Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
SDOCTORAL
A
NÁL
IS
ISD
ELJU
EGOENFÚTB
OLPR
OFE
SI
ONA
LMED
IA
NTE
IN
DI
CADO
RESDEREN
DIMI
ENT
OTÉC
NI
CO-
T
ÁCT
IC
OS
YVA
R I
ABL
ESCONT
EXT
UAL
ES
R
UBÉ
NDA
RÍ
OAG
UAD
OMÉ
NDE
Z
DI
RE
CTO
RES
F
ERN
A N
DOMANU
ELOT
EROS
ABO
RI
DO
J
OSÉANT
ONI
OGON
ZÁL
EZJ
URA
DO
-
202
2-
Tesis doctoral
ANÁLISIS DEL JUEGO EN FÚTBOL
PROFESIONAL MEDIANTE INDICADORES DE
RENDIMIENTO TÉCNICO-TÁCTICOS Y
VARIABLES CONTEXTUALES
Autor:
Rubén Darío Aguado Méndez
Directores:
Fernando Manuel Otero-Saborido
José Antonio González Jurado
Sevilla, 2022
2
A mi familia,
porque sois todo para mí.
3
4
Cambiar de respuesta es evolución,
cambiar de pregunta es revolución.
Jorge Wagensberg
5
6
Agradecimientos
A mi padre, José Luis, si he podido realizar esta tesis es en gran parte gracias a
ti. Primero, por haberme inculcado toda la vida con tu ejemplo la disciplina, honradez,
constancia e inconformismo necesario para poder afrontarla. Y segundo, por los
enormes sacrificios que has hecho trabajando sin descanso para que nunca nos haya
faltado de nada y poder costear mi educación.
A mi madre, Juani, por ser mi pilar fundamental tanto en los malos momentos
por el apoyo que me das, como en los buenos compartiendo alegrías. Tu inigualable
bondad y humildad hace que estar contigo sea un soplo de aire fresco indispensable
para desconectar y ver las cosas siempre con una mejor perspectiva.
7
A mi novia, Noelia, por respetar y apoyar que haya dedicado tanto tiempo a la
Tesis cuando además por la distancia el tiempo que podemos pasar juntos es muy
limitado. Gracias también por tu gran paciencia aguantándome en los malos
momentos, que no han sido pocos. Y sobretodo, gracias por entenderme,
quererme y hacerme la vida más fácil siendo mi compañera perfecta.
8
9
Índice
1. Introducción ..................................................................................................... 12
2. Marco teórico .................................................................................................. 17
2.1 Aproximación conceptual al fútbol ...................................................................... 17
2.2 Estructuración del juego: lógica interna y fases ................................................... 18
2.2.1 Ataque................................................................................................................................ 22
2.2.2 Transición defensiva .......................................................................................................... 23
2.2.3 Defensa .............................................................................................................................. 25
2.2.4 Transición ofensiva ............................................................................................................ 26
2.2.5 ABP ..................................................................................................................................... 29
2.3 Estrategia, modelo de juego y táctica .................................................................. 30
2.4 Sistemas Complejos ............................................................................................ 33
2.5 Investigación sobre el match analysis en fútbol ................................................... 36
2.5.1 Indicadores de rendimiento técnico-táctico y contextuales .............................................. 40
2.5.2 Metodología observacional ............................................................................................... 44
2.5.3 Investigación cualitativa..................................................................................................... 47
3. Objetivos ......................................................................................................... 49
4. Hipótesis .......................................................................................................... 50
5. Publicaciones ................................................................................................... 51
5.1 Artículo 1: Technical-Tactical Performance from Data Providers: A Systematic
Review in Regular Football Leagues. ................................................................................ 51
5.2 Artículo 2: Análisis observacional de goles recibidos por el Real Betis en LaLiga:
estudio de caso. .............................................................................................................. 66
5.3 Artículo 3: Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football: a study
case in the Spanish LaLiga. ............................................................................................... 75
5.4 Artículo 4: Perceptions of football analysts goal-scoring opportunity predictions: a
qualitative case study. ..................................................................................................... 96
6. Discusión, conclusiones y aplicaciones prácticas ............................................. 107
6.1 Discusión........................................................................................................... 107
6.2 Conclusiones ..................................................................................................... 110
6.3 Aplicaciones prácticas ....................................................................................... 114
7. Limitaciones ................................................................................................... 115
8. Futuras líneas de investigación ...................................................................... 116
9. Bibliografía .................................................................................................... 117
10
Lista de figuras
Figura 1. Aspectos de rendimientos individuales, ciclo del juego y variables contextuales
en fútbol (elaboración propia). ...................................................................................... 12
Figura 2. Aspectos de rendimientos individuales, ciclo del juego, variables contextuales
y relaciones de colaboración-oposición en un partido (elaboración propia). ................ 13
Figura 3. Relación entre impacto y conocimiento de los artículos presentados.
Elaboración propia a partir del modelo GAAM (Maoz, 2013). ....................................... 17
Figura 4. Fases del juego y ABP (López, A.; Fernández, 2013)........................................ 20
Figura 5. Ciclo del juego. Elaboración propia basado en González (2020). .................... 21
Figura 6. Evolución del despliegue por oleadas en transición ofensiva. Elaboración propia
basado en González (2020). ........................................................................................... 28
Figura 7. Clasificación de estudios según tipo de análisis y objeto de estudio. Basado en
Sarmento et al. (2014). .................................................................................................. 40
11
1. Introducción
Toda acción realizada por un jugador de fútbol en el transcurso de un partido
incluye una decisión (parte táctica), una acción o habilidad motora (parte técnica) que
requiere un movimiento particular (parte física/fisiológica) y está dirigida por estados
volitivos y emocionales (parte psicológica) (Delgado Bordonau & Mendez Villanueva,
2018). El rendimiento individual y colectivo depende además de la combinación de
aspectos tácticos, técnicos, físicos y psicológicos (Reilly et al., 2000), del momento en el
que se desarrolla cada acción de los que conforman el ciclo de juego (ataque, transición
defensiva, defensa, transición ofensiva y ABP de ataque/defensa), y de la influencia de
las variables contextuales (resultado, minuto, rival, etc.) (figura 1). La presencia de los
citados elementos, así como su interrelación, otorga una gran complejidad a este
deporte, lo cual provoca que deba ser entendido desde la globalidad y sea necesario
aplicar un enfoque holístico a la evaluación y preparación deportiva.
12
El objetivo principal del cuerpo técnico en un club de fútbol en el ámbito
profesional es maximizar el rendimiento colectivo presente y futuro. Para el
cumplimiento de este objetivo supone optimizar todos los elementos (jugadores) que
componen el sistema (equipo), sin olvidar sus interacciones. Castellano y Casamichana
(2016) definieron la situación de cualquier equipo de fútbol: “más de 20 personas
diferentes (con pasados particulares e inmodificables, con presentes propios e
irrepetibles y con futuros desconocidos y, en cierto modo, impredecibles) abocados a
compartir un mismo proyecto: competir al mejor nivel posible”. Con estas condiciones, y
partiendo de las personas en el centro de todo, las características particulares de cada
futbolista (aspectos técnicos, tácticos, físicos y psicológicos, influenciados por el ciclo
del juego y el contexto del partido) están condicionadas por las relaciones de
colaboración con compañeros de equipo, y de oposición con sus rivales. Estas
interacciones provocan un intercambio continuo de estímulos entre los jugadores
induciendo una transformación constante que determinará el rendimiento (figura 2).
13
Estas relaciones del comportamiento humano son de naturaleza cambiante,
fluida, caótica e impredecible, lo cual es contradictorio con el objetivo de tratar de poner
orden, equilibrio y estabilidad a través de los múltiples y variados análisis realizados en
fútbol. De este paradigma surge la idea de que no existe una relación causa-efecto al
aplicar uno o diversos estímulos por el principio de no linealidad y la interconexión de
todos los factores y variables existentes. Y es que lo que resulta ser lógico en un
determinado contexto, puede no serlo en otro similar porque al unir los puntos no
siempre obtendremos el mismo resultado, por ello es recomendable analizar el
rendimiento en fútbol desde un prisma global. Cuanto más complejo es un deporte, más
precavido se ha de ser en su interpretación.
Los sistemas complejos como son los equipos de fútbol nunca se quedan quietos
y siempre están cambiando de forma en pro de la auto re-organización permanente
(Morin, 1977). Por este motivo, no existe una forma única de ver el fútbol (o cualquier
otro sistema complejo), ya que hay diferentes modelos, conceptos e ideas para tratar
de entender el juego (Sumpter, 2021). Sin embargo, a pesar de las múltiples formas de
jugar y entender este deporte, los equipos pueden tener unos patrones subyacentes
que revelen su comportamiento. Detectar estos patrones es posible al descubrir el
orden interno que esconde el caos a través de estadísticas que, repetidas a través del
tiempo, generan tendencias. No obstante, la ventaja no será la gran cantidad de datos
que podamos obtener, sino el resultado tras la interpretación de los mismos para
generar conocimiento, y es que tener muchos datos no es lo mismo que saber por qué
pasan las cosas. Además, tras conocer los diferentes patrones que caracterizan el
modelo de juego de un equipo, el siguiente paso debería ser averiguar cuándo, cómo,
por qué y el resultado de que ese equipo no repitiese dichos patrones. De esta forma se
estaría aportando verdadero valor al cuerpo técnico en forma de recomendaciones
prácticas a la hora de plantear la estrategia operativa de un partido.
14
examinar el rendimiento ofensivo/defensivo, etc. El gran volumen de datos a los que los
clubes tienen acceso puede hacer olvidar que no todo lo importante puede ser medido,
y no todo lo que puede ser medido es importante. Y es que en el fútbol la urgencia es
una constante en cada decisión tomada, por lo que hay que tratar de evitar el sobre-
análisis dando más importancia de la debida a detalles que puedan provocar obviar lo
esencial.
Sin embargo, si como se viene planteando el juego debe ser entendido como un
todo inseparable, para la realización de estas funciones el preparador físico deberá
trabajar de forma muy coordinada con el entrenador y el resto de miembros del cuerpo
técnico a la hora de diseñar las sesiones de entrenamiento y la planificación de los
mismos (Pol, 2011). Los objetivos por conseguir por el cuerpo técnico al completo serán
identificar y manipular los constreñimientos para facilitar la aparición de parámetros
tácticos, técnicos, físicos y psicológicos. Para la consecución de dichos objetivos se
deben presentar tareas de entrenamiento donde predomine la habilidad de resolver
15
constantemente situaciones cambiantes para favorecer la estimulación y donde exista
una alta relación implícita entre dichas tareas y el juego real.
16
Figura 3. Relación entre impacto y conocimiento de los artículos presentados.
Elaboración propia a partir del modelo GAAM (Maoz, 2013).
2. Marco teórico
17
es común para todos los jugadores y la interacción se basa en la colaboración con
compañeros al mismo tiempo que existe oposición ante adversarios (Parlebas, 1981),
por lo tanto es característico que todos los participantes sean del equipo que sean,
compitan en el mismo espacio y puedan actuar sin limitaciones y restricciones de
alternancia con respecto al otro equipo (Hernández Moreno, 1994).
18
- La estructura o parte estática del reglamento: compuesta por el reglamento, la
técnica, el espacio de juego, el tiempo y la comunicación.
- La dinámica o desarrollo de la acción de juego: engloba el uso que los jugadores
hacen de la parte estática, dando como resultado la estrategia motriz.
19
Las ABP son definidas por Silva (2011) como el conjunto de acciones motrices
que parten de la reanudación del juego tras una interrupción reglamentaria. Ya que la
característica de reanudación de juego determina la naturaleza de este tipo de acciones,
se debe conocer que dicha reanudación se efectúa en la puesta en juego de las
siguientes situaciones: penalti, tiro libre directo, tiro libre indirecto, saque de esquina ,
saque de inicio, saque de meta, saque de banda y balón a tierra.
Ataque
Transición Transición
ofensiva ABP defensiva
Defensa
Un ciclo es definido por la RAE como “serie de fases por las que pasa un
fenómeno periódico”. Para el caso del fútbol, un ciclo de juego estaría formado por las
cuatro fases previamente establecidas, de forma que un partido de fútbol está
compuesto de numerosos ciclos de juego en los que los jugadores asumen los roles de
defensa y ataque alternativamente, teniendo que interactuar constantemente con ese
entorno evolutivo.
Por tanto, tratar la dinámica del fútbol es hacer referencia a la evolución del
estado de los sistemas que lo componen a lo largo del tiempo y que tienen que estar
necesariamente interrelacionados entre las diferentes fases del juego. En consecuencia,
la dinámica del juego se caracteriza por cuatro fases fundamentales del juego
interrelacionadas y una quinta de características muy específicas.
20
Para analizar el juego y entender las mencionadas fases es necesario diseccionar
cada una de ellas estableciendo objetivos y subdividiendo las fases en momentos y
formas de proceder. Todo ello será necesario para asentar las bases de la metodología
a seguir. En este caso, se presenta una síntesis del método y forma de entender el juego
por Alberto González (2020) (Figura 5), entrenador de fútbol con amplia en experiencia
y actualmente ejerciendo en 1ª división RFEF. Esta elección viene debido a que siendo
consciente de las numerosas metodologías existentes y formas de estructurar las
distintas fases y sub-fases, considero es lo más apropiado ya que en la actualidad me
encuentro trabajando como parte del cuerpo técnico de A. González y por lo tanto,
además de sentirme identificado con esta metodología, es la que ponemos en práctica
día a día en nuestro club.
Es de destacar que una situación de juego no tiene porque pasar por todos los
momentos de cada fase. Así pues, una defensa organizada podría comenzar en el
momento de Ataque-desarrollo del rival, un ataque podría no tener momento de
desarrollo si se hace juego directo desde inicio hacia finalización o podrían darse varias
fases de transición consecutivas de ataque y defensa porque se produzcan
pérdidas/recuperaciones sin que los equipos lleguen a estar organizados con su
distribución de ataque posicional.
21
2.2.1 Ataque
Esta fase está determinada por el equipo que se encuentra en posesión del
balón. Los objetivos básicos son: conservarlo, progresar hacia portería contraria y
finalizar para conseguir gol (Bayer, 1986; Gómez & Álvaro, 2003).
Desarrollo: consiste en la progresión del juego desde zona atrasada hasta zona
avanzada, implica circulación de jugadores avanzados para recibir con ventaja los pases
de los atrasados y circulación de balón en zona media y avanzada hasta encontrar
pasillos que permitan la penetración hacia zona de finalización. El objetivo es superar la
segunda línea defensiva del rival.
Formas de ataque en Ataque-desarrollo:
o Combinativo: acciones encaminadas a conectar desde 1ª línea de ataque
con jugadores avanzados a través de combinaciones de pase corto y
medio.
o Directo: acciones encaminadas a conectar con pase directo desde 1ª línea
de ataque a jugadores que se encuentren en zona avanzada.
22
de tiro. El objetivo es superar la última línea defensiva del rival y poder tirar a portería.
En este momento del juego será determinante la forma de ataque con la que llevemos
el balón hasta aquí, el nº de jugadores que empleados y cómo sean ocupados los
espacios.
Es la fase del juego en la que el equipo actúa sobre la pérdida del balón, se
prepara ante ella, responde inmediatamente cuando se produce y empieza a aplicar los
medios necesarios para tratar de volver a recuperar el balón o para evitar recibir gol.
Finalizará con éxito cuando el equipo recupere el balón o consiga organizarse
defensivamente y pueda con ello empezar a aplicar los medios previstos para la defensa
posicional.
23
(2010) indica la importancia de la manera en la que se gestiona el balón para intervenir
colectivamente cuando no se dispone de el.
24
o Defensa presionante: consiste en limitar la capacidad de acción del rival
cortando su iniciativa y tratando de recuperar rápido el balón. Es un
planteamiento más agresivo y con más riesgo defensivo, soliendo buscar
la recuperación del balón en la zona donde se ha perdido o en todo caso
en zonas adelantadas.
o Defensa combinada: se divide conscientemente al equipo, un grupo que
presiona y otro que repliega haciendo defensa de contención.
2.2.3 Defensa
La fase de defensa se desarrolla cuando el equipo no tiene balón. En estas
circunstancias, la intención principal será lograr recuperar la posesión del mismo, evitar
el avance del rival hacia la propia portería e impedir que marque gol (Ardá & Casal,
2003).
25
replegada en el último 1/3 del campo. Las zonas y momentos se diferencian en el
dinamismo de las zonas en función de la ocupación de los espacios por parte del equipo
que defiende. De este modo, la defensa del momento Ataque-Inicio del rival puede
realizarse en diferentes zonas del campo:
o Bloque bajo: cuando el medio del equipo se encuentra organizado en un espacio
cercano a su propia portería, estando la línea avanzada detrás de la línea del
medio campo.
o Bloque medio: cuando el medio del equipo se encuentra posicionado cerca de la
línea del centro del campo, estando la línea avanzada delante de la línea del
medio campo.
o Bloque alto: cuando el medio del equipo está delante de la línea del medio
campo y la línea en torno al área rival.
Es la fase del juego en la que el equipo actúa sobre la recuperación del balón, se
prepara ante ella, responde inmediatamente cuando se produce y empieza a aplicar los
medios necesarios para tratar de marcar gol o pasar a atacar posicionalmente. Finalizará
con éxito cuando marcamos gol.
En esta fase las jugadas rápidas y con pocos pases parecen obtener un gran
porcentaje de goles en forma de contraataques (Aguado-Méndez, González-Jurado, &
Otero-Saborido, 2020; Armatas & Yiannakos, 2010; Mitrotasios & Armatas, 2014).
26
Momentos del juego de transición ofensiva:
Movimientos preparatorios: todas aquellas acciones que, aunque sean
realizadas por los jugadores del equipo que no tiene la posesión del balón, tienen
intención principalmente atacante.
27
1ª oleada - Contraataque directo
Realizado por 1-2 jugadores con posibilidad de finalizar muy rápido aprovechando el desequilibrio del equipo
rival.
Realizado por 3-5 jugadores con secuencia rápida de pases cuando el jugador que recupera no puede superar
directamente a la última línea rival.
Cuando el contraataque no ha sido posible porque el rival recompone bien la última línea pero tarde en juntarse
en bloque, el equipo atacante vuelve a generar superioridad con jugadores que llegan desde atrás.
Al no ser posible encontrar desequilibrios en el equipo rival, o no querer poner en riesgo la posesión de balón, el
equipo que recupera pasa a atacar contra defensa organizada.
28
partido (Jones et al., 2004). Así, la literatura corrobora su importancia mostrando como
de los goles anotados en un partido en torno al 50% se marcan en transiciones (Casáis
& Lago-Ballesteros, 2006; Garganta, 1997a; Mombaerts, 2000; Vales, 2012).
2.2.5 ABP
Aunque no son consideradas como una fase del juego, son determinantes por su
repercusión en el rendimiento (Casáis & Lago-Ballesteros, 2006; López & Fernández,
2013; Tamarit, 2010). Silva (2011) las define como el conjunto de acciones motrices que
parten de la reanudación del juego tras una interrupción reglamentaria. La reanudación
puede realizarse en las siguientes situaciones: penalti, tiro libre directo, tiro libre
indirecto, saque de esquina , saque de inicio, saque de meta, saque de banda y balón a
tierra. En cuanto al término para referirse a ellas, actualmente ya no es habitual utilizar
la expresión “jugadas de estrategia”, puesto que el componente estratégico está
implícito en las acciones a balón parado pero también en el resto de momentos del
juego (Bonfonti & Pereni, 2002; López & Fernández, 2013; Yagüe, 2001). La singularidad
de estas acciones es que su ejecución es previamente planeada para el partido,
diferenciándose del comportamiento del equipo en el resto de momentos del juego
(Riera, 1995).
29
La efectividad de gol encontrada en el tiro libre directo es del 6,2% (2011),
mientras que los penaltis son el tipo de jugada a balón parado con mayor grado de
efectividad con un 70-85% de las acciones conducen a gol (Jordet et al., 2007; Palau et
al., 2010).
30
ellos: “la estrategia ha de tener presente los recursos tácticos disponibles y,
simultáneamente, cualquier actuación táctica ha de estar supeditada a los objetivos
estratégicos” (Espar, 2004).
31
componentes del equipo sin que perjudique las cualidades individuales de cada uno de
los jugadores.
32
Proceso en la construcción del MdJ:
- Analizar contexto: conocer la idiosincrasia del club, la competición, objetivos,
recursos disponibles, etc.
- Conocer la plantilla: conocer en profundidad nuestra plantilla a nivel individual y
colectivo, personal y deportivamente, así como las relaciones entre sus
miembros.
- Construir: en este punto en posible iniciar la construcción del MdJ en base al
conocimiento previo y las previsiones planteadas.
- Ajustar: ajustar y desarrollar el modelo, buscando alcanzar rendimientos
óptimos y aportar recursos que faciliten adaptaciones a los distintos contextos
competitivos estando receptivos sobre las relaciones que se vayan
construyendo.
Por último, la exigencia del día a día obliga al entrenador a tener organizado y
estructurado todos sus recursos. Esto es clave para identificar el «qué», «cómo» y
«dónde» puede mejorar el rendimiento el equipo, sirviendo los parámetros expuestos
como guía para elaborar y definir los principales contenidos de entrenamiento pero
siendo conscientes de que una gran cualidad que debe tener un MdJ es la flexibilidad
para ser adaptado.
- Existe una influencia mutua entre sus elementos, de modo que el cambio
experimentado en uno de ellos repercute y afecta inevitablemente al resto.
- Una serie de elementos reunidos (es decir, un conjunto), que no persigue un
propósito común (un objetivo), de ninguna manera constituye un sistema.
33
Por lo tanto, un equipo de fútbol es un sistema ya que es más que la simple suma
de las partes que lo forman. Esto provoca que surjan características positivas y negativas
nuevas como equipos no atribuibles de forma individual a los elementos que lo forman.
34
En los deportes colectivos muchos estudios se basan en teorías y pensamientos
reduccionistas, entendiendo la técnica, táctica o aspectos condicionales por separado.
Esto hace complicado entender el rendimiento aislando la acción de su contexto y
obviando las demás acciones que puedan ejecutar los rivales o compañeros sin balón.
Por ello, los nuevos paradigmas surgidos alrededor de las ciencias del deporte invitan a
que el fútbol se estudie y analice desde un prisma diferente. De esta forma, se ve al
deportista como un sistema complejo que depende de una red de interrelaciones que
actúan como un todo y sobre las cuales emergen sus diferentes comportamientos a
través de las diferentes sinergias de las mismas (Balagué & Torrents, 2011). Este modo
de entender al deportista ayuda a proporcionar una visión más amplia del análisis del
rendimiento y del juego (Silva et al., 2009).
35
- Individuales: genética, estado fisiológico, estado psicológico, motivación,
percepción del esfuerzo, etc.
- Ambientales: entorno, climatología, marcador, estado del campo, presión
social, etc.
36
Este proceso científico y sistemático utiliza herramientas validadas y personal
entrenado para obtener la información que se desea (Ruscello, 2009), y puede tener
diferentes grados de sofisticación partiendo del análisis de comportamientos
individuales hasta la observación de acciones relacionadas de varios deportistas en
torno al balón (Caro, 2014). El grado de sofisticación ha evolucionado con el tiempo, ya
que inicialmente el objetivo de las investigaciones se basaba en el estudio de acciones
individuales aisladas del contexto de juego, recogiendo datos físicos y técnicos sin ser
capaces de relacionar secuencias o unidades de juego de forma global (Garganta, 2000).
No obstante, en los últimos años se está tendiendo a observar el juego desde la
globalidad y desde el componente táctico, destacando lo cualitativo sobre lo
cuantitativo y procurando configurar modelos de juego que permitan definir patrones
relacionados con el rendimiento. En palabras de Garganta (2000), “los análisis que
destacan el comportamiento del equipo y de los jugadores, a través de la identificación
de las regularidades y variaciones de las acciones de juego, se muestran claramente
como más útiles que la exhaustividad de elementos cuantitativos relativos a acciones
aisladas y no contextualizadas”
37
indicadores de rendimiento comunes para su posterior aplicación al
entrenamiento. Estos análisis se pueden dividir según la fase del juego objeto de
estudio:
o Fase defensiva: analiza tipos de entradas, formas de organización
defensiva, patrones y zonas de recuperación de la posesión, etc.
o Transición ofensiva: utilizando como variables la organización espacial de
interacción de inicio, la intención táctica del equipo y la duración de la
transición ofensiva.
o Fase ofensiva: se centra en las posesiones, goles, tiros, modelos tácticos
ofensivos y su influencia en el éxito de las jugadas.
o Transiciones defensivas: son escasas las investigaciones con este fin. Las
existentes han estudiado el comportamiento del equipo ante la pérdida
del balón y el resultado final de la posesión posterior realizada por el
rival.
o Acciones a balón parado (ABP): tienen en cuenta el número de goles,
tipos de golpeo, zonas del campo donde se inician y finalizan y su
influencia en el resultado final del partido.
• Variables contextuales: tratan de identificar la influencia del marcador, la
localización del partido, el nivel del oponente y como la interacción de estas
variables s influyen en el rendimiento y la toma de decisiones.
Por otra parte, atendiendo al tipo de análisis empleado podemos clasificar los
estudios del Match Analysis en descriptivos, comparativos y predictivos. El análisis
descriptivo pretende sintetizar y resumir la información contenida en unos datos. Su
finalidad es recoger las características más destacables de un conjunto de datos a través
de frecuencias y porcentajes para posibilitar la descripción de tendencias y detectar
patrones de comportamiento. (Martínez González et al., 2014).
En cuanto al análisis comparativo, contrasta los elementos de la realidad que se
investiga con los de otras realidades similares ya conocidas. La utilización de este
método en estudios científicos ayuda a descubrir semejanzas, diferencias y resultados
opuestos. Este método nos permite distinguir entre variables que originan las causas y
38
simples elementos circunstanciales (Calduch Cervera, 2014). Para la selección de las
pruebas estadísticas para el análisis comparativo se debe tener en cuenta:
- Objetivo buscado: asociar o comparar.
- Tipo de muestras: independientes o relacionadas.
- Tipo de variable: ordinal, categórica nominal, categórica nominal binario,
numérica discreta y numérica continua.
- Comprobación de los supuestos de normalidad, homogeneidad e independencia
para conocer si es posible aplicar pruebas paramétricas.
39
Descriptivo Comparativo Predictivo
Variables
condicionales
Posición
(distancias,
velocidad) Probabilidad de
marca un gol
Variables técnicas
(tiros a puerta, Nivel competitivo
goles, etc.)
Variables
Variables tácticas
contextuales (lugar,
(posesiones, tipo de
rival, resultado
ataques, etc.)
momentáneo) Probabilidad del
resultado del
Variables Otro (resultado, partido
contextuales (lugar, ligas, equipos,
minuto, resultado, táctica, fatiga,
etc.) Ramadan)
40
más allá del gol para discriminar el rendimiento de un equipo, por este motivo la
generación de una ocasión de gol aun sin ser materializada es considerado un logro
dentro del juego (Reina & Hernández-Mendo, 2012). Por este motivo, son múltiples las
variables que se derivan del juego y que se deben tener en cuenta como indicadores de
rendimiento. Pueden ser clasificados en:
- Aspectos físicos y fisiológicos: asociado a la actividad física realizada en
competición (distancias, velocidades, frecuencia cardiaca, etc.)
- Aspectos contextuales: relativo al ambiente y contexto en el que se disputan los
partidos y cómo sus cambios influyen en el resultado final.
- Aspectos técnico-tácticos: indicadores que permitan comprender la lógica
interna del juego.
Variables técnico-tácticas
41
campo no representa el contexto táctico completo. En este sentido, el hecho de iniciar
las jugadas de gol desde zonas más o menos adelantadas puede estar influenciado por
el estilo de juego de los equipos. En esta línea, hay estudios que observaron cómo los
equipos mejor clasificados de la liga noruega marcaban más goles en las posesiones de
equipo que se iniciaban en zonas defensivas en comparación con los equipos peor
clasificados (Tenga & Sigmundstad, 2011). Además, el hecho de recuperar el balón en
zonas adelantadas del campo no significa que el equipo atacante tenga posibilidad de
tener posibilidad de conseguir gol inmediatamente (González-Ródenas, López-Bondía,
et al., 2015). En consecuencia, el espacio del campo debería ser sólo una dimensión más
que los investigadores o entrenadores deberían considerar entre otras variables
tácticas.
En cuanto la zona en la que se realiza el tiro los estudios indican que el 80-90%
de los goles se marcan desde el interior del área y el 20% dentro del área de pequeña
(Armatas & Yiannakos, 2010; Michailidis et al., 2013; Mitrotasios & Armatas, 2014). En
42
estudio de Pollard, Ensum y Taylor (2004) se analizó 1.096 tiros y concluyeron que por
cada metro que se aleja de la portería, las opciones de marcar se reducen un 15%, y por
cada grado que se pierde respecto al ángulo de tiro con la portería hay una reducción
del 2%. Además, descubrieron que la probabilidad de marcar un gol se duplica si el
jugador atacante se encuentra a más de un metro de distancia del defensor más
cercano.
Por último, el contexto defensivo es otro factor que influye en la consecución del
gol. Una investigación de Wright et al, (2011) encontró que el 86% de los goles tenían 2
o menos jugadores defensivos entre el balón y la portería. En la misma línea, las jugadas
que terminaron en gol tenían menos jugadores entre el balón y la portería (González-
Ródenas, 2013).
Variables contextuales
La localización del partido otorga ventaja al equipo que juega como local por la
interacción de siete factores: efecto del público, territorialidad, familiaridad con el
entorno de juego, parcialidad del árbitro, efecto de los viajes, factores psicológicos y
tácticos (Pollard, 2008) ayudando a que los equipos locales utilicen tácticas más
ofensivas, dominantes y agresivas al principio del partido, lo que implica que en estos
primeros minutos los jugadores buscan activamente marcar un gol cuando su equipo
juega en casa (Duarte et al., 2013). Esta ventaja oscila en torno al 60% en el fútbol,
siendo superior a otros deportes colectivos (Eugster et al., 2010; Pic & Castellano, 2017).
Sin embargo, en un estudio de Saavedra et al. (2015) donde analizó la ventaja de jugar
en casa en la liga española desde 1928, concluyó que la evolución de esta variable desde
1928 hasta ahora es decreciente, pasando de valores superiores al 70% al inicio de la
competición a valores en torno al 55% en la actualidad. Por otro lado, este efecto puede
ser transitorio y afectar principalmente a la primera parte, ya que aunque los equipos
locales tuvieron valores de rendimiento más altos que los visitantes esta ventaja tendió
43
a desaparecer a medida que avanzaba la primera mitad de los partidos (Lago-Peñas et
al., 2017).
44
investigaciones con MO en las Ciencias del Deporte en general (Julen Castellano &
Hernández-Mendo, 2015; Lapresa, Solano, et al., 2018; Maneiro et al., 2018) y en el
fútbol en particular (Lapresa, Del Río, et al., 2018; López-Bondía et al., 2017)
beneficiándose de ello el match analysis.
45
Además, siendo definidos los Mixed Methods por Jonhson y Onwuegbuzie
(2007) como el tipo de investigación donde se combinan elementos de investigación
cuantitativa y cualitativa así como están presentes la lógica inductiva y deductiva, la MO
puede considerarse un Mixed Method ya que se complementa una parte cualitativa
(desde el planteamiento y delimitación del problema hasta la recogida de datos) y una
parte cuantitativa (desde el análisis e interpretación de resultados hasta el informo final)
(Anguera & Hernández-Mendo, 2016).
Por lo tanto, una investigación con MO (basada en Mixed Methods) es más que
la suma de lo cuantitativo más cualitativo por separado (Fetters & Freshwater, 2015),
del mismo modo que sucede en el fútbol donde ha habido una evolución desde análisis
reduccionistas hasta a un intento de comprensión global de todos los factores y sistemas
que intervienen en un partido (Tamarit, 2010).
46
de concordancia inter-observador e intra-observador a través del coeficiente Kappa de
Cohen (Fleiss et al., 2003) para medir el grado de concordancia entre los observadores
(sin tener en cuenta el efecto del azar). De igual modo, se aplicó el coeficiente V de Aiken
(Aiken, 1985) para comparar la relevancia de las variables del instrumento respecto a lo
objetivos planteados en la investigación.
Las Ciencias del Deporte han desarrollado durante muchos años e incluso en la
actualidad la mayor parte de sus investigaciones dentro del paradigma positivista
(Munroe-Chandler, 2005). El positivismo, se centra en los acontecimientos externos y
medibles y, por lo tanto, afirma que la ciencia sólo puede entender lo que es observable
y medible por los cinco sentidos.
47
el del entrenador (Carling et al., 2013; Wright et al., 2014). Para mejorar en este aspecto,
es necesario hacer más intuitivos los datos para los entrenadores.
No obstante, los entrenadores afirmaron que el uso del análisis de los partidos
es sumamente importante para mejorar el rendimiento de su propio equipo y para
analizar al adversario. Por este motivo añadir una parte cualitativa puede proporcionar
una visión más holística de los datos recogidos ayudando a contextualizar las
conclusiones del análisis cuantitativo. La combinación de ambas metodologías puede
ser muy productivo porque mientras los datos cuantitativos identifican el qué, la
inclusión de los puntos de vista y las interpretaciones de los profesionales permite
identificar el por qué.
48
3. Objetivos
49
• Artículo 4, “Perceptions of football analysts goal-scoring opportunity predictions:
a qualitative case study”: conocer la percepción general de especialistas sobre el
análisis del juego y examinar la interpretación táctica de los analistas sobre los
datos cuantitativos del estudio sobre ocasiones de gol recibidas.
4. Hipótesis
Las hipótesis que iniciaron los estudios que a continuación se presentan fueron:
- La mayoría de estudios de la literatura científica se centran solamente en
variables físicas (distancias recorridas, velocidades, etc.) existiendo pocas
investigaciones con proveedores de datos sobre variables técnico-tácticas.
- Existe relación entre los goles y las variables contextuales, defensivas y ofensivas
- No existe relación significativa entre variables contextuales, defensivas y
ofensivas y las ocasiones de gol recibidas.
- Los estudios cuantitativos tienen enfoques descriptivos, predictivos y
prescriptivos, pero no permiten saber las causas técnico-tácticas de los eventos
ocurridos.
50
5. Publicaciones
51
sustainability
Systematic Review
Technical-Tactical Performance from Data Providers:
A Systematic Review in Regular Football Leagues
Fernando Manuel Otero-Saborido * , Rubén D. Aguado-Méndez , Víctor M. Torreblanca-Martínez
and José Antonio González-Jurado
Sports and IT Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain;
rubend10am@hotmail.com (R.D.A.-M.); victm81@hotmail.com (V.M.T.-M.); jagonjur@upo.es (J.A.G.-J.)
* Correspondence: fmotero@upo.es
Abstract: In recent years, the number of technology companies providing data to football teams has
multiplied. At first, the provided information focused more on physical fitness parameters, but today,
ever more data is being generated on technical-tactical performance. The objective of this study
was to review the studies on technical-tactical variables based on the information offered by data
providers from every country’s regular elite league championship. The review was conducted in
accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
Citation: Otero-Saborido, F.M.;
standards. A total of 28 studies were selected. LaLiga (27.91%) and the Premier League (18.60%)
Aguado-Méndez, R.D.;
were the most studied competitions. Amisco was the company with the largest number of studies
Torreblanca-Martínez, V.M.;
(54.84%). Descriptive studies (58.06%) predominated over comparative (22.58%) and predictive
González-Jurado, J.A.
Technical-Tactical Performance from
analyses (19.05%). “Style of play”, “contextual variables” (descriptive analysis), and “demarcation”
Data Providers: A Systematic Review (comparative analysis) were the most used objectives in the 28 studies reviewed.
in Regular Football Leagues.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167. Keywords: match analysis; soccer; eventing; notational analysis; computerised system
https://doi.org/10.3390/
su131810167
2.3. Procedure
Three researchers performed a search in two databases: SCOPUS and Web of Science.
The search terms listed above were included. The researchers eliminated the duplicate
articles that were found after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and later agreed
Studies were included regardless of whether the players were male or female and
regardless of the country, provided the competitions were of regular leagues.
2.3. Procedure
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167 3 of 14
Three researchers performed a search in two databases: SCOPUS and Web of Science.
The search terms listed above were included. The researchers eliminated the duplicate
articles that were found after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and later
agreed on the non-coincidences.
on the non-coincidences. Finally,Finally, the PRISMA
the PRISMA standards
standards were verified,
were verified, consider-
considering that
ing that the object of study mainly focused on educational sciences. From 2 January
the object of study mainly focused on educational sciences. From 2 January to 2 May 2021, to 2
May 2021, the review in the databases was conducted. The search ultimately produced
the review in the databases was conducted. The search ultimately produced a total result a
total
of 28result ofacross
articles 28 articles across
the two the two(Figure
databases databases
1). (Figure 1).
Figure 3. Percentage
Figure ofofstudies
3. Percentage studiesaccording to the
according to theproviders
providers and
and types
types of analysis
of analysis (%). (%).
The
The literatureincluded
literature included aa number
numberofofreviews
reviews of of
football match
football analyses
match [17,20].
analyses The The
[17,20].
present systematic review found 28 works published between 2011 and 2020
present systematic review found 28 works published between 2011 and 2020 on technical- on technical-
tactical variables in elite regular leagues of different countries. The latest update that
tactical variables in elite regular leagues of different countries. The latest update that in-
included research on the topic under study dates back to 2014 [10,21]. Moreover, the present
cluded research on the topic under study dates back to 2014 [10,21]. Moreover, the present
study makes several contributions compared to previous reviews, besides providing a
study makes severalFirst,
necessary update. contributions
we addressedcompared to previous
the limitation of worksreviews, besides
that focused providing
mainly on a
necessary update. First,
technical-tactical we addressed
variables. thefurther
In addition, limitation
data of works that
providers otherfocused mainlyand
than Amisco on tech-
nical-tactical
Prozone have variables.
emerged In addition, further
(Mediacoach, data providers
Instat, Wyscout, and Opta)other
sincethan Amisco reviews.
the previous and Prozone
have emerged
Regarding the(Mediacoach, Instat,
competition model, Wyscout,
elimination and
and Opta)tournaments
selection since the previous
obviouslyreviews.
have a Re-
different
garding thecompetitive
competition idiosyncrasy than regular
model, elimination tournaments.
and Therefore, a differentiated
selection tournaments obviously have a
analysiscompetitive
different of the “league” format competitions
idiosyncrasy than regularwas necessary.
tournaments. Therefore, a differentiated
analysis of ofthe
3.2. Type “league”
Analysis format competitions was necessary.
Conducted
Following the same methodology as Sarmento [21], the studies were first classified
3.2.according
Type of Analysis Conducted
to the type of analysis carried out: descriptive analysis (contingency tables or
Following
other theparameters);
descriptive same methodology
comparativeas Sarmento
analysis of[21], the studies
different were firstinclassified
groups (positions the
field, competition
according to the typelevels, sex, etc.); carried
of analysis and predictive analysis (different
out: descriptive analysistypes of regressiontables
(contingency or or
algorithms). Subsequently, we analysed the following variables in each of the three
other descriptive parameters); comparative analysis of different groups (positions in the groups
of studies:
field, “data provider”,
competition levels, sex,“competition”, “objective”
etc.); and predictive and “outcomes.”
analysis (different types of regression
or 3.2.1.
algorithms). Subsequently,
Descriptive Analyses we analysed the following variables in each of the three
groupsAoftotal
studies: “data provider”, “competition”, “objective” and “outcomes.”
of 17 studies that described technical-tactical variables were found (Table 1).
Although all data providers were represented in these descriptive studies, Amisco was the
3.2.1.
mostDescriptive
widely usedAnalyses
(9). Of the eight leagues from different countries under study, the Premier
League (7) of
A total and17LaLiga
studies(6)that
weredescribed
the most analysed. These 17 works
technical-tactical were were
variables grouped into four
found (Table 1).
categories: game model, spatial, situational, and methodological.
Although all data providers were represented in these descriptive studies, Amisco was The technical-tactical
thevariables (forward
most widely used passes,
(9). Ofpasses from leagues
the eight defensive thirddifferent
from to attacking third, crosses,
countries etc.) the
under study,
aimed at explaining the “style of play” of the teams included the largest number of studies.
Premier League (7) and LaLiga (6) were the most analysed. These 17 works were grouped
Within this category, some studies focused on the network of contacts resulting from
into
thefour categories:
collective [22,23], game model,
the team’s spatial, behaviour
defensive situational, and
[24], themethodological. The technical-
most frequent cooperative
tactical variables
interactions [25],(forward
the headpasses, passes
pass game [14],from defensive third
or longitudinal to attacking
studies third, crosses,
of technical-tactical
etc.) aimed atsuch
parameters explaining the “style
as the five-year of play”
study by Zhou of et
theal.teams
[26] onincluded
the Chinathe largest
League. number of
Notable
studies.
amongWithin this category,
these studies someofstudies
was the work focused on the
Fernández-Navarro et. network of contacts
al. [27], who performed resulting
a
from the collective [22,23], the team’s defensive behaviour [24], the most frequent cooper-
ative interactions [25], the head pass game [14], or longitudinal studies of technical-tactical
parameters such as the five-year study by Zhou et al. [26] on the China League. Notable
among these studies was the work of Fernández-Navarro et. al. [27], who performed a
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167 6 of 14
Table 1. Descriptive studies of regular tournaments using information obtained from the data providers (the studies are
listed alphabetically within each category).
Quality Score
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes (%)
Completed
Items *
Styles of play
To categorise different styles
Premier League of play in elite soccer and Direct and possession styles of
Fernández-Navarro Amisco associated performance play, defined by factor 1, were 93.5
et al. [27] and 15/16
LaLiga indicators by using factor the most apparent styles.
analysis factorial.
Table 1. Cont.
Quality Score
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes (%)
Completed
Items *
Physical performance,
To examine the evolution in especially high-intensity
physical and technical running distances, together
China performance parameters in with technical performance 81.25
Zhou et al. [26] Amisco Super 13/16
League the CSL (China Super League) parameters, such as crosses,
from the 2012 season to the shots on target, and opponent
2017 season. penalty area entries, increased
over six seasons in the CSL.
Spatial factors
(1) To analyse qualitatively
whether changes in the Key events such as goals scored
emergent patterns of and games seemed to influence
behaviours of sport teams the collective patterns of
could be related with key performance.
Duarte et al. [28] Prozone Premier Teams seemed to become more 81.25
League events such as goals scored. regular and predictable but 13/16
(2) To investigate the with increased
complexity of team collective magnitudes of variation in their
behaviours, in terms of their organisational shape over the
magnitudes and structures of natural course of a match.
variability.
The player distribution was
significantly wider and
shallower when the ball was in
To examine the playing area the central areas of the field
1st female Spanish than when the ball was in a 93.75
Zubillaga et al. [29] Amisco Division according to the position of built-up play zone and the 15/16
the ball. finishing and scoring zone. The
spaces were significantly
different depending on the
ball’s position.
Contextual variables
A team attempting to change
the match score will need to
To assess the frequency with raise the frequency and
which football players accuracy of passes, the
engaged in the technical percentage of ball possession,
Konefa et al. [36] Opta Bundesliga activity of different types, in and the percentage of tackles 93.75
relation to seven phases of a 15/16
ending in success. The
game
maintenance of a winning
associated with changes in
match status requires a high
match status.
frequency of occurrence of shots
and shots on target.
The advantaged teams
Premier To evaluate the soccer teams’ exhibited better team
League, LaLiga, technical competitive match performance after a player
Lago-Peñas et al. [37] Opta 87.5
Bundesliga, performance following the dismissal, and teams modified 14/16
Serie A, their tactics and style of play in
and LaLiga effect of a player dismissal.
response to this new match
scenario.
After a moderate or severe
To determine the effects of muscular injury (causing >8
muscular injuries in the lower
days lay-off), player
Portillo et al. [33] Mediacoach LaLiga limbs on the technical and 87.5
physical performance when performance was significantly 14/16
they returned to the league lower as well as technical skills
competition. such as sprints and successful
passes.
In the CSL, situational variables
To investigate the effects of had major effects on technical
China situational and performance but trivial effects 81.25
Zhou et al. [32] Amisco Super environmental factors on the 13/16
League technical and physical match on physical performance.
performance. Environmental factors affected
technical performance.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167 8 of 14
Table 1. Cont.
Quality Score
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes (%)
Completed
Items *
Methodological
To evaluate the inter-operator Results showed that team
reliability of the OPTA client events coded by independent
system, which is used to operators presented a very high
Liu et al. [34] Opta LaLiga 81.25
collect live football match degree of agreement (kappa 13/16
statistics values were 0.92 and 0.94), and
by OPTA Sportsdata the average difference of event
Company. time was 0.06 ± 0.04 s.
The results showed that the
To demonstrate the impact of frequency and location of ball
three distinct operational recoveries differ depending on
Santos et al. [35] Amisco LaLiga the operational definition used. 87.5
definitions over 14/16
two performance indicators These data support the selection
related to the ball recovery. of a ball recovery definition for
use in empirical research
(*) Evaluation was performed from developed by Law et al. [19] and Sarmento et al. [38].
Table 2. Comparative studies of regular tournaments using the information obtained from the data providers.
Quality Score
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes (%)
Completed
Items *
Competitors’ levels
Table 2. Cont.
Quality Score
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes (%)
Completed
Items *
Demarcation
Gender
The aim of this study was to The results suggest that female
explore emergent patterns of matches produced less
Tenga et al. game structure in male and favourable game structure
Amisco LaLiga 93.75
[43] female matches from elite soccer patterns with fewer penetration 15/16
by using playing distances
measured according to the ball opportunities than male
location. matches.
(*) Evaluation was performed from work developed by Law et al. [19] and Sarmento et al. [38].
Table 3. Predictive studies in regular tournaments based on information obtained from data providers.
Quality Score
(%)
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes
Completed
Items *
Individual/group technical-tactical skills
Results suggested the
existence of a pattern
regarding an increase in the
homogeneity of passing
To establish a relationship distributions and the
between the homogeneity of goal-scoring attempts in the
passing distribution between sample of competitive 81.25
Gama et al. [45] Amisco Portuguesa
players of a team and goal matches studied. A 13/16
attempts in the team sport of homogeneous distribution
association football. of passes can moderately
predict when a goal attempt
will occur within the minute
following an entropy
assessment.
To build a statistical model in
which the success of a pass A combination of various
depends on the factors as the factors influences the
Szczepańsk et al. Premier origin and destination of the probability that a pass is 81.25
Amisco
[46] League pass, the skill of his successful in a statistical 13/16
teammates and the model and that it evaluates
opponents, and proxies for inherent player skills.
the defensive pressure.
Situational variables
The results showed that
losing
teams had the highest ball
possession compared to
South African winning and drawing teams.
To assess the impact of
Premier Soccer Playing away significantly 87.5
Kubayi et al. [50] Instat situational variables on ball
League decreased ball possession by 14/16
possession in the PSL.
(PSL) 5.21% compared to playing
at home. Playing against
weak opposition was
associated with increased
ball possession by 4.09%.
Playing against a strong
opponent decreased the
“ball recovery location”
The aim of this study was to
position of the defensive
examine the effects of match
line compared to playing 93.75
Santos et al. [48] Amisco LaLiga conditions on the defensive
against similar opponents. 15/16
positioning in professional
A combination of these
soccer.
variables can be used to
develop a model to predict
future performances.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167 11 of 14
Table 3. Cont.
Quality Score
(%)
Authors and Year Provider League Purpose Outcomes
Completed
Items *
System
The findings of this study
showed that it is possible to
The aim was to objectively
identify performance
identify key performance
indicators using an artificial
Premier indicators in professional 87.5
Barron et al. [12] Prozone neural network that
League soccer that influence outfield 14/16
influences players’ league
players’ league status using
status and that accurately
an artificial neural network.
predicts their career
trajectory.
The direct attacks and
counterattacks were more
effective than elaborate
The aim of this study was to
attacks for achieving
analyse the influence of
score-box possession. Team
playing tactics, opponent
Lago-Ballesteros possession originating from 93.75
Amisco LaLiga interaction, and situational
et al. [49] the offensive zone and 15/16
variables on achieving
playing against imbalanced
score-box possessions in
defence produced greater
professional soccer.
success than those initiated
in the defensive zone with a
balanced defence.
(*) Evaluation was performed from work developed by Law et al. [19] and Sarmento et al. [38].
4. Discussion
The aim of this work was to review the studies on technical-tactical variables based
on the information offered by the data providers in each country’s regular elite league
championships. The technical-tactical variables of the studies (forwards’ passes, passes
from defensive third to attacking third, crosses, etc.) in this review were directed, mainly,
towards objectives that explain the “style of play” of the teams, the influence of the “con-
textual variables,” and the technical-tactical differences depending on the “demarcation.”
We believe the study makes several significant contributions regarding its initial ob-
jective. First, a selection was made of the study results of major football data providers
within “match analysis” studies. Second, the technical-tactical variables were analysed in a
differentiated way from those relating to physical conditions or the match environment.
Third, regular leagues were selected as the competitions under study since regular league
technical-tactical variables can be regarded as more stable than those of qualifying com-
petitions. Finally, each country’s top Regular Leagues are of greater repute and scientific
interest than lower category competitions.
If we compare the results of this present study with that of previous match analysis
reviews [10,38,48], the number of studies on technical-tactical variables has increased.
Most of the previous studies focused on variables relating to physical conditions, probably
because they are easier to measure. This review found almost three times more descriptive
studies compared to predictive and comparative studies, thus illustrating the difficulty of
analysing the game from a systemic perspective [15,16]. Sarmento et al. [21] had already
observed this predominance of descriptive designs. Ever more efforts have been under-
taken, however, by data providers to elaborate more qualitatively complex and predictive
metrics more closely linked to the game’s functional logic. Metrics such as expected goals or
assists are an example of this [48]. In any event, some of these metrics continue to establish
predictive models based on isolated technical-tactical skills. Yet, passes or goal assists
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167 12 of 14
5. Conclusions
To conclude, studies on technical-tactical variables were reviewed based on the in-
formation provided by the data providers in the elite league competition formats of each
country. The present work was the first systematic review that has been carried out with
the above characteristics. The studies were first classified according to the type of analysis
carried out: descriptive, comparative, and predictive analysis (different types of regression
or algorithms). Most studies used a descriptive analysis of the game (58.06%). Studies with
comparative (22.58%) and predictive (19.35%) analysis were limited in the use of the data
providers. A summary of the studies according to research objectives showed that “style
of play,” “contextual variables,” (descriptive analysis) and “demarcation” (comparative
analysis) were the most used objectives in the 28 studies reviewed.
Future work should analyse the state of the art of the new metrics that data providers
are starting to introduce. One of the limitations of the present study is that it focused only
on regular elite leagues in different countries. Thus, several studies potentially use relevant
data providers but do not take top-level competitions as a reference [4,51].
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the
study.
Data Availability Statement: All data are fully available without restriction in the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. Reep, C.; Benjamin, B. Skill and Chance in Association Football. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc. 1968, 131, 581–585. [CrossRef]
2. Reep, C.; Pollard, R.; Benjamin, B. Skill and Chance in Ball Games. J. Source Stat. R Ser. Soc. 1970, 134, 623–629. [CrossRef]
3. Anguera, M.; Blanco, A.; Hernández, A.; Losada, J. Diseños observacionales: Ajuste y aplicación en psicología del deporte. Cuad.
Psicol. Deport 2011, 11, 63–76.
4. Pons, E.; García-Calvo, T.; Resta, R.; Blanco, H.; Del Campo, R.L.; García, J.D.; Pulido, J.J. A comparison of a GPS device and
a multi-camera video technology during official soccer matches: Agreement between systems. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0220729.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
5. Di Salvo, V.; Collins, A.; McNeill, B. Validation of prozone: A new video-based performance analysis system. Int. J. Perf. Anal.
Sport 2006, 1, 108–119.
6. Redwood-Brown, A.; Cranton, W.; Sunderland, C. Validation of a Real-Time Video Analysis System for Soccer. Int. J. Sports Med.
2012, 33, 635–640. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. Anderson, L.; Orme, P.; Di Michele, R.; Close, G.; Milsom, J.; Morgans, R.; Drust, B.; Morton, J.P. Quantification of Seasonal-Long
Physical Load in Soccer Players with Different Starting Status from the English Premier League: Implications for Maintaining
Squad Physical Fitness. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2016, 11, 1038–1046. [CrossRef]
8. Lago-Peñas, C.; Kalén, A.; Lorenzo-Martinez, M.; Campo, R.L.-D.; Resta, R.; Rey, E. Do elite soccer players cover longer distance
when losing? Differences between attackers and defenders. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2021, 16, 840–847. [CrossRef]
9. Van Gool, D.; Van Gerven, D.; Boutmans, J. The physiological load imposed on soccer players during real match-play. In Science
and Football; Reilly, T., Leeds, A., David, K., Murphy, J., Eds.; E. & F.N. Spon: London, UK, 1998; pp. 51–59.
10. Castellano, J.; Alvarez-Pastor, D.; Bradley, P.S. Evaluation of Research Using Computerised Tracking Systems (Amisco® and
Prozone® ) to Analyse Physical Performance in Elite Soccer: A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2014, 44, 701–712. [CrossRef]
11. Folgado, H.; Duarte, R.; Marques, P.; Gonçalves, B.; Sampaio, J. Exploring how movement synchronization is related to match
outcome in elite professional football. Sci. Med. Footb. 2017, 2, 101–107. [CrossRef]
12. Barron, D.; Ball, G.; Robins, M.; Sunderland, C. Artificial neural networks and player recruitment in professional soccer. PLoS
ONE 2018, 13, e0205818. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Kubayi, A.; Larkin, P. Analysis of teams’ corner kicks defensive strategies at the FIFA World Cup 2018. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport
2019, 19, 809–819. [CrossRef]
14. Sarajärvi, J.; Volossovitch, A.; Almeida, C.H. Analysis of headers in high-performance football: Evidence from the English Premier
League. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2020, 20, 189–205. [CrossRef]
15. Castelo, J.F.F. Fútbol: Estructura y Dinámica del Juego; INDE Publicaciones: Madrid, Spain, 1999.
16. Passos, P.; Araújo, D.; Davids, K.; Gouveia, L.; Serpa, S.; Milho, J.; Fonseca, S. Interpersonal Pattern Dynamics and Adaptive
Behavior in Multiagent Neurobiological Systems: Conceptual Model and Data. J. Mot. Behav. 2009, 41, 445–459. [CrossRef]
17. Carling, C.; Bloomfield, J.; Nelsen, L.; Reilly, T. The Role of Motion Analysis in Elite Soccer Work Rate Data. Sport Med. 2008, 38,
839–862. [CrossRef]
18. Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D.G.; The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 6, e1000097. [CrossRef]
19. Law, M.; Stewart, D.; Pollock, N.; Letts, L.; Bosch, J.; Westmorland, M. Critical Review Form—Quantitative Studies; McMaster
University: Burlington, ON, Canada, 1998.
20. Sarmento, H.; Clemente, F.M.; Araújo, D.; Davids, K.; McRobert, A.; Figueiredo, A. What Performance Analysts Need to Know
About Research Trends in Association Football (2012–2016): A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 799–836. [CrossRef]
21. Sarmento, H.; Marcelino, R.; Anguera, M.T.; Campaniço, J.; Matos, N.; Leitão, J. Match analysis in football: A systematic review. J.
Sports Sci. 2014, 32, 1831–1843. [CrossRef]
22. Gama, J.; Passos, P.; Davids, K.; Relvas, H.; Ribeiro, J.; Vaz, V.; Dias, G. Network analysis and intra-team activity in attacking
phases of professional football. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2014, 14, 692–708. [CrossRef]
23. Gama, J.; Dias, G.; Couceiro, M.; Belli, R.; Vaz, V.; Ribeiro, J. Networks and centroid metrics for understanding football. S. Afr. J.
Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recreat. 2016, 38, 75–90.
24. Fernandez-Navarro, J.; Ruiz-Ruiz, C.; Zubillaga, A.; Fradua, L. Tactical Variables Related to Gaining the Ball in Advanced Zones
of the Soccer Pitch: Analysis of Differences among Elite Teams and the Effect of Contextual Variables. Front. Psychol. 2020, 10,
3040. [CrossRef]
25. Ramos, J.; Lopes, R.J.; Marques, P.; Araújo, D. Hypernetworks Reveal Compound Variables That Capture Cooperative and
Competitive Interactions in a Soccer Match. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 1379. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
26. Zhou, C.; Gómez, M.-Á.; Lorenzo, A. The evolution of physical and technical performance parameters in the Chinese Soccer
Super League. Biol. Sport 2020, 37, 139–145. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10167 14 of 14
27. Fernandez-Navarro, J.; Fradua, L.; Zubillaga, A.; Ford, P.; McRobert, A. Attacking and defensive styles of play in soccer: Analysis
of Spanish and English elite teams. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 34, 2195–2204. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Duarte, R.; Araújo, D.; Folgado, H.; Esteves, P.T.; Marques, P.; Davids, K. Capturing complex, non-linear team behaviours during
competitive football performance. J. Syst. Sci. Complex. 2013, 26, 62–72. [CrossRef]
29. Zubillaga, A.; Gabbett, T.J.; Fradua, L.; Ruiz-Ruiz, C.; Caro, Ó.; Ervilla, R. Influence of Ball Position on Playing Space in Spanish
Elite Women’s Football Match-Play. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2013, 8, 713–722. [CrossRef]
30. Lago-Peñas, C.; Ruano, M.; Ángel, G.; Owen, A.L.; Sampaio, J. The effects of a player dismissal on competitive technical match
performance. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2016, 16, 792–800. [CrossRef]
31. Zhou, C.; Hopkins, W.G.; Mao, W.; Calvo, A.L.; Liu, H. Match Performance of Soccer Teams in the Chinese Super League—Effects
of Situational and Environmental Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4238. [CrossRef]
32. Portillo, J.; Abián, P.; Calvo, B.; Paredes, V.; Abián-Vicén, J. Effects of muscular injuries on the technical and physical performance
of professional soccer players. Physician Sportsmed. 2020, 48, 437–441. [CrossRef]
33. Liu, H.; Hopkins, W.; Gómez, A.M.; Molinuevo, S.J. Inter-operator reliability of live football match statistics from OPTA Sportsdata.
Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2013, 13, 803–821. [CrossRef]
34. Santos, P.; Silva, P.M.; Lago-Peñas, C. The ball recovery as an action related performance indicator in Football—An example using
distinct operational definitions. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. 2017, 12, 96–105. [CrossRef]
35. Konefał, M.; Chmura, P.; Rybka, K.; Chmura, J.; Huzarski, M.; Andrzejewski, M. What Frequency of Technical Activity Is Needed
to Improve Results? New Approach to Analysis of Match Status in Professional Soccer. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16,
2233. [CrossRef]
36. Dellal, A.; Wong, D.P.; Moalla, W.; Chamari, K. Physical and technical activity of soccer players in the French first league-with
special reference to their playing position. Int. Sport J. 2010, 11, 278–290.
37. Gai, Y.; Volossovitch, A.; Lago, C.; Gómez, M.-Á. Technical and tactical performance differences according to player’s nationality
and playing position in the Chinese Football Super League. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2019, 19, 632–645. [CrossRef]
38. Castellano, J.; Casamichana, D. What are the differences between first and second divisions of Spanish football teams? Int. J.
Perform. Anal. Sport 2015, 15, 135–146. [CrossRef]
39. Castellano, J.Á.D.; Figueira, B.; Coutinho, D.; Sampaio, J. Identifying the effects from the quality of opposition in a Football team
positioning strategy. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2013, 13, 822–832. [CrossRef]
40. Tenga, A.; Zubillaga, A.; Caro, O.; Fradua, L. Explorative Study on Patterns of Game Structure in Male and Female Matches from
Elite Spanish Soccer. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2015, 15, 411–423. [CrossRef]
41. Gai, Y.; Leicht, A.S.; Lago, C.; Gómez, M.Á. Physical and technical differences between domestic and foreign soccer players
according to playing positions in the China Super League. Res. Sports Med. 2018, 27, 314–325. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Gama, J.; Dias, G.; Passos, P.; Couceiro, M.; Davids, K. Homogeneous distribution of passing between players of a team predicts
attempts to shoot at goal in association football: A case study with 10 matches. Nonlinear Dyn. Psychol. Life Sci. 2020, 24, 353–365.
43. Szczepański, Ł.; McHale, I. Beyond completion rate: Evaluating the passing ability of footballers. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A Stat. Soc.
2015, 179, 513–533. [CrossRef]
44. Kubayi, A.; Toriola, A.; Paul, Y. The effects of ball-possession status on technical and physical indicators at the 2016 European
Football Championship | Gli effetti del possesso palla sugli indicatori tecnici e fisici ai Campionati Europei di Calcio 2016. Med.
Dello Sport 2018, 71, 533–539. [CrossRef]
45. Santos, P.; Lago-Peñas, C.; García-García, O. The influence of situational variables on defensive positioning in professional soccer.
Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2017, 17, 212–219. [CrossRef]
46. Lago-Ballesteros, J.; Lago-Peñas, C.; Rey, E. The effect of playing tactics and situational variables on achieving score-box
possessions in a professional soccer team. J. Sports Sci. 2012, 30, 1455–1461. [CrossRef]
47. Kubayi, A.; Toriola, A. The Influence of Situational Variables on Ball Possession in the South African Premier Soccer League. J.
Hum. Kinet. 2019, 66, 175–181. [CrossRef]
48. Brechot, M.; Flepp, R. Dealing With Randomness in Match Outcomes: How to Rethink Performance Evaluation in European Club
Football Using Expected Goals. J. Sports Econ. 2020, 21, 335–362. [CrossRef]
49. Aguado-Méndez, R.D.; González-Jurado, J.A.; Callejas-Jerónimo, J.E.; Otero-Saborido, F.M. Analysis of the goal-scoring opportu-
nities conceded in football: A study case in the Spanish La Liga. Qual. Quant. 2021, 55, 1477–1496. [CrossRef]
50. Aguado-Méndez, R.D.; González-Jurado, J.A.; Reina-Gómez, Á.; Otero-Saborido, F.M. Perceptions of Football Analysts Goal-
Scoring Opportunity Predictions: A Qualitative Case Study. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 3714. [CrossRef]
51. Fedushko, S.; Mastykash, O.; Syerov, Y.; Peracek, T. Model of User Data Analysis Complex for the Management of Diverse Web
Projects during Crises. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 9122. [CrossRef]
5.2 Artículo 2: Análisis observacional de goles recibidos por el
Real Betis en LaLiga: estudio de caso.
66
2020, Retos, 38, 355-362
© Copyright: Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF) ISSN: Edición impresa: 1579-1726. Edición Web: 1988-2041 (www.retos.org)
Análisis observacional de goles recibidos por el Real Betis en LaLiga: estudio de caso
Observational analysis of goals conceded by Real Betis in LaLiga: case study
Rubén D. Aguado-Méndez, José Antonio González-Jurado, Fernando Otero-Saborido
Universidad Pablo de Olavide (España)
Resumen. La variabilidad, imprevisibilidad y bajo tanteo del fútbol lo convierten en un sistema dinámico y complejo de analizar donde
cada detalle puede ser determinante para el resultado final. Por ello, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los goles recibidos
(N=61) de un equipo de fútbol profesional a partir de variables situacionales, ofensivas y defensivas. Se aplicó la metodología observacional
para analizar al Real Betis Balompié (temporada 2017-2018) a partir de una herramienta validada. Fueron utilizadas técnicas de análisis
descriptivas y tests de independencia. Los resultados sobre las variables situacionales reflejan que en el ‘intervalo 76-90’ e ir ‘perdiendo’
son factores que provocan el aumento de goles encajados. La forma y zona de pérdida que obtuvieron mayores porcentajes fue ‘Robo’
(36,1%) y ‘Z6’ (19,7%). Del total de goles encajados, el 62,3% fue con 4 o más jugadores propios por delante del balón. Respecto al rival,
utiliza pocos pases (<4) en el 63,9% de los goles recibidos. Se concluye que los últimos 15´ son determinantes en el balance de goles
encajados. Esta influencia se incrementa si el resultado está en contra. Por último, dado el alto porcentaje de éxito rival en los ataques con
poca duración y escasos pases, parece que frenar el primer pase en la transición defensa-ataque pudiera disminuir el número de goles
encajados.
Palabras clave: fútbol, rendimiento, factores, instrumento.
Abstract. Variability, unpredictability and low scores in football make it a dynamic and complex system difficult to analyze, in which
every detail can be determinant for the final result. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to analyze the goals conceded (N=61)
by a professional football team from the point if view of situational, offensive, and defensive variables. The observational methodology
was applied so to analyze Real Betis Balompié (2017-2018 season) with a validated tool. Descriptive analysis techniques and independence
tests were used. The results of the situational variables reflect that ’76-90 period’ and ‘losing’ are factors that cause an increase in goals
conceded. The form and area of loss that obtained higher percentages was ‘Stealing’ (36.1%) and ‘Z6’ (19.7%). Of the total number of
goals conceded, 62.3% happened when 4 or more of the analyzed team’s players were ahead of the ball. With respect to the opponents,
they used few passes (<4) in 63.9% of the goals conceded. As a conclusion, the last 15' are decisive in the balance of goals conceded. This
influence increases if the team is losing. Finally, given the high percentage of rival success in attacks with short duration and few passes,
it seems that stopping the first pass in the defense-attack transition could decrease the number of goals conceded.
Keywords: football, performance, factors, instrument.
Tabla 3.
& Sampedro, 2009; Robles, 2012), se procedió a diseñar una Valor de calidad del dato por criterios.
Concordancia Concordancia inter-
Criterio
herramienta basada en la diseñada por Sarmento, Anguera, Lugar del partido
intra-observadores
1
observadores
1
Campaniço y Leitao (2010) para la observación de acciones Minuto del partido 1 1
Resultado momentáneo 1 1
ofensivas en fútbol. Forma de pérdida 1 .98
Zona de pérdida .97 1
El instrumento «ad hoc» utilizado en esta investigación Nº jugadores por delante de la zona de pérdida 1 .94
para el análisis observacional y codificación de eventos está Número de pases
Número de jugadores en contacto con el balón
1
1
.98
1
validado y se caracteriza por una combinación de formato de Duración del ataque
Zona de finalización
1
.99
.83
.97
campo y sistemas de categorías. Este instrumento permite Forma de ataque .95 .91
75
Quality & Quantity
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01066-7
Rubén D. Aguado‑Méndez1 · José Antonio González‑Jurado1 ·
Juan Evaristo Callejas‑Jerónimo1 · Fernando Manuel Otero‑Saborido1
Abstract
The study’s aim was to analyse the goal-scoring opportunities conceded by a professional
football team. Using observational methodology, all the opportunities conceded (N = 243)
by Real Betis in the Spanish La Liga 2017/2018 were analysed through a validated instru-
ment which measured contextual, defensive and attacking variables. Descriptive, infer-
ential, correlational and binary logistic regression statistics were used to determine the
predictive models. The results show a relation between the goal-scoring opportunities con-
ceded and the provisional match result, as well as all the defensive and attacking variables
analysed. There was a significant relation between the own half loss of the ball (66.3%) and
the opportunities conceded. After applying the binary logistic regression, there were signif-
icant tactical patterns when the own half loss coincided with other variables: loss between
0′ and 15′ (OR = 4.255) and 46′-60′ (OR = 4.227); 0 or 1 opponent’s pass (OR = 2.829);
length of attack less than 3′’ (OR = 5.475) and 1 player of the opposing team got into
contact with the ball (OR = 7.358). Other factors such as losing the ball through stealing
(OR = 3.127) or the provisional result of a draw (OR = 0.4) predict the possibility of con-
ceding a goal-scoring opportunity in the case studied.
1 Introduction
Football is a very complex, dynamic and interactive sport (Sarmento et al. 2014) with
numerous factors which influence the performance and determine the level of success in
matches and competitions (Michailidis 2014). Also, the difficulty of analysis in football is
very high as it is a sport where not only technical-tactical or strategical factors are inter-
related but also physical, psychological and contextual components intervene. This is why
another added obstacle for the researcher is the differences between the countries where
football is played.
* Rubén D. Aguado‑Méndez
rubend10am@hotmail.com
1
Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
The league of this study (the Spanish La Liga) has the greatest percentages of ball pos-
session compared with the English Premier League or the Italian Serie A (Sarmento et al.
2013). Also, according to Oberstone (2011), it is the league with most shots on goal and
effectiveness. Another characteristic of La Liga is the greater frequency of combinative
attacks beginning in the team’s own half and which have a longer duration (Mitrotasios
et al. 2019). In relation with the goals scored, La Liga has had an average score of 1.37
goals per match in the last 5 seasons.
Due to the marker’s low score, to analyse only the goals scored cannot reflect a team’s
true attacking performance (James et al. 2002). Consequently, various authors have stud-
ied the goal-scoring opportunities due to their greater frequency (Pratas et al. 2018; Tenga
et al. 2010) and because of being a success indicator (Reina and Hernández-Mendo 2012).
This greater frequency enables accessing more attacking sequences, so that it is possible
to obtain the tactical patterns which are related with the teams’ style of play. Thus, to ana-
lyse the specific actions which lead to a goal-scoring opportunity can reveal which ways to
score a goal are more effective. For this reason, holistic studies are necessary to understand
which elements intervene in the process of creating goal-scoring opportunities in football.
Many of the studies are based only on recording isolated actions without taking into
account the interdependence of diverse factors when creating goal-scoring situations. This
fact was addressed by Mackenzie (2013), fostering the need to create and use new research
approaches to understand not only "what", "when" and "where" the actions take place, but
also "how" and "why" the interaction between contextual, defensive and attacking factors
influences the teams’ performance. This information helps the design of training tasks as
they modify the different variables to reproduce a real context, and in this way develop col-
lective interactions and/or specific skills related with the most decisive action in football:
scoring a goal.
Contextual factors play a key role in goal-scoring opportunities. Hence, the place where
it is taking place (Lago-Peñas et al. 2016), the provisional result (Ridgewell 2017) and
the minute (Pratas et al. 2018) are variables which modify the physical, psychological
and emotional contexts of the match, altering the teams’ performance. As a result, it is
necessary for the coaching staffs to know what effects the contextual factors produce to
address them in line with the team’s tactical and strategic aims. With respect to the existing
research concerning the attacking factors, various indicators have been identified related
with scoring goals. As to the development of possession, fast moves and with few passes
seem to obtain a great percentage of goals in the form of counter-attacks and set plays
(Aguado-Méndez et al. 2020; Mitrotasios and Armatas 2014), although diverse studies
have noted that positional attacking is the way of attacking used in the majority of goals
(Yiannakos and Armatas 2006). On the other hand, defensive factors have been studied,
such as pressure (Vogelbein et al. 2014) and the defensive balance (Tenga et al. 2010).
It has been concluded that the teams whose possession produced a faster ball recovery
obtained a better classification, while more goals against occurred in those moves where
the number of defence players was less than the attackers. The research of these perfor-
mance indicators can be of great interest for trainers as they help to understand "what"
technical-tactical actions predominate in football when goals are scored or conceded, as
well as "when" and "where" these actions take place.
Goal-scoring opportunities have already been studied in La Liga (Mitrotasios et al.
2019) with matches selected randomly. As a general aim it was proposed to analyse the
goal-scoring opportunities during a complete season by a team with a very defined attack-
ing style: a high possession rate. The data placed it in third place as to % of possession, %
of correct passes and short passes by match, only behind Real Madrid and FC Barcelona
13
Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football:…
(Whoscored.com 2018). Therefore, the specific aims of this study are: (1) to analyse the
differences between the categories which make up the contextual, attacking and defensive
variables in the goal-scoring opportunities conceded by Real Betis Balompié (henceforth
RBB); (2) to check the relations between the technical-tactical variables in the goal-scoring
opportunities conceded; and (3) to predict the probabilities of goal-scoring opportunities
taking place from explanatory models made up of different variables in a La Liga team
with a very marked passing style during the season 2017/2018. By studying the moves
which created goal-scoring opportunities the trainers can find out a team’s patterns in their
successful moves. This information can help in the design of training tasks, adjusting them
to what really takes place in a match.
2 Methods
2.1 Sample
2.2 Procedure
13
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
2.3 Methodological design
Observational methodology fits the scientific method (Bakeman and Gottman 1997) and
is consolidated by its potential to analyse behaviours, extracting them in game-specific
situations via custom-made observation instruments (Anguera et al. 2017).
The design selected to carry out the study is located in quadrant II (Anguera and
Hernández-Mendo 2013a) as it is ideographic (as only one unit -team- is analysed),
specific (the recording is done during a single season) and multidimensional (because
different levels of response exist due to the interdependence between the variables of
performance in football).
2.4 Instrument
This study was done with an ad hoc instrument (Anguera and Hernández-Mendo 2013b)
for the organised recording of events.
Continuing the line of previous research (Etxeazarra et al. 2013; Robles and Castel-
lano 2012), a tool validated for the codifying of the opportunities was used.
The “ad hoc” instrument employed in this research for the observational analysis and
the codification of events is validated and is characterised by a combination of field for-
mat and systems of categories (Sarmento et al. 2010). This instrument enables gathering
important information for the comprehension of the attacking process in football, hav-
ing been used to analyse how opponents attack against the team studied and in this way
to study the defensive process of the team in question (Table 1).
13
Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football:…
Minute: indicates the minute in which the team stud- First half: groups together the intervals 0′—15′;
ied concedes the goal-scoring opportunity 16′—30′; 31′—46’
Second half: groups together the intervals 46′—60′;
61′—75′; 76′—90’
Match status: indicates the match result when the Winning
team studied concedes the goal-scoring opportu- Drawing
nity Losing
Own defensive variables
Way of loss: defines the way the team studied Steal: action by which the ball is seized by an
lost the ball prior to conceding the goal-scoring opponent
opportunity Mistake not forced: loss of ball due to passing badly
or control not pressured by an opponent
Forced mistake: loss of ball due to passing badly or
control pressured by an opponent
Shot: action by which a player strikes the ball mean-
ing to score a goal
Clearance: action in which the player strikes the ball
with the intention of clearing it from the goal and/
or stopping the advance of the opponent
Rules of the game: defines when the team loses pos-
session due to offside or a mistake in attack
Loss zone: indicates the place the team studied Zone 1 (Z1) to Zona 12 (Z12): field divided into
lost the ball prior to conceding the goal-scoring twelve zones
opportunity Own half: from Z1 to Z6; opponent’s half: from Z7
to Z12
No. of players in front of the loss zone: indicates 0; 1; 2; 3; ≥ 4
how many players there were in front of the loss
zone of the team studied prior to conceding the
goal-scoring opportunity
The opponent’s attacking variables
Passes per possession: indicates how many passes 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; ≥ 5
the opponent of the team studied does to finish the
move
No. of players in contact with the ball: indicates how 1; 2; 3; 4; ≥ 5
many players of the opponent of the team studied
contact with the ball in the move
Duration: indicates how long the move took place of < 3”
the opponent of the team studied 3″—5″
6″—9″
> 9″
Outcome of goal-scoring opportunity: indicates how Shot off target
the last action of the move of the opponent of the Shot at goal
team studied finished Goal
Interception of the opponent
13
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
Table 1 (continued)
Contextual variables
Game location: indicates the role of the team studied Home
according to the place where the match is played Away
Way of attack: indicates the style of attack carried Direct: defines when a team seeks the goal with
out in the move by the opponent of the team through balls from the defence to the line of attack
studied with the opponent in organised defence
Combinative: defines when a team moves the ball
mainly by short passes to go towards the oppo-
nent’s goal
Counterattack: defines when a team attacks with
short and fast moves when recovering the ball
Set plays (SP): defines the moves in which the ball
is placed after an interruption for fouls, corners,
penalties and throw-ins
2.5 Statistical analysis
In accordance with the proposed aims, three types of analysis have been carried out: the
first is univariate descriptive via frequencies, percentages and a test of independence
to check if there was an association between the diverse variables and the goal-scoring
opportunities conceded. In the second objective, Chi-squared (χ2) contingency tables and
Cramer’s V were also used, but with the difference that the relation between the variables
(contextual, attacking and defensive) and those which could be grouped in a dichotomic
manner were analysed. And for the third aim, the probability of goal-scoring opportunities
taking place was checked with different predictive models from explanatory models made
up of the different variables analysed: binary logistic regression, regression coefficients (β),
the Wald statistical value, the Exponential value of B -Exp (B)- also called the Odds Ratio
(OR), and the confidence interval, which indicates an approach to the effect of the explana-
tory or independent variable on the dependent in terms of probability.
13
Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football:…
disagreement and 3 the greatest agreement). The result obtained (0.85) verifies the validity
of the instrument’s content as it is greater than 0.8 (Escurra 1988).
3 Results
A first specific aim of the study was to “analyse the differences between the categories
which make up the contextual, attacking and defensive variables in goal-scoring opportu-
nities conceded by RBB” (Table 4). In the case of the contextual variables (place, minute
and result), the results show that there does not exist a relation with RBB conceding a goal-
scoring opportunity, except the provisional result of the match (χ2 = 21.556; p < 0.001).
46.9% of the opportunities conceded take place when the team analysed is drawing with
its opponent. Relations between the goal-scoring opportunities and the other situation vari-
ables were not found (place of the match and minute at which the opportunity took place).
13
Table 4 Frequency and degree of significance of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded according to the contextual, defensive and attacking variables
Goal-scoring opportunities received
Variable Category Frequency Percentage χ2 Sig
13
Contextual variables Place Home 103 42.4 5.634 0.18
Away 140 57.6
Minute 0′—15′ 31 12,8 5.963 0.31
16′—30′ 38 15.6
31′—45′ 50 20.6
46′—60′ 37 15.2
61′—75′ 47 19.3
76′—90′ 40 16.5
1° half 119 49 0.103 0.748
2° half 124 51
Result Winning 57 23.5 21.556 < 0.001**
Drawing 114 46.9
Losing 72 29.6
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
Table 4 (continued)
Goal-scoring opportunities received
Variable Category Frequency Percentage χ2 Sig
Own defensive variables Way of loss Steal 68 28 124.284 < 0.001**
Not forced mistake 48 19.8
Forced mistake 31 12.8
Shot 4 1.6
Clearance 83 34.2
Rules game 9 3.7
Z7 18 7.4
Z8 28 11.5
Z9 12 4.9
Z10 5 2.1
Z11 9 3.7
Z12 10 4.1
Own half 161 66.3 25.683 < 0.001**
Opponent half 82 33.7
No. players in front of the loss zone 0 11 4.5 215.004 < 0.001**
1 22 9.1
2 33 13.6
3 39 16
≥ 4 138 56.8
13
Table 4 (continued)
Goal-scoring opportunities received
Variable Category Frequency Percentage χ2 Sig
13
Opponent attacking variables No. of passes 0 34 14 55.889 < 0.001**
1 57 23.5
2 39 16
3 25 10.3
4 15 6.2
≥ 5 73 30
No. players in contact with ball 1 41 16.9 31.300 < 0.001**
2 55 22.6
3 40 16.5
4 28 11.5
≥ 5 79 32.5
Duration < 3″ 56 23 103.782 < 0.001**
3″—5″ 31 12.8
6″—9″ 29 11.9
> 9″ 127 52.3
Type finish Shot out 88 36.2
Shot on goal 71 29.2 37.412 < 0.001**
Goal 61 25.1
Interception 23 9.5
Way attack Counterattack 71 29.2 50.317 < 0.001**
Direct 24 9.9
Combinative 99 40.7
SP 49 20.2
*p < .05; **p < .01
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football:…
As to the defensive variables there exists a relation between the ‘way of loss’
(χ2 = 124.284; p < 0.001), ‘loss zone’ (χ2 = 78.531; p < 0.001), ‘players in front of the
ball’ (χ2 = 215.004; p < 0.001) and that a goal-scoring opportunity occurs against RBB.
The losses for ‘clearance’ (34.2%) were greater than for getting the ball played (steal,
28%; forced mistake, 12.8%). With respect to the ‘loss zone’, the central zones predomi-
nated (Z2, 17.3%; Z5, 34%; Z8, 11.5%). The own half losses produced 66.3% of the
opportunities conceded. As to ‘number of players in front of the ball’, 56.8% of the
opportunities were conceded with ‘ ≥ 4’.
Lastly, an association was found between all the attacking variables with the opportu-
nities conceded by RBB: ‘no. of passes’ (χ2 = 55.889; p < 0.001), ‘no. of players in con-
tact with the ball’ (χ2 = 31.300; p < 0.001), ‘duration’ (χ2 = 103.889; p < 0.001), ‘type of
finish’ (χ2 = 37.412; p < 0.001) and ‘way of attack’ (χ2 = 50.317; p < 0.001). In ‘no. of
passes’ (≥ 5, 30%), ‘no. of players in contact with the ball (≥ 5, 32.5%) and ‘duration of
the move’ (> 9″, 52.3%) it was reflected that the highest value of the category obtained
the greatest percentage of the variable analysed.
A second aim of this study was “to check the relations between the technical-tacti-
cal variables in the goal-scoring opportunities conceded” (Tables 5 and 6). The results
obtained in Table 5 for the contextual variables show that there exists a relation between
the ‘minute’ in which the opportunity takes place in intervals of 15 min (χ2 = 14.727;
p = 0.012) and the ‘loss zone’ (own/opponent half). An association is noted between the
‘result’ of the match (χ2 = 50.317; p = 0.026) and the category ‘goal’ (yes/no). Relations
were not found between the contextual variables ‘place of the match’ and ‘minute’ with
scoring a goal.
Likewise, in the case of the defensive variables (Table 6), it was proved that a rela-
tion existed between the ‘way of loss’ (χ2 = 6.666; p = 0.036) and the ‘minute’ (1st/2nd
half), in the same way as between the ‘number of players in front of the ball’ (χ2 = 14.999;
p = 0.005) and the ‘place’ (home/away).
Finally, also in Table 6 a relation of dependence was found between three attacking
variables and the ‘loss zone’ (own/opponent half). In this case, the three variables which
obtained a relation were: ‘no. passes’ (χ2 = 23.434; p < 0.001), ‘no. of players in contact
with the ball’ (χ2 = 22.579; p < 0.001) and ‘duration of the move’ (χ2 = 37.633; p < 0.001).
Table 7 presents the results of the different binary logistic regression models, the regres-
sion coefficients (β), the Wald statistic, the B -Exp (B) Exponential value—also called the
Odds Ratio (OR), and the confidence interval. The eight resulting models are statistically
significant. The explanatory capacity of the eight models ranges between 5.6% (the sixth
and eighth models) and 21.5% (the third model) of the variance. Four of the models predict
the greatest probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity when the loss takes place
in one’s own half. Two of the models forecast the opportunities when the study’s target
team concedes opportunities away. The sixth model explains the goal-scoring opportunities
conceded in the second half. Finally, the last model predicted the opportunities conceded
which resulted in a goal.
Four variables predicted the probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity from
the own half loss of possession with an explanation between 8.7 and 21.5% of the vari-
ance: ‘minute of loss’ (8.7%), ‘number of the opponent’s passes’ (13.6%), ‘duration of the
attack’ (21.5%) and ‘no. of opponents’ players in contact with the ball’ (13.2%). Within
the model ‘minute’ of loss, the categories between 0 and 15 min (β = 1.44) and between 46
and 60 min (β = 1.44) were statistically significant. Given the Odds Ratio the probability of
conceding goal-scoring opportunities after ‘own half’ losing is 4 times greater if this takes
place between 0′-15′ and 46′-60′ than between 76′-90′. With respect to the second model,
13
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
Table 5 Relation between contextual (independent) and attacking and defensive (dependent) variables in
dichotomic format
Attacking and defensive (dependent) variables
Variable Category Defensive Attacking
Contextual (independent) Place Home 0.043 0.835 0.013 1.539 0.215 0.08
variables Away
Minute 0′–15′ 14.727 0.012* 0.246 7.437 0.19 0.175
16′–30′
31′–45′
46′–60′
61′–75′
76′–90′
1º half 0.734 0.392 0.055 3.021 0.082 0.111
2º half
Result Winning 2.594 0.273 0.103 7.275 0.026* 0.173
Drawing
Losing
*p < .05; **p < .01
which predicted the goal-scoring opportunities conceded after ‘opponent’s half’ losing, the
predictive variable was the ‘number of the opponent’s passes’. In this model the category
‘0 or 1 pass’ (β = 1.04) is statistically significant. The probability of conceding a goal-scor-
ing opportunity after ‘own half’ losing is almost 3 times greater if the opponent only gives
0 or 1 pass to finish the move than if it gives 5 or more passes take place. As to the third
model, the categories between 3 and 5″ (β = 2.72) and < 3″ (β = 1.7) are statistically sig-
nificant. Given the Odds Ratio, the probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity
after ‘own half’ losing in is 15 times greater if the opponent’s attack lasts between 3 and
5″, and 5 times greater if it lasts ‘ < 3″ than if it lasts ‘ > 9″. Within the model ‘no. of play-
ers in contact with the ball’, the category ‘1 player’ (β = 1.99) was statistically significant.
According to the Odds Ratio, the probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity after
‘own half’ loss in is 7 times greater if it occurs with 1 player taking part in the move than if
5 or more do so.
Two variables predicted the probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity from
the place where the match was held with an explanation of between 5.6 and 8.4% of the
variance: ‘number of players in contact with the ball’ (8.4%) and ‘way of attack’ (5.6%). In
the fifth model, the categories ‘0 players’ (β = 2.48) and ‘2 players’ (β = 1.91) were statisti-
cally significant. Given the Odds Ratio of these categories, the probability of conceding
a goal-scoring opportunity playing away is 12 times greater if there is no own player in
front of the ball and 6 times greater with 2 players than if there are 4 or more players. As
to the sixth model, the category ‘combinative attack’ (β = −0.082) is statistically signifi-
cant. According to the Odds Ratio, the probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity
13
Table 6 Relation between defensive and attacking (independent) and contextual, attacking and defensive (dependent) variables in dichotomic format
+ Variable Categories Contextual variables Attacking (dependent) variables
Defensive Way of losing Steal 5.158 0.076 0.187 6.666 0.036* 0.213 0.013 0.994 0.009 2.96 0.228 0.142
(independent) Not forced
variables mistake
Forced mistake
Loss zone Z1–Z12 9.551 0.571 0.198 8.864 0.634 0.191 3.771 0.976 0.125 10.5 0.485 0.208
Own half 0.043 0.835 0.013 0.734 0.392 0.055 0.060 0.806 0.016 0.196 0.658 0.028
Opponent half
No. players in 0—≥ 4 14.999 .005** 0.248 4.738 0.315 0.140 4.607 0.330 0.138 2.44 0.655 0.100
front of the
loss zone
Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football:…
Attacking No. of passes 0—≥ 5 8.664 0.123 0.189 8.013 0.156 0.182 2.925 0.712 .110 23.434 < 0.001** 0.311
Variables (inde- No. players con- 1—≥ 5 9.217 0.056 0.195 2.388 0.665 0.099 2.670 0.614 .105 22.579 < 0.001** 0.305
pendent tact with ball
Duration < 3″—> 9″ 2.706 0.439 0.106 1.56 0.668 0.080 0.321 0.956 .036 37.633 < 0.001** 0.394
Way of attck CombinativeDi- 8.225 0.016* 0.206 0.827 0.661 0.065 0.226 0.893 .034 3.547 0.170 0.135
rect Attack
Goal conceded Yes—No 1.539 0.215 0.080 3.021 0.082 0.111 0.349 0.555 .038 0.196 0.658 0.028
13
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
playing ‘away’ is 2 times greater if the opponent uses a combinative attack than if it uses a
counterattack.
In the seventh model, the variable ‘way of losing’ predicted the possibility of conced-
ing a goal-scoring opportunity with respect to the minute of the opportunity (1st half /2nd
half) with an explanatory capacity of 6% of the variance. In this model, the category ‘steal’
(β = 1.14) was statistically significant. Given the Odds Ratio of this category, the probabil-
ity of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity in the 2º half is 3 times greater if the loss of the
ball takes place by a steal than by a forced mistake.
Finally, the eighth model also included as a predictive variable the result with respect
to the outcome of the move (goal yes/goal no) with an exploratory capacity of 5.6% of the
variance. Within the variable ‘result’, the category ‘drawing’ (β = −0.916) was statistically
significant. Given this category’s Odds Ratio, the probability of a goal-scoring opportunity
conceded being a goal is almost half drawing as winning.
4 Discussion
The general aim of the study was to analyse the goal-scoring opportunities conceded by
a high ball-possession team. To do so, a descriptive analysis was done, it was analysed if
there existed significant differences between the variables and, lastly, for those variables in
which there was an association, a probability prediction was established through a binary
logistic regression. The binary logistic regression method has been previously used in soc-
cer (Maneiro et al. 2019), and it has also been the method selected in other invasion sports
such as basketball (Kim et al. 2008) and ice hockey (Koo et al. 2016) to understand the
relationship between match results and factors contributing to victory.
A triple analysis was done for the three groups of variables: contextual (place, minute
and result), defensive (way of loss, loss zone and no. of players in front of the loss zone)
and attacking (no. of passes, no. of players in contact with the ball, duration of the attack
and type of finish and way of attack).
Firstly, in the case of the contextual variables (result of the match, place and minute),
significant differences were not noted between the categories of these variables, except in
the result of the match (Table 4). The findings of previous research sustain that teams adapt
their technique according to the match result (Lago-Peñas and Dellal 2010), and this adapt-
ability has been demonstrated to be important for trainers as a performance measurement
(Paixão et al. 2015). In this study, a relation was found between the ‘result’ and the oppor-
tunity finishing as a goal, being twice as likely that the opportunity conceded finished up as
a goal with the result winning than drawing. This finding supports the research of McLean
et al. (2018) where it was shown that the result of the match influenced the goal-scoring
opportunities as it changed the characteristics of the passes.
For the case of the contextual variable ‘minute of loss’, a relation was found between
the minute in which the opportunity took place and the ‘loss zone’ (Table 5). Evidence was
found that own half losses had been decisive for RBB. The probability of conceding a goal-
scoring opportunity after own half loss is 4 times greater in the intervals 0′-15′ and 46′-60′
than in that of 76′-90′. According to Izzo et al. (2020), in these minute slots a greater total
distance is run and it is done at a high or higher intensity. This enables strong pressure of
the opponents in the first minutes of each half as they are physically better.
13
Table 7 Binary logistic regression
Dependent variables R2 Nagelkerke Explanatory variables β E.T Wald Sig Exp(β) [C.I.]
Categories Comparison
13
Table 7 (continued)
Dependent variables R2 Nagelkerke Explanatory variables β E.T Wald Sig Exp(β) [C.I.]
Categories Comparison
13
Away Number of players in front of the loss zone
0.084 0 2.485 0.874 8.083 0.004** 12.000 [2.164–66.548]
1 ≥ 4 0.799 0.762 1.098 0.295 2.222 [.499–9.894]
2 1.915 0.765 6.270 0.012* 6.788 [1.516–30.392]
3 1.184 0.698 2.877 0.090 3.269 [.832–12.846]
Way of attack
0.056 Combinative Direct Counterattack −0.082 0.474 0.030 0.862 0.921 [.364–2.330]
0.824 0.320 6.609 0.010* 2.278 [1.216–4.269]
2º half Way of loss
0.060 Steal Forced mistake 1.140 0.452 6.367 0.012* 3.127 [1.290–7.582]
Unforced mistake 0.849 0.475 3.197 0.074 2.338 [.922–5.930]
Goal Result
0.056 Winning Losing −0.310 0.385 0.647 0.421 0.734 [.345–1.560]
Drawing −0.916 0.349 6.887 0.009** 0.400 [.202–.793]
Secondly, in the case of the defensive variables (way of loss, loss zone and number of
players in front of the loss zone) there was a significant difference between the categories
of all the variables (Table 6). Among these differences, the importance for RBB of the own
half losses in in the variable ‘loss zone’ stand out. Not only because 66.3% of the opportu-
nities conceded are after own half losses, but due to the predictive character of the losses
in this zone of the field when they are crossed with other variables such as the ‘minute of
loss’ (explained before) or the attacking variables which are explained later (number of
the opponent’s passes, duration of the attack and number of players in contact with the
ball). The studies coincide in pointing out the relation between opportunities and the loss
zone (McLean et al. 2017). The study of Tenga et al. (2010) also concludes in this line: the
majority of goals took place after losing the ball in the own field’s last third. It was more
likely to concede a goal-scoring opportunity in this zone due to the numerical imbalance
when this loss took place and the nearness of the goal itself (Almeida et al. 2014).
As to the defensive variable ‘form of loss’, a relation was found in the opportunities
conceded with the ‘minute’ of the opportunity. Specifically, the probability of conceding a
goal-scoring opportunity due to the opponent’s steal instead of a forced mistake is 3 times
greater in the 2nd. half. This can be due to conditional aspects, as is reflected in the scien-
tific literature (Izzo et al. 2020), given that the physical capacity is less as the match goes
on. This decrease of performance can affect the players’ decision making and their level of
technical skill.
Thirdly, as to the attacking variables (no. of passes of the opponent, no. of players in
contact with the ball, duration of the attack, type of finish and way of attack), significant
differences are found between the categories of all the variables (Table 6). Nonetheless,
these differences acquire a technical sense and a practical usefulness for the trainer when
they are associated with other variables. In this sense, the relation found between the ‘loss
zone’ and the following attacking variables has been very relevant in the opportunities con-
ceded: ‘no. passes’, ‘no. of players in contact with the ball’ and ‘duration’ of the move.
Specifically, the probability of conceding a goal-scoring opportunity when the ball is lost
in one’s own half is considerably greater the fewer players and passes which come into play
in the move and, therefore, the less time is used in doing so (Table 7). In the team studied,
the opportunities against are so likely with the previous tactical pattern because RBB, after
recovering in their own half, quickly loses possession in the same place. This situation
causes defensive imbalances, making the team weaker to defend against the opponent’s
quick attacks. In fact, Winter & Pfeiffer (2016) found that defensive transitions seemed to
be a factor related directly with the result of the match in the UEFA Euro 2012. Also, in
the MLS it was found that counterattacks were more effective than direct and combinative
attacks but only when the other team was defensively unbalanced (González-Ródenas et al.
2015b).
5 Conclusions
Football being a sport of remarkable uncertainty and of low scores, it is necessary to under-
stand it from the paradigm of complexity. This is why, the “all” is something “more” than
the sum of its parts. For this reason, this work has approached the game’s functional logic
through the analysis of the interaction of the factors involved in the goal-scoring opportu-
nities conceded in the case of a team of the Spanish La Liga with a high ball-possession
game profile. Nevertheless, for the transfer of the research of the analysis of the play to the
13
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
References
Aguado-Méndez, R.D., González-Jurado, J.A., Otero-Saborido, F.: Análisis observacional de goles recibi-
dos por el Real Betis en LaLiga: estudio de caso. Retos 38, 355–362 (2020). https://doi.org/10.47197/
retos.v38i38.76216
Aiken, L.: Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 45,
131–142 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012
Almeida, C.H., Ferreira, A.P., Volossovitch, A.: Effects of match location, match status and quality of oppo-
sition on regaining possession in UEFA Champions League. J. Hum. Kinet. 41, 2013–2214 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0048
Anguera, M.T., Hernández-Mendo, A.: La metodología observacional en el ámbito del deporte. E-Balon-
mano.com Rev. Cienc. Deport.9, 135–160 (2013a)
Anguera, M.T., Hernández-Mendo, A.: La metodología observacional en el ámbito del deporte. Rev Cien-
cias del Deport 9, 135–160 (2013b)
Anguera, M.T., Jonsson, G.K., Sánchez-Algarra, P.: Liquefying text from human communication processes:
a methodological proposal based on T-pattern detection. J Multimodal Commun 4, 10–15 (2017)
Bakeman, R., Gottman, J.M.: Observing interaction. An Introduction to Sequential Analysis. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge (1997)
Blanco-Villaseñor, Á.: Metodologías cualitativas en la investigación psicológica. Universitat Oberta de Cat-
alunya, Barcelona (1997)
Escurra, L.: Cuantificación de la validez de contenido por criterio de jueces. Rev. Psicol. 6, 103–111 (1988)
Etxeazarra, I., Castellano, J., Arruabarrena, U.: Aplicación de diferentes estrategias para el control de cali-
dad del dato de una herramienta observacional en fútbol formación. Rev Iberoam Psicol del Ejerc y el
Deport 8, 301–316 (2013)
Fleiss, J.L., Levin, B., Paik, M.C.: Statistical methods for rates and proportions. Wiley , Hoboken, NJ, USA
(2003)
González-Ródenas, J., López-Bondía, I., Calabuig, F., Aranda, R.: Indicadores tácticos asociados a la
creación de ocasiones de gol en fútbol profesional. Cult Cienc y Deport 10(30), 215–225 (2015a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.014
González-Ródenas, J., Lopez-Bondia, I., Calabuig, F., Pérez-Turpin, J.A., Aranda, R.: The effects of playing
tactics on creating scoring opportunities in random matches from US Major League Soccer. Int J Per-
form Anal Sport 15, 851–872 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868836
13
Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in football:…
Hernández-Mendo, A., Montoro, J., Reina, A., Fernández, J.C.: Desarrollo y optimización de una herrami-
enta observacional para el bloqueo en voleibol. Rev Iberoam Psicol del Ejerc y el Deport 7, 15–31
(2012)
Izzo, R., D´Isanto, T., Raiola, G., Cejudo, A., Ponsano, N., Hosseini, C.: The role of fatigue in football
matches, perfomance model analysis and evaluation during quarters using live Global Positioning Sys-
tem technology at 50 Hz. Sport Sci 13, 30–35 (2020)
James, N., Mellalieu, S., Hollely, C.: Analysis of strategies in soccer as a function of European and
domestic competition. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 2, 85–103 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1080/24748
668.2002.11868263
Kim, S.H., Kang, S.J., Park, J.H., Kim, H.J.: The factor of victory and defeat through analyzing the data
of the Pro-basketball. Korean J Meas Eval Phys Educ Sport Sci 10, 1–12 (2008)
Koo, D.H., Panday, S.B., Xu, D.Y., Lee, C.Y., Kim, H.Y.: Logistic regression of wins and losses in Asia
league ice hockey in the 2014–2015 season. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 16, 871–880 (2016). https
://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868935
Lago-Peñas, C., Dellal, A.: Ball possession strategies in elite soccer according to the evolution of the
match-score: the influence of situational variables. J. Hum. Kinet. 25, 93–100 (2010). https://doi.
org/10.2478/v10078-010-0036-z
Lago-Peñas, C., Gómez-Ruano, M.Á., Megías-Navarro, D., Pollard, R.: Home advantage in football:
examining the effect of scoring first on match outcome in the five major European leagues. Int. J.
Perform. Anal. Sport. 16, 411–421 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868897
Mackenzie, R., Cushion, C.: Performance analysis in football: a critical review and implications for
future research. J. Sports Sci. 31, 639–676 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.746720
Maneiro, R., Casal, C., Álvarez, I., Moral, J.E., López, S., Ardá, A., Losada, J.L.: Offensive transitions
in high-performance football: differences between UEFA Euro 2008 and UEFA Euro 2016. Front.
Psychol. 10, 1–10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01230
McLean, S., Salmon, P.M., Gorman, A.D., Naughton, M., Solomon, C.: Do inter-continental playing
styles exist? Using social network analysis to compare goals from the 2016 EURO and COPA
football tournaments knock-out stages. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 18, 370–383 (2017). https://doi.
org/10.1080/1463922X.2017.1290158
Mclean, S., Salmon, P.M., Gorman, A.D., Stevens, N.J., Solomon, C.: A social network analysis of the
goal scoring passing networks of the 2016 European Football Championships. Hum. Mov. Sci. 57,
400–408 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.001
Michailidis, Y.: Analysis of goals scored in the 2014 World Cup soccer tournament held in Brazil. Int. J.
Sport Stud. 4, 1017–1026 (2014)
Mitrotasios, M., Armatas, V.: Analysis of goal scoring patterns in the European Football Championship
2012. Sport J 50, 1–9 (2014)
Mitrotasios, M., González-Ródenas, J., Armatas, V., Aranda, R.: The creation of goal scoring opportuni-
ties in professional soccer tactical differences between Spanish La Liga, English Premier League,
German Bundesliga and Italian Serie A. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 19, 452–465 (2019). https://
doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1618568
Oberstone, J.: Comparing team performance of the English Premier League, Serie A, and La Liga for the
2008–2009 season. J. Quant. Anal. Sport. 7, 1–18 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1280
Paixão, P., Sampaio, J., Almeida, C.H., Duarte, R.: How does match status affects the passing sequences
of top-level European soccer teams? Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 15, 229–240 (2015). https://doi.
org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868789
Pollard, R., Ensum, J., Taylor, S.: Estimating the probability of a shot resulting in agoal: the effects of
distance, angle and space. Int. J. Soccer Sci. 2, 50–55 (2004)
Pratas, J.M., Volossovitch, A., Carita, A.I.: Goal scoring in elite male football: a systematic review. J
Hum Sport Exerc 13, 218–230 (2018). https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.131.19
Reina, A., Hernández-Mendo, A.: Revisión de indicadores de rendimiento en fútbol. Rev. Iberoam.
Ciencias la Act. Física y el Deport. 1, 1–14 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208
Ridgewell, A.: Passing patterns before and after scoring in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Int. J. Perform.
Anal. Sport. 11, 562–574 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868574
Robles, F.J., Castellano, J.: Comparación entre el juego ofensivo de la selección española de Fútbol y sus
rivales en la Eurocopa ´08 y Mundial ´10. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. del Ejerc. y el Deport 7, 323–338
(2012)
Sarmento, H., Anguera, M.T., Campaniço, J., Leitão, J.: Development and validation of a notational
system to study the offensive process in football. Medicina (B. Aires) 46, 401 (2010). https://doi.
org/10.3390/medicina46060056
13
R. D. Aguado‑Méndez et al.
Sarmento, H., Pereira, A., Matos, N., Campaniço, J., Anguera, M.T., Leitão, J.: English Premier League,
Spain´s La Liga and Italy´s Serie´s A—what´s different? Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 13(3), 773–
789 (2013)
Sarmento, H., Marcelino, R., Anguera, M.T., Campaniço, J., Matos, N., Leitão, J.: Match analysis in
football: a systematic review. J. Sports Sci. 32, 1831–1843 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/02640
414.2014.898852
Tenga, A., Holme, I., Ronglan, L.T., Bahr, R.: Effect of playing tactics on goal scoring in Norwegian profes-
sional soccer. J. Sports Sci. 28, 237–244 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903502774
Vogelbein, M., Nopp, S., Hökelmann, A.: Defensive transition in soccer—are prompt possession regains a
measure of success? a quantitative analysis of German Fußball-Bundesliga 2010/2011. J. Sports Sci.
32, 1076–1083 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.879671
Whoscored.com: Real Betis. Estadísticas ofensivas temporada 2017/2018, https://es.whoscored.com/Regio
ns/206/Tournaments/4/Seasons/6960/España-LaLiga
Winter, C., Pfeiffer, M.: Tactical metrics that discriminate winning, drawing and losing teams in UEFA Euro
2012®. J. Sports Sci. 34, 486–492 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1099714
Yiannakos, A., Armatas, V.: Evaluation of the goal scoring patterns in European Championship in portugal
2004. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 6, 178–188 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868
366
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
13
5.4 Artículo 4: Perceptions of football analysts goal-scoring
opportunity predictions: a qualitative case study.
96
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
published: 06 September 2021
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735167
This study aimed to understand the way tactical football analysts perceive the general
match analysis issues and to analyze their tactical interpretation of the predictive
models of conceded goal-scoring opportunities. Nine tactical analysts responded to the
semi-structured interviews that included a general section on the match analysis and
a specific one on the results of a study on goal-scoring opportunities conceded by a
Spanish La Liga team. Following their transcription, the interviews were codified into
categories by the two researchers using Atlas Ti® software. Subsequently, frequency
count and co-occurrence analysis were performed based on the encodings. The content
Edited by:
Rubén Maneiro,
analysis reflected that analysts play a crucial role in the analysis of their own team and that
Pontifical University of of the opponent, the essential skills to exercise as a tactical analyst being “understanding
Salamanca, Spain
of the game” and “clear observation methodology.” Based on the case study of the
Reviewed by:
conceded goal-scoring opportunities, the main causes and/or solutions attributed by
Sumit Sarkar,
Xavier School of Management, India analysts in some of the predictive models were the adaptability of the “style of play” itself
Miguel Pic, according to the “opponent” and “pressure after losing.”
South Ural State University, Russia
*Correspondence: Keywords: match analysis, coaches, qualitative research, style of play, tactics
Rubén D. Aguado-Méndez
rubend10am@hotmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to In recent years, there are great technological advances in the analysis of football performance
Movement Science and Sport (Sarmento et al., 2017). Despite this progress, still there is a gap between the scientific community
Psychology, and the knowledge that the technical staff of professional clubs actually need to acquire (Carling
a section of the journal et al., 2013). A reason for this gap could be the low amount of research that combines both
Frontiers in Psychology quantitative and qualitative analyses (Sarmento et al., 2020). Though video analysis plays a key role
Received: 02 July 2021 for coaches to improve the performance of their own team and to analyze the opponents (Wright
Accepted: 04 August 2021 et al., 2012), professional football coaches still encounter problems that have yet to be addressed by
Published: 06 September 2021 research (Wright et al., 2014).
Citation: There is one suitable tool that brings data and scientific research closer to answering the
Aguado-Méndez RD, tactical questions set out by the technical bodies: the “mixed methods” technique (Sarmento et al.,
González-Jurado JA, Reina-Gómez Á
2013a). This methodology is defined by Johnson and Onwuegbuzie (2007) as a way of conducting
and Otero-Saborido FM (2021)
Perceptions of Football Analysts
research that combines quantitative and qualitative research elements. According to Onwuegbuzie
Goal-Scoring Opportunity Predictions: (2012), it can provide added value by giving a more holistic overview of the collected data and
A Qualitative Case Study. by contextualizing the conclusions drawn from the quantitative analysis (Harper and McCunn,
Front. Psychol. 12:735167. 2017). Therefore, the quantitative-qualitative combination is a useful way of identifying not only
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.735167 “what happens in a match,” but also “why it happens,” based on the interpretations made by the
professionals of the sport in question (Halperin, 2018). Based experts (Bardin, 2008). Questions in the general section (Table 1)
on all the above, and because of the holistic nature that data were based on the work of Sarmento et al. (2015). This part of
triangulation brings to a study, mixed methods can be described the interview includes general game analysis questions that can
as contributing more than the mere sum of qualitative plus be used both for the own team analysis and the opponents.
quantitative approaches (Fetters and Freshwater, 2015). Questions in the specific section asked the analysts about the
The qualitative research method, such as interviews with the results of the study of Aguado-Méndez et al. (2020a). This latter
coaches and analysts, could help to develop practical applications work produced four predictive models of conceded goal-scoring
of research in game analysis. Despite the extensive literature opportunities based on the contextual, defensive, and offensive
existing on the match analysis (Hughes, 2008; Carling et al., variables in a 2017/2018 Spanish league case study.
2009), few studies have collected the opinions of coaches. The The results of four models were:
evidence that has been collected, for example, on the game
- Model 1: the probability of conceding goal-scoring
observations of the coaches (Sarmento et al., 2013b), the role
opportunities after “own half losing” was four times greater if
of performance analysis (Mackenzie and Cushion, 2013), and
this took place between 0′ -15′ and 46′ -60′ than between 76′
their opinions regarding detected game patterns (Sarmento
and 90′ .
et al., 2016) is still insufficient compared to a large number of
- Model 2: the probability of conceding a goal-scoring
quantitative football studies.
opportunity after “own half losing” was almost three times
Qualitative case studies make it easier for the coaches to
greater if the opponent only gave 0 or 1 pass to finish the move
actually apply scientific findings. Indeed, the results are related
than if it gave five or more passes take place.
to the real and specific technical-tactical contexts rather than
- Model 3: the probability of conceding a goal-scoring
being generalized (Ruddock et al., 2019). In this sense, the present
opportunity in the second half was three times greater if
qualitative study used as a reference, the results of a study on
the loss of the ball took place by a “steal” than by a
the Spanish La Liga team characterized by a high ball-possession
“forced mistake.”
profile. The study concluded by advancing a prediction of the
- Model 4: the probability of a goal-scoring opportunity
conceded goal-scoring opportunities, based on the contextual,
conceded being a goal was almost half as likely to result in a
defensive, and offensive variables (Aguado-Méndez et al., 2020b).
draw as in a win.
Therefore, the objectives of the present study were as followed:
In the present research, the analysts were asked about the “causes”
• First, to understand how the specialists participating in the
and “solutions” they would offer as analysts in each of the four
study perceived the game analysis with respect to their own
models (Table 2).
team and the opponents.
• And second, to examine the tactical interpretation of the
analysts of the quantitative data based on a study that focused Category System
on conceded goal-scoring opportunities. A category system was first elaborated (González et al., 2020)
following the steps established by Braun and Clarke (2006). To
MATERIALS AND METHODS test it, three interviews were coded based on the predefined
category system. Following this pilot coding, the system was
Design configured based on five distinct parts (one for the general
The selected methodology was qualitative using the semi- section with four questions, and four others with questions on
structured interviews with open-ended responses (Smith and the cause and solution of each model of the study that they
Caddick, 2012). were being asked about). After analyzing the interviews, the most
frequent answers were established as categories. Figure 1 shows
Participants the relationship between the questions of the specific section and
The participants were nine football analysts. Of the nine its categories.
participants, seven were working for the professional teams (Liga
Santander, Liga Smartbank), one was part of the Second Division
B team of Spain (Segunda División B), and the other was part Data Collection
of the Third Division team (Tercera División) during the 2019– Interviews were conducted and recorded via videoconference
2020 season. They were all in possession of the senior title of with experts. Coaches previously received a video summary of the
football coach and had served as such throughout their career. analysis data they were going to be asked about. Each interview
The study protocol was approved and followed the guidelines lasted for approximately 45 min and recordings were made for
stated by the Ethics Committee of the Research Center of Sport the subsequent transcription and analysis in Atlas TI version
Sciences at University Pablo de Olavide, based at Seville (Spain) 8.4.5. The analysts were given time to clarify their thoughts and
and conformed to the recommendations of the Declaration rewrite their answers.
of Helsinki. The authors confirm that the data supporting the
findings of this study are available within the article and/or
Instruments its Supplementary Material. This study has followed the
A semi-structured interview comprising of a general section and Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research
a specific section was designed by three game analysis research (COREQ) checklist.
Questions Categories
1. Importance of analyzing matches Importance of own team analysis
Fundamental
2. Analyst features Ability to synthesize
Understanding of the game
Clear observation methodology
Objectivity
3. Most important aspects to analyse matches Adapting to the coach
Phases of the opponent game
Opponent’s strong and weak points
4. Data provider information Relevance Distances
Contextual factors: minute
Goal-scoring opportunities
Problems Provider heterogeneity
Overly long reports
Future Custom data
Prediction/probability
TABLE 2 | Questions and categories of the specific section of the interview based but not so much in the case of another, the value being lower.
on the four predictive models of conceded goal-scoring opportunities. Therefore, greater uniformity is needed both for opportunities and
in all performance indicators (participant 6).
Model 1: Minute and loss zone
Questions Categories
Cause Concentration Answers on the prospective “future” were organized in two
Minute—Loyalty to coach ideas dimensions. First, “custom data” adapting it to the characteristics
Style of play of each team, second, “predict the opponent’s behaviors
Opponent according to the phase of the game.”
Solution Concentration
Style of play A great breakthrough would be the adding of probabilities, to
Pressure after losing predict what can happen in certain situations. I think that means
Model 2: Duration and loss zone and percentages describe what has already happened and cannot
Questions Categories
be changed, but ideally, it should anticipate what can happen in
certain situations so we can work on it (participant 6).
Cause Physical aspects
Opponent players participating/counterattack speed
Team positioning The second objective of this study was to “examine the analysts’
Pressure after loss tactical interpretation of a study’s quantitative data on conceded
Solution Style of play goal-scoring opportunities.” The questions posed to the analysts
Pressure after losing concerned the four predictive models about the conceded goal-
Model 3: Steal and minute scoring opportunities. Participants were asked about the “causes”
Questions Categories and “solutions” in the case of each model (Table 2).
Cause Physical aspects A first descriptive analysis (Figure 3) shows that the causes
Concentration most frequently given in the four predictive models were
Style of play “Concentration” (14) “Style of play,” (8) and “Opponent”
Opponent
(8). Other causes that obtained a lower percentage were
Concentration
“Conditioning factors,” “Team positioning,” and “Opponents
Pressure after losing
taking part/counterattacking speed.” With regard to the
Solution Style of play
“solutions” proposed by analysts in each predictive model, “Style
of play” (19), “Pressure after losing” (8), and “Exercise with
Pressure after losing
conditioner score” (6) obtained the highest response rates. The
Model 4: Match status
variables “Concentration” (2) and “Opponent” (1) were the
Questions Categories
lowest mentioned solutions.
Cause Concentration
Moreover, beyond a quantitative analysis, the co-occurrence
Style of play
analysis technique allowed the design of a network of
Opponent
relationships between “causes” and “solutions” in the four
Solution Style of play
predictive models (Figure 4).
Opponent
The “Style of play” category seems to be the most decisive for
Scoreboard conditioned tasks
analysts as it is included in both the “causes” (in model 1, 3, and
4) and “solutions” (for all four models). A highly representative
example is the response of interviewee four when asked about
the solution in model 1. This model predicted four times greater
ends, because when you start to improve that aspect, you get closer
to achieving results (participant 2). chance of receiving a goal-scoring opportunity after losing in
his own half at intervals 0′ -15′ and 45′ -60′ than in 75′ -90′ )
(Aguado-Méndez et al., 2020a).
Regarding the problems, the analysts agreed on the prominence
of two issues: “Overly long reports” and “Data heterogeneity.”
One form of intervention may be to change the system. In addition,
I am very critical of such long reports because despite the great I would do conditional tasks to provoke movements and situations
quantity of data, it does not mean that it provides the information to my advantage. We also modify these rules according to the
you need (participant 4). exercise’s outcome (participant 4).
Regarding “Heterogeneity among suppliers” the response of Likewise, according to responses of analysts, the “opponent”
interviewee six was highly illustrative: category was considered an important cause. The interviewees
placed this category as a “cause” for three models (1, 3, and
We should define the concept of goal opportunity more clearly for 4), as well as the “solution” in model 4. In this model, it was
data providers. We encountered the problem that for a provider, predicted that it was two times more likely that the conceded
a move was a clear goal opportunity: a high xG was attributed opportunity would end in a goal with a favorable result rather
FIGURE 1 | Answer frequency of the categories of the first three questions for Objective 1.
than a tie. An example of how the “opponent” influences this opportunity by stealing a ball was two-times as high than by a
model is exemplified by participants four and six. bad pass due to pressure in the second half.
Real Betis team, even when leading on the scoreboard, did not It may be due to over-relaxation during those minutes. Perhaps
the fact of adopting a very horizontal style, pausing a lot when in
changes its idea of play very much, while the opponent was taking
possession of the ball also led to a lack of energy during the match
steps forward to achieve a tie, and that can lead to receiving more
goal-scoring opportunities (participant 6). (participant 8).
their own team and the opponent team. The content analysis performance. This opinion is in line with the specialized
of the responses showed that they believed that the analysis literature that considers that, due to their greater frequency,
of both their own team and the opponent was important. A goal-scoring opportunities are a better indication of football
total of seven of the nine participants all rated the analysis performance than the number of goals (Reina and Hernández-
of the game as “fundamental.” Supporting this “fundamental” Mendo, 2012; González-Ródenas et al., 2016; Pratas et al.,
nature of the analysis, in recent years, scientific publications have 2018). Analysts have, however, unanimously considered that
been highlighting match analysis as a way of optimizing the no performance indicator is actually useful for coaches if it is
preparation phase of competitions (Hughes and Franks, 2004) included in “overly long reports.” In relation to this problem,
and of building an understanding of the complexity of sports Castelo (2009) points to the importance that analysts select the
(Brito Souza et al., 2019). most relevant information, adopting a global perspective, so that
The “Understanding of the game” and a “Clear observation it can be useful to prepare for the matches.
methodology” were considered as essential skills for the tactical Regarding the future of game analysis, participants considered
analysts. This result is consistent with various works that have it to be the key to “customize the data” in the future, by
underscored the key role of disposing of a good observation tool adapting it to the characteristics of their own team as well as
to collect information in a structured way using the predefined “predicting opponent behaviors” according to the phase of the
categories (Sarmento et al., 2013b). The “Phases of the game” game. A number of studies have already been carried out in which
and the “Strengths and weaknesses” were regarded as the major different variables have been studied to predict the probability
aspects to study when analyzing the opponent team. These results of scoring a goal (Tenga et al., 2010), of being conceded a goal-
support the study of Carling et al. (2008). In addition, it has scoring opportunity (Aguado-Méndez et al., 2020a), and the
been shown that once the coach obtains this data, using this result of the match (Lago-Peñas et al., 2011).
information in mobile sessions helps players to better know and Regarding the second objective, the participants interpreted
understand their opponent (Carling et al., 2005). the predictive models obtained in the study of Aguado-Méndez
Moreover, within this first objective of understanding et al. (2020a). These models were obtained after analyzing the
the perceptions of analysts, they considered “Goal-scoring conceded goal-scoring opportunities of the Real Betis in the
opportunities” as the most relevant indicator of match analysis Spanish league 2017/2018 according to contextual, defensive,
and offensive variables through a validated instrument of interaction between the contextual variables as the match status
observational methodology. and quality of opposition, and venue and quality of opposition
The quantitative data of the predictions found in the were studied by Fernández-Navarro et al. (2018) determining
mentioned study answer the questions: “what is happening” its influence in styles of play in soccer match play. Further, in
and “what could happen” in the match. On the other hand, a study that analyzed the style of play of the 20 teams of La
understanding the functional logic of the game plays a major Liga in Spain in the 2016–2017 season, Castellano and Pic (2019)
role in match analysis. Therefore, the interpretation made by the concluded that the realities of the competition forced the teams
interviewees of the causes of those predictive models could help to adapt to contextual variables (opponent, location, position
to answer the question of “why they happen” within the style of in the classification, etc.) in order to succeed. Consequently, it
play of a particular football team. seems advisable to direct the training toward developing the
The network of relationships between “causes” and “solutions” flexible and adaptable styles of play to intra- and inter-match
indicated that the “Style of play” was the most decisive category dynamics. It is thus unsurprising that the participants determined
across all the models (Figure 1). Hewitt et al. (2016) define the the modification of the “style of play” as a “solution” in the four
style of play as a characteristic pattern of a team cutting across predictive models, adapting to the opponent and the evolution of
all the five moments of the game (offense, offensive transition, the outcome of the match to achieve successful results.
defense, defensive transition, and set pieces). Describing and Directly related to the above, the analysts considered the
measuring the different styles of play that soccer teams can adopt “opponent” category as a major “cause,” as it was the originator in
during a match is a very important step toward a more predictive the three models (1, 3, and 4). This latter finding is in accordance
and prescriptive performance analysis (Lago-Peñas et al., 2018). with the study of Lago-Peñas (2009) that found the opponent
According to the patterns shown in these five moments of the team does change the way they play the match according to the
game, teams can be defined, and associated with the performance minute, result, place, etc., thus succeeding in creating difficulties
indicators (Fernández-Navarro et al., 2016; Gómez-Ruano et al., for the team that does not manage to adapt in the same way.
2018). For analysts, the “cause” in models 1, 3, and 4 (Table 2) The “Pressure after loss” category, i.e., the defensive transition,
was not adapting the “style of play” of this team—that had an stood out as a “solution” in models 1, 2, and 3. The importance
associative style—to the contextual variables of the match. The of properly performing the defensive transitions was reported
FIGURE 4 | Relationship between causes and solutions in the four predictive models.
in a study conducted on the German Bundesliga. This latter Finally, the “Physical aspects” category was the “cause” of the
work showed that the best teams regained possession faster goal-scoring opportunities conceded in models 2 and 3. Indeed,
than lower-level teams (Vogelbein et al., 2014). In addition, the this category affects the ball action accuracy as well as decision-
“concentration” category, which encompasses the psychological making, because it reduces the precision of ball actions and
or emotional aspects, was a “cause” in three models (models 1, dexterity generally. The review by Alghannam (2012) shows how
3, and 4) and a “solution” in models 1 and 3. In this line, the physical performance decreases throughout the match due to
specialized literature has previously shown how psychological accumulated fatigue. However, a recent study shows that if we
factors can affect the performance of football teams (Pain and consider effective time (i.e., not counting interruptions) rather
Harwood, 2007). than total playing time, the differences in terms of distances
traveled at different speeds are much smaller between the first play that is able to adapt to the opponent, contextual factors, and
and second half of the match (Rey et al., 2020). In addition, adequate pressure after losing the ball have been considered key
the distance traveled at a high intensity (21–24 km/h) and sprint aspects to optimize the performance of a team.
(>24 km/h) between the first and second part of the match
depends on the demarcation, with midfielders and attackers DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
decreasing their performance in the second half. Therefore,
fatigue could explain the increase in ball inaccuracy as well as the The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be
worse decision-making of the players. But it would be incorrect made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
to conclude that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between
these factors. In any event, the contributions of qualitative studies ETHICS STATEMENT
based on the opinions of football professionals are essential
to build an understanding of the quantitative data, not only The studies involving human participants were reviewed
regarding the “physical aspects” category, but also the functional and approved by Ethics Committee of the Research Center
logic of the game, globally (Wright et al., 2014, 2016; Sarmento of Sport Sciences at University Pablo de Olavide, based
et al., 2015, 2020). at Seville (Spain) and conformed to the recommendations
of the Declaration of Helsinki. The patients/participants
CONCLUSIONS provided their written informed consent to participate in
this study.
The objectives of the present study were first, to explore the
general perceptions of the analysis of own team as well as of the AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
opponent team, and second, to analyze the tactical interpretation
of the quantitative data based on a study on conceded goal- RA-M: conceptualization, formal analysis, and visualization.
scoring opportunities. The analysts who participated in this study RA-M and FO-S: methodology, investigation, and
found that it was fundamental to analyze their own team and writing—original draft preparation. JG-J and RA-M: software.
the opponent team. Indeed, the “Understanding of the game” ÁR-G and FO-S: validation, resources, writing—review and
and a “Clear observation methodology” represented essential editing, and data curation. FO-S and JG-J: resources and
skills that tactical analysts need to put into practice. From these writing—review and editing. JG-J: supervision. ÁR-G: project
results, we emphasize the rigor and systematization that should administration. All authors have read and agreed to the published
characterize the observation phase in order to detect patterns of version of the manuscript.
behavior of our own team and of our opponents, with the aim
of intervening afterward through the training for the preparation SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
of the match. In addition, the causes and/or solutions that the
surveyed analysts attributed to some of the predictive models of The Supplementary Material for this article can be found
the case under study were: adaptability of the “Style of play” itself online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.
to the “Opponent”; and “Pressure after loss.” Therefore, a style of 2021.735167/full#supplementary-material
REFERENCES Carling, C., Wright, C., Nelson, L. J., and Bradley, P. S. (2013). Comment on
“Performance analysis in football: a critical review and implications for future
Aguado-Méndez, R. D., González-Jurado, J. A., Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E., and Otero- research.” J. Sports Sci. 32, 2–7. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.807352
Saborido, F. M. (2020b). Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., Nelsen, L., and Reilly, T. (2008). The
in football: a study case in the Spanish La Liga. Qual. Quant. 55, 1477–1496. role of motion analysis in elite soccer: contemporary performance
doi: 10.1007/s11135-020-01066-7 measurements techniques and work rate data. Sports Med. 38, 839–862.
Aguado-Méndez, R. D., González-Jurado, J. A., and Otero-Saborido, F. (2020a). doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838100-00004
Análisis observacional de goles recibidos por el Real Betis en LaLiga: estudio de Castellano, J., and Pic, M. (2019). Identification and preference of game styles
caso. Retos 38, 355–362. doi: 10.47197/retos.v38i38.76216 in laliga associated with match outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
Alghannam, A. F. (2012). Metabolic limitations of performance and fatigue in 16:5090. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245090
football. Asian J. Sports Med. 3, 65–73. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.34699 Castelo, J. (2009). Futebol - Organização Dinâmica do jogo, 3rd Edn. Centro de
Bardin, L. (2008). Análise de Conteúdo, 5a Edn. Edições 70. Estudos de Futebol da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologia.
Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Fernández-Navarro, J., Fradua, L., Zubillaga, A., Ford, P. R., and McRobert,
Psychol. 3, 77–101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa A. (2016). Attacking and defensive styles of play in soccer: analysis
Brito Souza, D., López-Del Campo, R., Blanco, H., Resta, R., and Del Coso, J. of Spanish and English elite teams. J. Sports Sci. 34, 2195–2204.
(2019). A new paradigm to understand success in professional football: analysis doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1169309
of match statistics in LaLiga for 8 complete seasons. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport Fernández-Navarro, J., Fradua, L., Zubillaga, A., and McRobert, A. (2018).
19, 543–555. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1632580 Influence of contextual variables on styles of play in soccer. Int. J. Perform. Anal.
Carling, C., Reilly, T., and Williams, A. (2009). Performance Assessment for Field Sport 18, 423–436. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1479925
Sports. Routledge. Fetters, M. D., and Freshwater, D. (2015). Publishing a Methodological
Carling, C., Williams, A., and Reilly, T. (2005). Handbook of Soccer Match Analysis: Mixed Methods Research Article. J. Mix. Methods Res. 9, 203–213.
A Systematic Approach to Improving Performance. Abigdon: Routledge. doi: 10.1177/1558689815594687
Gómez-Ruano, M. Á., Mitrotasios, M., Armatas, V., and Lago-Peñas, C. (2018). F.C. Internazionale Milano -Un enfoque de Mixed Methods. Cuadern. Psicol.
Analysis of playing styles according to team quality and match location Depor. 16, 31–42. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868731
in Greek professional soccer. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 8, 986–997. Sarmento, H., Barbosa, A., Anguera, M. T., Campaniço, J., and Leitão,
doi: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1539382 J. (2013a). “Regular patterns of play in the counter-attack of the FC
González, D. H., López-pastor, V. M., Carlos, J., and Arribas, M. (2020). La Barcelona and Manchester united football teams,” in eds D. P. and P.
Evaluación formativa y compartida en contextos de aprendizaje cooperativo O’Donoghue Performance Analysis of Sport IX (Abdingdon: Routledge), 57–64.
en Educación Física en Primaria. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte. 15, 213–222. doi: 10.4324/9780203080443
doi: 10.12800/ccd.v15i44.1463 Sarmento, H., Bradley, P., and Travassos, B. (2015). The transition from match
González-Ródenas, J., Lopez-Bondia, I., Calabuig, F., Pérez-Turpín, J. A., and analysis to intervention: optimising the coaching process in elite futsal. Int. J.
Aranda, R. (2016). Association between playing tactics and creating scoring Perform. Anal. Sport 15, 471–488. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2015.11868807
opportunities in counterattacks from United States Major League Soccer games. Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Araújo, D., Davids, K., McRobert, A., and
Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 16, 737–752. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868920 Figueiredo, A. (2017). What performance analysts need to know about research
Halperin, I. (2018). Case studies in exercise and sport sciences: a powerful trends in Association Football (2012–2016): a systematic review. Sports Med.
tool to bridge the science-practice gap. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 48, 799–836. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0836-6
doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0185. [Epub ahead of print]. Sarmento, H., Clemente, F. M., Gonçalves, E., Harper, L. D., Dias, D., and
Harper, L. D., and McCunn, R. (2017). ‘Hand in Glove’: using qualitative methods Figueiredo, A. (2020). Analysis of the offensive process of AS Monaco
to connect research and practice. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 127, 990–993. professional soccer team: a mixed-method approach. Chaos Solit. Fract.
doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0081 133:109676. doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109676
Hewitt, A., Greenham, G., and Norton, K. I. (2016). Game style in soccer: Sarmento, H., Pereira, A., Campaniço, J., Anguera, M. T., and Leitão, J. (2013b).
What is it and can we quantify it? Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport. 16, 355–372. “Soccer match analysis: a qualitative study with portuguese first league coaches,”
doi: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868892 in Performance Analysis of Sport IX, eds D. Peters and P. O’Donoghue
Hughes, M. (2008). “Sport analysis,” in The Essentials of Performance Analysis. An (Abdingdon: Routledge), 10–16.
Introduction, eds M. Hughes and I. Franks (Abdingdon: Routledge), 367–380. Smith, B., and Caddick, N. (2012). Qualitative methods in sport: a concise overview
Hughes, M., and Franks, I. (2004). Notational analysis of sport: systems for guiding social scientific sport research. Asia Pacif. J. Sport Soc. Sci. 1, 60–73.
for better coaching and performance in sport. J. Sports Sci. Med. 3:104. doi: 10.1080/21640599.2012.701373
doi: 10.4324/9780203641958 Tenga, A., Holme, I., Ronglan, L. T., and Bahr, R. (2010). Effect of playing tactics
Johnson, R. B., and Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed on goal scoring in Norwegian professional soccer. J. Sports Sci. 28, 237–244.
methods research. J. Mix. Methods Res. 1, 112–113. https://doi.org/10.1177 doi: 10.1080/02640410903502774
%2F1558689806298224 Vogelbein, M., Nopp, S., and Hökelmann, A. (2014). Defensive transition in
Lago-Peñas, C. (2009). The influence of match location, quality of opposition, soccer - are prompt possession regains a measure of success? A quantitative
and match status on possession strategies in professional association football. analysis of German Fußball-Bundesliga 2010/2011. J. Sports Sci. 32, 1076–1083.
J. Sports Sci. 27, 1463–1469. doi: 10.1080/02640410903131681 doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.879671
Lago-Peñas, C., Gómez-Ruano, M. Á., and Yang, G. (2018). Styles of play in Wright, C., Atkins, S., and Jones, B. (2012). An analysis of elite coaches’
professional soccer: an approach of the Chinese Soccer Super League. Int. J. engagement with performance analysis services (match, notational
Perform. Anal. Sport 17, 1073–1084. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1431857 analysis and technique analysis). Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 12, 436–451.
Lago-Peñas, C., Lago-Ballesteros, J., and Rey, E. (2011). Differences in performance doi: 10.1080/24748668.2012.11868609
indicators between winning and losing teams in the UEFA Champions League. Wright, C., Carling, C., and Collins, D. (2014). The wider context of performance
J. Hum. Kinet. 27, 135–146. doi: 10.2478/v10078-011-0011-3 analysis and it application in the football coaching process. Int. J. Perform. Anal.
Mackenzie, R., and Cushion, C. (2013). “Performance analysis in professional Sport 14, 709–733. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2014.11868753
soccer: Player and coach perspectives,” in Performance Analysis of Sport IX, eds Wright, C., Carling, C., Lawlor, C., and Collins, D. (2016). Elite football player
D. Peters and P. O’Donoghue (Abdingdon: Routledge), 10–16. engagement with performance analysis. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 16,
Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2012). Introduction: putting the MIXED back into 1007–1032. doi: 10.1080/24748668.2016.11868945
quantitative and qualitative research in educational research and beyond:
moving toward the radical middle. Int. J. Mult. Res. Approaches 6, 192–219. Conflict of Interest: ÁR-G was employed by football club “Watford Football
doi: 10.5172/mra.2012.6.3.192 Club”.
Pain, M. A., and Harwood, C. (2007). The performance environment
of the England youth soccer teams. J. Sports Sci. 25, 1307–1324. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of
doi: 10.1080/02640410601059622 any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential
Pratas, J. M., Volossovitch, A., and Carita, A. I. (2018). Goal scoring in conflict of interest.
elite male football: a systematic review. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. 13, 218–230.
doi: 10.14198/jhse.2018.131.19 Publisher’s Note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors
Reina, A., and Hernández-Mendo, A. (2012). Revisión de indicadores de and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of
rendimiento en fútbol. Rev. Iberoamer. Cienc. Activ. Físic. Depor. 1, 1–14.
the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208
this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or
Rey, E., Kalén, A., Lorenzo-Martínez, M., Campo, R. L.-D., Nevado-Garrosa, F.,
and Lago-Peñas, C. (2020). Elite soccer players do not cover less distance in the endorsed by the publisher.
second half of the matches when game interruptions are vol page. J. Strength
Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003935. [Epub ahead of print]. Copyright © 2021 Aguado-Méndez, González-Jurado, Reina-Gómez and Otero-
Ruddock, A. D., Boyd, C., Winter, E. M., and Ranchordas, M. (2019). Saborido. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Considerations for the scientific support process and applications Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in
to case studies. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 14, 134–138. other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s)
doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0616 are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance
Sarmento, H., Anguera, M. T., Pereira, A., Campaniço, J., and Leitão, J. (2016). with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted
Patrones de juego en el ataque rápido de F.C. Barcelona, Manchester United y which does not comply with these terms.
6.1 Discusión
El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue abordar las variables técnico-tácticas que
condicionan el rendimiento en fútbol, analizando cuantitativa y cualitativamente los
aspectos que influyen en el mismo.
107
(Fedushko et al., 2020). Los proveedores están evolucionando para acercarse cada vez
más a las necesidades de los entrenadores y analistas.
108
probabilidad de recibir ocasión de gol tras pérdida en campo propio era 4 veces mayor
en los intervalos 0’-15’ y 45’-60’ que en el 75’-90’). Este hecho podría explicarse por el
mayor nivel físico de los equipos rivales en la 1ª parte al presionar la salida de balón
(Izzo et al., 2020). Con esta técnica de análisis predictivo también se halló que la
probabilidad de recibir ocasión de gol cuando se perdía el balón en campo propio es
considerablemente mayor cuantos menos jugadores y pases rivales intervienen en la
jugada y, por tanto, menos tiempo era empleado en la misma. Este patrón podría
explicarse por perder la posesión de balón cuando se está realizando la salida hacia
zonas más avanzadas en transición ofensiva produciendo un desequilibrio defensivo que
vuelve al equipo más débil para volver a defender ataques rápidos del rival. En esta línea
González-Ródenas et al. (2015). encontró en su investigación en la MLS como los
contraataques eran la forma de ataque más efectiva pero sólo cuando el equipo estaba
desequilibrado defensivamente.
109
como principal causa en algunos de los modelos predictivos del caso analizado.
Castellano y Pic (2019) ya evidenciaron la importancia de tener la capacidad de adaptar
tu forma de jugar a las distintas circunstancias que se dan en un partido (rival,
localización, nivel, etc.). La ‘presión tras pérdida’, haciendo referencia a la transición
defensiva, fue el principal foco que los expertos sugirieron donde buscar soluciones. La
importancia de realizar adecuadamente las transiciones defensivas se reportó en una
investigación realizada en la Bundesliga alemana, donde se demostró que los mejores
equipos recuperaban la posesión más rápidamente que los equipos de menor nivel
(Vogelbein et al., 2014).
6.2 Conclusiones
Las conclusiones obtenidas a partir de los objetivos planteados en los estudios
realizados en la presente tesis doctoral son las siguientes:
1. Conclusiones:
1.1. Los análisis descriptivos son mucho más frecuentes que los comparativos y
predictivos.
1.2. LaLiga española y Premier League inglesa fueron las competiciones más
estudiadas.
1.3. 'Modelo de juego', ‘variables contextuales' (con análisis descriptivo) y
'demarcación' (mediante análisis comparativo) son los objetivos más utilizados
en los 28 estudios que utilizan los proveedores de datos en las ligas regulares
de élite.
110
Artículo 2, “Análisis observacional de goles recibidos por el Real Betis en LaLiga: estudio
de caso”.
2. Conclusiones:
2.1. El intervalo comprendido entre los minutos 76´ y 90´ e ir perdiendo son
condicionantes que provocan el aumento de goles encajados.
2.2. A nivel defensivo, la mayoría de los goles encajados fueron por pérdidas
mediante robo del rival en zonas cercanas a la propia portería.
2.3. En cuanto al ataque rival, las jugadas con pocos pases tuvieron éxito con más
frecuencia, estando presente esta característica en jugadas de contraataque,
por lo que se sugiere una adecuada presión para cortar o retrasar el ataque rival
permitiendo reorganizar la defensa.
Objetivos: analizar las ocasiones de gol durante una temporada completa por un equipo
de la Liga española con un estilo combinativo muy marcado durante la temporada
2017/2018. Así como investigar las diferencias entre las categorías que integran las
variables contextuales, ofensivas y defensivas en las ocasiones de gol recibidas;
comprobar las relaciones entre las variables técnico-tácticas en las ocasiones de gol
recibidas; y predecir las probabilidades de que se produzcan ocasiones de gol a partir de
modelos explicativos integrados por las diferentes variables.
111
3. Conclusiones:
3.1. La pérdida de balón en campo propio es un factor determinante en las ocasiones
de gol recibidas. Las ocasiones de gol tras pérdida en campo propio pueden
predecirse a partir de otras variables como el minuto del partido dónde se
pierde el balón (primeros 15 minutos del primer y segundo tiempo), un bajo
número de pases en la elaboración de la ocasión y, por tanto, número de
jugadores y duración reducida de la jugada que antecede a la ocasión.
3.1.1. La probabilidad de recibir ocasión de gol tras pérdida en campo propio
es:
- 4 veces mayor en los intervalos 0’-15’ y 45’-60’ que en el 75’-90’.
- Casi 3 veces mayor si el rival sólo da 0 ó 1 pase para finalizar la jugada
que si da 5 o más pases.
- 15 veces mayor si el ataque rival dura entre 3 y 5”, y 5 veces mayor si
dura < 3” que si se durase > 9”.
- 7 veces mayor si produce con 1 jugador participando en la jugada que
si participan 5 o más.
3.2. Otros factores contextuales de las ocasiones de gol recibidas como el lugar del
partido, resultado momentáneo o minuto de la ocasión pudieran explicarse y,
por tanto, mejorarse a partir de otras variables tácticas como el tipo de ataque
recibido o la forma de pérdida del balón.
3.2.1. La probabilidad de recibir ocasión de gol en el 2º tiempo es 3 veces mayor
si produce la pérdida de balón por robo que por mal pase presionado.
3.2.2. La probabilidad de recibir ocasión de gol jugando como visitante es:
- 12 veces mayor si no hay ningún jugador propio por delante del balón, y
6 veces mayor con 2 jugadores que si hubiese 4 o más jugadores
- 2 veces mayor si el rival utiliza la forma de ataque combinado que si
utiliza el contraataque.
3.2.3. La probabilidad de que la ocasión recibida se materialice en gol es el
doble con resultado a favor que empatando.
112
Artículo 4, “Perceptions of football analysts goal-scoring opportunity predictions: a
qualitative case study”.
4. Conclusiones:
4.1. Los analistas otorgan un papel crucial al análisis del equipo propio y del rival.
4.2. Consideran la ‘comprensión del juego’ y ‘metodología de observación clara’ las
habilidades esenciales para ejercer como analista táctico.
4.3. La poca adaptabilidad del ‘modelo de juego’ propio ante el ‘rival’ es considerada
la principal causa de las ocasiones recibidas por el equipo analizado.
4.4. La principal solución propuesta para abordar los problemas que se planteaban
a los expertos según los modelos predictivos del caso analizado era la mejora
de la ‘presión tras pérdida’.
113
6.3 Aplicaciones prácticas
Se ha demostrado una vez más la MO como medio útil para el análisis del juego
y con ello ayudar entrenadores a minimizar las debilidades y potenciar las fortalezas
encontradas en la observación en situaciones reales de competición. Por ello, la
información extraída en los estudios realizados puede ser determinante para el
rendimiento posterior al facilitar la toma de decisiones a los distintos miembros del
cuerpo técnico.
114
optimizar el rendimiento a partir de las interpretaciones que formulen los profesionales
del deporte en cuestión para identificar no solo “qué sucede en un partido”, sino
también el “por qué sucede”.
7. Limitaciones
115
8. Futuras líneas de investigación
Tras ser expuestas tanto las conclusiones como las limitaciones, se sugiere como
futuras líneas de investigación:
116
9. Bibliografía
Aguado-Méndez, R. D., González-Jurado, J. A., Callejas-Jerónimo, J. E., & Otero-
Saborido, F. M. (2020). Analysis of the goal-scoring opportunities conceded in
football: a study case in the Spanish La Liga. Quality & Quantity.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01066-7
Aguado-Méndez, R. D., González-Jurado, J. A., & Otero-Saborido, F. M. (2020). Análisis
observacional de goles recibidos por el Real Betis en LaLiga: estudio de caso.
Retos, 38, 355–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.76216
Aiken, L. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131–142.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164485451012
Alberti, G., Iaia, F. P., Arceli, E., Cavaggioni, L., & Rampinini, E. (2013). Goal scoring
patterns in major European soccer leagues. , 9, 151-153. Sport Sciences for Health,
9, 151–153.
Almeida, C. H., Ferreira, A. P., & Volossovitch, A. (2014). Effects of match location,
match status and quality of opposition on regaining possession in UEFA
Champions League. Journal of Human Kinetics, 41, 2013–2214.
https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0048
Almond, L. (1983). Games making. Bulletin of Physical Education, 19(1), 32–35.
Anderson, C., & Sally, D. (2014). The numbers game: Why everything you know about
football is wrong (P. Books (ed.)).
Andújar, M. A. (2015). La transición defensiva en el fútbol de élite. Análisis de la Copa
Mundial de la FIFA Sudáfrica 2010. Universidad de A Coruña.
Anguera, M. T. (2009). Methodological observation in sport: Current situation and
challenges for the next future. Motricidade, 5(3), 15–25.
Anguera, M. T. (2010). Complementariedad metodológica en la investigación en
psicología: del enfrentamiento al continuum. Jornadas de Psicología Intervención
Psicológica En Problemas Sociales.
Anguera, M. T., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2013a). La metodología observacional en el
ámbito del deporte. Revista de Ciencias Del Deporte, 9(3), 135–160.
Anguera, M. T., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2013b). La metodología observacional en el
117
ámbito del deporte. E-Balonmano.Com: Revista de Ciencias Del Deporte, 9(3),
135–160.
Anguera, M. T., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2016). Avances en estudios observacionales
de ciencias del deporte desde los mixed methods. Cuadernos de Psicología Del
Deporte, 16(1), 17–30.
Ardá, A., & Casal, C. (2003). Metodología de la enseñanza del fútbol. Paidotribo.
Ardá, A., Maneiro, R., Rial, A., Losada, J. L., & Casal, C. (2014). Análisis de la eficacia de
los saques de esquina en la copa del mundo de fútbol 2010. Un intento de
identificación de variables explicativas. Revista de Psicología Del Deporte, 23(1),
165–172.
Armatas, V., Giannakos, A., Skoufas, D., & Papadopoulou, S. (2009). Evaluation of goals
scored in top ranking soccer matches: Greek “Superleague” 2006-07. Serbian
Journal of Sports Sciences, February.
Armatas, V., & Yiannakos, A. (2010). Analyis and evaluation of goals scored in 2006
World Cup. Journal of Sport And Health Research, 2(2), 119–128.
Armatas, V., Yiannakos, A., & Sileloglou, P. (2007). Relationship between time and goal
scoring in soccer games: Analysis of three World Cups. International Journal of
Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(2), 48–58.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868396
Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Observing interaction. An Introduction to
Sequential Analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527685
Balagué, N., & Torrents, C. (2011). Complejidad y deporte (Rendimiento deportivo).
INDE.
Bayer, C. (1986). La enseñanza de los juegos deportivos colectivos (Hispano-Eu).
Bishop, D. (2008). An applied research model for the sports sciences. Sports Medicine,
38(3), 253–263.
Blanco-Villaseñor, Á. (1997). Metodologías cualitativas en la investigación psicológica.
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
Blázquez, D. (1986). Iniciación a los deportes de equipo. Ediciones Martínez Roca.
Bonfonti, M., & Pereni, A. (2002). Fútbol a balón parado. Ed. Paidotribo.
Brechot, M., & Flepp, R. (2020). Dealing With Randomness in Match Outcomes: How to
118
Rethink Performance Evaluation in European Club Football Using Expected Goals.
Journal of Sports Economics, 21(4), 335–362.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002519897962
Calduch Cervera, R. (2014). Métodos y técnicas de investigación en relaciones
internacionales. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-55163/2Metodos.pdf
Cano, O. (2000). Entrenamiento global basado en la interpretación del juego.
Wanceulen.
Cano, O. (2012). El juego de posición del FC Barcelona. McSport.
Carling, C., Bloomfield, J., Nelsen, L., & Reilly, T. (2008). The role of motion analysis in
elite soccer: contemporary performance measurements techniques and work rate
data. Sports Medicine, 38(10), 839–862. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-
200838100-00004
Carling, C., & Dupont, G. (2011). Are declines in physical performance associated with a
reduction in skill-related performance during professional Football match-play?
Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1), 63–71.
Carling, C., Reilly, T., & Williams, A. (2009). Performance assessment for field sports.
Routledge.
Carling, C., Wright, C., Nelson, L. J., & Bradley, P. S. (2013). Comment on “Performance
analysis in football: A critical review and implications for future research.” Journal
of Sports Sciences, 32(1), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.807352
Caro, O. (2014). Análisis de los espacios de juego en el fútbol profesional y su
extrapolación al diseño de las tareas de entrenamiento. Universidad de Granada,
Granada.
Casáis, L., & Lago-Ballesteros, J. (2006). Análisis de los procesos ofensivos que llevan al
gol en el fútbol: orientaciones para el entrenamiento táctico. Training Fútbol, 128.
Castellano, J., Alvarez-Pastor, D., & Bradley, P. S. (2014). Evaluation of research using
computerised tracking systems (amisco® and prozone®) to analyse physical
performance in elite soccer: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 44(5), 701–
712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0144-3
Castellano, Julen. (2000). Observación y análisis de la acción de juego en el fútbol.
Universidad del País Vasco.
119
Castellano, Julen. (2008). Análisis de las posesiones de balón en fútbol: frecuencia ,
duración y transición. Motricidad. European Journal of Human Movement, 21,
179–196.
Castellano, Julen, & Casamichana, D. (2016). El arte de planificar en el fútbol.
FutbolDLibro.
Castellano, Julen, & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2015). La Observación aplicada en
diferentes ámbitos de la actividad física y el deporte: los fundamentos de base.
Revista Española de Educación Física Deportes, 409, 15–19.
http://reefd.es/index.php/reefd/article/download/84/84
Castellano, Julen, & Pic, M. (2019). Identification and Preference of Game Styles in
LaLiga Associated with Match Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 16, 5090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245090
Castelo, J. (1994). Futebol. Modelo técnico-táctico do jogo. Universida técnica de
Lisboa.
Castelo, J. (1999). Fútbol: estructura y dinámica del juego. INDE Publicaciones.
Collet, C. (2013). The possession game? A comparative analysis of ball retention and
team success in European and international football, 2007–2010. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 31, 123–136.
Conde, M. (2010). Transición ataque-defensa. Pautas táctico-emocionales. MC Sport.
Davids, K., Button, C., Araújo, D., Renshaw, I., & Hristovski, R. (2006). Movement
models from sports provide representative task constraints fot studying adaptive
behaviour in human movement studies. Adapt Behav, 14.
https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230601400103
Daza, G., Andrés, A., & Tarragó, R. (2017). Match statistics as predictors of team’s
performance in elite competitive handball. RICYDE: Revista Internacional de
Ciencias Del Deporte, 13(48), 149–161.
Delgado Bordonau, J., & Mendez Villanueva, J. (2018). Tactical Periodization. A proven
successful training model. Soccer Tutor.
Duarte, R., Araujo, D., Folgado, H., Esteves, P., Marques, P., & Davids, K. (2013).
Capturing complex, non-linear team behaviours during competitive football
performance. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity, 26(1), 62–72.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2290-3
120
Espar, F. (2004). Entrenamiento de la táctica. Apuntes del Máster de Alto Rendimiento
en Deportes Colectivos. INEFC-FCB-Byomedic.
Espino, C. (2017). Análisis predictivo: técnicas y modelos utilizados y aplicaciones del
mismo - herramientas Open Source que permiten su uso. Universidad Oberta de
Catalunya.
Etxebeste, J., & Castellano, J. (2005). Avances en los estudios sobre la acción motriz. In
Á. M. González (Ed.), Avances en Ciencias del Deporte (pp. 23–43). Universidad del
País Vasco.
Eugster, M. J., Gertheiss, J., & Kaiser, S. (2010). Having the second leg at home –
advantage in the UEFA champions league knockout phase? Ournal of Quantitative
Analysis in Sports, 7(1), 1–9.
Fedushko, S., Mastykash, O., Syerov, Y., & Peracek, T. (2020). Model of user data
analysis complex for the management of diverse web projects during crises.
Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 10(24), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249122
Fetters, M. D., & Freshwater, D. (2015). Publishing a Methodological Mixed Methods
Research Article. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 9(3), 203–213.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815594687
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003). Statistical methods for rates and proportions.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471445428
Frade, V. (1985). Alta competiçao no futebol-que exigencias do tipo metodológico.
Facultad de Deporte de la Universidad de Porto.
Frade, V. (2000). A interacçao invariante estructural da estructura do rendimento do
futebol, como objecto de conhecimento científico- Uma porposta de explicitaçao
de causalidade. Oporto.
Garganta, J. (1997a). Modelaçao táctica do jogo de Futebol. Estudo da organizaçao da
fase ofensiva em equipas de alto rendimiento. Univesidade do Porto.
Garganta, J. (1997b). Modelaçao táctica do jogo de Futebol. Estudo da organizaçao da
fase ofensiva em equipas de alto rendimiento (Tesis Doctoral). Universidade do
Porto.
Garganta, J. (2000). Análisis del juego en el fútbol: El recorrido evolutivo de las
concepciones, métodos e instrumentos. Red: Revista De Entrenamiento
121
Deportivo, 14(2), 5–14.
Gómez, M., & Álvaro, J. (2003). El tiempo de posesión como variable no determinante
del resultado en los partidos de fútbol. El Entrenador Español, 97, 39–57.
González-Ródenas, J. (2013). Análisis del rendimiento táctico en el juego colectivo
ofensivo en fútbol en la Copa del Mundo 2010 (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de
Valencia.
González-Ródenas, J., Aranda, R., Tudela, A., Sanz, E., Crespo, J., & Aranda, R. (2020).
Pasado, presente y futuro del análisis de goles en el fútbol profesional. Retos, 37,
774–785.
González-Ródenas, J., López-Bondía, I., Calabuig, F., & Aranda, R. (2015). Indicadores
tácticos asociados a la creación de ocasiones de gol en fútbol profesional. Cultura,
Ciencia y Deporte, 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.014
González-Ródenas, J., Lopez-Bondia, I., Calabuig, F., Pérez-Turpin, J. A., & Aranda, R.
(2015). The effects of playing tactics on creating scoring opportunities in random
matches from US Major League Soccer. International Journal of Performance
Analysis in Sport, 15(3), 851–872.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868836
González-Ródenas, J., Lopez-Bondia, I., Calabuig, F., Pérez-Turpín, J. A., & Aranda, R.
(2016). Association between playing tactics and creating scoring opportunities in
counterattacks from United States Major League Soccer games. International
Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 16(2), 737–752.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868920
González, A. (2020). Dinámica del juego desde la perspectiva de las transiciones.
Círculo Rojo.
Groom, R., Cushion, C., & Nelson, L. (2011). The delivery of video-based performance
analysis by england youth soccer coaches: Towards a grounded theory. Journal of
Applied Sport Psychology, 23(1), 16–32.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.511422
Hernández Moreno, J. (1985). La enseñanza de los deportes. In La educación Física en
las enseñanzas medias, teoría y práctica (pp. 485–540). Editorial Paidotribo.
Hernández Moreno, J. (1994). Análisis de las estructuras del juego deportivo. INDE.
Hewitt, A., Greenham, G., & Norton, K. I. (2016). Game style in soccer: What is it and
122
can we quantify it? International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 16(1),
355–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2016.11868892
Hughes, M., & Bartlett, R. (2002). The use of performance indicators in performance
analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 20(10), 739–754.
Hughes, M., & Churchill, S. (2005). Attacking profiles of successful and unsuccessful
team in Copa America 2001. In D. Reilly, T., Cabri, J., y Araújo (Ed.), Science and
Football V (pp. 219–224). Routledge.
Hughes, M., & Franks, I. (2004). Notational Analysis of Sport: Systems for Better
Coaching and Performance in Sport. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(2),
104.
Izzo, R., D´Isanto, T., Raiola, G., Cejudo, A., Ponsano, N., & Hosseini, C. (2020). The role
of fatigue in football matches, perfomance model analysis and evaluation during
quarters using live Global Positioning System technology at 50 Hz. Sport Science,
13(January), 30–35.
James, N. (2006). Notational analysis in soccer: Past, present and future. International
Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 6(2), 67–81.
Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods
Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–113.
Jones, P., James, M., & Mellalieu, S. (2004). Possession as a performance indicator in
soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 98–102.
Jordet, G., Hartman, E., Visscher, C., & Lemmink, K. (2007). Kicks from the penalty mark
in soccer: The roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 25(2), 121-129.
Kempe, M., Vogelbein, M., Memmet, D., & Nopp, S. (2014). Possession vs. Direct Play:
Evaluation Tactical Behaviour in Elite Soccer. International Journal of Sports
Sciences, 4(6A), 35–41.
Knapp, B. (1979). La habilidad en el deporte. Miñon.
La Rose, B. (1982). Strategie et tactique sportives. Science du sport.
Lago-Ballesteros, J., Lago-Peñas, C., & Rey, E. (2012). The effect of playing tactics and
situational variables on achieving score-box possessions in a professional soccer
team. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(14), 1455–1461.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.712715
123
Lago-Ballesteros, Joaquín, Lago-Peñas, C., & Rey, E. (2012). The effect of playing tactics
and situational variables on achieving score-box possessions in a professional
soccer team. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(14), 1455–1461.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.712715
Lago-Peñas, C., Casáis, L., Domínguez, E., Lago-Ballesteros, J., & Rey, E. (2009).
Influencia de las variables contextuales en el rendimiento físico en el fútbol de
alto nivel. Motricidad. European Journal of Human Movement, 23, 107–121.
Lago-Peñas, C., Gómez-Ruano, M. Á., & Pollard, R. (2017). Home advantage in elite
soccer matches. A transient effect? International Journal of Performance Analysis
in Sport, 17(1–2), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1304024
Lames, M., & McGarry, T. (2007). On the search for reliable performance indicators in
team sports. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7, 62-79.
Lapresa, D., Del Río, Á., Arana, J., Amatria, M., & Anguera, M. T. (2018). Use of
effective play-space by U12 FC Barcelona players: an observational study
combining lag sequential analysis and T-pattern detection. International Journal
of Performance Analysis in Sport, 18(2), 293–309.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2018.1475195
Lapresa, D., Solano, R., Arana, J., Anguera, M. T., & Aragón, S. (2018). Estudio
Observacional de la salida de tacos de Atletismo en las fases específicas “A sus
puestos” y “Listos.” Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología Del Ejercicio y El
Deporte, 13(1), 145–153.
Leite, W. (2013). Analysis of goals in soccer world cups and the determination of the
critical phase of the game. FACTA Universitatis. Series: Physical Education and
Sport, 11(3), 247–253.
López-Bondía, I., González-Ródenas, J., Calabuig, F., Pérez-Turpín, J. A., & Aranda, R.
(2017). Creación de ocasiones de gol en fútbol de élite. Diferencias tácticas entre
Real Madrid CF y FC Barcelona. Retos, 32, 233–237.
López, A.; Fernández, D. (2013). Orientaciones meteorológicas del entrenamiento de
las acciones a balón parado. Fútbol PF: Revista de Preparación Física En El Fútbol,
2–12.
López, A., & Fernández, D. (2013). Orientaciones meteorológicas del entrenamiento de
las acciones a balón parado. Fútbol PF: Revista de Preparación Física En El Fútbol,
124
(9), 2-12.
Lotina, M. ., & Domínguez, E. (2006). Las transiciones defensa-ataque y ataque-
defensa. Training Fútbol: Revista Técnica Profesional, No 120; 14-25.
Mackenzie, R., & Cushion, C. (2013). Performance analysis in football: A critical review
and implications for future research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(6), 639–676.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.746720
Maneiro, R., Amatria, M., Moral, J. E., & López, S. (2018). Análisis observacional de las
relaciones interlíneas de la Selección Española de Fútbol mediante coordenadas
polares. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 18(2), 18–32.
Maoz, M. (2013). How IT should deepen big data analysis to support customer-
centricity. Gartner, G00248980.
Martín-Barrero, A. (2016). El modelo de juego del Leicester City. De la concepción
teórica a la aplicación práctica. Abfútbol, 82, 13–54.
Martín-Barrero, A. (2018). ¿Cómo construir el camino desde el fútbol de la calle al
fútbol profesional? Abfutbol.
Martín-Barrero, A., & Martínez-Cabrera, F. I. (2019). El modelo de juego en el fútbol.
De la concepción teórica al diseño práctico. Retos, 36(2), 543–551.
Martínez González, M., SánchezVillegas, A., Toledo Atucha, E., & Faulin Fajardo, J.
(2014). Bioestadística Amigable. Elsevier.
Mclean, S., Salmon, P. M., Gorman, A. D., Stevens, N. J., & Solomon, C. (2018). A social
network analysis of the goal scoring passing networks of the 2016 European
Football Championships. Human Movement Science, 57(September), 400–408.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.001
Michailidis, Y., Michailidis, C., & Primpa, E. (2013). Analysis of goals scored in European
championship 2012. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(2 SUPPL), 367–375.
https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2012.82.05
Mitrotasios, M., & Armatas, V. (2014). Analysis of Goal Scoring Patterns in the
European Football Championship 2012. The Sport Journal, January.
Mombaerts, E. (2000). Del análisis del juego a la formación del jugador. INDE.
Morin, E. (1977). El método, I: La naturaleza de la naturaleza. Cátedra.
Munroe-Chandler, K. (2005). A discussion on qualitative research on physical activity.
The Online Jounal of Sport Psychology, 7(1), 67–81.
125
Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the Development of Coordination (& H. T. A. W. M.
G. Wade (ed.); pp. 341–360). Martinus Nijhoff. https://doi.org/http://
dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009
Njororai, W. (2014). Timing of goals scored in selected European and South American
soccer leagues , FIFA and UEFA tournaments and the critical phases of a match. 4,
56–64. https://doi.org/10.5923/s.sports.201401.08
Oliveira, J. G. (2004). Conhecimento Específico em Futebol. Contributos para a definição
de uma matriz dinâmica do proceso ensinoaprendizagem/ treino do jogo. Facultad
de Deporte de la Universidad de Porto.
Paixão, P., Sampaio, J., Almeida, C. H., & Duarte, R. (2015). How does match status
affects the passing sequences of top-level European soccer teams? International
Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(1), 229–240.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868789
Palau, J. M., López, M., & López, M. (2010). Relación entre eficacia, lateralidad, y zona
de lanzamiento del penalti en función del nivel de competición en fútbol. Revista
Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 19(6), 153-166.
Parlebas, P. (1981). Contribution a un lexique commenté en science de l’action motrice.
I.N.S.E.P.
Parlebás, P. (1988). Elementos de sociología del deporte. Colección Unisport.
Pic, M., & Castellano, J. (2017). Efecto localización en la Copa del Rey del fútbol
español. Retos, 31, 202–206.
Pol, R. (2011). La preparación ¿física? en el fútbol. El proceso de entrenamiento desde
las ciencias de la complejidad. MC Sport.
Pollard, R. (2008). Home advantage in football: A current review of an unsolved puzzle.
The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 1, 12–14.
Pollard, R. (2019). Invalid Interpretation of Passing Sequence Data to Assess Team
Performance in Football: Repairing the Tarnished Legacy of Charles Reep. The
Open Sports Sciences Journal, 12(1), 17–21.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01912010017
Pollard, R., Ensum, J., & Taylor, S. (2004). Estimating the probability of a shot resulting
in agoal: Theeffects of distance, angle and space. International Journal of Soccer &
Science, 2(1), 50–55.
126
Pratas, José M., Volossovitch, A., & Carita, A. I. (2018). Analysis of Scoring Sequences in
Matches of the Portuguese Premier League. Journal of Human Kinetics, 64(1),
255–263. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0199
Pratas, José Maria, Volossovitch, A., & Carita, A. I. (2018). Goal scoring in elite male
football: A systematic review. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13(1), 218–
230. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.131.19
Preciado, M., Anguera, M. T., Olarte, M., & Lapresa, D. (2019). Observational studies in
male elite football : a systematic mixed study review. Frontiers in Psychology,
10(October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02077
Reilly, T. (2000). Physiological demands in soccer.
Reilly, T., Bangsbo, J., & Franks, A. (2000). Anthropometric and physiological
predispositions for elite soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 669–683.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410050120050
Reina, A., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2012). Revisión de indicadores de rendimiento en
fútbol. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de La Actividad Física y El Deporte,
1(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002208
Riera, J. (1995). Estratègia, tàctica i tècnica esportives. Revista Apunts: Educació Física i
Esports, 9, 45-56.
Ruscello, B. (2009). Match analysis in team sport. Roma: Universitá degli studi di Roma
“Tor Vegara.”
Saavedra, M., Gutiérrez, O., Fernández, J. J., & Sa Marques, P. (2015). Measuring home
advantage in spanish football (1928-2011). Revista Internacional de Medicina y
Ciencias de La Actividad Fisica y Del Deporte, 15(57), 181–194.
https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2015.57.012
Sancho, F. (2020). Investigación: Sistemas Complejos.
Sarmento, H., Anguera, M. T., Campaniço, J., & Leitão, J. (2010). Development and
validation of a notational system to study the offensive process in football.
Medicina, 46(6), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina46060056
Sarmento, H., Barbosa, A., Anguera, M. T., Campaniço, J., & Leitão, J. (2013). Regular
patterns of play in the counter-attack of the FC Barcelona and Manchester united
football teams. In D. P. & P. O´Donoghue (Ed.), Performance Analysis of Sport IX
(Issue July, pp. 57–64). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203080443
127
Sarmento, H., Marcelino, R., Anguera, M. T., CampaniÇo, J., Matos, N., & Leitão, J.
(2014). Match analysis in football: a systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences,
32(20), 1831–1843. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898852
Sarmento, H., Pereira, A., Campaniço, J., Anguera, M. T., & Leitão, J. (2013). Soccer
match analysis: A qualitative study with portuguese first league coaches. In D.
Peters & P. O´Donoghue (Eds.), Performance Analysis of Sport IX (Issue June 2014,
pp. 10–16). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203080443
Senn James, A. (1992). Análisis y Diseño de Sistemas de información (2a). Georgia State
University.
Serra, J., García, L., & Sánchez-Mora, D. (2011). El juego modificado, recurso
metodológico en el fútbol de iniciación. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación
Física, Deporte y Recreación, 20, 37–42.
Silva, D. (2011). Praxis de las acciones a balón parado en fútbol. Revisión conceptual
bajo las teorías de la praxiología motriz. Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
Silva, Oliveira, P., & Kautzner, N. (2009). Treinar futebol respeitando a essência do
jogo: o exemplo do salto como ação tática e não somente técnico-física.
Faculdade de Educação Física Da Universidad Estatal de Campinas, 7(2), 38–63.
Sumpter, D. (2021). Why we have to be modest about football analytics. Barça
Innovation Hub. https://barcainnovationhub.com/why-we-have-to-be-modest-
about-football-analytics/
Tamarit, X. (2010). ¿Qué es la periodización táctica? McSport.
Tenga, A., Holme, I., Ronglan, L. T., & Bahr, R. (2010). Effect of playing tactics on goal
scoring in Norwegian professional soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(3), 237–
244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903502774
Tenga, A., & Sigmundstad, E. (2011). Characteristics of goal-scoring possessions in
open play: Comparing the top, in-between and bottom teams from professional
soccer league. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 11(3), 545–
552. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868572
Teodorescu, L. (1984). Problemas de teoria e metodogia nos jogos desportivos. Livros
Horizonte.
Thomas, J. R., & Nelson, J. K. (2001). Research methods in physical activity. Human
Kinetics Publishers.
128
Vales, A. (2012). Fútbol. Del análisis del juego a la edición de informes técnicos.
McSport.
Verheijen, R. (2014). The original guide to football periodisation: Always play with your
strongest team (Part 1). The Netherlands: World Football Academy BV.
Vigne, G., Gaudino, C., Rogowski, I., Alloatti, G., & Hautier, C. (2010). Activity profile in
elite Italian Football team. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(5), 304–
310.
Vogelbein, M., Nopp, S., & Hökelmann, A. (2014). Defensive transition in soccer - are
prompt possession regains a measure of success? A quantitative analysis of
German Fußball-Bundesliga 2010/2011. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(11), 1076–
1083. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.879671
Winter, C., & Pfeiffer, M. (2016). Tactical metrics that discriminate winning, drawing
and losing teams in UEFA Euro 2012®. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(6), 486–492.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1099714
Wright, C., Atkins, S., & Jones, B. (2012). An analysis of elite coaches’ engagement with
performance analysis services (match, notational analysis and technique analysis).
International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 12(2), 436–451.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868609
Wright, C., Atkins, S., Polman, R., Jones, B., & Sargeson, L. (2011). Factors associated
with goals and goal scoring opportunities in professional soccer. International
Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 11(3), 439–449.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868563
Wright, C., Carling, C., & Collins, D. (2014). The wider context of performance analysis
and it application in the football coaching process. International Journal of
Performance Analysis in Sport, 14(3), 709–733.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868753
Yagüe, C. (2001). El entrenamiento de las situaciones a balón parado en el fútbol. El
Entrenador Español, 91, 12-21.
Yiannakos, A., & Armatas, V. (2006). Evaluation of the goal scoring patterns in
European Championship in Portugal 2004. International Journal of Performance
Analysis in Sport, 6(1), 178–188.
https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868366
129
Zubillaga, A. (2006). La actividad del jugador de fútbol en alta competición: análisis de
variabilidad. Universidad de Málaga, Málaga.
Αbt, G. A., Dickson, G., & Mummery, W. K. (2002). Goal scoring patterns over the
course of a match: An analysis of the Australian National Soccer League (A. pinks,
W., Reilly, T., Murphy (ed.); In Science). Routledge.
130