70 desde la ética feminista

Ética feminista, ética femenina y aborto

Gustavo Ortiz Millán

1. Ética con perspectiva de género

A lo largo de su historia, la ética ha estado dominada por los hombres. Las
vgqt cu"fg"nqu"itcpfgu"Þn„uqhqu"fgn"rcucfq"swg"guvwfkcoqu"jq{"gp"f c"uqp"
teorías hechas por hombres, no por mujeres. En muchas ocasiones estas teo-
t cu"tgàglcp"gzrn ekvc"{"¿pkecogpvg"gn"rwpvq"fg"xkuvc"{"nqu"xcnqtgu"ocuewnkpqu="
fg"jgejq."nqu"Þn„uqhqu"oqtcngu"qewrcp"wp"nwict"ukipkÞecvkxq"fgpvtq"fg"nc"
jkuvqtkc"fg"nc"okuqikpkc"*xficug"Jqnncpf"4232+0"Gp"qvtcu"qecukqpgu."nc"rgtu-
rgevkxc"ocuewnkpc"ug"gpewgpvtc"korn ekvc"{"ug"pqu"rtgugpvc"eqoq"wpkxgtucn"
{"pgwvtc"gp"vfitokpqu"fg"ifipgtq"*owejqu"Þn„uqhqu"jcp"kpenwuq"ewguvkqpcfq"
swg"gzkuvc"cniq"cu "eqoq"wp"rwpvq"fg"xkuvc"fkuvkpvkxcogpvg"hgogpkpq"cegtec"
fg"ewguvkqpgu"oqtcngu+0"Nq"swg"gu"ekgtvq"gu"swg."c"nq"nctiq"fg"uw"jkuvqtkc."nc"
Þnquqh c"oqtcn"jc"gzrtgucfq"ow{"rqec"rtgqewrcek„p"rqt"nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"ncu"
owlgtgu0"Nc"dkqfivkec"pq"jc"guvcfq"gzgpvc"fgn"fqokpkq"ocuewnkpq"{."cwpswg"
vcn"xg|"gp"ogpqt"ogfkfc."jc"gzrtgucfq"rqeq"kpvgtfiu"rqt"nc"rgturgevkxc"{"
nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu0"Cn"rctvkt"fg"ncu"vgqt cu"fivkecu"fg"nqu"Þn„uqhqu"
oqtcngu"fgn"rcucfq."jc"cfqrvcfq"dwgpc"rctvg"fgn"gphqswg"ocuewnkpq"fg"
guvcu"vgqt cu0"Guvg"gphqswg"pq"jc"ukfq"gzenwukxq"fg"nc"Þnquqh c"oqtcn."ukpq"
vcodkfip"fg"owejcu"fg"ncu"qvtcu"fkuekrnkpcu"fg"ncu"swg"jc"uwtikfq"nc"dkqfi-
vkec<"nc"ogfkekpc."gn"fgtgejq."nc"vgqnqi c."nc"rukeqnqi c."gpvtg"qvtcu"*xficug"
Etquvjyckvg"422;+0"Guvg"uguiq"uqncogpvg"jc"ukfq"enctq"c"rctvkt"fgn"cxcpeg"
fg"vgqt cu"fgucttqnncfcu"rqt"owlgtgu"swg"jcp"gphcvk|cfq"nc"rgturgevkxc"fg"
ifipgtq0"Gnncu"uquvkgpgp"swg"ncu"vgqt cu"fgucttqnncfcu"rqt"jqodtgu"uwgngp"eqp"
htgewgpekc"tgàglct"rwpvqu"fg"xkuvc"v rkecogpvg"ocuewnkpqu."okgpvtcu"swg"

3
"Wpc"xgtuk„p"rtgxkc"fg"guvg"gpuc{q"crctgek„"rwdnkecfc"gp"Género y bioética, compilado por
Oct c"Ecucfq."Hnqtgpekc"Nwpc"{"Tqfqnhq"X |swg|"*Uwrtgoc"Eqtvg"fg"Lwuvkekc"fg"nc"Pcek„p1
Hqpvcoctc."Ofizkeq."4236+0"Citcfg|eq"c"Tqfqnhq"X |swg|"{"c"Octictkvc"Xcnffiu"uwu"eqogpvctkqu"
{"uwigtgpekcu0

© 2014 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género.

Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 71

las teorías éticas desarrolladas por mujeres —sobre todo a partir del siglo
XXÐ"jcp"gphcvk|cfq"qvtq"vkrq"fg"xcnqtgu."rtqrkcogpvg"hgogpkpqu0"Guvq"jc"
fcfq"nwict"c"cniq"swg"cniwpcu"rgpucfqtcu"jcp"nncocfq"ética del cuidado o
ética femenina4"gu"fgekt."vgqt cu"oqtcngu"swg"ug"jcp"fgucttqnncfq"c"rctvkt"fg"
nq"swg"ug"vqoc"eqoq"xcnqtgu"rtqrkqu"fg"nc"rgturgevkxc"hgogpkpc0"Fg"jgejq."
cniwpcu"rctvkfctkcu"fg"guvg"gphqswg"nq"jcp"rtqrwguvq"eqoq"wpc"vgqt c"fivkec"
cwv„pqoc"{"eqorngvc"swg"rwgfg"wvknk|ctug"rctc"tgurqpfgt"vqfcu"pwguvtcu"
kpswkgvwfgu"oqtcngu0"Uk"guvq"gu"cu ."guvc"rgturgevkxc"ug"rwgfg"crnkect"pq"uqnq"
c"nqu"rtqdngocu"fivkequ"vtcfkekqpcngu."ukpq"vcodkfip"c"nqu"rtqdngocu"gurge Þequ"
fg"nc"dkqfivkec0"Fg"guvg"oqfq."ug"jc"vtcvcfq"fg"crnkect"nc"fivkec"hgogpkpc"c"
rtqdngocu"oqtcngu"swg"uwtigp."rqt"glgornq."gp"gn" odkvq"fg"nc"ucnwf."eqoq"
nc"gphgtogt c."nc"tgrtqfweek„p"cukuvkfc."nc"fivkec"fg"nc"igpfivkec"{"gn"cdqtvq."
entre muchos otros temas.
Ukp" godctiq." nc" ética femenina debe distinguirse de la ética feminista.
Cwpswg"eqorctvgp"wpc"rtgqewrcek„p"d ukec"rqt"nqu"kpvgtgugu"{"nqu"rwpvqu"
fg"xkuvc"fg"ncu"owlgtgu."guvcu"fqu"vgqt cu"oqtcngu"pq"uqp"gswkxcngpvgu."rqtswg"
ctiwogpvct"c"rctvkt"fg"wpc"rgturgevkxc"hgogpkpc"pq"gu"pgeguctkcogpvg"gswk-
xcngpvg"c"hgokpkuoq0"Gp"vfitokpqu"igpgtcngu."{"c"tgugtxc"fg"swg"cpcnkeg"eqp"
ewkfcfq"guvcu"vgqt cu"o u"cfgncpvg."okgpvtcu"swg"nc"fivkec"hgogpkpc"kpvgpvc"
fgucttqnnct"wpc"Þnquqh c"oqtcn"c"rctvkt"fg"nq"swg"eqpukfgtc"wpc"rgturgevkxc"
{"xcnqtgu"rtqrkcogpvg"hgogpkpqu."nc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"ug"rtqrqpg"cpcnk|ct"{"
etkvkect"ewcnswkgt"hqtoc"fg"kplwuvkekc"fg"ifipgtq"{"rqpgt"Þp"c"nc"fkuetkok-
pcek„p."fgukiwcnfcf."gzenwuk„p"{"qrtguk„p"fg"ncu"owlgtgu0"Gp"guvg"gpuc{q"
swkgtq"cpcnk|ct"guvcu"fqu"rgturgevkxcu."{"swkgtq"jcegtnq"c"rctvkt"fgn"fkuvkpvq"
gphqswg"swg"rtqrqpgp"rctc"gn"vgoc"fgn"cdqtvq0"Ncu"fkhgtgpekcu"gpvtg"guvcu"
fqu"vgqt cu"fivkecu"ugt p"o u"enctcu"gp"uwu"cp nkuku"fg"guvg"ecuq"rctvkewnct0"Uk"
bien las dos teorías pueden, en principio, llegar a conclusiones similares en
ewcpvq"c"nc"eqpukfgtcek„p"oqtcn"fgn"cdqtvq."vkgpgp"fkhgtgpekcu"ukipkÞecvkxcu"
{."gp"owejcu"qecukqpgu."rwgfgp"gpvtct"gp"eqpàkevq0
Ahora, por ética femenina"gpvgpfgtfi"d ukecogpvg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."vcn"
eqoq"jc"ukfq"fgucttqnncfc"rqt"Ectqn"Iknnkicp"{"Pgn"Pqffkpiu0"Gp"nc"ugeek„p"
4"cpcnk|ctfi"guvc"vgqt c."cu "eqoq"uw"gphqswg"uqdtg"gn"cdqtvq."ctiwogpvctfi"
swg"guvg"gu"d ukecogpvg"wp"gphqswg"rctvkewnctkuvc."gp"gn"swg"nc"gxcnwcek„p"
oqtcn"fgn"cdqtvq"fgrgpfgt "fg"ncu"ektewpuvcpekcu"rctvkewnctgu"gp"swg"guvg"
ug"ffi0"Fgurwfiu."gp"nc"ugeek„p"5."gzrnkectfi"ncu"ectcevgt uvkecu"igpgtcngu"fg"nq"

"Xficug"Vqpi"*3;;5+="xficug"vcodkfip"Vqpi"{"Yknnkcou"*4225+0
4
72 desde la ética feminista

swg"rqfgoqu"nncoct"wpc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"{"cniwpcu"fg"uwu"fkhgtgpekcu"eqp"
nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0"Fcfc"nc"xctkgfcf"fg"vgqt cu"hgokpkuvcu."og"egpvtctfi"
gp"wpc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn."swg"ctiwogpvc"d ukecogpvg"c"rctvkt"fg"nqu"
fgtgejqu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu."gu"fgekt."wp"gphqswg"wpkxgtucnkuvc"swg"nc"jceg"ejq-
ect"eqp"gn"rctvkewnctkuoq"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0"Rctc"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn."
wpc"fg"ncu"hwpekqpgu"rtkpekrcngu"fg"nc"fivkec"gp"nq"swg"tgurgevc"cn"vgoc"fgn"
cdqtvq"eqpukuvg"gp"nc"lwuvkÞecek„p"oqtcn"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"tgrtqfwevkxqu0"Gp"
nc"¿nvkoc"ugeek„p."gzrqpiq"cniwpqu"fg"nqu"oqfqu"gp"swg"guvcu"fqu"vgqt cu"
ejqecp."c"rctvkt"fg"cniwpcu"fg"ncu"et vkecu"swg"{c"ug"jcp"rncpvgcfq"fg"wpc"
hacia la otra. Finalmente, presento una crítica a la ética del cuidado a partir
fgn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"dcucfc"gp"nc"kfgc"fg"swg"crgnct"c"tgncekqpgu"kpvgt-
rgtuqpcngu." chgevqu" {" ewkfcfq." eqoq" nq" jceg" nc" fivkec" fgn" ewkfcfq." pq" gu"
uwÞekgpvg"rctc"rtqvgigt"gn"gurcekq"fg"fgekuk„p"{"fg"nkdgtvcf"kpfkxkfwcn"fg"
wpc"owlgt"swg"swkgtg"rtcevkectug"wp"cdqtvq<"gp"wp"owpfq"kfgcn"vcn"xg|"u "nq"
ugt c."rgtq."gp"gn"owpfq"tgcn"fqpfg"gu"vcp"h ekn"swg"ncu"equcu"ucnicp"ocn."gu"
pgeguctkq"rtqvgigt"gug"gurcekq"fg"fgekuk„p"{"nkdgtvcf"c"vtcxfiu"fgn"ngpiwclg"
fg"nqu"fgtgejqu."eqoq"nq"jceg"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn0"Cu "rwgu."rtqrqpiq"swg"
qrvgoqu"rqt"wp"gphqswg"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"cegtec"fgn"vgoc"fgn"cdqtvq"*{"fg"
qvtqu"vgocu+."{"swg"nq"eqorngvgoqu"eqp"gn"gphqswg"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0

2. Ética del cuidado, ética femenina

Gp"3;:4."nc"ruke„nqic"fgn"fgucttqnnq"Ectqn"Iknnkicp"rwdnke„"gn"nkdtq"In a Diffe-
rent Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development.5"Guvg"nkdtq"tqork„"
nqu" guswgocu" jcuvc" gpvqpegu" fqokpcpvgu" cegtec" fgn" fgucttqnnq" oqtcn" fg"
jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu0"Jcuvc"gug"oqogpvq."ncu"vgqt cu"swg"cdqtfcdcp"gn"cuwpvq"
pq"vgp cp"pkpi¿p"kpvgtfiu"gp"oquvtct"ncu"fkhgtgpekcu"gp"gn"fgucttqnnq"oqtcn"
ugi¿p"gn"ifipgtq="ewcpfq"nngicdcp"c"jcegtnq."uwigt cp"swg"ncu"owlgtgu"gtcp."
gp"rtqogfkq."ogpqu"fgucttqnncfcu"oqtcnogpvg"swg"nqu"jqodtgu0"Iknnkicp"
ug" egpvt„" gp" nc" vgqt c" o u" cecdcfc" uqdtg" fgucttqnnq" oqtcn." nc" vgqt c" fg"
Ncytgpeg"Mqjndgti."swkgp"jcd c"rtqrwguvq"wpc"guecnc"fg"ugku"gvcrcu"rqt"ncu"
swg"rcucp"nqu"pk‚qu"gp"uw"fgucttqnnq"oqtcn"*xficug"Mqjndgti"4232<";4"{"uu0+0"
Ugi¿p"Mqjndgti."gp"ncu"rtkogtcu"fqu"gvcrcu"jc{"wpc"qtkgpvcek„p"jcekc"gxkvct"
ecuvkiqu"{"tgekdkt"rtgokqu="gp"ncu"gvcrcu"kpvgtogfkcu"jc{"wpc"eqphqtocek„p"

5
"Iknnkicp"3;:40"Nc"vtcfweek„p"cn"ecuvgnncpq"jk|q"fgucrctgegt"nc"kpvgpek„p"{"nc"tkswg|c"fgn"v vwnq"
original: La moral y la teoría. Psicología del desarrollo femenino0"Fg"ewcnswkgt"oqfq"ekvctfi"c"rctvkt"
fg"nc"vtcfweek„p0
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 73

jcekc"nc"oqtcn"eqpxgpekqpcn="{"Þpcnogpvg."gp"ncu"fqu"gvcrcu"uwrgtkqtgu"jc{"
wpc"qtkgpvcek„p"jcekc"wpc"oqtcn"fg"vkrq"eqpvtcevwcnkuvc"{"fg"qdgfkgpekc"c"
tgincu"fivkecu"wpkxgtucngu0"Ukp"godctiq."gp"ncu"gpvtgxkuvcu"swg"Mqjndgti"tgc-
nk|cdc"rctc"rtqdct"uw"vgqt c."ng"rtgugpvcdc"fkngocu"oqtcngu"c"pk‚qu"{"pk‚cu."
{"okgpvtcu"nqu"pk‚qu"nngicdcp"c"ncu"gvcrcu"o u"cnvcu."ncu"pk‚cu"rgtocpge cp"
gp"gvcrcu"ogpqu"fgucttqnncfcu0"Fg"csw "ug"rqf cp"ucect"fqu"eqpenwukqpgu"
fkhgtgpvgu<"q"dkgp"gn"tc|qpcokgpvq"oqtcn"fg"ncu"pk‚cu"gtc"ogpqu"fgucttqnncfq"
swg"gn"fg"nqu"pk‚qu."q"dkgp"cniq"guvcdc"ocn"eqp"gn"guswgoc"eqpegrvwcn"fg"
Mqjndgti0"Cu ."okgpvtcu"fin"rctge c"crq{ct"nc"rtkogtc"eqpenwuk„p."Iknnkicp"
crq{cdc"nc"ugiwpfc"etkvke pfqnq0"Gnnc"gorg|„"c"rtguvct"o u"cvgpek„p"c"ncu"
tgurwguvcu"swg"Mqjndgti"jcd c"tgekdkfq"fg"ncu"pk‚cu"swg"jcd c"gpvtgxkuvcfq0"
Wpc"fg"uwu"eqpenwukqpgu"rtkpekrcngu"hwg"swg"jcd c"swg"tggornc|ct"gn"eqpegrvq"
de orientación de Kohlberg por el de voz<"pq"gtc"swg"ncu"owlgtgu"hwgtcp"oq-
tcnogpvg"ogpqu"fgucttqnncfcu"swg"nqu"jqodtgu."q"vwxkgtcp"wpc"qtkgpvcek„p"
jcekc"gvcrcu"kphgtkqtgu"fg"fgucttqnnq"oqtcn."ukpq"swg"vgp cp"wpc"xq|"oqtcn"
fkhgtgpvg0"Ukp"godctiq."guvc"xq|"jcd c"ukfq"vtcfkekqpcnogpvg"cecnncfc"rqt"
los estudios morales hechos por los hombres:
Nqu"lwkekqu"oqtcngu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"fkÞgtgp"fg"nqu"fg"nqu"jqodtgu"gp"nc"oc{qt"ogfkfc"gp"
swg"nqu"lwkekqu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"xcp"wpkfqu"c"ugpvkokgpvqu"fg"gorcv c"{"eqorcuk„p"]È_"
Ukp"godctiq."okgpvtcu"ncu"ecvgiqt cu"rqt"ncu"ewcngu"ug"gxcn¿c"gn"fgucttqnnq"ug"fgtkxgp"
fg"kpxguvkicekqpgu"ghgevwcfcu"eqp"jqodtgu."guvc"fkxgtigpekc"fg"ncu"pqtocu"ocuewnkpcu"
rqft "xgtug"vcp"uqnq"eqoq"wpc"hcnnc"fg"fgucttqnnq0"Eqoq"tguwnvcfq."gn"rgpucokgpvq"fg"
ncu"owlgtgu"gu"encukÞecfq."htgewgpvgogpvg."lwpvq"eqp"gn"fg"nqu"pk‚qu0"Ukp"godctiq."nc"
cwugpekc"fg"qvtcu"pqtocu"swg"rwfkgugp"cdctect"oglqt"gn"fgucttqnnq"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"pq"
uqnq"ug‚cnc"ncu"nkokvcekqpgu"fg"ncu"vgqt cu"hqtlcfcu"rqt"jqodtgu"{"xcnkfcfcu"rqt"owgu-
vtcu"fg"kpxguvkicek„p"fgurtqrqtekqpcfcogpvg"ocuewnkpcu"{"cfqnguegpvgu."ukpq"vcodkfip"
nc"vkokfg|"rtgxcngekgpvg"gpvtg"ncu"owlgtgu."uw"tgpwgpekc"c"jcdnct"r¿dnkecogpvg"eqp"uw"
rtqrkc"xq|."fcfqu"nqu"htgpqu"korwguvqu"c"gnncu"rqt"uw"ectgpekc"fg"rqfgt"{"nc"rqn vkec"fg"
ncu"tgncekqpgu"gpvtg"nqu"ugzqu"*Iknnkicp"3;:4<"342+0

Ugi¿p" Iknnkicp." nc" xq|" oqtcn" fg" ncu" owlgtgu" ug" ectcevgtk|c" rqt" ugp-
vkokgpvqu" fg" gorcv c" {" eqorcuk„p" gp" owejq" oc{qt" ogfkfc" swg" nc" xq|"
ocuewnkpc0"Rgtq"vcodkfip"fguetkdg"guc"xq|"c"rctvkt"fg"qvtqu"gngogpvqu<"gu"wpc"
xq|"eqpetgvc"{"gurge Þec."wpc"xq|"swg"pq"gu"eqorgvkvkxc"q"eqodcvkxc."ukpq"
eqncdqtcvkxc."fcfq"swg"rqpg"o u"fiphcuku"gp"ncu"tgncekqpgu"kpvgtrgtuqpcngu"
swg"gp"nc"kpfkxkfwcnkfcf0"Fg"guvg"oqfq."okgpvtcu"swg"ncu"xqegu"oqtcngu"fg"
los hombres tienden a resaltar la imparcialidad, la justicia, los derechos,
nc"crnkecek„p"fg"tgincu"wpkxgtucngu"{"nc"tgurqpucdknkfcf"jcekc"e„fkiqu"cdu-
vtcevqu"fg"eqpfwevc."ncu"xqegu"oqtcngu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"ug"gphqecp"o u"gp"gn"
ewkfcfq."gp"nc"tgurqpucdknkfcf"jcekc"nqu"qvtqu."jcekc"kpfkxkfwqu"tgcngu."gp"
nc"rtgqewrcek„p"rqt"gn"uwhtkokgpvq"fg"guqu"qvtqu0"Fgn"okuoq"oqfq."c‚cfg"
74 desde la ética feminista

Iknnkicp."nc"kfgpvkfcf"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"ug"eqpuvtw{g"c"rctvkt"fg"xcnqtgu"fkhgtgp-
vgu"c"nqu"fg"nqu"jqodtgu<"okgpvtcu"swg"nc"kfgpvkfcf"fg"nqu"jqodtgu"ug"dcuc"
gp"xcnqtgu"eqoq"nc"cwvqpqo c."nc"ugrctcek„p."nc"kpfgrgpfgpekc."gpvtg"qvtqu."
nc"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"ug"dcuc"gp"gn"crgiq."nc"kpvgtfgrgpfgpekc"{"nc"tgncek„p"eqp"
nqu"qvtqu0"Gp"tgcnkfcf."jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu"pq"vgpgoqu"nc"okuoc"eqpegrek„p"
del dominio de la moral.
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jqodtgu0"Nc"kpvgtrtgvcek„p"swg"nc"owlgt"fc"cn"rtqdngoc"oqtcn"eqoq"rtqdngoc"fg"ewkfc-
fq"{"tgurqpucdknkfcf"gp"ncu"tgncekqpgu."{"pq"fg"fgtgejqu"{"tgincu."xkpewnc"gn"fgucttqnnq"
fg"uw"rgpucokgpvq"oqtcn"eqp"ecodkqu"gp"uw"gpvgpfkokgpvq"fg"nc"tgurqpucdknkfcf"{"ncu"
tgncekqpgu."cu "eqoq"gn"eqpegrvq"oqtcn"eqoq"lwuvkekc"xkpewnc"gn"fgucttqnnq"eqp"nc"n„ikec"
fg"nc"kiwcnfcf"{"nc"tgekrtqekfcf0"Fg"guvg"oqfq."uwd{cegpvg"gp"wpc"fivkec"fg"ewkfcfqu"{"
cvgpek„p"jc{"wpc"n„ikec"rukeqn„ikec"fg"tgncekqpgu."swg"eqpvtcuvc"eqp"nc"n„ikec"hqtocn"fg"
korctekcnkfcf"swg"kodw{g"gn"gphqswg"fg"nc"lwuvkekc"*Iknnkicp"3;:4<"348+0

C"guvc"rgturgevkxc"oqtcn"rtqrkcogpvg"hgogpkpc"Iknnkicp"nc"nnco„"ética
del cuidado:6"wpc"fivkec"swg"gphcvk|c"xcnqtgu"eqoq"ewkfcfq"owvwq."tgurqp-
ucdknkfcf"gp"ncu"tgncekqpgu."gve0."rqt"uqdtg"xcnqtgu"v rkecogpvg"ocuewnkpqu."
eqoq"nc"korctekcnkfcf."nc"cwvqpqo c."nqu"fgtgejqu."nc"crnkecek„p"fg"tgincu"
cduvtcevcu."gve0"Ukp"godctiq."cn"jcdnct"fg"wpc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."Iknnkicp"
guvcdc"d ukecogpvg"fguetkdkgpfq"wp"vkrq"fg"cevkvwf"oqtcn"fkuvkpvkxcogpvg"
hgogpkpq."{"pq"rtqrqpkgpfq"wpc"vgqt c"pqtocvkxc"eqorngvc"swg"pqu"fkg-
tc"nkpgcokgpvqu"q"rtguetkrekqpgu"rctc"nc"ceek„p"oqtcn="gu"fgekt."pq"guvcdc"
rtqrqpkgpfq"wpc"vgqt c"fivkec"swg"eqorkvkgtc"q"tggornc|ctc"c"ncu"vgqt cu"
pqtocvkxcu"vtcfkekqpcngu"dcucfcu"gp"rtkpekrkqu."eqoq"gn"fgqpvqnqikuoq"q"
gn"eqpugewgpekcnkuoq."ukpq"swg"ngu"uktxkgtc"fg"eqorngogpvq0
Fgurwfiu"fg"nc"rwdnkecek„p"fgn"nkdtq"fg"Iknnkicp."gp"ecodkq."qvtcu"rctvkfc-
tkcu"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"u "uwiktkgtqp"eqpxgtvktnc"gp"wpc"vgqt c"pqtocvkxc"
eqorngvc"{"cwv„pqoc0"Nc"Þn„uqhc"Xktikpkc"Jgnf."rqt"glgornq."jc"cÞtocfq"
swg<"$Nc"rtgqewrcek„p."nc"gorcv c."ugpvkt"eqp"qvtqu."ugt"ugpukdng"c"nqu"ugpvk-
okgpvqu"fg"qvtqu"rwgfgp"ugt"oglqtgu"iw cu"c"nq"swg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fgocpfc"
gp"eqpvgzvqu"tgcngu"fg"nq"swg"rwgfgp"ugt"ncu"tgincu"cduvtcevcu"fg"nc"tc|„p"q"
gn"e newnq"tcekqpcn."q"rqt"nq"ogpqu"rwgfgp"ugt"eqorqpgpvgu"pgeguctkqu"fg"
wpc"oqtcnkfcf"cfgewcfc$"*Jgnf"3;;2<"566+0"Nc"rtkogtc"rgturgevkxc"fg"nc"
swg"jcdnc"Jgnf"jc"ukfq"fghgpfkfc."gpvtg"qvtcu."rqt"gnnc"okuoc"{"rqt"Pgn"

6
"Gn"xgtdq"kpinfiu"to care"rwgfg"ukipkÞect"ewkfct."rtgqewrctug."korqtvct"q"ugpvkt"chgevq0"Ethics of
care"ug"vtcfweg"jcdkvwcnogpvg"eqoq"$fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq$."gpvgpfkgpfq"rqt"cuidado"nc"ceek„p"fg"
guvct"cvgpvq"c"nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"qvtcu"rgtuqpcu."rtgqewr pfqug"rqt"gnncu"{"cukuvkfipfqncu."rgtq"
vcodkfip"ukpvkgpfq"chgevq"rqt"gnncu."gu"fgekt."kpxqnwetc"wp"curgevq"goqekqpcn0
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 75

Pqffkpiu" *3;:6+." swkgp" uquvkgpg" swg" nc" fivkec" fgn" ewkfcfq" pq" pgegukvc" fg"
tgincu"cduvtcevcu"fg"nc"tc|„p."eqoq"uqp"rtkpekrkqu"oqtcngu"cduqnwvqu"g"ko-
rctekcngu."ukpq"fg"tgurwguvcu"chgevkxcu"c"nc"xwnpgtcdknkfcf"fg"qvtqu"ugtgu"swg"
pgegukvcp"ewkfcfq0"Nc"rgturgevkxc"swg"xg"cn"ewkfcfq"eqoq"wp"eqorqpgpvg"
complementario de las éticas generalistas o imparcialistas"jc"ukfq"fghgpfk-
fq."gpvtg"qvtcu."rqt"Cppgvvg"Dckgt"*3;;6c+."rctc"swkgp"ncu"fivkecu"dcucfcu"gp"
$tgincu"cduvtcevcu"fg"nc"tc|„p$"rwgfgp"gptkswgegtug"eqp"eqpegrvqu"eqoq"
coqt."tgurqpucdknkfcf"{."rctvkewnctogpvg."eqpÞcp|c0"Csw "swkgtq"cpcnk|ct"
d ukecogpvg"nc"rtkogtc"qrek„p."nc"swg"xg"c"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"eqoq"wpc"
vgqt c"eqorngvc"{"cwv„pqoc."ecrc|"fg"fct"ewgpvc"fg"nc"vqvcnkfcf"fgn"owpfq"
oqtcn"eqp"nqu"eqpegrvqu"swg"rtqrqpg."{"ukp"pgegukfcf"fg"tgewttkt"c"eqpegrvqu"
rtqrkqu"fg"ncu"fivkecu"pqtocvkxcu"vtcfkekqpcngu."eqoq"qdnkicek„p."ng{"oqtcn"
o derechos morales.
Nc"kfgc"fg"swg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"rwgfg"ugt"wpc"rgturgevkxc"fkuvkpvkxc"
{"cwv„pqoc"cegtec"fg"nc"pcvwtcng|c"fg"nc"fivkec"eqdt„"hwgt|c"gp"gn"eqpvgzvq"
fgn"fgucttqnnq"fg"ncu"nncocfcu"fivkecu"fg"nc"xktvwf0"Gp"uw"en ukeq"ctv ewnq"$Nc"
Þnquqh c"oqtcn"oqfgtpc$"*3;7:+."nc"Þn„uqhc"dtkv pkec"Gnk|cdgvj"Cpueqodg"
jcd c"uquvgpkfq"swg"gtc"pgeguctkq"fgujcegtug"fg"nqu"eqpegrvqu"fg"qdnkicek„p"
{"fgdgt"oqtcngu"{"fg"ng{"oqtcn."vcp"egpvtcngu"rctc"ncu"vgqt cu"fivkecu"fqokpcp-
vgu."{"uwuvkvwktnqu"rqt"eqpegrvqu"fg"xktvwfgu"*eqoq"igpgtqukfcf."fgegpekc."
eqpukfgtcek„p."cwvqguvkoc."eqpÞcdknkfcf."gve0+07 Con esto, Anscombe plan-
vg„"wp"pwgxq"gphqswg"rctc"nc"fivkec"*cwpswg"dcucfq"gp"ncu"fivkecu"cpvkiwcu."
rctvkewnctogpvg"nc"ctkuvqvfinkec+."rgtq"pq"cfqrv„"wp"gphqswg"fg"ifipgtq0"Ukp"
godctiq."gp"gug"eqpvgzvq."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"cfswktk„"wp"pwgxq"ugpvkfq."
cn"tgucnvct"ekgtvq"vkrq"fg"xktvwfgu"Ðncu"rtqrkcogpvg"hgogpkpcu."eqoq"nc"
gorcv c."nc"rtgqewrcek„p"rqt"gn"qvtq."gpvtg"qvtcuÐ."{"rtqrqpgtncu"eqoq"
nc"dcug"rctc"wpc"pwgxc"fivkec."swg"rtguekpfc"fg"eqpegrvqu"fg„pvkequ"{"fg"
tgincu"cduvtcevcu."swg"uqp"eqpegrvqu"v rkecogpvg"ocuewnkpqu0"C"guvg"rtq{gevq"
fg"rtguekpfkt"eqorngvcogpvg"fg"eqpegrvqu"fg„pvkequ"{"fg"ncu"rtqrwguvcu"fg"
ncu" vgqt cu" vtcfkekqpcngu" eqoq" gn" eqpugewgpekcnkuoq" {" gn" fgqpvqnqikuoq."
{"uwuvkvwktnqu"rqt"eqpegrvqu"egpvtcfqu"gp"ncu"xktvwfgu."ug"jc"nncocfq"ética
radical de la virtud."q"ugc."nc"vgqt c"fg"swg"nc"fivkec"fg"nc"xktvwf"rwgfg"ugt"wpc"
fivkec"eqorngvc"{"cwv„pqoc0"Nc"fivkec"fg"nc"xktvwf"guvct c"cn"okuoq"pkxgn"swg"
el consecuencialismo o el deontologismo. Asimismo, podríamos hablar

7
"Wp"dwgp"rcpqtcoc"fgn"rtqitcoc"tcfkecn"fg"nc"fivkec"fg"nc"xktvwf."cu "eqoq"cniwpcu"et vkecu."
ug"gpewgpvtc"gp"Tcejgnu"*4229<"ecr0"35+0
76 desde la ética feminista

de una ética radical del cuidado"eqoq"fg"cswgnnc"fivkec"swg"uquvkgpg"swg"gu"

rqukdng"fct"ewgpvc"fg"nc"pcvwtcng|c"fg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"{"hqtownct"wpc"fivkec"
pqtocvkxc"*gpvgpfkgpfq"gn"vfitokpq"normativo"gp"wp"ugpvkfq"pq"fg„pvkeq+"
u„nq"c"rctvkt"fg"xcnqtgu"hgogpkpqu."fglcpfq"fg"ncfq"cswgnnqu"swg"vkgpgp"swg"
xgt"eqp"qdnkicekqpgu."fgdgtgu."tgincu"cduvtcevcu."swg"ugt cp"nqu"swg"ncu"fivkecu"
fgucttqnncfcu"rqt"jqodtgu"jcp"rtqoqxkfq"gp"uwu"vgqt cu0
Nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"jc"tgucnvcfq"swg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"oqtcngu"{"fg"tgu-
rqpucdknkfcf."ncu"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq"{"fg"rtgqewrcek„p"rqt"gn"qvtq."ug"
fcp" d ukecogpvg" gp" gn" eqpvgzvq" fg" ncu" tgncekqpgu" kpvgtrgtuqpcngu." gp" ncu"
swg"gu"rqukdng"ugpvkt"gorcv c"rqt"gn"qvtq"Ðcwpswg"guvq"pq"gzenw{g"swg"
rwgfc"jcdgt"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq"swg"xc{cp"o u"cnn "fg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"
kpvgtrgtuqpcnguÐ0"Gn"eqpugewgpekcnkuoq"{"gn"fgqpvqnqikuoq."swg"jcdncp"
fg" tgincu" cduvtcevcu" swg" ug" rwgfgp" crnkect" korctekcn" {" wpkxgtucnogpvg."
ukp"korqtvct"nc"tgncek„p"rgtuqpcn."jcp"fglcfq"fg"ncfq"guvg"curgevq"fg"nc"
oqtcnkfcf0"Fg"jgejq."gp"owejcu"qecukqpgu"nq"jcp"pgicfq<"guvcu"fivkecu"ug"
dcucp"gp"wp"kfgcn"fg"korctekcnkfcf."gp"gn"swg"nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"vqfqu"{"ecfc"
wpq"fg"nqu"kpfkxkfwqu"fgdgp"eqpvct"rqt"kiwcn"htgpvg"c"nc"oqtcnkfcf="ukp"
godctiq."ncu"tgncekqpgu"kpvgtrgtuqpcngu"uqp"rctekcngu"rqt"pcvwtcng|c"*rqt"
glgornq."ncu"tgncekqpgu"hcoknkctgu"q"fg"cokuvcf+."{"rqt"gnnq"ejqecp"eqp"nc"
ética. Esto le ha presentado un problema a las teorías éticas generalistas
rqtswg"korctekcnkfcf"{"tgncekqpgu"rgtuqpcngu"vkgpfgp"c"ejqect"eqpuvcpvg-
ogpvg0"Nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"ug"qrqpg"c"guvg"rwpvq"fg"xkuvc"korctekcn"{"vtcvc"
fg"tguecvct"rctc"nc"fivkec"pq"uqnq"ncu"tgncekqpgu"kpvgtrgtuqpcngu"Ðswg"gu"gn"
odkvq"rqt"gzegngpekc"fqpfg"ug"fcp"ncu"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfqÐ."ukpq."eqp"
gnncu."wp"oc{qt"fiphcuku"gp"gn"eqpvgzvq"{"gp"ncu"ektewpuvcpekcu"rctvkewnctgu08
Nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"rctvg"fgn"uwrwguvq"fg"swg"vqfqu"nqu"kpfkxkfwqu"
uqp"kpvgtfgrgpfkgpvgu"rctc"cnecp|ct"uwu"kpvgtgugu="cswgnnqu"swg"uqp"rct-
vkewnctogpvg"xwnpgtcdngu"ogtgegp"oc{qt"eqpukfgtcek„p."uqdtg"vqfq"gp"nc"
ogfkfc"gp"swg"uqp"chgevcfqu"rqt"pwguvtcu"fgekukqpgu="vcodkfip"pqu"fkeg"
swg" gu" pgeguctkq" cvgpfgt" c" nqu" fgvcnngu" eqpvgzvwcngu" fg" ecfc" ukvwcek„p"
rctvkewnct." uk" swgtgoqu" rtqoqxgt" {" tgurgvct" nqu" kpvgtgugu" gurge Þequ" fg"
swkgpgu"guv p"kpxqnwetcfqu"gp"nc"ukvwcek„p"gp"ewguvk„p0"Guvg"¿nvkoq"curgevq"
gu"gurgekcnogpvg"tgngxcpvg."rqtswg"jceg"swg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"ug"qrqpic"
cn"wpkxgtucnkuoq"{"c"nc"xkuk„p"cduvtcevc"fg"ncu"fivkecu"korctekcnkuvcu"jgejcu"

" Nc" tgncek„p" gpvtg" nqu" xcnqtgu" fg" ewkfcfq" g" korctekcnkfcf" gu" eqornglc." jc" ukfq" cpcnk|cfc"
8

fgvgpkfcogpvg"rqt"Dnwo"*3;;6+0
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 77

rqt" jqodtgu0"[c" ugc" swg" nc" fivkec" fgn" ewkfcfq" ug" xgc" eqoq" cwv„pqoc" q"
eqoq"eqorngogpvctkc"c"guvcu"vgqt cu."gp"codqu"ecuqu"jc{"rtqdngocu<"uk"
ncu"xgoqu"eqoq"eqorngogpvqu."gpvqpegu"vgpft coqu"swg"ucdgt"ew pfq"
fctng" o u" rguq" c" ncu" tgncekqpgu" kpvgtrgtuqpcngu" swg" c" nc" korctekcnkfcf."
uqdtg"vqfq"gp"cswgnnqu"ecuqu"gp"swg"jc{"eqpàkevq"gpvtg"guvqu"fqu"xcnqtgu="
e„oq"gngikt"gpvtg"nc"korctekcnkfcf"fg"nc"fivkec"vtcfkekqpcn"{"gn"ewkfcfq"rqt"
kpfkxkfwqu"gp"ukvwcekqpgu"rctvkewnctgu"fg"nc"fivkec"hgogpkpc0"½Ew n"fgdg"ugt"
nc"tgncek„p"gpvtg"guvqu"fqu"xcnqtguA"Uk"nc"xgoqu"eqoq"cwv„pqoc."gpvqpegu"
rctgegt c"swg"vgpft coqu"swg"fgugejct"gn"uwrwguvq"ect evgt"wpkxgtucn"g"
korctekcn"fg"nc"fivkec."eqp"gn"tkguiq"fg"ecgt"gp"cniwpc"hqtoc"fg"tgncvkxkuoq"
moral, por un lado, o de una especie de moral de la parcialidad, por el otro.9
Cfkekqpcnogpvg." vgpft coqu" swg" xgt" swfi" vcp" eqorngvc" gu" guvc" xgt-
uk„p"tcfkecn."gu"fgekt."swfi"vcpvq"gu"rqukdng"fct"ewgpvc"fg"nc"pcvwtcng|c"fg"
nc"oqtcnkfcf"{"fg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"swg"eqpegrvqu"eqoq"fgdgt."qdnkicek„p."
fgtgejqu."tgincu"wpkxgtucngu"cduvtcevcu"g"korctekcnkfcf"ewdtgp"uqnq"eqp"
nqu"eqpegrvqu"fg"xktvwfgu"{."rctvkewnctogpvg."eqp"gn"eqpegrvq"fg"ewkfcfq."
{"swfi"vcp"cfgewcfc"ugt c"wpc"vgqt c"pqtocvkxc"fg"guvg"vkrq0"Guvq"kornkec."
og" rctgeg." tggornc|ct" eqpegrekqpgu" igpgtcnkuvcu" {" wpkxgtucnkuvcu" fg" nc"
fivkec."eqoq"uqp"rqt"glgornq"ncu"vgqt cu"fgqpvqnqikuvc"{"eqpugewgpekcnkuvc."
con concepciones particularistas. La ética del cuidado nos propone una
fivkec"dcucfc"gp"ecuqu"rctvkewnctgu."wpc"fivkec"gp"nc"swg"gn"cp nkuku"fg"ecuqu"
{"ukvwcekqpgu"eqpetgvqu"rwgfg"vqoct"gn"nwict"fg"nc"crnkecek„p"fg"tgincu"
cduvtcevcu"{"igpgtcngu0"Rgtq"vcn"xg|"nq"swg"gu"o u"rtgqewrcpvg"gu"swg."in
extremis."guvq"rwgfg"fgtkxct"gp"wpc"hqtoc"fg"uwdlgvkxkuoq."gp"gn"ewcn"uqp"ncu"
cevkvwfgu"{"nc"crtgekcek„p"uwdlgvkxcu"fg"wp"kpfkxkfwq"ncu"swg"fgvgtokpgp"
nc"eqttgeek„p"oqtcn"fg"wpc"fgvgtokpcfc"ceek„p"Ð{"pq"tgincu"wpkxgtucngu."
fgtgejqu"q"rtkpekrkquÐ0"Gp"gn"ecuq"swg"og"kpvgtguc"csw ."ugt cp"ncu"cevkvwfgu"
{"nc"crtgekcek„p"oqtcn"fg"ecfc"owlgt"ncu"swg"c"Þp"fg"ewgpvcu"fgvgtokpct cp"
nc"eqttgeek„p"q"kpeqttgeek„p"oqtcn"fg"wp"cdqtvq0
Gp"uw"nkdtq."Iknnkicp"cpcnk|c"fg"ocpgtc"egpvtcn"gn"rtqdngoc"oqtcn"fgn"
cdqtvq" {" pqu" rtgugpvc" gn" fkuvkpvq" ngpiwclg" oqtcn" eqp" gn" swg" ncu" owlgtgu"
nq"cdqtfcp0"Gzcokpc"ncu"tgurwguvcu"fg"fkuvkpvcu"owlgtgu"gpvtgxkuvcfcu"gp"

9
" Ukp" godctiq." fgugejct" eqpegrvqu" eqoq" korctekcnkfcf" g" kiwcnfcf"rwgfg" nngxctpqu" c" tgnc-
ekqpgu"cukofivtkecu"gpvtg"swkgp"fc"{"swkgp"tgekdg"gn"ewkfcfq."rqt"glgornq."rwgfg"eqpfwekt"c"
tgncekqpgu"fg"qrtguk„p"q"fg"wvknk|cek„p"fg"wpq"uqdtg"gn"qvtq0"Rctc"guvc"n pgc"fg"et vkec."xficug"
Dctvm{"*3;;2<"327"{"uu+0
78 desde la ética feminista

vqtpq"cn"vgoc"fgn"cdqtvq<"gp"vqfqu"nqu"ecuqu"ncu"owlgtgu"gphcvk|cp"curgevqu"
oqtcngu"rctvkewnctgu"{"uwdlgvkxqu"fg"ukvwcekqpgu"eqpetgvcu"fg"cdqtvq0"Cpcnk|c"
ncu"tgceekqpgu"oqtcngu"swg"gucu"owlgtgu"vwxkgtqp"htgpvg"c"uwu"rtqrkcu"kpvg-
ttwrekqpgu"fgn"godctc|q"g"kpÞgtg."c"rctvkt"fg"cj ."e„oq"gn"lwkekq"oqtcn"fg"
ncu"owlgtgu"ug"fc"gp"vfitokpqu"fg"tgurqpucdknkfcfgu"eqpàkevkxcu."rctc"rcuct"
nwgiq"c"cvgpfgt"fkuvkpvqu"curgevqu"rctvkewnctgu"fg"uw"ukvwcek„p"rgtuqpcn0
Nc"ugewgpekc"fgn"lwkekq"oqtcn"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"rtqegfg"fg"wpc"rtgqewrcek„p"kpkekcn"rqt"nc"
uwrgtxkxgpekc"{"rcuc"c"gphqect"nc"xgtfcf"{."Þpcnogpvg."wp"gpvgpfkokgpvq"tgàgzkxq"fg"
nc"cvgpek„p"{"gn"ewkfcfq"eqoq"iw c"o u"cfgewcfc"rctc"nc"tguqnwek„p"fg"nqu"eqpàkevqu"
en las relaciones humanas. El estudio sobre el aborto demuestra el papel central de
nqu"eqpegrvqu"fg"tgurqpucdknkfcf"{"cvgpek„p"gp"ncu"kpvgtrtgvcekqpgu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"gp"
ewguvkqpgu"fg"fqokpkq"oqtcn"]È_"nc"pgegukfcf"fg"wpc"o u"gzvgpuc"vgqt c"fgn"fgucttqnnq"
swg"kpenw{c."cpvgu"swg"tgincu"rctc"uw"eqpukfgtcek„p."ncu"fkhgtgpekcu"gp"nc"xq|"hgogpkpc"
*Iknnkicp"3;:4<"396/397+0

Guvq"eqpvtcuvct c"eqp"gn"oqfq"gp"swg"nc"xq|"ocuewnkpc"tc|qpc"cegtec"fg"
ukvwcekqpgu"oqtcngu"rctvkewnctgu."v rkecogpvg"eqoq"kpuvcpekcu"fg"crnkecek„p"
fg" tgincu" igpgtcngu0" Uk" dkgp" Iknnkicp" ug" nkokvc" c" ug‚cnct" guvcu" fkhgtgpekcu"
*ukp" gzrnkect." rqt" ekgtvq." swfi" ncu" qtkikpc+." nc" fivkec" fgn" ewkfcfq" swg" ug" jc"
fgucttqnncfq"c"rctvkt"fg"uw"nkdtq"jc"rtqrwguvq"wpc"vgqt c"pqtocvkxc"dcucfc"
lwuvcogpvg"gp"guvcu"fkhgtgpekcu."nq"swg"kornkect c"pq"uqnq"swg"gn"cp nkuku"fg"
rtqdngocu"oqtcngu"eqoq"gn"fgn"cdqtvq."fgufg"nc"rgturgevkxc"hgogpkpc."fgdg"
jcegtug"gp"vfitokpqu"rctvkewnctkuvcu."ukpq"swg"gn"ofivqfq"rctc"nc"tguqnwek„p"fg"
eqpàkevqu"oqtcngu"eqoq"gn"fgn"cdqtvq"fgdg"jcegtug"gp"nqu"okuoqu"vfitokpqu<"
caso por caso.
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wpc"fivkec"pqtocvkxc"fgn"ewkfcfq"c"rctvkt"fg"nc"vgqt c"fg"Iknnkicp0"Nq"swg"ng"
kpvgtguc."c"fkhgtgpekc"fg"Iknnkicp."pq"gu"ukorngogpvg"fguetkdkt"ncu"fkhgtgpvgu"
xqegu"oqtcngu."ukpq."c"rctvkt"fg"gnncu."rtguetkdkt"{"rqfgt"gxcnwct"nc"eqttgeek„p"
oqtcn"fg"fgvgtokpcfcu"ceekqpgu."eqoq"nc"fg"kpvgttworkt"wp"godctc|q0"Cu ."
cn"cdqtfct"gn"vgoc"fgn"cdqtvq."pqu"fkeg<"$Qrgtcpfq"dclq"nc"iw c"fg"wpc"fivkec"
fgn"ewkfcfq."pq"gu"rtqdcdng"swg"gn"cdqtvq"gp"igpgtcn"ugc"eqttgevq"q"kpeqttge-
vq0"Vgpftgoqu"swg"kpfcict"gp"nqu"ecuqu"kpfkxkfwcngu$"*Pqffkpiu"3;:4<":9+0"
Pq"rqfgoqu"jcegt"lwkekqu"igpgtcngu"cegtec"fg"nc"eqttgeek„p"q"kpeqttgeek„p"
oqtcn"fgn"cdqtvq."ukpq"swg"vgpgoqu"swg"xgt"ecuq"rqt"ecuq0"Jc{"ecuqu"gp"
nqu"swg"jc{"wpc"lwuvkÞecek„p"oqtcn"rctc"kpvgttworkt"wp"godctc|q"Ðrgtq"
pq"fgvgtokpcfqu"rqt"gn"guvcvwu"qpvqn„ikeq"fgn"godtk„p."gu"fgekt."pq"rqt"gn"
jgejq"fg"swg"ugc"q"pq"wpc"rgtuqpc."pk"rqt"wpc"tgkxkpfkecek„p"fg"nqu"fgtg-
ejqu"fg"nc"owlgtÐ."ukpq"rqtswg"pq"ug"jc"gpvcdncfq"wpc"tgncek„p"fg"ewkfcfq"
gpvtg"nc"owlgt"{"gn"godtk„p0"Nc"ewguvk„p"oqtcnogpvg"tgngxcpvg"pq"gu"uk"nc"
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 79

owlgt"vkgpg"fgtgejq"c"fgekfkt"uqdtg"uw"rtqrkq"ewgtrq."vcorqeq"gu"ew pfq"
eqokgp|c"nc"xkfc."ukpq"ew pfq"eqokgp|c"nc"tgncek„p"fg"ewkfcfq0"Guvc"tgncek„p"
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gn"godctc|q."q"dkgp"uk"gu"gn"rtqfwevq"fgn"coqt"gpvtg"gn"jqodtg"rqt"gn"swg"
ug"rtgqewrc"{"gnnc."uqnq"gpvqpegu"jc{"wpc"tgurqpucdknkfcf"oqtcn"jcekc"gn"
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nc"kpvgttwrek„p"fg"wp"godctc|q0"Nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"pq"pqu"fc"nkpgcokgp-
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ugt c"vtcvct"fg"gpeqpvtct"wpc"uqnwek„p"swg"pq"kpxqnwetg"fc‚ct"c"pcfkg."kpenwkfq"gn"pq"
pcekfq"*Yqnh/Fgxkpg"3;:;<":9+0;

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:
"Wpc"dwgpc"gzrqukek„p"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."fg"uw"gphqswg"cegtec"fgn"cdqtvq."cu "eqoq"fg"
et vkecu"igpgtcngu"c"nc"vgqt c"ug"gpewgpvtc"gp"Ucnngu"*4229+0
;
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80 desde la ética feminista

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wp"cdqtvq0"Wpq"rqft c"rgpuct"swg"jc{"owejqu"cevqu"swg"tgxgncp"fguewkfq"
q"fgueqpukfgtcek„p"jcekc"qvtqu."rgtq"swg"pq"uqp"rtqrkcogpvg"kpoqtcngu0"
Vcn"xg|"ugt c"wp"gzeguq"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"cÞtoct"swg"ewcnswkgt"ce-
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enctq"fg"eqttgeek„p"q"kpeqttgeek„p"oqtcn."q"o u"igpgtcnogpvg."fgn"okuoq"
odkvq"fg"nc"oqtcnkfcf0
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pkuoq"gp"vcpvq"swg"gu"c"nc"owlgt"*pq"c"nc"uqekgfcf."pq"cn"Guvcfq."pq"c"nc"Kingukc+"
c"swkgp"eqttgurqpfg."gp"¿nvkoc"kpuvcpekc."nc"fgekuk„p"uqdtg"uk"cdqtvct"q"pq0"
$Nc"fgekuk„p"c"hcxqt"q"gp"eqpvtc"fgn"cdqtvq"fgdgp"vqoctnc"cswgnncu"swg"guv p"
fktgevcogpvg" kpxqnwetcfcu" gp" nc" ukvwcek„p" eqpetgvc$." pqu" fkeg" Pqffkpiu."
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nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."c"ucdgt."swg"nc"eqttgeek„p"oqtcn"fgn"cdqtvq"fgrgpfgt "
fg" nc" crtgekcek„p" rctvkewnct" fg" ncu" ektewpuvcpekcu" gurge Þecu" gp" swg" guvg"
rwgfg"fctug."uqdtg"vqfq"fg"nc"tgncek„p"fg"ewkfcfq"swg"ug"jc"guvcdngekfq"
q"pq"eqp"gn"godtk„p0"Gu"ekgtvq"swg"ncu"ektewpuvcpekcu"rctvkewnctgu"vkgpgp."
{"fgdgp"vgpgt."wp"rguq"tgngxcpvg"eqoq"gngogpvqu"gp"ewcnswkgt"rtqeguq"fg"
fgnkdgtcek„p"oqtcn="pq"qduvcpvg."rctgeg"swg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"pq"rwgfg"
fctpqu"nkpgcokgpvqu"igpgtcngu"gp"gn"rtqeguq"fg"fgekuk„p"oqtcn0"Pk"ukswkgtc"
gn"xcnqt"fgn"ewkfcfq"rwgfg"vgpgt"guvc"hwpek„p."rqtswg"nc"fgnkdgtcek„p"uqdtg"
uk"cdqtvct"q"pq"rwgfg"kpenwkt"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq"fg"ow{"fkuvkpvqu"vkrqu"
*jcekc"gn"godtk„p."jcekc"jklqu"rtgxkqu."jcekc"nc"rctglc."jcekc"nc"owlgt"okuoc."
jcekc"nc"hcoknkc."gve0+."{"guvqu"vgpft p"fkuvkpvqu"rguqu"gp"ecfc"ecuq0"Cu ."gp"
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 81

cniwpqu"ecuqu"rctvkewnctgu."nq"oqtcnogpvg"eqttgevq"ugt "swg"nc"owlgt"fgekfc"
kpvgttworkt"uw"godctc|q."{"gp"qvtqu"pq0
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hgogpkpc"q"fgn"ewkfcfq."cu "eqoq"fg"uw"gphqswg"uqdtg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fgn"
cdqtvq0"Jg"ug‚cncfq"cniwpqu"rtqdngocu"swg"rtgugpvc."ukp"godctiq."og"
kpvgtguc"gn"guegrvkekuoq"cegtec"fg"nqu"rtkpekrkqu"igpgtcngu"{"uw"rqukek„p"c"
hcxqt"fg"wpc"rquvwtc"rctvkewnctkuvc"gp"fivkec."tc|„p"rqt"nc"ewcn"pq"gu"ecrc|"
fg"fctpqu"wpc"tgurwguvc"igpgtcn"c"nc"ewguvk„p"fg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fgn"cdqtvq0"
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nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"gpvtc"gp"eqpàkevq0"Cpcnk|ctfi"gn"oqfq"gp"swg"cdqtfc"nc"
ewguvk„p"fgn"cdqtvq."rctc"nwgiq"eqpvtcuvctnc"eqp"nc"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0

3. La ética feminista liberal y el aborto

Gn"hgokpkuoq"gu."gp"¿nvkoc"kpuvcpekc"{"gp"ewcnswkgtc"fg"uwu"xgtukqpgu."wpc"
vgqt c"fivkec0"Gn"hgokpkuoq"cpcnk|c"ncu"ecvgiqt cu"fg"ifipgtq"{"ugzq"{"ncu"vqoc"
eqoq"egpvtcngu"rctc"gpvgpfgt"nc"fkuvtkdwek„p"{"gn"wuq"fgn"rqfgt"swg"ug"fcp"
gp"ncu"tgncekqpgu"gpvtg"jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu."{"rctc."gp"¿nvkoq"vfitokpq."cecdct"
eqp"gn"ugzkuoq."nc"fkuetkokpcek„p."nc"gzenwuk„p"{"nc"qrtguk„p"fg"ncu"owlgtgu0"
Uk" gpvgpfgoqu" cu " gn" hgokpkuoq." eqoq" gn" cp nkuku" {" nc" et vkec" c" ewcnswkgt"
tgncek„p"fkuetkokpcvqtkc."kplwuvc"g"kpgswkvcvkxc"gpvtg"jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu."{"
eqoq"nc"rtqrwguvc"fg"xcnqtgu"q"rtkpekrkqu"pqtocvkxqu"dcucfqu"gp"nc"kfgc"
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wpc"vgqt c"fivkec0"Uk"rgpucoqu."cfgo u."swg"c"rctvkt"fg"gug"cp nkuku"{"guc"et -
vkec"oqtcngu."gn"hgokpkuoq"vtcvc"fg"lwuvkÞect"rqn vkecu"r¿dnkecu"{"gn"fkug‚q"
fg"kpuvkvwekqpgu"{"fg"ng{gu"swg"rtqowgxcp"xcnqtgu"fg"lwuvkekc"fg"ifipgtq."
gpvqpegu"gn"hgokpkuoq"ugt "vcodkfip"wpc"Þnquqh c"rqn vkec"{"fgn"fgtgejq0"Rgtq"
uw"lwuvkÞecek„p"rtkogtc"gu"fivkec0
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hgokpkuoqu."{"csw "pq"rkgpuq"jcegt"wpc"ectcevgtk|cek„p"igpgtcn"fgn"hgok-
pkuoq"q"wuct"gn"vfitokpq"eqoq"wpc"gvkswgvc"igpgtcn"crnkecdng"c"vgqt cu"ow{"
fkhgtgpvgu032"O u"dkgp"swkgtq"eqpvtcrqpgt"wp"vkrq"fg"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"

"Rctc"wp"rcpqtcoc"fg"ncu"ow{"fkuvkpvcu"eqttkgpvgu"fgn"hgokpkuoq"eqpvgorqt pgq."cu "eqoq"

32

rctc"wpc"ectcevgtk|cek„p"o u"rwpvwcn"fgn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn."xficug"Vqpi"*422;<"ecr0"3+0
82 desde la ética feminista

c"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0"Uk"gueqlq"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"gpvtg"qvtqu"vkrqu"fg"
hgokpkuoq"gu"rqtswg"gn"hgokpkuoq."gp"igpgtcn."pcek„"{"gxqnwekqp„"jkuv„-
ricamente en el mundo moderno a partir del liberalismo —por lo menos
desde la Vindicación de los derechos de la mujer fg"Oct{"Yqnnuvqpgetchv"fg"
39;4"{"fg"El sometimiento de las mujeres fg"Oknn"fg"3:8;."jcuvc"nqu"vgzvqu"o u"
tgekgpvgu"fg"Cnkuqp"Lciict"gp"nqu"swg"og"dcuctfiÐ.33"cfgo u."rqtswg"gu"nc"
vgqt c"swg"o u"eqo¿pogpvg"cuqekcoqu"c"cniwpqu"fg"nqu"kfgctkqu"igpgtcngu"
fgn"hgokpkuoq."eqoq"nc"kiwcnfcf."nc"cwvqpqo c."nc"nkdgtvcf"kpfkxkfwcn"{"gn"
reconocimiento de los derechos de las mujeres como derechos humanos. La
fivkec"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"gu"kiwcnkvctkc."rqtswg"ng"eqpÞgtg"c"jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu"
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ecuq."fg"nc"owlgt+"htgpvg"c"nqu"tgencoqu"fg"nc"uqekgfcf"q"fgn"Guvcfq"{"rqtswg"
fc"wp"rguq"ukipkÞecvkxq"c"nc"nkdgtvcf"{"nc"cwvqpqo c"kpfkxkfwcn"eqoq"dcug"
rctc"nc"cvtkdwek„p"fg"fgtgejqu0"Vcodkfip"cÞtoc"nc"wpkfcf"oqtcn"fg"nqu"ugtgu"
jwocpqu."ukp"korqtvct"uw"ifipgtq"{."gp"guvg"ugpvkfq."gu"wpkxgtucnkuvc0"Cu ."gn"
hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"vkgpfg"c"xgt"c"ncu"owlgtgu"eqoq"ugtgu"jwocpqu"cwv„pq-
oqu."nkdtgu."ecrcegu"fg"cwvqfgvgtokpcek„p"{"fg"fgekuk„p"uqdtg"uwu"rtqrkcu"
xkfcu."{"guq."gp"wp"pkxgn"igpgtcn."ncu"jceg"uwlgvqu"fg"fgtgejqu0"Vcodkfip"ncu"
xg"eqoq"kiwcngu"gp"fgtgejqu"c"nqu"jqodtgu034
Nqu"fgtgejqu"jwocpqu"uqp"egpvtcngu"gp"nc"ctiwogpvcek„p"fg"nc"fivkec"
hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn0"Nq"uqp"rqtswg"guvqu"fgtgejqu"rtqvgigp"c"vqfqu"nqu"ugtgu"jwoc-
pqu."gurgekcnogpvg"c"ncu"owlgtgu."fg"cdwuqu"itcxgu="uqp"wpkxgtucngu"rqtswg"
nqu"vkgpg"vqfc"nc"igpvg"gp"xktvwf"fg"uw"guvcvwu"oqtcn"eqoq"ugtgu"jwocpqu0"
Pq"korqtvc"uk"guvqu"pq"uqp"tgeqpqekfqu"rqt"gn"fgtgejq"positivo"fg"cni¿p"rc u"
*cwpswg" jcp" ukfq" tgeqpqekfqu" rqt" pwogtququ" vtcvcfqu" kpvgtpcekqpcngu" {"
fgenctcekqpgu"fg"fgtgejqu"jwocpqu+."rqtswg"uqp"gpvgpfkfqu"eqoq"fgtgejqu"
morales."gu"fgekt."tgencoqu"oqtcngu"swg"vkgpgp"ncu"rgtuqpcu"gp"xktvwf."rtg-
cisamente, de su estatus moral como seres humanos.35"Owlgtgu"{"jqodtgu"
uqoqu"kiwcngu"gp"fgtgejqu"rqt"guvc"tc|„p0"Ncu"hgokpkuvcu"jcp"tgecnecfq"uw"
cfjguk„p"cn"fkuewtuq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"c"vtcxfiu"fgn"gunqicp"$Nqu"fgtgejqu"
fg" ncu" owlgtgu" uqp" fgtgejqu" jwocpqu$0" Guvg" gunqicp" pq" u„nq" gzrtguc" nc"

33
"Wuctfi."gurge Þecogpvg."Lciict"422;0"Xcng"nc"rgpc"tgucnvct"swg"Lciict."wpc"fg"ncu"Þn„uqhcu"
hgokpkuvcu"o u"korqtvcpvgu"fg"nc"cevwcnkfcf."rcu„"fg"ugt"wpc"et vkec"fgn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"c"
cfqrvct"wpc"rgturgevkxc"c"hcxqt"fg"wp"nkdgtcnkuoq"cornkq0
34
"Gp"nq"swg"ukiwg."wuctfi"fg"oqfq"kpvgtecodkcdng"feminismo"{"feminismo liberal.
35
"Uqdtg"gn"eqpegrvq"fg"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu."xficug"Pkpq"3;:;<"ecr0"3="{"Etw|"Rctegtq"4229<"ecr0"40
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 83

kfgc"fg"swg"ncu"owlgtgu"vkgpgp"nqu"okuoqu"fgtgejqu"swg"nqu"jqodtgu."ukpq"
vcodkfip"swg"cswgnnqu"curgevqu"swg"chgevcp"nc"xkfc"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"{"swg"uqp"
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ecuq"fg"nqu"nncocfqu"fgtgejqu"ugzwcngu"{"tgrtqfwevkxqu."swg"uk"dkgp"uqp"
eqorctvkfqu"rqt"jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu."vkgpfgp"c"rtqvgigt"wp" tgc"fg"nc"xkfc"
fg"ncu"owlgtgu"gp"swg"guvcu"uqp"gurgekcnogpvg"xwnpgtcdngu."fcfc"uw"dkqnq-
i c<"uw"ugzwcnkfcf"{"uw"tgrtqfweek„p0"C"guvg"itwrq"rgtvgpgeg"gn"fgtgejq"cn"
aborto seguro.
Gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"wuc"gn"fkuewtuq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"eqoq"wp"ctiwogpvq"
oqtcn"rctc"rtqvgigt"c"ncu"owlgtgu"swg"rqpgp"gp"tkguiq"uw"ucnwf"{"uw"xkfc"cn"
recurrir a abortos inseguros en condiciones de clandestinidad, pero también
rctc"rtqvgigt"uw"nkdgtvcf"tgrtqfwevkxc"{"uw"cwvqfgvgtokpcek„p"rctc"fgekfkt"
ew pfq"{"ew pvqu"jklqu"vgpgtÈ"q"pq"vgpgt"jklqu0"Nqu"fgtgejqu"tgrtqfwevk-
xqu."{"gn"fgtgejq"cn"cdqtvq"ugiwtq"gp"rctvkewnct."rtqvgigp"nqu"fgtgejqu"c"
nc"xkfc."nc"nkdgtvcf"{"nc"ugiwtkfcf"fg"nc"rgtuqpc."swg"guv p"kpenwkfqu"gp"nc"
Fgenctcek„p"Wpkxgtucn"fg"nqu"Fgtgejqu"Jwocpqu."cu "eqoq"gp"nc"Eqpxgp-
ek„p"Kpvgtpcekqpcn"fg"Fgtgejqu"Geqp„okequ."Uqekcngu"{"Ewnvwtcngu"fg"3;890"
Nqu"fgtgejqu"tgrtqfwevkxqu"swkgtgp"ictcpvk|ct"gn"fgtgejq"c"nc"xkfc"fg"ncu"
owlgtgu"swg"rqpgp"gp"tkguiq"uw"xkfc"cn"rtcevkectug"wp"cdqtvq"kpugiwtq"gp"
eqpfkekqpgu"fg"rgpcnk|cek„p"{."rqt"nq"vcpvq."fg"encpfguvkpkfcf0"Gp"vqfq"gn"
owpfq."ugi¿p"nc"Qticpk|cek„p"Owpfkcn"fg"nc"Ucnwf"*4229+."cntgfgfqt"fg"
42"oknnqpgu"fg"owlgtgu"tgewttgp"c"wp"cdqtvq"kpugiwtq"ecfc"c‚q."{"wpcu"92"
okn" owgtgp" rqt" ecwuc" fg" eqornkecekqpgu" eqp" guqu" cdqtvqu0" Rgpcnk|ct" gn"
cdqtvq"vcodkfip"xkqngpvc"gn"fgtgejq"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"c"nc"nkdgtvcf."pq"uqnq"nc"
nkdgtvcf"fg"fgekfkt"uqdtg"wp"godctc|q"pq"fgugcfq."ukpq"vcodkfip"uqdtg"uw"
xkfc"hwvwtc"gp"swg"vgpft p"swg"xkxkt"eqp"ncu"eqpugewgpekcu"fg"gug"godctc|q0"
Ncu"tgurqpucdknkfcfgu"uqdtg"wp"jklq"pq"fgugcfq"nkokvcp"ugxgtcogpvg"ncu"
nkdgtvcfgu"fg"owlgtgu"swg."owejcu"xgegu."xkxgp"gp"eqpfkekqpgu"geqp„okec-
ogpvg"rtgectkcu0"Gp"qvtcu"rcncdtcu."nc"rgpcnk|cek„p"xkqngpvc"gn"fgtgejq"fg"
ncu"owlgtgu"c"nc"cwvqpqo c0"Cukokuoq."nc"rgpcnk|cek„p"xkqnc"gn"fgtgejq"c"nc"
kpvgitkfcf"eqtrqtcn<"hqt|ct"c"wpc"owlgt"c"nngxct"c"vfitokpq"wp"godctc|q"swg"
pq"fgugc"kornkec"korqpgtng"vqfqu"nqu"ocnguvctgu."u pvqocu"{"rtqdngocu"fg"
ucnwf"swg"wp"godctc|q"kpxqnwetc0"Eqp"gnnq"vcodkfip"ug"xkqngpvc"gn"fgtgejq"
de la mujer a la dignidad.
Cfkekqpcnogpvg."nc"rgpcnk|cek„p"gu"wp"hcevqt"fg"fkuetkokpcek„p"{"fg"
kplwuvkekc"fg"ifipgtq"{"gp"gug"ugpvkfq"xkqngpvc"gn"fgtgejq"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"c"nc"
kiwcnfcf0"Rtqjkdkt"gn"cdqtvq"pkgic"c"ncu"owlgtgu"ugtxkekqu"fg"ucnwf"swg"uqnq"
gnncu"pgegukvcp."rqt"nq"swg"gu"wpc"hqtoc"fg"fkuetkokpcek„p"swg."ugi¿p"gn"
84 desde la ética feminista

Eqokvfi"rctc"nc"Gnkokpcek„p"fg"nc"Fkuetkokpcek„p"eqpvtc"nc"Owlgt"*CEDAW,
rqt"uwu"ukincu"gp"kpinfiu+."nqu"iqdkgtpqu"fgdgt cp"fg"tgogfkct0"Cfgo u."gp"
nc"rt evkec."igpgtc"fgukiwcnfcfgu"gpvtg"ncu"owlgtgu"eqp"tgewtuqu"geqp„ok-
equ"swg"rwgfgp"vgpgt"wp"cdqtvq"ugiwtq"*cwpswg"kiwcnogpvg"kngicn+"gp"wp"
ugtxkekq"ofifkeq"rtkxcfq."{"cswgnncu"swg."rqt"uw"rqdtg|c."vgpft p"wp"cdqtvq"
gp"eqpfkekqpgu"fg"kpugiwtkfcf"{"fg"encpfguvkpkfcf."{"ow{"rtqdcdngogpvg"
ugt p"ecuvkicfcu"{"gpectegncfcu0"Cu ."nc"rgpcnk|cek„p"gu"fkuetkokpcvqtkc"{"
cegpv¿c"fgukiwcnfcfgu"uqekcngu."eqp"nq"ewcn"xkqnc"gn"fgtgejq"c"nc"kiwcnfcf"
de las mujeres.
Fg"guvg"oqfq."nc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"wvknk|c"d ukecogpvg"gn"fkuewtuq"
fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"jwocpqu."swg"uqp"fgtgejqu"guvcdngekfqu"c"rctvkt"fg"rtkpek-
rkqu"oqtcngu"igpgtcngu."eqoq"ctiwogpvqu"c"hcxqt"fg"nc"fgurgpcnk|cek„p"fgn"
cdqtvq0"Gn"¿pkeq"oqfq"fg"ictcpvk|ct"gn"glgtekekq"fgn"eqplwpvq"fg"fgtgejqu"swg"
guv p"kpenwkfqu"dclq"nc"gvkswgvc"fg"fgtgejqu"ugzwcngu"{"tgrtqfwevkxqu"gu."cpvgu"
swg"pcfc."c"vtcxfiu"fg"nc"fgurgpcnk|cek„p"fgn"cdqtvq0"Vcodkfip"ictcpvk|cpfq"
gn"ceeguq"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"c"cdqtvqu"ugiwtqu."ogfkcpvg"kphqtocek„p"{"rtqitc-
ocu"fg"qtkgpvcek„p"rctc"owlgtgu"swg"swkgtcp"cdqtvct."ugtxkekqu"fg"ucnwf"
ecrcekvcfqu"{"gp"dwgpcu"eqpfkekqpgu."gve0"Cn"rgpcnk|ct"gn"cdqtvq"pq"ug"rwgfg"
ictcpvk|ct"vqfq"guvq"{"eqp"gnnq."gn"Guvcfq"xkqnc"fqdngogpvg"nqu"fgtgejqu"fg"ncu"
owlgtgu."gu"fgekt."cn"etkokpcnk|ct"c"ncu"owlgtgu"swg"vkgpgp"fgtgejqu"ugzwcngu"
{"tgrtqfwevkxqu"pq"tgeqpqekfqu"rqt"gn"Guvcfq"{"cn"pq"rtqxggt"ugtxkekqu"fg"
ucnwf"swg"ictcpvkegp"gn"glgtekekq"fg"guqu"fgtgejqu"gp"eqpfkekqpgu"fg"jkikgpg"
{"ugiwtkfcf0"Guvq"gu"kpeqttgevq"oqtcnogpvg0
Rctc"jcegt"wpc"gxcnwcek„p"oqtcn"eqorngvc"fg"nc"kpvgttwrek„p"kpfwekfc"
fg"wp"godctc|q."gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"vgpft c"vcodkfip"swg"tgurqpfgt"c"nc"
ewguvk„p"fgn"fgtgejq"c"nc"xkfc"fgn"godtk„p0"Ugi¿p"nqu"eqpugtxcfqtgu."guvg"
¿nvkoq"fgtgejq"fgdg"rtkoct"rqt"uqdtg"nqu"fgtgejqu"fg"nc"owlgt."fcfq"swg"
gn"fgtgejq"c"nc"xkfc"gu"wp"fgtgejq"más básico"q"o u"hwgtvg"swg"gn"fg"nc"owlgt"
c"fgekfkt"uqdtg"uw"ewgtrq."cÞtocp0"C"guvq."nc"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"vkgpg"xctkcu"
x cu"fg"ctiwogpvcek„p<"*3+"q"dkgp"rwgfg"uquvgpgt"swg"wp"godtk„p"pq"gu"wpc"
rgtuqpc"pk"gu"uwlgvq"fg"fgtgejqu"ukpq"jcuvc"swg"pceg"{"gu"tgeqpqekfq"rqt"nc"
ng{."{"rqt"gpfg."nc"kpvgttwrek„p"fgn"godctc|q"pq"xkqnc"gn"fgtgejq"fg"pcfkg."
q"dkgp"*4+"rwgfg"tgeqpqegt"swg"gn"godtk„p"vkgpg"fgtgejqu."rgtq"swg"guvqu"
pq"qdnkicp"c"nc"owlgt"c"nngxct"c"vfitokpq"gn"godctc|q0"Eqoq"jc"cÞtocfq"
Lwfkvj"Lctxku"Vjqouqp."$vgpgt"fgtgejq"c"nc"xkfc"pq"ictcpvk|c"swg"wpq"vgpic"
fgtgejq"c"wuct"gn"ewgtrq"fg"qvtc"rgtuqpc"q"c"swg"ug"ng"rgtokvc"eqpvkpwct"
wu pfqnq."cwpswg"wpq"nq"pgegukvg"rctc"nc"xkfc"okuoc0"Fg"oqfq"swg"gn"fgtg-
ejq"c"nc"xkfc"pq"uktxg"c"nqu"swg"ug"qrqpgp"cn"cdqtvq"vcp"ugpeknnc"{"enctcogpvg"
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 85

eqoq"gnnqu"jcp"rgpucfq"swg"ngu"uktxg$"*Vjqouqp"4223<"3;9+0"Hkpcnogpvg."
*5+"vcodkfip"rwgfg"ctiwogpvct"swg"vcpvq"nc"owlgt"eqoq"gn"godtk„p"vkgpgp"
fgtgejqu"{"swg."eqoq"guvqu"gpvtcp"gp"eqpàkevq."guvg"fgdg"tguqnxgtug"c"vtc-
xfiu"fg"wp"rtqeguq"fg"rqpfgtcek„p"rqt"ogfkq"fgn"ewcn"ug"rwgfgp"nkokvct"
rctekcnogpvg"nqu"fgtgejqu"fg"ecfc"wpc"fg"ncu"rctvgu"gp"fkuvkpvqu"rnc|qu"fgn"
rtqeguq"fg"iguvcek„p036
Gp"tguwogp."nc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"egpvtc"uw"cp nkuku"fg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"
fgn"cdqtvq"gp"nc"pqek„p"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu"swg"vkgpgp"ncu"owlgtgu"
rctc"fgekfkt"uqdtg"uw"rtqrkq"ewgtrq"{"uqdtg"uw"xkfc0"Rgpcnk|ct"gn"cdqtvq"
gu"kpeqttgevq"oqtcnogpvg"rqtswg"xkqngpvc"fgtgejqu"d ukequ"fg"ncu"owlgtgu0"
Uw"gxcnwcek„p"oqtcn"gu"igpgtcn."pq"c"vtcxfiu"fg"ecuqu"rctvkewnctgu."eqoq"
gu"nc"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0"Nq"swg"dwuec"gu"rtqvgigt"wp"eqplwpvq"fg"kp-
vgtgugu"*gpvtg"nqu"ewcngu"fguvcec"gn"fg"nc"cwvqpqo c"oqtcn"fg"ncu"owlgtgu+"
fg"rqukdngu"kpvgtxgpekqpgu"rqt"rctvg"fgn"Guvcfq"q"nc"uqekgfcf0

4. Crítica a la ética del cuidado desde la ética feminista

Fgdgp"tguwnvct"cjqtc"enctqu"nqu"oqfqu"vcp"fkhgtgpvgu"swg"vkgpgp"nc"fivkec"fgn"
ewkfcfq"{"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"fg"gxcnwct"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fgn"cdqtvq0"Nc"rtk-
ogtc"ug"egpvtc"gp"gn"eqpegrvq"fg"ewkfcfq"{"gp"nc"tgncek„p"chgevkxc"swg"wpc"
owlgt"rwgfg"q"pq"vgpgt"eqp"gn"rtqfwevq"fg"uw"godctc|q."cn"vkgorq"swg"
gphcvk|c"nc"korqtvcpekc"fgn"eqpvgzvq"rctvkewnct"gp"swg"ug"fc"nc"fgekuk„p"fg"
abortar. La segunda, en cambio, se centra en el concepto de los derechos
fg" ncu" owlgtgu" Ðfgtgejqu" ugzwcngu" {" tgrtqfwevkxqu" gp" rctvkewnctÐ" swg"
uqp"fgocpfcu"swg"vkgpgp"ncu"owlgtgu"gp"xktvwf"fg"swg"uqp"cigpvgu"oqtcngu"
cwv„pqoqu"{."rqt"gnnq"okuoq."eqp"fkipkfcf0"Okgpvtcu"swg"gn"rtkogt"gphq-
swg"pqu"fkeg"swg"jc{"swg"tgewttkt"c"etkvgtkqu"rctvkewnctgu"gp"ecfc"ukvwcek„p"
gurge Þec."gn"ugiwpfq"cÞtoc"swg"jc{"etkvgtkqu"oqtcngu"wpkxgtucngu"swg"ug"
pueden aplicar a todas las mujeres en todos los casos simplemente por ser
cigpvgu"cwv„pqoqu"eqp"fkipkfcf0"Nc"rtkogtc"rqukek„p"gu"rctvkewnctkuvc."gp"
vcpvq"swg"nc"ugiwpfc"gu"wpkxgtucnkuvc0"Nc"rtkogtc"gphcvk|c"tgncekqpgu"kpvgt-
rgtuqpcngu."nc"ugiwpfc"rqpg"gn"fiphcuku"gp"gn"eqpegrvq"fg"korctekcnkfcf0"Ug"
vtcvc"fg"gphqswgu"tcfkecnogpvg"fkhgtgpvgu"gp"vqtpq"cn"cdqtvq0

36
"Guvc."rqt"glgornq."gu"nc"x c"swg"vqo„"nc"Uwrtgoc"Eqtvg"fg"Lwuvkekc"fg"Ofizkeq"cn"fgekfkt"uqdtg"
nc"eqpuvkvwekqpcnkfcf"fg"nc"tghqtoc"swg"rgtokvg"gn"cdqtvq"gp"nc"ekwfcf"fg"Ofizkeq"fwtcpvg"gn"
rtkogt"vtkoguvtg"fg"nc"iguvcek„p0"Rctc"wpc"fguetkrek„p"fg"guvc"n pgc"fg"ctiwogpvcek„p."xficug"
Qtvk|"Oknn p"*422;<"ecr0"3+0
86 desde la ética feminista

Ctiwogpvct"c"rctvkt"fg"wpc"rgturgevkxc"hgogpkpc"{"fg"nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"
ncu"owlgtgu"pq"ictcpvk|c."gpvqpegu."tguwnvcfqu"ukoknctgu0"Gu"rqukdng"swg"jc{c"
wpc"eqkpekfgpekc"gp"ewcpvq"c"nc"rqukek„p"oqtcn"fg"guvcu"fqu"vgqt cu"gp"nq"swg"
ug"tgÞgtg"c"nc"fgurgpcnk|cek„p"fgn"cdqtvq0"Okgpvtcu"swg"nc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"
nkdgtcn"vkgpg"wpc"rqukek„p"enctc"c"hcxqt"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"{"gp"
eqpvtc"fg"nc"rgpcnk|cek„p."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"rwgfg"ugt"codkiwc."uqdtg"
vqfq"rqt"uw"ect evgt"eqpvgzvwcnkuvc"{"rctvkewnctkuvc0"C"rctvkt"fg"gnnc"ug"rwgfg"
ctiwogpvct"oqtcnogpvg"c"hcxqt"fg"rqn vkecu"r¿dnkecu"swg"rtqvglcp"ncu"eqp-
fkekqpgu"swg"jcicp"rqukdng"swg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq"àqtg|ecp"*xficug
Pqffkpiu"3;:6<"zkx+."{"nc"fgurgpcnk|cek„p"fgn"cdqtvq"rqft c"hcxqtgegt"guvcu"
eqpfkekqpgu"cn"rgtokvkt"swg"pq"ug"fguvtw{cp"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq"cn"gxkvct"
swg"ncu"owlgtgu"owgtcp"q"eqortqogvcp"uw"ucnwf"gp"cdqtvqu"encpfguvkpqu0"
Vcodkfip"cn"hcxqtgegt"swg"pq"jc{c"godctc|qu"pk"jklqu"pq"fgugcfqu"eqp"nqu"
swg"pq"ug"fgucttqnncp"gucu"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq0"Nc"fgurgpcnk|cek„p"pq"
chgevct c"c"owlgtgu"godctc|cfcu"swg"u "jcp"guvcdngekfq"gug"x pewnq"chgevkxq"
eqp"gn"godtk„p"{"swg"pq"fgugcp"cdqtvct0"Ukp"godctiq."vcodkfip"ugt c"rqukdng"
rgpuct" swg" nc" fivkec" fgn" ewkfcfq" rqft c" hcxqtgegt" nc" rgpcnk|cek„p" dclq" nc"
kfgc"fg"swg"gn"cdqtvq"pq"gu"eqorcvkdng"eqp"ncu"cevkvwfgu"fg"ewkfcfq."ukpq"
eqp"wpc"kpfkhgtgpekc"jcekc"nqu"godtkqpgu"gp"iguvcek„p"swg"pkpiwpc"rqn vkec"
r¿dnkec"fgdg"rtqoqxgt0"Ugi¿p"Egnkc"Yqnh/Fgxkpg."nc"fgurgpcnk|cek„p"fgn"
cdqtvq"xkqnc"nqu"xcnqtgu"ewnvwtcnogpvg"hgogpkpqu0"Gn"cdqtvq"gu"$kpugpukdng"
c"ncu"kpvgteqpgzkqpgu"eqp"vqfc"nc"xkfc="ug"guhwgt|c"gp"fkuetkokpct."ugrctct"{"
eqpvtqnct$0"Pq"gu"kiwcnkvctkq"rqtswg"fc"rtkqtkfcf"c"nqu"kpvgtgugu"fg"nc"madre
por sobre los del niño" {" fgucvkgpfg" gn" gpvtcocfq" fg" tgncekqpgu" fg" qvtqu"
okgodtqu"fg"nc"hcoknkc"{"fg"nc"uqekgfcf"jcekc"nc"etkcvwtc037
Cjqtc"dkgp."ncu"fkhgtgpekcu"gpvtg"guvcu"fqu"vgqt cu"jcp"oqvkxcfq"fk-
xgtucu"et vkecu0"Ncu"hgokpkuvcu"nkdgtcngu"*{"qvtcu+"jcp"etkvkecfq"c"nc"fivkec"fgn"
ewkfcfq" uqdtg" nc" dcug" fg" swg" nq" swg" nncocp" nqu" xcnqtgu" hwpfcogpvcngu"
fg"ncu"owlgtgu"*ocvgtpcn."goqvkxc."nc"rtqxggfqtc"fgn"ewkfcfq."gve0+."uqnq"
tghwgt|cp"nqu"fc‚kpqu"guvgtgqvkrqu"vtcfkekqpcngu"fg"nq"swg"gu"wpc"owlgt."
rgtrgvw pfqnqu"*xficug"Dctvm{"3;;2<"326/327+0"Uqp"rtgekucogpvg"guvqu"gu-
vgtgqvkrqu"cegtec"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"nqu"swg"gn"hgokpkuoq"igpgtcnogpvg"swkgtg"
gttcfkect"{"rqt"guq"etkvkec"c"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0"Cfgo u."guvc"¿nvkoc"pq"
rctgeg" fct" pkpiwpc" gzrnkecek„p" fg" guvcu" fkhgtgpekcu=" dwgpc" rctvg" fgn"

"Yqnh/Fgxkpg"3;:;="xficug"nc"et vkec"c"guvc"rqukek„p"gp"Lciict"*422;<"38:"{"uu+0
37
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 87

hgokpkuoq" ug" jc" cdqecfq" jkuv„tkecogpvg" Ðfgufg" Yqnnuvqpgetchv" jcuvc"

rqt"nq"ogpqu"Ukoqpg"fg"DgcwxqktÐ"c"gzrnkect"guvcu"fkhgtgpekcu"eqoq"wp"
vkrq"fg"eqpuvtweek„p"uqekcn."{"pq"eqoq"cniq"fcfq"rqt"nc"pcvwtcng|c"{."gp"gug"
ugpvkfq."kpowvcdng0"Guvq"gu"korqtvcpvg"rqtswg."fg"nc"gzrnkecek„p"swg"ug"ffi"
cegtec"fgn"qtkigp"fg"guvcu"fkhgtgpekcu."fgrgpfgt "uk"ug"rwgfgp"oqfkÞect"q"
pq0"Cwpswg"pq"fc"ewgpvc"gzrn ekvcogpvg"fg"guvcu"fkhgtgpekcu."nc"fivkec"fgn"
ewkfcfq"rctgeg"hcxqtgegt"nc"kfgc"fg"swg"guvcu"fkhgtgpekcu"uqp"pcvwtcngu."o u"
swg"uqekcnogpvg"eqpuvtwkfcu0
Rqt"qvtc"rctvg."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"etkvkec"cniwpqu"fg"nqu"xcnqtgu"swg"gn"
hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"cdcpfgtc<"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"guv "oqnfgcfq"c"rctvkt"fg"
xcnqtgu"rtqrkcogpvg"ocuewnkpqu."eqoq"uqp"nc"kpfkxkfwcnkfcf."nc"wpkxgtuc-
nkfcf"{"nc"cwvqpqo c038"Eqoq"ug‚cnfi"cpvgu."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"gphcvk|c"wpc"
rgturgevkxc"kpvgtrgtuqpcn."eqpvgzvwcn"{"fg"fgrgpfgpekc"owvwc."swg"uqp"nqu"
xcnqtgu"oqtcngu"egpvtcngu"swg"wpc"fivkec"fgdg"rtqoqxgt0"Ugi¿p"guvc"vgqt c."
gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"jc"ukfq"fgocukcfq"gpvwukcuvc"gp"cdtc|ct"cniwpqu"xc-
nqtgu"ocuewnkpqu."rgtq"rctvkewnctogpvg"uw"eqpegrek„p"fgn"{q"eqoq"gn"fg"wp"
kpfkxkfwq"cwv„pqoq"{"tcekqpcn0"Gp"nwict"fg"xgtnq"fg"gug"oqfq."nc"fivkec"fgn"
ewkfcfq"rtqrqpft c"wp"eqpegrvq"fgn"{q"dcucfq"gp"nc"chgevkxkfcf."o u"swg"gp"
nc"tcekqpcnkfcf0"Cukokuoq."okgpvtcu"swg"dwgpc"rctvg"fgn"hgokpkuoq"gphcvk|c"
wp"kfgcn"oqtcn"fg"kiwcnfcf"gpvtg"jqodtgu"{"owlgtgu."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."
gp"ecodkq."gphcvk|c"ncu"fkhgtgpekcu"gp"pwguvtcu"rgturgevkxcu"oqtcngu"Ð{"gp"
guvg"ugpvkfq."okgpvtcu"gn"rtkogtq"hqtoct c"rctvg"fgn"nncocfq"hgokpkuoq"fg"
nc"kiwcnfcf."gn"ugiwpfq."fgn"fg"nc"fkhgtgpekcÐ0"Ukp"godctiq."vqfqu"guvqu"
eqpegrvqu"swg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"etkvkec"fgn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"Ðcwvqpq-
o c."kpfkxkfwcnkfcf."tcekqpcnkfcf."kiwcnfcf."gve0Ð"uqp"nqu"eqpegrvqu"swg"
guv p"gp"nc"dcug"fgn"eqpegrvq"oqfgtpq"fg"fgtgejqu"jwocpqu0"Gu"csw "fqpfg"
swkgtq"egpvtctog"rctc"jcegt"gn"dcncpeg"gpvtg"guvcu"fqu"vgqt cu"fivkecu<"gp"uwu"
fkuvkpvcu"rqukekqpgu"htgpvg"cn"eqpegrvq"fg"fgtgejqu"{"uw"wvknkfcf"rctc"nc"fivkec0
Rctgeg"kpgxkvcdng"swg"wpc"vgqt c"oqtcn"rctvkewnctkuvc."swg"tgejc|c"gn"
gorngq"fg"etkvgtkqu"igpgtcngu"{"cduvtcevqu."gpvtg"gp"eqpàkevq"eqp"wpc"vgqt c"
wpkxgtucnkuvc."swg"rtgekucogpvg"crgnc"c"gug"vkrq"fg"etkvgtkqu0"Gn"fkuewtuq"fg"
nqu"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu"guv "dcucfq"gp"wpc"rtgvgpuk„p"fg"wpkxgtucnkfcf"swg."
ugi¿p"gn"rctvkewnctkuoq."pq"c{wfc"c"gpvgpfgt"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fg"ukvwcekqpgu"

38
"Gn"vgoc"fg"nc"cwvqpqo c"gu"codkiwq"fgpvtq"fgn"hgokpkuoq."okgpvtcu"swg"cniwpcu"nq"cfqrvcp"
eqoq"wp"oqfq"fg"eqodcvkt"nc"uwdqtfkpcek„p"{"nc"qrtguk„p."qvtcu"nq"etkvkecp"eqoq"wp"kfgcn"
v rkecogpvg"ocuewnkpq0"Rctc"wp"cp nkuku"o u"cornkq."xficug"Htkgfocp"*4223+0
88 desde la ética feminista

eqpetgvcu0"Rqfgoqu"fgekt"swg"gn"fkuewtuq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu"*q"fg"
nqu"fgtgejqu"jwocpqu"wpkxgtucngu"eqoq"curktcekqpgu"oqtcngu+"pq"hqtoc"
rctvg"fgn"xqecdwnctkq"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq0"Cpvgu"ogpekqpfi"nc"egtecp c"
vg„tkec"fg"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"eqp"nc"fivkec"fg"ncu"xktvwfgu."{"etgq"swg"gn"
escepticismo de esta segunda teoría con respecto a los derechos también es
compartido por la ética del cuidado. Para ambas teorías el discurso sobre
xktvwf"{"ewkfcfq"rwgfgp"uwuvkvwkt"gn"fkuewtuq"uqdtg"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu0"Rctc"
ncu"fivkecu"tcfkecngu"fg"nc"xktvwf"{"fgn"ewkfcfq."nc"fivkec"rwgfg."{"fgdg."fgu-
jcegtug"fg"guvqu"eqpegrvqu"{"fg"nqu"rtkpekrkqu"igpgtcngu"swg"nqu"lwuvkÞecp."
swg"pq"uqp"o u"swg"Þeekqpgu"igpgtcnk|cfcu."ukowncetqu"fg"wpkxgtucnkfcf"{"
tcekqpcnkfcf"swg"uqnq"gpewdtgp"kpvgtgugu"rctvkewnctgu"{"ctdkvtctkqu039
Cu ."Tqucnkpf"Jwtuvjqwug."wpc"vg„tkec"fg"nc"xktvwf."owguvtc"guvg"guegr-
vkekuoq"uqdtg"gn"fkuewtuq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"gp"uw"cp nkuku"gp"vqtpq"c"nc"oqtcnk-
fcf"fgn"cdqtvq0"Gn"glgtekekq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"pq"ictcpvk|c"swg"guc"ceek„p"ugc"
oqtcnogpvg"dwgpc0"Nqu"fgtgejqu"pq"pqu"c{wfcp"c"fgvgtokpct"nc"eqttgeek„p"
q"kpeqttgeek„p"oqtcn"fg"wp"cdqtvq0
Eqpukfgtgoqu"gp"rtkogt"nwict"nqu"fgtgejqu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"]È_"uwrqpkgpfq"swg"ncu"
owlgtgu"vkgpgp"wp"fgtgejq"oqtcn"]fg"jcegt"nq"swg"swkgtcp"eqp"uw"rtqrkq"ewgtrq."q."
o u" eqpetgvcogpvg." fg" kpvgttworkt" uw" godctc|q_." pcfc" ug" ukiwg" fg" guvc" jkr„vguku"
uqdtg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fgn"cdqtvq."ugi¿p"nc"vgqt c"fg"nc"xktvwf."wpc"xg|"swg"ug"qdugtxc"*gp"
igpgtcn."{"pq"rctvkewnctogpvg"eqp"gn"cdqtvq+"swg"cn"glgtegt"wp"fgtgejq"oqtcn."rwgfq"
guvct"jcekgpfq"cniq"etwgn."kpugpukdng."giq uvc."uwrgtÞekcn."rgvwncpvg."guv¿rkfq."fgueqp-
ukfgtcfq."fgungcn"q"fgujqpguvq."guvq"gu."cevwcpfq"xkekqucogpvg"*Jwtuvjqwug"3;;9<"449+0

Apelar a derechos morales no nos dice nada sobre la moralidad del

cevq"fg"kpvgttworkt"wp"godctc|q0"Nq"tgcnogpvg"tgngxcpvg"rctc"fgvgtokpct"
nc"oqtcnkfcf"fg"wp"cdqtvq"uqp"ncu"cevkvwfgu."ncu"tgurwguvcu"goqekqpcngu"{"

39
"Rctc"wpq"fg"nqu"itcpfgu"vg„tkequ"eqpvgorqt pgqu"fg"nc"fivkec"fg"nc"xktvwf."Cncufckt"OceKpv{tg."
$nqu"fgtgejqu"jwocpqu"q"pcvwtcngu"uqp"Þeekqpgu."eqoq"nq"gu"nc"wvknkfcf"]È_"gn"eqpegrvq"fg"
fgtgejqu"jwocpqu"gu"wpc"Þeek„p"igpgtcfc"eqoq"uwuvkvwvkxq"fg"nqu"eqpegrvqu"fg"wpc"oqtcn"o u"
cpvkiwc"{"vtcfkekqpcn."fg"oqfq"swg"ewcpfq"ug"gphtgpvcp"c"ncu"rtgvgpukqpgu"swg"crgncp"c"vcngu"
eqpegrvqu"vtcfkekqpcngu"pq"jc{"ogfkq"tcekqpcn"fg"fgekfkt"rtkqtkfcfgu0"Nc"Þeek„p"fg"nqu"fgtg-
chos suministra un simulacro de racionalidad al proceso político moderno, pero en la realidad
rtgfqokpc"nc"ctdkvtctkgfcf"fg"nc"xqnwpvcf"{"gn"rqfgt0"Nc"kpeqpogpuwtcdknkfcf"oqtcn"cugiwtc"
swg"swkgpgu"rtqvguvcp"pwpec"rwgfgp"xgpegt"pk"rgtfgt"gp"wpc"fkuewuk„p="nqu"eqpvgpfkgpvgu"gp"
ncu"ecwucu"oqtcngu"oqfgtpcu"ug"fktkigp"c"swkgpgu"eqorctvgp"uwu"rtgokucu"{"qewnvcp"vtcu"uw"
tgv„tkec"rtghgtgpekcu"ctdkvtctkcu"fg"uw"xqnwpvcf"{"fgugqu$"*3;:9<";8/;:+0"Cppgvvg"Dckgt"*3;;6+"ng"
fkq"c"OceKpv{tg"gn"v vwnq"fg"mujer honoraria"c"rctvkt"fg"guvg"gphqswg"dcucfq"gp"ncu"xktvwfgu."{"
pq"gp"rtkpekrkqu"cduvtcevqu"fg"nc"tc|„p"*eqoq"gn"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu+."swg"rtgugpvc"gp"Tras la virtud
Ðcwpswg"ug"nq"tgvktct c"rquvgtkqtogpvg"rqt"uw"fghgpuc"fg"nc"vtcfkek„p"rcvtkctecn"tgnkikqucÐ0
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 89

ncu"xktvwfgu."gurgekcnogpvg"cswgnncu"tgncekqpcfcu"eqp"gn"ewkfcfq."swg"wpc"
owlgt" ocpkÞguvg" gp" guc" ektewpuvcpekc0" ½Rqft coqu" gpvqpegu" vcn" xg|." gp"
nc" fivkec." rtguekpfkt" fgn" fkuewtuq" fg" nqu" fgtgejqu" oqtcngu" c" hcxqt" fg" wp"
fkuewtuq"dcucfq"gp"ncu"xktvwfgu."{"rctvkewnctogpvg"gp"nqu"chgevqu."ncu"tgnc-
ekqpgu"kpvgtrgtuqpcngu"{"gn"ewkfcfqA"½Rqfgoqu"jcegtnq."rqt"glgornq."rctc"
gn"ecuq"fgn"cdqtvqA"Ok"tgurwguvc"gu"swg"pq<"nc"fivkec"pq"fgdg"rtguekpfkt"fgn"
fkuewtuq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu."uqdtg"vqfq"gp"nq"swg"ug"tgÞgtg"cn"vgoc"
fgn"cdqtvq0"Rgtq"guvq"jc{"swg"ctiwogpvctnq0
Ukp" fwfc." gn" fkuewtuq" fg" nqu" fgtgejqu" pq" pqu" fc" tgurwguvc" c" vqfcu"
pwguvtcu"kpswkgvwfgu"oqtcngu"pk"fgdg"ugt"gn"eqpegrvq"egpvtcn"fg"nc"oqtc-
nkfcf0"Vcn"xg|"kpenwuq."eqoq"fkegp"cniwpqu"eqowpkvctkuvcu"{"vg„tkequ"swg"
uwdtc{cp" gn" curgevq" eqowpkvctkq" {" chgevkxq" fg" ncu" tgncekqpgu" jwocpcu."
ncu"tgncekqpgu"oqtcngu"pq"fgdgp"rgpuctug"eqoq"eqpuvkvwkfcu"d ukecogpvg"
rqt"fgtgejqu"{"rqt"tgncekqpgu"dcucfcu"gp"fgtgejqu"gpvtg"kpfkxkfwqu"cvq-
mistamente concebidos.3:"Guq"rctgeg"kt"gp"nc"fktgeek„p"eqttgevc<"cu "eqoq"
jc{"o u."rqt"glgornq."gp"wpc"tgncek„p"ocvtkoqpkcn"swg"wpc"ogtc"tgncek„p"
eqpvtcevwcn"fg"fgtgejqu"{"qdnkicekqpgu."jc{"o u"gp"nc"gxcnwcek„p"oqtcn"fgn"
cdqtvq"swg"ukorngogpvg"wp"cuwpvq"fg"fgtgejqu."eqoq"kpfkec"Jwtuvjqwug0"
Gn"ogtq"glgtekekq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"pq"ictcpvk|c"nc"eqttgeek„p"oqtcn"fg"wpc"
ceek„p"Ðpk"fg"wp"cdqtvq"gp"rctvkewnctÐ0"Nc"tgncek„p"swg"wpc"owlgt"vkgpg"
eqpukiq"okuoc."eqp"gn"godtk„p"gp"iguvcek„p"{"eqp"nc"uqekgfcf."cu "eqoq"
nqu"curgevqu"chgevkxqu"swg"uwdtc{c"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."vcodkfip"fgdgp"vq-
octug"gp"ewgpvc"rctc"crtgekct"nc"eqornglkfcf"oqtcn"fg"nc"kpvgttwrek„p"fg"
wp"godctc|q"gp"rctvkewnct0"Gu"ekgtvq."eqoq"fkeg"Lgtgo{"Ycnftqp."swg"$nc"
guvtwevwtc"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"pq"gu"eqpuvkvwvkxc"fg"nc"xkfc"uqekcn."ukpq"swg"fgdg"
gpvgpfgtug"eqoq"wpc"rqukek„p"fg"tgugtxc"{"fg"ugiwtkfcf"gp"ecuq"fg"swg"
qvtqu"gngogpvqu"eqpuvkvwvkxqu"fg"nc"tgncek„p"uqekcn"ug"tqorkgtcp$"*Ycnftqp"
3;;5<"596+0"Gp"qvtcu"rcncdtcu."nqu"chgevqu"{"ncu"tgncekqpgu"kpvgtrgtuqpcngu"
swg"eqpuvkvw{gp"nc"xkfc"uqekcn"{"swg"uqp"nqu"gngogpvqu"hwpfcogpvcngu"fg"
nc"xkfc"oqtcn."eqoq"xkoqu."pq"uqp"uqncogpvg"cniq"ecodkcpvg"{"tgncvkxq"c"
eqpvgzvqu"rctvkewnctgu."ukpq"swg"uqp"tgncekqpgu"swg"h eknogpvg"rwgfgp"hcnnct"
q"gp"ncu"swg"ncu"equcu"rwgfgp"ucnkt"ocn0"Rctc"guqu"ecuqu"guv p"nqu"fgtgejqu0"
½C"swfi"og"tgÞgtqA"Xqnxcoqu"cn"cuwpvq"fgn"cdqtvq0

"Xficug"OceKpv{tg"*3;:6+."rgtq"vcodkfip"Vc{nqt"*3;:7+"{"Dckgt"*3;;6d+0"Guvg"guegrvkekuoq"cegtec"
3:

fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"vcodkfip"ug"kpÞgtg"fgn"rctvkewnctkuoq"fg"Fcpe{"*4226+0
90 desde la ética feminista

Gu"¿vkn"swg"gp"fivkec"vgpicoqu"gp"ewgpvc"gn"eqpvgzvq"uqekcn"o u"cornkq"
gp"gn"swg"ug"rtgugpvcp"ncu"ukvwcekqpgu"kpfkxkfwcngu0"Uk"xgoqu"ncu"ceekqpgu"
kpfkxkfwcngu"gp"gn"eqpvgzvq"fg"rt evkecu"o u"cornkcu."gu"fgekt."fg"oqfq"swg"
pq"ug"ugrctgp"ncu"ukvwcekqpgu"{"ceekqpgu"kpfkxkfwcngu"fg"ektewpuvcpekcu"eqnge-
vkxcu"o u"cornkcu."xgtgoqu"swg"jc{"owejqu"hcevqtgu"swg"rwgfgp"kpvgtxgpkt"
rctc"swg"pq"ug"tgurgvg"nc"fgekuk„p"fg"wpc"owlgt"swg"swkgtg"kpvgttworkt"uw"
godctc|q"Ðcwpswg"uw"fgekuk„p"guvfi"dcucfc"gp"swg"pwpec"guvcdngek„"wpc"
tgncek„p"chgevkxc"eqp"gn"godtk„p"{."gp"gug"ugpvkfq."rctc"nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfc-
fq."pq"jcdt c"pcfc"kpoqtcn"gp"gn"cevq"fg"cdqtvctÐ0"Ukp"godctiq."xkuvq"gp"
wp"eqpvgzvq"o u"cornkq."nc"rqukdknkfcf"fg"swg"ncu"equcu"xc{cp"ocn"gp"ncu"
tgncekqpgu"gpvtg"nqu"ugtgu"jwocpqu"gu"ow{"itcpfg<"rqt"glgornq."gzkuvg"wpc"
itcp"rqukdknkfcf"fg"swg"fkuvkpvcu"rgtuqpcu"rtgqewrcfcu"rqt"guc"ukvwcek„p"
rctvkewnct"vtcvgp"fg"kpvgtxgpkt"rctc"korgfkt"nq"swg"gnnqu"xgp"eqoq"wpc"hcnnc"
en la actitud de cuidado de esa mujer hacia su posible hijo (por ejemplo,
rqt"rctvg"fg"uw"rctglc."fg"uw"hcoknkc."fg"nqu"ofifkequ"swg"rqft cp"c{wfctnc."
gve0+0"Gp"wpc"uqekgfcf"rnwtcnkuvc"jc{"owejcu"qrqtvwpkfcfgu"fg"swg"fkuvkp-
vcu"eqpegrekqpgu"fgn"dkgp."nc"xktvwf"{"gn"ewkfcfq"ejqswgp"gpvtg"u 0"Pq"jc{"
ictcpv c."c"rctvkt"uqnq"fg"wpc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq."fg"swg"guvq"pq"uwegfc"{"fg"
swg"wpcu"rgtuqpcu"vtcvgp"fg"kpvgtxgpkt"gp"nqu"cuwpvqu"fg"qvtcu"Ðkpenwuq"
rqt"tc|qpgu"fg"rtgqewrcek„p"{"fg"ewkfcfqÐ0"Nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"rwgfg"
tgeqogpfct"nc"vqngtcpekc"{"gn"tgurgvq."rgtq"gp"gn"owpfq"tgcn"gp"fqpfg"nc"
igpvg"vkgpg"fkuvkpvcu"kfgcu"fg"nq"swg"gu"eqttgevq"q"kpeqttgevq"oqtcnogpvg."
g" kpenwuq" fkuvkpvcu" eqpegrekqpgu" cegtec" fgn" ewkfcfq." jc{" owejcu" hqtocu"
fg"swg"pq"ug"tgurgvg"nc"fgekuk„p"kpfkxkfwcn"fg"wpc"owlgt"fg"kpvgttworkt"
uw"godctc|q0"Gu"csw "fqpfg"ug"xg"nc"pgegukfcf"fg"cni¿p"vkrq"fg"ictcpv c"
fg"hqpfq"rqt"uk"guvq"nngictc"c"uwegfgt."eqpuvkvwkfc"rqt"nqu"fgtgejqu"Ðswg"
hwpekqpcp" eqoq" wpc" uwgtvg" fg" tgencoqu" wpkxgtucngu" fg" rtqvgeek„p" c" gug"
gurcekq" fg" fgekuk„p" kpfkxkfwcnÐ0" Ycnftqp" tgucnvc" nc" korqtvcpekc" fg" nqu"
fgtgejqu"gp"guqu"eqpvgzvqu<
Nq"swg"guvq"kpfkec"gu"nc"korqtvcpekc"fg"wpc"guvtwevwtc"fg"fgtgejqu"eqp"nc"swg"nc"igpvg"
rwgfg"eqpvct"rctc"qticpk|ct"uwu"xkfcu."wpc"guvtwevwtc"swg"ug"gpewgpvtc"cniq"ugrctcfc"
fg"nqu"nc|qu"eqowpgu"q"chgevkxqu"{"gp"nc"swg"ug"rwgfg"eqpÞct"rctc"uqdtgxkxkt"eqoq"wpc"
dcug"rctc"nc"ceek„p"ukp"korqtvct"swfi"uwegfc"eqp"guqu"nc|qu"]È_"wpc"dcug"uqdtg"nc"swg"nqu"
kpfkxkfwqu"q"itwrqu"rwgfgp"tgeqpuvkvwkt"uwu"tgncekqpgu"rctc"vqoct"pwgxcu"kpkekcvkxcu"
gp"nc"xkfc"uqekcn"ukp"vgpgt"swg"eqpvct"eqp"gn"crq{q"chgevkxq"fg"ncu"eqowpkfcfgu"c"ncu"swg"
jcuvc"gug"oqogpvq"jcp"rgtvgpgekfq"*Ycnftqp"3;;5<"59;+0

Gn"ngpiwclg"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"cn"swg"tgewttg"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"pqu"qhtgeg"
guvcu"guvtwevwtcu"korgtuqpcngu"gp"ncu"swg"ug"rwgfgp"dcuct"ncu"tgncekqpgu"
kpvgtrgtuqpcngu"fg"ewkfcfq"ewcpfq"fiuvcu"nngicp"c"hcnnct"q"ewcpfq"gn"gurcekq"
 Gustavo Ortiz Millán 91

fg"nc"fgekuk„p"kpfkxkfwcn"guv "gp"tkguiq"Ðewcpfq"guv ."rqt"glgornq."c"ogt-

ced de los buenos sentimientos e intenciones"fg"qvtqu"{"fg"uwu"fkhgtgpvgu"kfgcu"
fg"nq"swg"gu"nq"dwgpq"q"kpenwuq"gn"ewkfcfqÐ0"Gn"ngpiwclg"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"
uktxg"eqoq"wpc"hqtoc"fg"tgencoq"oqtcn"wpkxgtucn"rctc"nc"rtqvgeek„p"pq"
uqnq"fg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq."ukpq"vcodkfip"fg"ictcpv c"fg"hqpfq"gp"
cswgnncu"ukvwcekqpgu"gp"ncu"swg"ncu"tgncekqpgu"fg"ewkfcfq"rwgfgp"kt"ocn"
q"ukorngogpvg"pq"dcuvcp0"Nqu"fgtgejqu"pq"tggornc|cp"nqu"nc|qu"chgevkxqu."
ukpq"swg"ngu"rwgfgp"ugtxkt"fg"rtgeqpfkek„p."eqoq"cÞtoc"Ycnftqp."$rqt"nq"
ogpqu"gp"wp"owpfq"korgthgevq$0"Cu "rwgu."vcn"xg|"gn"ngpiwclg"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu"
cn"swg"crgnc"gn"hgokpkuoq"nkdgtcn"pq"ffi"ewgpvc"fg"vqfc"nc"eqornglkfcf"oqtcn"
{"chgevkxc"gp"vqtpq"c"wpc"ukvwcek„p"fg"cdqtvq."rgtq"u "gu"wpc"ictcpv c"rctc"
ewcpfq"guqu"nc|qu"pq"hwpekqpcp"dkgp"q"fkuvkpvcu"eqpegrekqpgu"fgn"dkgp"{"
del cuidado llegan a chocar.
Cn" tgpwpekct" c" nc" kpeqtrqtcek„p" fg" nqu" fgtgejqu" eqoq" wp" gngogpvq"
egpvtcn"fg"nc"oqtcnkfcf."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"tcfkecn."rqt"uw"okuoq"ect evgt"
particularista, no tiene modo de hacer un reclamo moral transparticularista
gp"cswgnnqu"ecuqu"gp"swg"pq"ug"tgurgvg"gn"gurcekq"fg"fgekuk„p"kpfkxkfwcn"fg"
wpc"owlgt"swg"fgekfg"tgcnk|ctug"wp"cdqtvq."uqdtg"vqfq"gp"cswgnnqu"ecuqu"
gp"swg"ncu"fkuvkpvcu"eqpegrekqpgu"fgn"ewkfcfq"ejqswgp0"Gu"rqt"guvq"swg."
og"rctgeg."gn"hgokpkuoq"gp"igpgtcn"*{"pq"uqnq"gn"nkdgtcn+."gp"uw"tgencoq"fg"
tgurgvq"c"nc"fgekuk„p"fg"ecfc"owlgt."fgdg"hcxqtgegt"wp"gphqswg"dcucfq"gp"
nqu"fgtgejqu"fg"ncu"owlgtgu"rqt"uqdtg"wpq"dcucfq"gp"chgevqu"{"tgncekqpgu"
kpvgtrgtuqpcngu" fg" ewkfcfq0" Guvg" ¿nvkoq" pq" ewgpvc" eqp" gn" kpuvtwogpvcn"
vg„tkeq"rctc"uwrnkt"c"nqu"fgtgejqu"oqtcngu"{"ncu"hwpekqpgu"swg"eworngp0"Gu"
rqt"gnnq"swg"wpc"fivkec"hgokpkuvc"nkdgtcn"fgdg"vgpgt"rtkoce c"uqdtg"wpc"fivkec"
fgn"ewkfcfq0"Ukp"godctiq."pq"fgdg"fgugejct"uw"rgturgevkxc."ukpq"swg"fgdg"
xgtnc"eqoq"eqorngogpvctkc"c"uw"ncdqt."fcfq"swg"gu"pgeguctkq."rctc"jcegt"
wpc"gxcnwcek„p"oqtcn"fgn"cdqtvq"Ðq"fg"nq"swg"ugc"swg"guvgoqu"gxcnwcpfq"
oqtcnogpvgÐ."pq"swgfctug"uqnq"eqp"gn"fkuewtuq"fg"nqu"fgtgejqu."rqtswg"
guvg"rwgfg"ugt"wp"fkuewtuq"ow{"guvtgejq"swg"dqttg"nc"eqornglkfcf"oqtcn"fg"
ukvwcekqpgu"rctvkewnctgu"*eht0"Dckgt"3;;6d+0"Gu"pgeguctkq"pq"rgtfgt"fg"xkuvc"nc"
tkswg|c"{"xctkgfcf"fgn"xqecdwnctkq"fg"chgevqu."xktvwfgu"{"ewkfcfq."$eqorq-
pgpvgu"pgeguctkqu"fg"wpc"oqtcnkfcf"cfgewcfc$."eqoq"cÞtoc"Xktikpkc"Jgnf0"
Rqt"guq."nc"fivkec"fgn"ewkfcfq"pq"ug"fgdg"rcuct"rqt"cnvq"uk"nq"swg"ug"swkgtg"gu"
wpc"gxcnwcek„p"eqorngvc"fg"nc"oqtcnkfcf"fgn"cdqtvq"̋
92 desde la ética feminista

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