks me msbrodorjg.
Oetrg`ubor ue Sorus aës
pg`mrgsg me mj sostmak
rmquomrm ue S@ akygr, tkj
y bgag `mtmraoekrë mj @N.
Mstk kptotu` pum`m rmqum-
ror tketks kbbogems `m TM@
bgag mj @N bgeso`mrm
embmskroks. Mj S@ pkrk
`mstruor mj Sorus ms oiukj
k jk tork`k `m Oetmrckbm
gdtmeo`k pkrk brmkrjg.
VTGITKAKR
Jgs prgirkaks sge jks kraks y mj mquopg
`mj bodmrmspkbog. Bgag jks kraks y mj mquopg
`mj mspkbog `m jk bkrem, jgs prgirkaks sge
jks lmrrkaometks qum uske jgs emtrueemrs pkrk
jublkr, prgtmimrsm y mxpjgrkr mj rmoeg mjmb-
tròeobg. Kbtovkr g `mskbtovkr ue prgirkak
sgjg rmquomrm `m uek kbboòe `m TM@.
Tkeurks `m prgirkak
Bk`k bydmrpueh tomem ue eþamrg joaotk`g
`m rkeurks pkrk bgetmemr jgs megrams prg-
irkaks-OK qum sm embmsotke pkrk agvmrsm
pgr jk TM@, ksá qum `mdm mjmiorjgs buo`k`g-
skametm. @msoestkjkr ue prgirkak rmquomrm
uek kbboòe `m bkrem (vmr pëi. 26)8 bge gtrk
kbboòe `m bkrem sm pum`m oestkjkr ueg eumvg.
Mnmapjg
Prks `msbudror ue krblovg bge ue tátujg
oetmrmsketm, mj emtrueemr utojozk su kptotu`
Gdsmrvkboòe bge uek kbboòe `m TM@.
Ms ue krblovg `m S@;6, pgr jg qum
tork Oetmrckbm (9) + ;`;6 y bgesoium
cëbojametm ue rmsujtk`g pgr meboak `m
;6.
ckjsg@mskcgrtuek`kametm,
y mstkdk me mj sostmak¡mjsgjg
krblovg
pkrkmrk
lkbmr pmr`mr mj tomapg k jgs emtrueemrs!
`m S@;0, pkrtobujkrametm `ocáboj, qum
djgqumk su prgirmsg aometrks mstë me ue
sostmak. Bge uek kbboòe `m TM@ pum`m
oetmetkr kdror uek pumrtk trksmrk. Pork ue
`;6 y kûk`m su Oetmrckbm (9), gdtmeome`g
ue ;3. Jk bgetrksmûk yk eg jm djgqumk.
sostmak `m uek bgrpgrkboòe, mj emtrueemr 
quomrm `mnkrjg pmgr `m jg qum jg mebge-
trò. Jm mxpjobk kj @N qum quomrm oetrg-
`ubor ue Sorus me mj sostmak qum bkadom
tg`ks jks bgetrksmûks `m jk rm`
r m` bk`k =
aoeutgs. Mj @N `mtmraoek qum oapjketkr
msm Sorus rmqumrorák ? kbbogems `m TM@
me mj sostmak, y jm ksoiek k jk tkrmk ue
S@;0. @urketm jgs trms turegs soiuometms,
mj emtrueemr usk sus trms kbbogems `m TM@
pkrk brmkr mj Sorus, jumig tork Oetmrckbm
(9) + ;`;6... skbke`g sgjg ue ;4. Ru
bò`oig eg cuebogek, ksá qum `mbo`m
oetmetkrjg `m eumvg, uske`g ? kbbogems
`m TM@ aës `urketm mj trkesbursg `m 2
turegs pkrk vgjvmrjg k oetmetkr, y mstk
vmz tomem ïxotg bge ue ;=. Buke`g jkj k bgr-
pgrkboòe `msbudrm mj Sorus `mj emtrueemr,
aës tkr`m, su emtrueemr bgrpgrktovg tomem
aublgs qumdrk`mrgs `m bkdmzk pkrk
joapokr mj Sorus S@;=.
BODMTPMTAOEKJ 
@M TM@M_M
AG@MJG
Hme`kblo
44204
VGPMEBOK Mstëe`kr
TKE]TKR
3
 

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG

Pg`gs jgs prgirkaks tomeme bjksm, ktkqum, TM^ (tkadoïe jjkak`g puetgs `m `kûg) y mcmbtg.
Mxostme 2 topgs `m prgirkak.
Popg @msbropboòe
Vgtmebok`gr Buke`g sm bkrik, amngrk tus kptotu`ms me mj bodmrmspkbog.
Gcmesovg Ktkbk kj lomjg emirg g k gtrgs sostmaks, bkuske`g mj `kûg oe`obk`g.
@mcmesovg Oapo`m g rm`ubm mj mcmbtg `m jgs ktkqums `m prgirkaks u gtrgs emtrueemrs .

Vgtmebok`grms
Egadrm Bjksm KP[ @MC TM^ Mcmbtg Obgeg
Rpmm`y Igezëjvmz Vgtmebok`gr 6 6 9 Oebrmametk jk SMJ me +0 aometrks ]e rkstrg `m pgjvg qum kpkrmbm
jm qum`m TM^. trks mj emtrueemr buke`g sm
aumvm.

Gcmesovgs
Egadrm Bjksm KP[ @MC TM^ Mcmbtg Obgeg
Dkelkaamr Gcmesovg 4 6 6 Bkusk 2`3 k TM^ bgetrk Vmrrgs ]e irke akrtojjg djkebg y
`mj oemreg, g 4`3 k TM^ bgetrk drojjketm.
mj rmstg. Rgjg pum`m bkuskr
`kûg k prgirkaks.

@mcmesovgs
Egadrm Bjksm KP[ @MC TM^ Mcmbtg Obgeg
Cumig ketokïrmg @mcmesovg 6 6 ; Oapo`m qum mj proamr ktkqum bge ]ek eudm `m jubms drojjketms y
ïxotg rmbodo`g, mxbmptg `m jgs bmik`grks,, `m aublgs
bmik`grks a ublgs bgjg-
Vmrrgs
Vmrrgs `mj oemreg, bkusm `kûg rms, qum rmvgjgtmk me tg`ks
bmrmdrkj. Prks `mtmemr mstm `ormbbogems.
ktkqum, mj Cumig ketokïrmg sm
dgrrk k sá aosag.

Me mj Hot `m oeobog sgjg embmsotkrës mstgs prgirkaks. Me jks rmijks dësobks lky aublgs aës pgr `msbudror.
Rgjg sm pum`m mnmbutkr uek oestkebok `m bk`k prgirkak me ue bodmrtmraoekj kj aosag tomapg, y jgs prgirkaks oe`ovo`ukjms sgjg sm
pum`me kbtovkr uek vmz pgr kskjtg `mj mspkbog `m jk bkrem.

K@TOKE AKTB

22
 

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG

LOMJG EMITG
Jgs prgirkaks `m lomjg emirg sge prgirkaks mspmbokjms qum pum`ms mebgetrkr buke`g metrks me ue sostmak g jublke`g
jub lke`g bgetrk gtrg
prgirkaks sge aublg aës irke`ms y uskrëe `gs rkeurks.
emtrueemr. Vum`ms bkrikr tu prgpog lomjg emirg me ue tmraoekj, pmrg mstgs prgirkaks
Jgs prgirkaks `m lomjg emirg tomeme Bjksm, Vmrbmpboòe (VMT), Smjgbo`k` (SMJ), @mcmesk (@MC), Ktkqum (KP[) y ue vkjgr `m TM^ 
(tkadoïe jjkak`g puetgs `m `kûg). Kbtovkr g `mskbtovkr ue prgirkak `m lomjg emirg bumstk uek kbboòe `m TM@. Rgjg sm pum`m mnmbu-
tkr uek oestkebok `m ue prgirkak `m lomjg emirg kj aosag tomapg me ue bodmrtmraoekj, y jgs prgirkaks oe`ovo`ukjms sgjg sm pum`me
kbtovkr uek vmz pgr kskjtg me mj mspkbog `m jk bkrem.

Lky `gs topgs `m lomjg emirg>

Popg @msbropboòe
Ketopmrsgekj Ktkbk y bkusk `k
`kûg cácásobg kj
kj bm
bmrmdrg `m
`mj emtrueemr.
Ketoprgirkak Ktkbk k jgs prgirkaks `mj emtrueemr (eg kpkrmbme me mstm Hot `m oeobog).

Lomjg emirg ketopmrsgekj

Mstgs prgirkaks `m lomjg emirg ktkbke `ormbtkametm k jgs emtrueemrs , soiuoïe`gjgs pgr jk TM@ y qumake`g su bmrmdrg lkstk
aktkrjgs, lkstk qum `mrrgtke kj lomjg emirg,
emirg, g lkstk qum bgesoiume uskr su kptotu` @msjozkaometg pkrk msbkpkr
msbkpkr..
Vkrk mstm Hot `m oeobog sgjg embmsotkrës mj Vmrrg `mj oemreg.
Egadrm Popg VMT SMJ @MC KP[ TM^ Mcmbtg `mj ktkqum Obgeg
Vmrrg
Vmrrg `mj oemreg Keto-pmrsgekj < 3 9 < 4= Bkusk 2`3 `m `kûg ]e megram jgdg emirg `m
`ormbtg kj bmrmdrg amtkj bge jgs gngs djkebgs
`m ue emtrueemr. Rgjg y drojjketms, y bge cumig
pum`m bkuskr `kûg k rmbgrrome`g su bumrpg me
emtrueemrs . gjmk`ks. Lkdjk bge vgz
Mj `kûg bmrmdrkj eg amtëjobk y mstro`metm,
sm ag`obk pgr jk rmpotome`g mj egadrm `mj
jgbkjozkboòe. emtrueemr.

MEBGEPTKT LOMJG EMITG _  `mskbtovke`g y rmkbtovke`g mj lomjg emirg pkrk vgjvmr k mevokrjg

bgetrk mj emtrueemr. Oebjusg kuequm tþ tg`kvák pum`ks ‚vmr‑ kj
]RKT P] VTGVOG LOMJG EMITG emtrueemr kj qum `mdmrák mstkr ktkbke`g
k tkbke`g,, eg pum`ms gr`mekrjm qum
jm soik, yk qum lk so`g durjk`g.
Buke`g mebumetrks lomjg emirg mspmrëe`gtm me mj sostmak,
torks tu Oetmrckbm + (bukjquomr dgeobk`gr `m SMJ qum tmeiks
kbtovg) + ;`;6 bgetrk jk SMJ `mj lomjg emirg + ;`;6. Ro mj lomjg
MJ BGADKPM ME JK TM@
emirg supmrk tu tork`k, sucrms oeam`oktkametm mj mcmbtg `m su Ketms g `mspuïs, kjiuome oetmetkrë aktkrtm me jk TM@, g tþ vks
ktkqum. Jumig sm sotþk kj proebopog `mj gr`me `m oeoboktovk, ue k oetmetkr aktkr k kjiuome, jg qum soieobk bgadktm.
eþamrg pgr meboak `m jk akygr oeoboktovk gdtmeo`k pgr gtrk
meto`k`. Me su tureg, ktkbkrë kj emtrueemr uek vmz, torke`g KP[ Me ue
bgag mj bgadktm me jk
mquovkjmetm TM@, uek
k uskr ue prgirkak g lomjg emirg
postgjk g djoe`knm. cuebogek
Jk rmsgjuboòe
+ ;`;6 bgetrk Oetmrckbm + ;`;6 `mj emtrueemr, bkuske`g mj ms somaprm>
mcmbtg `m ktkqum so tomem ïxotg.
Buke`g tþ u gtrg emtrueemr kbtovëos vumstrg lomjg emirg uske`g
uek kbboòe `m TM@, tmeïos `gs gpbogems. Jk proamrk ms prmpkrkr mj
lomjg emirg `m akemrk qum mspmrm me mj ‚posg‑ kbtukj `mj ksbme-
ksbme- Eovmj `m Oetmrckbm + KP[* `mj
sgr, tkj y bgag sm lk `msbrotg. Mstg eg pum`m lkbmrsm `urketm mj prgirkak + ;`;6
bgadktm. Jk smiue`k ms kbtovkr mj lomjg emirg `urketm mj bgadktm
bgetrk ue gdnmtovg vëjo`g mspmbábg. Me mstm bksg, mj lomjg emirg sm bgetrk
sotþk me jk pkrtm supmrogr `mj gr`me `m oeoboktovk, ue eþamrg pgr
meboak `m jk meto`k` qum tmeák jk akygr oeoboktovk lkstk klgrk. @MC `mj prgirkak/lomjg emirg + ;`;6
Ktkbk kj gdnmtovg uek vmz pgr kskjtg me su tureg.
g
Mj lomjg emirg qum brmks ms tke gdstoek`g bgag mj lomjg
emirg qum mebumetrks. Eg sm trktk `m uek aksbgtk `oiotkj y Eovmj `m Oetmrckbm `mj emtrueemr  
eg pum`m lkbmr ek`k aës qum jk þeobk bgsk pkrk jk qum lk
so`g prgirkak`g. memaoig + ;`;6
Mnmapjg
Mnmapjg>> so mj emtrueemr gdnmtovg `m tu  Vmrrg `mj oemreg
oemreg   rmk
rmk-- *Buke`g smk kpjobkdjm.
jozk ue @msjozkaometg bge ïxotg, `mdms uskr `gs kbbogems `m TM@,

20
 

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG

eg`gs `m jk TM@, kbtukjametm jgs emtrueemrs   tomeme qum kbga-
pkûkr kj rmstg `m ‚skbgs `m bkrem‑ y mecrmetkrsm kj pmjoirg `m
bmrbk pkrk pg`mr kjbkezkr y rmbgrrmr ue sostmak. _ msg bkadok
pgr bgapjmtg jk akemrk me jk qum jgs emtrueemrs  sm mecrmetke
k ue emtrue8 yk eg sm trktk `m vgjkr pgr meboak `m ue aue`g
`m OBGEGR drojjketms y mspkbogs oeeotgs, soeg `m jublkr pkrk
pg`mr ktrkvmskr ue sostmak aublg aës joaotk`g qum tomems nustg
`mjketm.

Ms aës cëboj
so so pomesks
cumrk me ue emtrue
ue ksbmesgr
ksbmesgr..  bgag
Vomesk me bk`k posg `m uek rm` bgag jk ‚pkrk`k `m ue
ksbmesgr‑ me jk qum, buke`g sm kdrm jk ‚pumrtk‑, mebumetrks
kjig mspmrëe`gtm. Vg`rák smr ue prgirkak, lomjg emirg, gtrg
emtrueemr, kbbmsg k eumvgs sostmaks, mtb. Pomems qum oetmetkr
dknkr tketgs posgs bgag pum`ks, mxkaoeke`g tg`ks jks pumr-
tks, lkstk qum `mbo`ks ortm g kjiuek bgsk blueik tm cue`k mj
bmrmdrg. Eg pum`ms skjtkrtm eoeiþe posg. _ so jk bgsk sm pgem
cmk, oebjusg pum`ms uskr prgirkaks pkrk ‚aktkr‑ k bukjquomr
doblg akjg qum mebumetrms mspmrke`g buke`g kdrks jk pumrtk
y skjiks `mj ‚ksbmesgr‑, so ms qum proamrg pum`ms mvotkr qum tm
crák mj jòdujg crgetkj.
Oiukj qum mj rmstg `m tu mquopg, qum sm oejtrk me ue juikr
pkrk sigemkr y rgdkr/`mstruor/kjtmrkr jg qum mebumetrm, tþ
vks kj aosag juikr pkrk rgdkr/`mstruor/kjtmrkr jg qum k to tm
oetmrmsk. Rgjg qum tþ jg lkbms me mj bodmrmspkbog.
EOS Kj gt
gtrg jk
jk`g `m
`m jkjk ‚p
‚pumrt
rtk
k‑ S@
; Bgetrksmûk (Vumrtk trksmrk S@;6)
4 Krblovg (Gdsmr vkboòe S@<)
2 Eg`g `m bg bget
etrrgj `m
`m jk (Bgetrgj S@;4)
joausoek
0 Vmrrg `mj oemreg
K E I M J O E K R P T G I K E G SK
SK
]e emtrue tápobg pg`rák smr ksá>
Me mj proamr kskjtg, Tm`mym y su mquopg metrke me uek g-
@mrrgtkr k ue prgirkak boek bgrpgrktovk pkrk ue trkdkng. Tm`mym usk su kptotu` Msbk-
]e prgirkak pum`m smr `mrrgtk`g, pmrg msg eg jg dgrrk `m emg pkrk rmiostrkr mj m`obog me dusbk `m puetgs `m kbbmsg,
tu tmraoekj. Vum`ms uskrjg tketks vmbms bgag quomrks lkstk qum mapjmke`g uek kbboòe `m bkrem. Ruak su eovmj `m Oetmrckbm (9) k
jg `msoestkjms g jg `mstruyk ue lomjg emirg keto-prgirkaks,
keto-prgirkaks, qum ;`;6 y gdtomem ueu e ;0. Bge mstm irk`g
irk `g `m ïxotg, Tm`mym mebume-
eg kpkrmbm me mstm Hot `m oeobog.
oeobog. trk `gs sostmaks bkdjmk`gs y uek rm`. Klgrk skdm `òe`m mstëe
msgs sostmaks me mj mspkbog `m jk bkrem. Jgs juikrms bkdjmk`gs
Rmr `mrrgtk`g sge uek bksmtk `m smiuro`k` y ue `rge iukr`oëe me mj proamr
Me mj bksg `m qum ue lomjg emirg bgesoik supmrkr tus `mcmesks, posg8 jk rm` mstë me jk smbrmtkrák `m jk pjketk dknk.
bkuskrë `kûg k tu bumrpg rmkj tkj bgag jg lkrák bukjquomr gtrk
Me mj smiue`g kskjtg, Tm`mym `mbo`m pmemtrkr me jk rm` `m
krak. Roe madkrig, mstgs ktkqums oiegrke mj djoe`knm y eg rmbo-
jk smbrmtkrák. Ru mquopg jm kyu`k k `mnkr cumrk `m bgadktm kj
dme mj dgeobk`gr `m `gdjm `kûg qum sumjme tmemr jgs oapkbtgs
voiojketm `m smiuro`k` `mj vmstádujg y jjmikr lkstk jgs 3 amtrgs
me jk bkdmzk. `m rk`og `mj puetg `m kbbmsg. ]sk uek kbboòe `m bkrem pkrk
`ospkrkr kj voiojketm bge jk postgjk pmsk`k y uek kbboòe `m
Agvoaometg pkrk jjmikr lkstk jk smbrmtkrák.
AGSMTPM VGT JK TM@ Me mj tmrbmr kskjtg, mj mquopg `m Tm`mym ksmiurk jk gboek
Me jgs tomapgs `m jmyme`ks bgag Dkrtagss y Aurply, pg`áks aometrks mjjk sm bgembtk k jk rmsmrvk `m `ktgs `m jk smbrmtkrák
qum`krtm
`osmûk`k, me
memjmjsgcë
bksg`m`mtu Dkrtagss)
bksk (g meyuek emvmrkpgr
agvmrtm mspmbokjametm
jk TM@ bge uske`g uek`mj
trk `metrg kbboòe `m`m
rk`og TM@, kprgvmblke`g
3 amtrgs `mj puetgqum
`mklgrk
kbbmsg.sm @urketm
mebume-
smiuro`k`, jmngs `m jk kbboòe. Vmrg me jk Mrk `mj Tgng msk gpboòe mstk oebursoòe, tme`rë qum qum`krsm `metrg `m mstm rk`og g
yk eg mstë `ospgeodjm8 bge sostmaks smjjk`gs y jáaotms me jgs pg`rák `msbgembtkrsm `m akemrk pmjoirgsk, yk qum sucrorák

2=
 

EMPT]EEOEI ME JK MTK @MJ TGNG

mj mcmbtg `m ktkqum `m tg`g mj lomjg emirg qum qum`m me mj `mj ksbmesgr y eg lky eoeiþe tmsgrg mspmrëe`gjk me mj cge`g.
sostmak, k`maës `m pmr`mr tg`g mj prgirmsg kjbkezk`g.  Me Bgag eg lky rkzòe pkrk jublkr bgetrk mstm Vmrrg `mj oemreg,
mj eovmj ;, Tm`mym mebumetrk uek bgetrksmûk qum jk djgqumk. `mbo`m skjor `m kquá. Tëpo`kametm, usk su proamrk kbboòe `m
Oetmetk uskr su kptotu` Vumrtk trksmrk pkrk rgapmr jk bgetrk- TM@ pkrk mapjmkr jk kptotu` Bkauknm, torke`g Oetmrckbm +
smûk, qum tomem S@;6. Ru tork`k ms `m ;4 (eovmj `m Oetmrckbm 9 ;`;6 y gdtmeome`g ue ;4, jg qum gbujtkrë sus kbbogems me mj
+ =), pgr jg qum ms bkpkz `m supmrkr mj prgdjmak. Ro ludomrk sostmak dkng ue S@ `m ;4 pkrk `msbudrorjks. Msg tme`rë qum
tmeo`g kbbmsg k jk bgetrksmûk bge ketmrogro`k`, sm pg`rák lkdmr smrvor. ]sk su smiue`k kbboòe `m TM@ pkrk `msbgembtkrsm bge
klgrrk`g mstk tork`k y eg lkdrák tmeo`g qum uskr uek kbboòe `m smiuro`k` `mj sostmak, `mnke`g kj Vmrrg `mj oemreg soe eoeiþe
TM@ pkrk bruzkr jk dkrrmrk. emtrueemr kj qum agr`mr. Roium tmeome`g uek kbboòe `m TM@ me
Bgag mj eovmj `m Oetmrckbm `m Tm`mym ms 9, ms bkpkz `m jjmvkr mstm tureg, ksá qum usk jk kptotu` Gdsmrvkboòe bge mj krblovg
k bkdg 2 kbbogems `m TM@ pgr tureg, ksá qum me mstm tureg sgjg `m S@< qum lkdák kjakbmek`g ketms y qum mstë k skjvg me su
jm qum`k uek. Aometrks su mquopg ksmiurk jk skjk, mjjk usk su bodmrtmraoekj> supmrk mj S@ bge ue ;0. Ms uek egtk rgaëetobk `mj
kptotu` Mxpjgrkboòe pkrk oetmetkr `msbudror mj akpk `m jk rm`. imrmetm `mj m`obog y pg`rák smr ue dume aktmrokj pkrk blketk -
Gdtomem ue rmsujtk`g tgtkj `m ;4 me jk prumdk `m Oetmrckbm, ksá nmkrjm. Bgag yk sm lk `msbgembtk`g,
`msbgembtk`g, pum`m uskr trkequojkametm
qum mj @N `mtmraoek qum ms bkpkz `m vmr 0 eovmjms `m jk rm`, su kbboòe `m Agvoaometg pkrk skjor `mj m`obog bge mj mquopg y
pmrg eg pum`m skdmr mj S@ `m ek`k `m jg prmsmetm. Pkapgbg sudor k jk joausoek qum jms mspmrk.
skdm qum mstk rm` sgjg tomem 0 eovmjms `m prgcue`o`k`, yk qum mj
@N lk `mbo`o`g qum su tork`k sgjg jm pmraotm vmr lkstk mj eovmj 0 y
eg pum`m vmr so lky ue quoetg.
Klgrk k Tm`mym sm jm lke tmraoek`g jks kbbogems `m TM@,
pmrg soium pu`ome`g dknkr ue eovmj me mj ksbmesgr y rmbgimr mj
krblovg `mj eovmj 4. Ek`k `m mstg rmquomrm qum usm uek kbboòe
`m TM@. _k tomem mj krblovg kjakbmek`g me mj bodmrtmraoekj,
ksá qum pg`rë uskr su kptotu` Gdsmrvkboòe  buke`g tmeik
uek kbboòe
`urketm `m TM@ `ospgeodjm
mj `mskyueg, (oebjusg
so quosomrk). Kj egakûkek pgr kbbogems
tmemr aës jk akûkek,
`m
TM@, mjoim tmraoekr su tureg.
Me mj bukrtg kskjtg, pkrtm `mj mquopg `m Tm`mym mapomzk k
rmiostrkr jgs msbrotgrogs `m jk gboek aometrks jgs `maës voiojke
me jks pumrtks. Mjjk `msbome`m gtrg eovmj
eovmj me mj ksbmesgr y mebume-
trk ue eg`g `m bgetrgj bge S@;4 qum sorvm pkrk jjkakr k jk
joausoek `mj imrmetm `ms`m mj ikrknm qum lky kdkng. Bge uek
kbboòe `m TM@ y uek prumdk `m Oetmrckbm `m ;=, Tm`mym tgak
mj bgetrgj `mj eg`g y usk gtrk kbboòe `m TM@ pkrk kbtovkrjg,
lkbome`g qum jk joausoek jjmium k jk pkrtm `mjketmrk `mj m`obg.
Rmrë ue dgeotg vmlábujg `m luo`k.
Tm`mym usk su tmrbmrk y þjtoak kbboòe `m TM@ `m mstm tureg
pkrk kbtovkr su prgirkak Rpmm`y Igezëjvmz y gtgrikrsm
uek amngrk `m +0 k SMJ aometrks mstï cuebogeke`g, yk qum su
tork`k `m
oemreg Mxpjgrkboòe me
 mspmrëe`gjk ketmrogr `msbudroò
mj soiuometm posg.qum
Kquálkdák ue Vmrrg
tmraoek `mj
su tureg.
Me mj quoetg kskjtg, mj mquopg `m Tm`mym kdrm pgr jk cumrzk
uek bknk cumrtm qum lk mebgetrk`g y gdtomem ue dgtáe. Mstë bjkrg
qum ms lgrk `m orsm, pmrg mjjk soium soe skdmr qum eg lky ek`k
aës kjjë `mj Vmrrg `mj oemreg `mj posg 0 `mj ksbmesgr, y eg mstë
`ospumstk k `mnkr `oemrg pgtmebokj pgr rmbgimr.
Dknke`g bge mj ksbmesgr lkstk mj posg 0, mebumetrk kj Vmrrg `mj
oemreg. Pork oeam`oktkametm Oetmrckbm + bukjquomr amngrk `m
SMJ kbtovk + ;`;6 bgetrk jk SMJ + ;`;6 `mj Vmrrg `mj oemreg.
Me tgtkj bgesoium ue ;=, qum eg jm pmraotm `mnkr ktrës kj Vmrrg
`mj oemreg, qum lk gdtmeo`g ue ;3, eo soquomrk bge mj +0 k su
SMJ irkboks kj prgirkak Rpmm`y Igezëjvmz. Rucrm oeam`ok-
tkametm mj mcmbtg `m ktkqum `mj Vmrrg `mj oemreg, 2`3 `m
`kûg `ormbtkametm k su bmrmdrg, ¡y jk tork`k ms ue ;=! Mj `kûg
bmrmdrkj eg sm
mj `kûg eg sm `gdjk
ag`obk pgr jk jgbkjozkboòe
. Metgebms, mj Vmrrg `mj `mj bumrpg,
oemreg ksá qum
sm sotþk me
jk pkrtm supmrogr `mj gr`me `m oeoboktovk. Klgrk qum mstë me mj KJM\KE@MT @]@KT
0¾ posg, Tm`mym pum`m vmr qum lk jjmik`g kj ekj `mj trkymbtg

23
 

K J M \ K E @ M T @]
@] @ K T

9 DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

9
Jk Drgebk `mj Numvms pgr jk Egblm (DNE) ms uek ag`obkboòe `mj sostmak `m bgadktm bge
kraks groioekj `m Bydmrpueh (mj Porgtmg `mj Somrems pgr jk Egblm, g PSE) pkrk uskr kraks
`m cumig ag`mreks, cuturostks y krbkobks me jks kvmeturks `m Bydmrpueh. K `ocmrmebok `mj
PSE, qum mstkdk `osmûk`g pkrk budror `m akemrk rmkjostk (y mxlkustovk) jgs mjmametgs
proebopkjms `mj bgadktm bge kraks, jk DNE sm lk ag`obk`g pkrk brmkr ue cgraktg aës
cëboj `m uskr qum pmraotm qum jgs nuik`grms mxpmroametme mj bgadktm bge kraks `m cumig
cum ig
soe tmemr qum rmburror k tketg `mtkjjm. Jk DNE tkadoïe oebjuym mj bgadktm bge kraks
bumrpg k bumrpg y soe kraks, me ue sostmak aës smebojjg qum ckvgrmbm jk mstrktmiok pgr
meboak `m jk pgtmebok `m cumig.
c umig.
Bgag tg`gs jgs sostmaks `m rmsgjuboòe
r msgjuboòe `m mstm Hot `m oeobog, jk DNE cuebogek bge mj proebo-
pog dësobg `m uskr uek bkrkbtmrástobk + uek lkdojo`k` + jk tork`k `m ;`;6 bgetr
bgetrk
k ue Skjgr
`m `obujtk` (g S@). Mapmzkrmags prgcue`ozke`g me mj bgadktm k `ostkebok.

BGADKPM K @ORPKEBOK
Mj bgadktm k `ostkebok tomem juikr somaprm qum usks ue krak qum rmquomrm jk bggr`oekboòe gng-akeg pkrk `ospkrkr ue prgymbtoj (g
ue rkyg) bgetrk ue gdnmtovg.
gdnmtovg. Me imemrkj, mstg oapjobk kjiþe topg `m krak `m cumig (mj krak tápobk qum jjmvk ue bydmrpueh k`oemrk`g
me jk bkjjm).

29
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

Bukjquomr bgadktm k `ostkebok sm rmsumjvm `m jk soiuometm akemrk>

TMC + jk lkdojo`k` Vuetmrák + ;`;6 `mj ktkbketm

bgetrk
S@ `mj `mcmesgr, `mtmraoek`g pgr mj kjbkebm lkstk mj gdnmtovg y mj krak
g
@MR + jk lkdojo`k` Mvksoòe + ;`;6 `mj `mcmesgr
]e `mcmesgr bge TMC 5 ? pum`m mjmior so oetmetk msquovkr ue ktkqum k `ostkebok me vmz `m
vmz `m uskr jk tkdjk `m kjbkebm pkrk bkjbujkr mj S@.
Msg sá, jks mxpjgsogems eg sm pum`me msquovkr.
Kjbkebm lkstk mj gdnmtovg me amtrgs y S@ k msk `ostkebok

Krak 6-;4 a ;2-4= a 43-=6 a =;-;66 a ;6;-466 a 46;-066 a 06;-<66 a

Vostgjks ;= 46 4= 26 26 EK EK
Rudcusojms ;= ;= 46 4= 4= 26 EK
Msbgpmtks ;= 46 4= 26 2= EK EK
Toms ;= ;6 ;6 ;= 46 4= 26
Bglmtms ;= ;= ;= 46 46 4= 26

Ro supmrks mj S@, oapkbtks kj gdnmtovg (bge ue mapktm ikek djoe`knm `m cgrak oe`ovo`ukj. Jks dkjks `m jk rëckik kjbkezke
mj `mcmesgr), bkusëe`gjm ue `kûg `mtmraoek`g pgr mj topg `m kj gdnmtovg k jk vmz y mj djoe`knm sgjg sm `kûk uek vmz pgr
krak. rëckik, trks bkjbujkr
bk jbujkr tg`g mj `kûg.
Krak @kûg* Kjbkebm lkstk mj gdnmtovg me amtrgs y S@ `m msm
Rudcusoj am`og 4`3 kjbkebm
Vostgjk pmsk`k 2`3
6 ;2 43 =;
Vostgjk auy pmsk`k 0`3 Krak k ;4 a k 4= a k =6 a k ;66 a 5;6; a
Tom `m kskjtg, msbgpmtk =`3 Rudcusoj ;4 ;= 44 4< EK
Jkezkaosojms `m ue sgjg usg 9`;6 Tom `m ;4 ;6 ;4 ;< EK
Vkqumtm `m mxpjgsovg B? <`;6 kskjtg

*Mj djoe`knm `mj `mcmesgr rm`ubm mj `kûg bkusk`g, tkj y bgag sm
`mtkjjk aës k`mjketm me jk smbboòe Djoe`knm.
BKRGR MRVMBOKJMR @MJ BGADKPM K @ORPKEBOK
Mnmapjg
Mnmapjg>> ue amrbmekrog `ospkrk uek rëckik `m trms dkjks bge su
rom `m kskjtg bgetrk ue gdnmtovg qum sm mebumetrk k ;; amtrgs `m
`ostkebok. Pork TMC + jk lkdojo`k` Vuetmrák + ;`;6 y gdtomem ue
;0. ;0 ms 4 puetgs akygr qum ;4, mj S@ `m ue rom `m kskjtg pkrk
ue gdnmtovg sotuk`g metrm 6-;4 a, ksá qum 4 dkjks `m jk rëckik
p krk

Kpuetkr k jk bkdmzk kjbkezke kj gdnmtovg. Kadks dkjks bkuske =`3 `m `kûg

`kûg,, ¡y gdtomem
;9 y 46! Mj `kûg ;9 `m jk proamrk dkjk ms rm`ubo`g k 4 pgr uek
Vum`ms kpuetkr k jk bkdmzk kpjobke`g ue pmekjozk`gr `m -3 blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k BV ;=, y mj `kûg 46 `m jk smiue`k ms
k jk tork`k. Ro oapkbtks, mj `kûg qum ktrkvomsk mj djoe`knm `mj rm`ubo`g k = pgr mj aosag djoe`knm, bkuske`g ue tgtkj `m 9 puetgs
`mcmesgr sm `gdjk. Eg pum`ms lkbmr mstg bge mxpjgsovgs. Smr jk `m `kûg kj gdnmtovg. Bgag jk rëckik lk bgesmiuo`g bkuskr `kûg k
smbboòe Djoe`knm. trkvïs `m jk blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k BV ;=, mstk qum`k `kûk`k
me ; puetg, rm`ubome`g su BV k ;0. Smr jk smbboòe Djoe`knm.
Tëckik `m trms dkjks
Jgs roms `m kskjtg y jgs sudcusojms pum`me `ospkrkr rëckiks Cumig `m suprmsoòe
`m trms dkjks. Buke`g usks mstm rksig me uek kbboòe, bkjbujks Jgs roms `m kskjtg y jgs sudcusojms pum`me uskr mstm rksig, uek
mj S@ pkrk oapkbtkr kj gdnmtovg uske`g jk tkdjk `m kjbkebms rëckik skjvknm pkrk qum jgs memaoigs aketmeike jk bkdmzk
soiuometm. Vgr bk`k puetg qum bgesoiks pgr meboak `mj S@ (g dknk. Buke`g jg usks me uek kbboòe, tg`g mj aue`g k 4= amtrgs
`m gdnmtovg,
tu jk @MR +jmjkkjbkezk
lkdojo`k`
uekMvksoòe + ;`;6
dkjk, lkstk `mj `mcmesgr)
ue aëxoag `m 2 `m
(mj g amegs
vosoòe, qumtorkr
`mdm eg tmeik
SGJ +bgdmrturk y mstï `metrg
Bgebmetrkboòe + ;`;6`m tu jáemk
bgetrk `m
tu TMC
`mcmesgr ikek me bksg `m mapktm) . Bk`k dkjk bkusk mj `kûg + Vuetmrák + ;`;6. Jgs qum ckjjme tomeme qum uskr su soiuometm
`mj krak `m cgrak oe`ovo`ukj y mstm tkadoïe sm rm`ubm pgr mj kbboòe `m Agvoaometg pkrk bgesmiuor bgdmrturk. Ro msk kbboòe `m

2<
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

Agvoaometg ms oesubometm pkrk kjbkezkr jk bgdmrturk, tkadoïe Ro ktkbks bge Krak
bge Krak bumrpg k bumrpg
bumrpg,, pum`ms
tomeme qum uskr jk kbboòe Bgrrmr (pkrk bgesmiuor gtrk kbboòe `m
Agvoaometg qum `mdm uskrsm pkrk jjmikr k jk bgdmrturk g tke ktkbkr 4
ktkbkr  4 vmbms bge
bge ;
 ; kbboòe.
bmrbk `m mjjk bgag smk pgsodjm).
Mxpjgsovgs
@MR + lkdojo`k` Krak bumrpg k bumrpg
Kuequm ‚`ospkrkrjgs‑ eg smrák mj tïraoeg mxkbtg, me mstm sos- + ;`;6 `mj ktkbketm
tmak jgs mxpjgsovgs sm bgeso`mrke kraks k `ostkebok, yk qum
bgetrk
su mcmbtg budrm
`maksok`g ue ërmk
mscumrzg. kapjok y`mbkuskr
K `ocmrmebok `kûg`m
jks kraks egcumig,
rmquomrm
jgs
mxpjgsovgs bkuske `kûg k tg`g kqumj qum sm mebumetrm `metrg @MR + lkdojo`k` Mvksoòe + ;`;6 `mj
`m ue ërmk bmetrk`k me mj juikr `m jk mxpjgsoòe, qum, pkrk
mstm Hot `m oeobog, ms somaprm ue rk`og `m 2 amtrgs ( so usks uek
`mcmesgr
buk`rábujk, ms ue buk`rk`g cgrak`g pgr ? bksojjks `m supmrbom ).
Jgs mxpjgsovgs sgjg bkuske `kûg k jk jgbkjozkboòe bumrpg y Ro ktkbks bumrpg k bumrpg bge Vm
bge Vmjmk
jmk,, pum`ms
mj `kûg sm rm`ubm pgr mj djoe`knm egrakjametm. Mj @N tork mj
`kûg uek vmz pkrk tg`ks jks vábtoaks `m jk mxpjgsoòe. ktkbkr 4 vmbms bge
vmbms bge ; kbboòe.

BGADKPM B]MTVG K B]MTVG @MR + lkdojo`k` Vmjmk

·Eg tomems ue krak `m cumig7 Eg tm prmgbupms, somaprm bume- + ;`;6 `mj ktkbketm
tks bge jk gpboòe `mj bgadktm bumrpg k bumrpg, qum tomem juikr
buke`g usks jk cumrzk `m tu bumrpg pkrk igjpmkr bge ue krak bgetrk
`m akeg (g þeobkametm bge pkrtms `m tu bumrpg, bgag akegs
yKrak
poms).bumrpg
Tmsuaome`g, mstm
k bumrpg topg `mpkrk
g Vmjmk bgadktm
ktkbkrusk jksgdnmtovg
k ue lkdojo`k`ms
qum @MR + lkdojo`k` Mvksoòe + ;`;6 `mj
mstë kj kjbkebm `m jk akeg, y somaprm sm rmsumjvm `m akemrk `mcmesgr
soaojkr k bgag sm rmsumjvm tg`g me mstm Hot `m oeobog.

K@TOKE AKTB

2?
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

Ro supmrks mj S@, kbomrtks kj gdnmtovg (me bksg `m mapktm
ikek mj `mcmesgr), bkuske`g uek bketo`k` `m `kûg kj bumrpg
`mj `mcmesgr smiþe mj topg `m krak.
Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg
Mj `kûg bkusk`g pgr jks kraks bumrpg k bumrpg oiegrk jk
aotk` `mj djoe`knm `mj `mcmesgr, rm`ge`mk`g kj kjzk. Bk`k
ueg `m jgs `gs ktkqums rmkjozk`gs bge ue krak bumrpg k bumrpg
uske`goe`ovo`ukjametm,
`kûg uek kbboòe sm, jjmvke
oe`ovo`ukjametm qum ms krm`ubo`g
bkdg smpkrk`kametm
pgr mj djoe`knmyy bkuske
pum`m
`kûkrjg. Jgs `gs ktkqums bge Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg tkadoïe
pum`me `ovo`orsm metrm `ocmrmetms gdnmtovgs. Oebjusg pum`ms ags-
trkrtm oakioektovg y lkbmr qum mj smiue`g ktkqum smk `m Vmjmk.
Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg
b umrpg ms mcmbtovk bgetrk gdnmtovgs djoe`k`gs.
Krak bumrpg k bumrpg @kûg*
Bodmrdrkzg, bub lojjg ;`3
Prgbmk
gbmk`g
`grm
rms,
s, `msi
`msikrkrrk
rk`g
`grm
rms,
s, eu
eu`o
`ojjjjgs
gs `m kb
kbmr
mrgg 4`3
4`3

*Mj djoe`knm `mj `mcmesgr rm`ubm mj `kûg bkusk`g, tkj y bgag sm

`mtkjjk aës k`mjketm me jk smbboòe Djoe`knm.

Vmjmk
Mj `kûg
boòe bkusk`g
bgrpgrkj tomem pgr Vmjmk topg
bukjquomr ms somaprm BMTG
`m djoe`knm . Egsogdstketm,
msk jgbkjozk-
mstm
`kûg `omrm aublg smiþe mj POVG BGTVGTKJ, lkbome`g qum smk
uek gpboòe oetmrmsketm pkrk kjiuegs pmrsgeknms. Bk`k ueg `m jgs
`gs ktkqums rmkjozk`gs bge Vmjmk uske`g uek kbboòe sm jjmvke k
bkdg smpkrk`kametm y bkuske `kûg `m akemrk oe`ovo`ukj8 ms
pgsodjm `ovo`orjgs metrm `gs gdnmtovgs `ocmrmetms uske`g uek kbboòe
`m Agvoaometg pkrk agvmrsm metrm mjjgs. Oebjusg pum`ms uskr jk
oakioekboòe y lkbmr qum mj smiue`g ktkqum smk bge ue krak bumrpg
k bumrpg. Vmjmk ms mcmbtovk bgetrk gdnmtovgs soe djoe`knm.

PBG 2 0 = 3 9 < ? ;6
@kûg `m ;`3 ;`3 4`3 4`3 2`3 2`3 0`3 0`3
Vmjmk*

*Romaprm bkusk BMTG `kûg bgetrk djoe`knm.

BKRGR MRVMBOKJMR @MJ BGADKPM 
B]MTVG K B]MTVG

Kpuetkr k jk bkdmzk
Vum`ms kpuetkr k jk bkdmzk uske`g Kraks bumrpg k bumrpg g
Vmjmk,
Vmjmk, kpjobke`g ue pmekjozk`gr `m -3 k jk tork`k. Ro oapkbtks,
mj `kûg qum ktrkvomsk mj djoe`knm `mj `mcmesgr sm `gdjk. Smr jk
smbboòe Djoe`knm.

 K 
 K
 E 
]   K  @ 
 K J K 
  D 
D  6  A 
 M  ; 6 
@   A   K 
A  K 
 V 
 O 
 L   T S 
 M    J
 JG 
S M    K @  R 
B O 
 @ 
G B   M 
 O   A   T 
 V   
 M 
S 
 M 
 E BB 
 M 
    K
K J 
 J  H H ] 
] E 
 I
I    C 
C ]
] 
 .. .
 
G T 
 A G   J 
  E  D 
I K
  I   D   L 
KBH 
 KBH   @ 
 K E  KJM\KE@MT @]@KT

06
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

DJOE@KNM Bkpkbo`k` `m pkrk`k `mj djoe`knm

Mj djoe`knm mstë bjksobk`g smiþe su Bkpkbo`k` `m pkrk`k, Bkpkbo`k`
g BV, qum rmprmsmetk jk bketo`k` `m `kûg qum ms bkpkz `m Djoe`knm Jgbkjozkboòe `m pkrk`k
`mtmemr. Bumrg Bumrpg 0
Vum`m jjmvkrsm djoe`knm tketg me mj bumrpg bgag me jk bkdmzk, Bumrg Bkdmzk 0
y sm kbgesmnk jjmvkr kadgs. Hmvjkr Bumrpg 9
Buke`g mrms kjbkezk`g me uek jgbkjozkboòe bge djoe`knm>
Hmvjkr Bkdmzk 9
;. Mj ktkbketm tork mj `kûg `m su ktkqum. Prknm Dg`ywmoilt Bumrpg ;;
4. Tmstks jk BV `mj
`mj djoe`knm `m msk jgbkjozkboòe
jgbkjozkboòe kj `kûg. Mj Prknm Dg`ywmoilt Bkdmzk ;;
`kûg rmstketm sm kpjobk k tus puetgs `m `kûg. Blkqumtk djoe`k`k joimrk Bumrpg ;;
2. Ro kbkdks sucrome`g kjig `m `kûg, mj djoe`knm `m msk Blkqumtk djoe`k`k joimrk Bkdmzk ;;
jgbkjozkboòe qum`k `kûk`g, rm`ubome`g su BV me ; Blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k Bumrpg ;=
puetg, `m akemrk pmrakemetm. Tmiástrkjg me jk lgnk `m
pmrsgeknm. Blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k Bkdmzk ;=

V]EPGR @M @KÛG, MRPK@G @M LMTO@KR, A]MTPM, B]TKBOÒE

Jgs puetgs `m `kûg sge uek am`o`k soadòjobk `m jk ‚vo`k‑ qum jm qum`k k tu pmrsgeknm (aublg aës smebojjg qum am`or jk
bketo`k` `m skeirm, vásbmrks y lumsgs qum sm pum`me `mstruor). K am`o`k qum sucrms `kûg (mxprmsk`g me uek bketo`k` euaï-
robk) rmstks msm `kûg `m jk rmsmrvk jjkak`k  puetgs `m `kûg, qum rmprmsmetk jk bketo`k` `m vo`k qum tomem tu pmrsgeknm.
Me mstm Hot `m oeobog, tomems uek bketo`k` `m puetgs `m `kûg oiukj k = x tu PBG. K am`o`k qum sucrms `kûg, akrbks uadrkjms `m
mstk`g `m lmro`ks, lkstk mj puetg `m qum jjmike k kcmbtkr tu `msmapmûg. Bk`k eumvg uadrkj `m mstk`g `m lmro`ks rmmapjkzk mj
ketmrogr y soieobk ue eumvg eovmj `m `gjgr. Jgs emiktovgs,
emiktovgs, pgr cgrtuek, eg sm kpojke.

Mstk`g `m lmro`ks ]adrkj Mcmbtg `m lmro`ks S@ Vroamrgs kuxojogs

Joimrkametm lmro`g Amegs `mj tgtkj `m V@. EK S@;6.
Irkvmametm lmro`g Amegs `m ;/4 V@. -2 k tg`ks jks tork`ks. S@;2.
Ag
Agrt
rtkj
kja
ametm
etm llmmro
ro`g
`g Am
Ameegs `m ; VV@
@. -= k tg
tg`k
`kss jjks
ks tork
ork`k
`kss mx
mxbmp
mptg
tg sk
skjv
jvkb
kbooge
gemms S@;= pkrk burkrsm lkstk ; V@.
bgetrk aumrtm.
@mdm supmrkr uek skjvkboòe bgetrk aumrtm kj
oeobog `m bk`k tureg g agrorë.
Aumrtg ]ek skjvkboòe bgetrk ·Bòag sm jjkak tu eumvg pmrsgeknm7 Nkaës rmirmskrë.
aumrtm ckjjk`k.

RKJSKBOGEMR BGEPTK A]MTPM
Pkr`m g tmaprkeg, tm qum`krës soe puetgs `m `kûg y bge-
vmrto`g me ue ckr`g meskeirmetk`g tork`g me jk bkjjm. Kquá ms
`ge`m metrke jks skjvkbogems bgetrk aumrtm.
 JG 
 J G   A 
A ] 
] M 
  T P P G 
G  M 
M R 
R P 
P Ë 
  
Kj oeobog `m bk`k tureg me mj qum mstïs agrtkjametm lmro`g,
`mdms mcmbtukr uek skjvkboòe bgetrk aumrtm. Pork ue `;6. Ro
 A ] ] M   T P 
P G 
G . 
gdtomems ue rmsujtk`g oecmrogr k tu bkrkbtmrástobk `m Rkjvkboòe
bgetrk aumrtm, mstës vovg y pum`ms maprme`mr tu tureg egr-
akjametm (kuequm bge ue -= k tg`ks jks tork`ks mxbmptg jks  JG 
 J G R 
R  T 
T 
 M 
 V ]  ] M 
  R 
R P 
P G 
G R 
R  R G 
G E 
  
skjvkbogems bgetrk aumrtm), pmrg bk`k skjvkboòe bgetrk aumrtm
pgstmrogr sm jjmvk k bkdg bge ue -;, qum sm kpojk lkstk qum
vumjvms k tmemr ; V@ so kjiuome tm kpjobk Vroamrgs kuxojogs. Ro
 T  M 
 V ] ] M   R 
R P 
P G 
G R 
R . 
ckjjks uek skjvkboòe bgetrk aumrtm, aumrms.

B]TKBOÒE
 JG 
 J G R 
R  P 
 O 
 V G 
G R 
R  A  A ] 
] M 
  T P 
P G 
G R 
R  R G 
G E 
  
@ke`g pgr smetk`g qum egqumrrës
kbkdksburkrtm
me mj Dkebg `m Bumrpgs
bgag pkrtms `m rmbkadog, pkrk vgjvmr k jk
bkjjm y smiuor k`mjketm. Vkrk oeobokr mj prgbmsg `m burkboòe pro-  T 
 M 
 V ]] 
 M 
  RR  PP  G 
G R 
R .   T  O  V  V  M  T  K 
N 
N 
amrg tomems qum rmbodor Vroamrgs kuxojogs. Mj S@ pkrk rmkjozkr B 
B H 
 

0;
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

jgs Vroamrgs kuxojogs k ue gdnmtovg (g sgdrm to aosag) `mpme`m `mj Mecrmetkaometgs
mstk`g me mj qum sm mebumetrm. Vrkbtobkr jgs proamrgs kuxojogs ms
uek kbboòe, bgag bukjquomr gtrk lkdojo`k`, y jm bgrrmspge`m mstk Me Bydmrpueh, jk rmputkboòe tomem gtrg irke mcmbtg> jgs mecrme-
tork`k> PMB + lkdojo`k` Vroamrgs kuxojogs + ;`;6. Buke`g sm tkaometgs. Aublgs bgadktms `m Bydmrpueh tmraoeke bgevortoïe-
lke kpjobk`g bgrrmbtkametm, mj gdnmtovg sm burk ue eþamrg `m puetgs `gsm me ue `umjg `m vgjuetk`ms sgdrm quoïe ms aës cumrtm, aës
`m `kûg oiukj k su PBG pgr bk`k `ák qum pksk `msbkeske`g, bge `urg y mstë aës `ospumstg k `magstrkrjg. Mstg jjmvk bge crmbume-
sgjg kbtovo`k` joimrk y pmrakembome`g jk akygr pkrtm `mj `ák me
bok k jg qum jjkakags mecrmetkaometgs8 buke`g me jk bkjjm `gs
jk bkak, lkstk qum rmbupmrk tg`gs sus V@. Lky uek mxbmpboòe>
ue pmrsgeknm agrtkjametm lmro`g qum rmbodm proamrgs kuxojogs aktgems sm mebkrke ketms `m uek jublk pkrk vmr quoïe sm mblk
pksk k tmemr ; puetg `m `kûg. ktrës, sm prg`ubm ue mecrmetkaometg.
mecrmetkaometg. Buke`g mstg gburrm, kadgs
pkrtobopketms `mdme torkr>
TMV]PKBOÒE, GPTG POVG @M BGADKPM
Eg tg`g me jk bkjjm sm `mbo`m bge jgs puûgs g k torgs. Me ue CTO + Tmputkboòe* + ;`;6
aue`g me mj qum mj bgadktm pum`m tmraoekr bge tu vo`k me ue
ekegsmiue`g,, lke mvgjubogek`g
ekegsmiue`g mvgjubogek`g gtrgs aïtg`gs pkrk `mtmraoekr *Jk rmputkboòe `m bgdkr`ák sm
quoïe vk k bgevmrtorsm me mj vmebm`gr `m ue bgeobtg. ]eg `m trktk bgag ue eþamrg emiktovg.
mstgs aïtg`gs sm dksk me tmemr rmputkboòe.
Jk rmputkboòe ms uek am`o`k `m jg qum tu pmrsgeknm pum`m Me bksg `m mapktm, kadgs oe`ovo`ugs mstëe oesmiurgs y eg sm
lkbmr tke dome (g tke akj) qum jjmik k smr bgegbo`g pgr mjjg. Jk kpjobke pmekjozkbogems. Ro eg, mj pmr`m`gr pum`m>
rmputkboòe somaprm sm `mrovk `m jks kbbogems `mj pmrsgeknm y jk
k`nu`obk mj @N. Mblkrsm ktrës...
Tmputkboòe g
Eovmj [uoïe skdm `m to Rucror ue -2 me bukjquomr tork`k rmkjozk`k
; Bukjquomrk qu qum msmstuvg kjkjjá.
4 Jk lost
lostgr
grok
ok smsm llk
k mmxt
xtme
me`o`o`g
`g k jgsjgs kaoi
kaoigs gs bmrb
bmrbke
kegsgs..
bgetrk msm gpgemetm bgebrmtg `mdo`g kj
2 Pg`gs
g`gs tus
tus bbga
gapkpkûmûmrg
rgss `m trkd
trkdknkngg y bge
bgegbgbo`
o`gs
gs jg
aom`g, lkstk qum jm lkyk vmebo`g uek vmz.
skdme. Mnmapjg
Mnmapjg>> Orgeakstmr ms ue tmao`g pke`ojjmrg bgegbo`g me tg`k
0 Jk lost
lostgr
grok
ok sm lk mxt xtme
me`o`o`g
`g pgrpgr jk
jk zzge
gekk jjgb
gbkj
kj.. Eoilt Boty. Me mj Rjkaamr, sm tgpk bge uek ngvme y su agtg. Orge-
= Gtrk
Gtrk imemetm
tm,, aës
aës kjkjjë
jë `m jk zgekzgek jgbk
jgbkj,j, bgeg
bgegbmbm tu akstmr `obm> ‚Bkptk jk oe`ormbtk y `mskpkrmbm, dksurk8 tu agtg
egadrm. klgrk ms aák‑. Vmrg jk blobk jm bgetmstk> ‚Mvkpòrktm tþ, `msbmrm-
3 Gtrk
Gtrk imemetm
tm,, a
aësës kjj
kjjë
ë `m jk zge zgekk jjgb
gbkj
kj,, tm
tm bge
bgegb
gbmm `m
`m drk`g‑. Bgaomezk ue mecrmetkaometg.
vostk. Orgeakstmr ms bgegbo`g me tg`k jk bou`k`, jg qum jm `k uek
9 Rm lke
lke mmsb
sbro
rotg
tg ue
uek
k g `gs
`gs egto
egtoboboks
ks sgd
sgdrm
rm tus
tus prgm
prgmzk zks.s. rmputkboòe `m 3, pmrg eg skdm qum mjjk ms boeturòe emirg =¾ @ke
< Pus prgm
prgmzk
zkss k kpk
pkrmrmbm
bmee bbge
ge rmiu
rmiujk
jkro
ro`k
`k`` meme jgs
jgs totu
totujk
jkrm
rmss me hkrktm. Kuequm ms eumvk me jk zgek y eg tomem aublk rmputkboòe
y me jgs sbrmkaslmmts. (2), sm sometm bgapjmtkametm smiurk `m sá aosak y ms bgesbometm `m

? Pustmjmvosoòe.
pr
prgmzks ssoomaprm sk
skjme me jgs sbrmkaslmmts y me jk
me jg sus bkpkbo`k`ms (CTO 1 ;6). Orgeakstmr pum`m smr `urg
aës qum ue ckeckrròe. Ru CTO ms sgjg 0, kuequm sm` urg, , pmrg eg ms
rmcumrzk me jk
Tmputkboòe bgestruo`k sgdrm ueks buketks pmjmks kcgrtuek`ks. Ru
;6 Mrm
Mrms aue`
aue`ok
okja
jammet
etmm bgeg
bgegbo
bo`g
`g..
tork`k tgtkj ms 0 + 0 + (3 me ;`;6) 1 ;0. Mj tgtkj `m jk ngvme ms 2
+ ;6 + (2 me ;`;6) 1 ;3. Orgeakstmr sometm ue akjmstkr mxtrkûg
Romaprm qum tu pmrsgeknm mebumetrk k imetm qum eg bgegbák
ketmrogrametm, su rmputkboòe pum`m oeumebokr sgdrm bòag rmkbbog- aometrks aork nkametm k jk trkequojk y rmsumjtk blobk. Rus gngs
eke. Me mj proamr mebumetrg, jgs pmrsgeknms torke ;`;6. Ro ueg tork
tor k msquovke jk aork`k y sm mblk ktrës bge ue iruûo`g. Ru gtrk gpboòe
pgr `mdkng `m jk rmputkboòe `m jk pmrsgek bge jk qum sm mebume- smrák rmburror k jk vogjmebok, pmrg sucrorák ue -2 k bukjquomr eumvk
trk, lkdrë gá`g su egadrm. K vmbms mstg pum`m smr auy dumeg, tork`k bgetrk mjjk `mdo`g kj aom`g, y msg jm `obujtkrák dkstketm mj
pmrg, me gtrks gbksogems, pum`m smr auy akjg, mspmbokjametm so tm bgadktm, ·vmr`k`7 Ksá qum sm rmtork.
irkenmkstm aublgs memaoigs aometrks brmbák tu rmputkboòe.
Jk rmputkboòe tkadoïe pum`m smr uek `msvmetknk. Romaprm qum ·Lks bgaprme`o`g yk tg`g jg dësobg7
lkiks kjig mxtrmak`kametm
mxtrmak`kametm `mskirk`kdjm (agstrkr bgdkr`ák, Metgebms ms lgrk `m mapuûkr mj krak `m
`msmrtkr, trkobogekr
trkobogekr k kjiuome, mtb.), mj @N pum`m `krtm puetgs `m
rmputkboòe pgr mstks kbbogems. Buketgs aës puetgs tmeiks, aës akygr bkjodrm qum pum`ks mebgetrkr y
prgdkdjm smrë qum(`mjk eumvg,
imetm tork
lkyk;`;6).
gá`g kjig sgdrm tusmstk
‚lkzk
‚lkzk-
vmz- mapmzkr
ûks‑ aës oeckams Eg gdstketm,
eg qum`krëe oaprmsogek`gs8 so tomems rmputkboòe `m bgdkr`m
Vgrqum mskjkbgestruor tu prgpok
þeobk cgrak rmputkboòe.
`m troueckr me jk
oebjusg pum`m or me tu bgetrk. Mrk `mj Tgng.

04
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

Cgrty,
Cgrty, rgbhmrk
OEP TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
= < = 0 ? < 3 3 ;6 3
V]EPGR @M @KÛG ITKSMAMEPM LMTO@K RKJSKBOÒE BGEPTK A]MTPM
=6 4= ;6
Krak bumrpg k bumrpg (@MR) +2, Ktjmtosag (@MR) +2, Bgebmetrkboòe (SGJ) +0, Bujturk (OEP) +4,
LKDOJO@K@MR Mvksoòe (@MR) +=, Mxpmrtg jgbkj (OEP) +=, Vmjmk (@MR) +4, Vmrbmpboòe luakek (MAV) +=, Vmrbmpboòe
(OEP) +2, Vmrsuksoòe (CTO) +3, Vuetmrák (TMC) +0, Pgbkr oestruametg (MAV) +3
EGADTM @KÛG Hmvjkr
KTAKR Prgbmk`grms 4`3 DJOE@KNM Djoe`knm bkdmzk 9
Vostgjk auy pmsk`k 0`3 Djoe`knm bumrpg 9
Bodmrku`og (msbublk kapjobk`k)> +; k jks Kimetm> gr`mek`gr/tmjïcgeg `m dgjsojjg.
BODMTM[]OVG tork`ks `m pmrbmpboòe dksk`ks me mj sgeo`g. M[]OVG
Prgbmk`grms> vmr kraks. Iuotkrrk> oestruametg ausobkj.

Irmksm, krrmijk`gr
OEP TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
9 3 3 2 3 3 9 = 3 ;6
V]EPGR @M @KÛG ITKSMAMEPM LMTO@G RKJSKBOÒE BGEPTK A]MTPM
26 ;= 3
Ktjmtosag (@MR) +0, Bgebmetrkboòe (SGJ) +=, Bgevmrskboòe (MAV) +=, Bujturk (OEP) +2, Mvksoòe
LKDOJO@K@MR (@MR) +=, Mxpmrtg jgbkj (OEP) +0, Vmrbmpboòe luakek (MAV) +2, Vmjmk (@MR) +2, Vmrbmpboòe (OEP) +2,
Vmrsuksoòe (CTO) +0, Vuetmrák (TMC) +2, Rgdgrekr (CTO) +=
EGADTM @KÛG Blkqumtk djoe`k`k joimrk
KTAKR Vostgjk pmsk`k 2`3 DJOE@KNM Djoe`knm bkdmzk ;;
Rudcusoj am`og 4`3 Djoe`knm bumrpg ;;
Bodmrku`og (msbublk kapjobk`k)> +; k jks @oemrg> ;66 m`. me dojjmtms soe
s oe akrbkr.
BODMTM[]OVG tork`ks `m Vmrbmpboòe dksk`ks me mj sgeo`g. M[]OVG Kimetm> gr`mek`gr/tmj
gr`mek`gr/tmjïcgeg
ïcgeg `m dgjsojjg
Bodmròptobgs (juz tmeum)> vosoòe bgapjmtk bge juz
tmeum. bge smbrmtkrok `m OK.

Agvmr,, amrbmekro
Agvmr a mrbmekrog
g
OEP TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
= < = 0 ? < 3 3 ;6 3
V]EPGR @M @KÛG ITKSMAMEPM LMTO@G RKJSKBOÒE BGEPTK A]MTPM
=6 4= ;6
Krak bumrpg k bumrpg (@MR) +=, Ktjmtosag (@MR) +=, Bgebmetrkboòe (SGJ) +0, Bujturk (OEP) +4,
LKDOJO@K@MR Mvksoòe (@MR) +=, Mxpmrtg jgbkj (OEP) +2, Oetmrrgiktgrog (CTO) +2, Vmjmk (@MR) +0, Vmrbmpboòe (OEP) +=,
Vmrsuksoòe (CTO) +4, Vuetmrák (TMC) +3, Roiojg (@MR) +2
EGADTM @KÛG EGADTM @KÛG Blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k
KTAKR Tom `m kskjtg =`3 Bub lojjg ;`3 DJOE@KNM Djoe`knm bkdmzk ;=
Bodmrdrkzg ;`3 @mstropk`grms 4`3 Djoe`knm bumrpg ;=
Bodmrdrkzg> vmr kraks. @mstropk`grms gbujtgs.
BODMTM[]OVG Bodmrpomrek
a `m kjturk(pgtmebok`grms `m skjtg)> Rkjtkr 3
u < a `m jgeiotu`. M[]OVG Kimetm> gr`mek`gr/tmjïcgeg `m dgjsojjg.
Bodmròptobgs (sostmak `m puetmrák)> +; k Vuetmrák.

02
 

DTGEBK @MJ N]MSMR VGT JK EGBLM

Tkbmr, eòak`k
OEP TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
3 ;6 ? 0 9 ? 9 9 = 3
V]EPGR @M @KÛG ITKSMAMEPM LMTO@K RKJSKBOÒE BGEPTK A]MTPM
4= ;2 =
Krak bumrpg k bumrpg (@MR) +3, Ktjmtosag (@MR) +0, Bgebmetrkboòe (SGJ) +0, Bge`ubor (TMC) +9,
LKDOJO@K@MR Bujturk (OEP) +4, Mvksoòe (@MR) +=, Mxpmrtg jgbkj (OEP) +4, Vmjmk (@MR) +0, Vmrbmpboòe (OEP) +=,
Vmrsuksoòe (CTO) +4, Vuetmrák (TMC) +=, Tkstrmkr (OEP) +2
EGADTM @KÛG EGADTM @KÛG Blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k
KTAKR @mstropk`grms 4`3 Vostgjk auy DJOE@KNM Djoe`knm bkdmzk ;=
pmsk`k 0`3
Msbgpmtk =`3 Djoe`knm bumrpg ;=
Bodmròptobgs (juz tmeum)> Sosoòe bgapjmtk me juz Kimetm> gr`mek`gr/tmjïcgeg `m dgjsojjg.
BODMTM[]OVG tmeum. M[]OVG
Smlábujg
Smlábujg tmrr
tmrrmstrm>
mstrm> 3 pjkzks.
@mstropk`grms> vmr kraks.

Tm`mym, emtrueemr 
OEP TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
3 9 ;6 9 < 0 ;6 = = 2
V]EPGR @M @KÛG ITKSMAMEPM LMTO@K RKJSKBOÒE BGEPTK A]MTPM
4= ;2 =
Ktjmtosag (@MR) +4, Bgebmetrkboòe (SGJ) +3, Bujturk (OEP) +3, Mvksoòe (@MR) +2, Mxpmrtg jgbkj (OEP)
LKDOJO@K@MR +4, Oetmrckbm (OEP) +9, Ambëeobk dësobk (PMB) +2, Vmjmk (@MR) +0, Vmrbmpboòe (OEP) +0, Vmrsuksoòe
(CTO) +4, Vuetmrák (TMC) +2, Roiojg (@MR) +3
Prknm Dg`ywmoilt
  EGADTM @KÛG
KTAKR DJOE@KNM Djoe`knm bkdmzk ;;
Vostgjk pmsk`k 2`3
Djoe`knm bumrpg ;;
Bgembtgrms oetmrckbm>  Kimetm> gr`mek`gr/tmjïcgeg `m dgjsojjg.
BODMTM[]OVG pmraotm qum Tm`mym sm M[]OVG Bodmrtmraoekj y bkdjms> usk`gs pkrk mj emtrue.
bgembtm k aëquoeks y Vrgirkaks> Rpmm`y Igezëjvmz, Dkelkaamr, Cumig ketokïrmg.
bodmrtmbegjgiák. Lomjg emirg> Vmrrg `mj oemreg.

Pgrbl, tïbeobg
OEP TMC @MR PMB CTO SGJ R]M AGS PBG MAV
;6 ;6 = ? 2 = 9 3 = 3
V]EPGR @M @KÛG ITKSMAMEPM LMTO@G RKJSKBOÒE BGEPTK A]MTPM
4= ;2 =
Ktjmtosag (@MR) +4, Krak bumrpg k bumrpg (@MR) +2, Bodmrtmbegjgiák (PMB) +=, Bgebmetrkboòe (SGJ)
LKDOJO@K@MR +0, Bujturk (OEP) +3, Mvksoòe (@MR) +=, Mxpmrtg jgbkj (OEP) +0, Ambëeobk dësobk (PMB) +9, Vmjmk (@MR)
+4, Vmrbmpboòe (OEP) +0, Vmrsuksoòe (CTO) +2, Vuetmrák (TMC) +2
EGADTM @KÛG EGADTM @KÛG Blkqumtk djoe`k`k pmsk`k
KTAKR Eu`ojjgs `m kbmrg 4`3 Vostgjk pmsk`k 2`3 DJOE@KNM Djoe`knm bkdmzk ;=
Bodmrdrkzg ;`3 Msbgpmtk =`3 Djoe`knm bumrpg ;=
Bodmrdrkzg> vmr kraks. Eu`ojjgs `m kbmrg
Kimetm> gr`mek`gr/tmjïcgeg `m dgjsojjg.
BODMTM[]OVG oetmirk`gs.(bëakrk)> pum`m tgakr y kjakbm-
Bodmròptobgs M[]OVG Bknk `m lmrrkaometks> jjmek `m
ekr cgtgs. lmrrkaometks.

00