3.54 (cont'd) 4 CONTINUE CALL LS (X, Y, NT, SLOPE, INTCPT) KO=EXP(INICPT) E=~-8.314=SLOPE WRITE (6, 5) KO, E FORMAT (' TEMPERATURE (K): ', F6.2, * "TIME CA\/, * "(MIN) (MOLES), * 100 (IX, FS. 3X, F7.4, /)) FORMAT (' K (L/MOL — MIN): 5.3,//) FORMAT (/,' KO (L/MOL - MIN): ', E 12.4, /,'E (J/MOL): ',E 12.4) END SUBROUTINE LS (X, Y, N, SLOPE, INTCPT) REAL X(100), Y(100), SLOPE, INTCPT, SX, SY, SXX, SXY, AN INTEGERN, J s: sy-0 SXX-0 Sxy= DO 10-1 +x) 2) SXX = SXX + X(D**2 SXY =SXY+X("Y), 10 CONTINUE AN=N SX = SX/AN SY =SY/AN SXX = SXXVAN SXY = SXY/AN SLOPE = (SXY - SX*SY)/(SXX - SX**2) INTCPT = SY - SLOPE*SX. RETURN, END SDATA [OUTPUT] 65.0 4 TEMPERATURE (K): 367.15 94.0 6 TIME CA 10.0 81 (MIN) (MOLS/L) 20.0 43 10.00 0.1246 30.0 3.0 00 0.0662 40.0 a 30.00 0.0462 50.0 18 40.00 0.03383.54 (cont'd) 60.0 110, 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 127, ETC Ls 35 18 12 0.92 0.73 0.61 50.00 0.0277 60.00 0.0231 K(L/MOL-MIN} 0.707 (at 94°C) TEMPERATURE (K): 383.15 K(L/ MOL: MIN): 1.758 KO(L/ MOL—MIN): 0.2329E +10 E(J/MOL): 0.6690E +05CHAPTER FOUR 4a Continuous, Transient Input — Output = Accumulation No reactions => Generation = 0, Consumption = 0 60088 008 dn, 59988 5 s at dt 1.00m*|1000kg| Is, 300kg 42 k=0>C,=0 ¢. Input-Output — Consumption = 0 Steady state = Accumulation = 0 Aisa reactant => Generatiot CHa 2, (x) 1001 0.850kgB/ ke 0.SS0kgB/ ke 0.150kgT/ kg 0.450k2T/ ke 43 Input ~ Output = Steady stare > Accumulation = 0 mg/h), No reaction => Generation ~ 0, Consumption - 0 0.106 kg Bg 0.894keT / ke (J) Total Mass Balance: 1000 kg/h = m, + ni (2) Benzene Balance: [0.550 100.0] kgB/ h = 0.850, +0.106n, Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously = m, =59.7kg/h, m, = 403kg/h b, The flow chart is identical to that of (a), except that mass flow rates (kg/h) are replaced by masses (kg). The balance equations are also identical (initial input = final output). Possible explanations = a chemical reaction is taking place, the process is not at steady stare, the feed composition is incorrect, the flow rates are not what they are supposed to be, other species are in the feed stream, measurement errors, 4144d. _an(mol) 0500 mol N, mol 0500 mol CH, /mol 1000 g/s x2(E GH,/8) xp(g CHs/s) *5(8CHio/8) 2 (ll-mole#1,0/3) n,(Ib-moleDa/s) 021 Ib-msleO; /Ib-moleDA 079 Ib-moleN; /lb- moleDA| © n( mol! 0.400 mol NO/mol 30, (mol NO, /mol) 0.600 — yxo, (mol N,O, /mol) ‘Basis 1000 I, Ci fresh fod (Could also take 1 hoparation as basis - fow chant would bea below except ‘hat ll vould be deleted) 1000 C38 oe) O97, CH, Th, O08, GH, th, Alba GH’) 7 (ba G78) 2 by CE) bg, /8) Reactor [Note the compressor an the off ga fom ‘the absorber are aot mentioned exphtly in the process description, but heir presence should be infeed ) Ib-mole O, itm Tomole ) bq) DOD, GH, 098, Cyt, ee EV cones (BCH) i bg CF /) 5 (0b5.CH, 4) 2 gH) Stripper jilba’ ye ha “Absorber 7 (De CB) (tbo)4.5 (cont'd) b. 460 b. © 47a b. Overall objective: To produce CH. fiom CE. Preheatet function: Raise temperature of the reactants to raise the reaction rate. Reactor function: Convert C3Hy to CsH. Absorption tower function: Separate the CsHy and C:Hs in the reactor effluent from the other components. Stripping tower function: Recover the C:Hg and C:He from the solvent Distillation colamn function: Separate the CsH- from the CsHe 3 independent balances (one for each species) Trumknowns (1%). 226 P4024) —3 balances =2 mole fraction summations 2 unknowns must be specified A Balance: s300 a8 = +(200(070){ #8) 3) Overall Balance [ri-+s300] 2) =f, +1200+m,] 8) 438) = [:200y, sua B Balance: [0.03ri, +5300x, independent balances (one for each species) loggsgH,o _ ‘s(8) z (mia) 0.995 ¢H,0 g Water Balance: = tiny min Acetic Acid Balance: [(400)(01 is] Shoot) = [o 005iig +0.096m, min 7 = tit, = 461g/min Overall Balance: ine +400) g | ie +g £) > 17 ¢/min pe min min [fo115\(200)~(0003)356)] | -[(o0s6\a60)[ a. )=44e/min 44./min min) min 434.7 (cont'd) a 48 49 4 aa cH,coon eo ___g someCH,COOR c#,cooR| EOP] Exuactor |_C.HLOH Distlaion CHoH CH,COOR Colum CuOH X-large: 25 broken eges/min 100 ezesimin 5 unbroken eggs min 0.30 broken ege eee ange: n broken eggs/min 070unbrokeneegogg | FEMEE 2. bISKER SHES RES —_y rng unbroken eggsiaiin 120=25+45+, + (eggs/min) > (0.30)(120) = 25 +2, nth, 50 large eggs/min n, large eggs broken/S0 large eggs = (11/50) 22% of the large eggs (right hand) and (25/70) = 36% of the extra-large eggs (left hand) are broken. Since it does not require much strength to break an egg. the left hand is probably. poorly controlled (rather than strong) relative to the right. Therefore, Fred is right-handed. ing (b, strawberries ig (lb,, W evaporated) my (Ib strawberries) | Lm(n W evaporiey. 015 1b, S71, 085 Ib, W/ Iba 1.00 Ib, jam. poets Jam _y ins(Ib, S[sugas]) 0667 Ib, S7Ib,, 0333 Ib, W/Ib,, 3 unknowns (174,715) ~2 balances = L feed ratio ODF Feed ratio: m,/ ms s/55 A) S balance: 0.15m, +m; = 0.667 (2) Solve simultaneously = m, = 0.49 Ib .m, = 0.59 Ib, sugar4.10 41 300; mlb) 0.7501b,.C.H,0H / Ib, 4 unknowns (1, .2%,.Vg.2) ~2 balances m (tba) 06001, HOR Ibe 0.4001b,,#1,0/Ib, 0.2501b,, #0 /1b, Vogl zal) m2) 0.40018 .C,H,0H/ bg 090018, 1,0 / 1b, ny, = 3008z if? a 74805 gal Overall balance: m, +m =m, a CHOH balance: 0,750, +0.400m, = 0.600, Q Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously =>, = 16461b,, .2, = 3841Ib,, 3 unknowns (7,572, fi) Ailmol/s) 2 balances 0.0403m0l Gy mol IDF 093971mol air/ mol nns(mol/ s) D020 malCH, mol ‘ng(molait/s) 09795 molair/ mol (021m0l0;/ mol 079molN, / mol Propane feed rate: 0.040373, = 150 = ri, = 3722(mol /s) Propane balance: 004031, = 0.02051, = ”, = 7317(mol /s) Overall balance: 3722 +1; = 7317 = 7, = 3600(mol /s) ‘The dilution rate should be greater than the value calculated to ensure that ignition is not possible even if the fuel feed rate increases slightly. 45412 413 db. © i(k) 1000 kg/h GonOkgCH OH Kg 2 unknowns (71, ) 0500kgCH,OH ke 0.040kgH,0/ kz 0500kgH,0/ ke 673kg/h (kg CH,OH / kg) 1-x(kgH,0/ kg) Overall balance: 1000 = i+ 673. 18 = 327kg/ Methanol balance: 05001000) = 0960(327) +x(673) => x= 0276kgCH,OH / kg ‘Molar flow rates of methanol and water 673kg|0276kgCH,OH|1000g|_molCH,OH h kg 673kg|0.724kg1 h See. 58010" _ 0176 mol CH,OH/ mol 580% 10° +271x10 Analyzer is wrong, flow rates are wrong, impurities in the feed, a reaction is taking place, the system is not at steady state. Product Reactor effluent Reactor | Reactor etiuest | Purifier ‘Analyzer Calibration Data ‘x= 0.000145R'™ % on aR eee oy $e 100 R +000 464.13 (cont'd) 41d b. 13645 Effluent: x, = 0.000145(388) 1494koP / ke Product: x, = 0.000145(583)'*** = O861keP / ke Waste: x, = 0.000145(140)""* = 0123kgP / 5 0861(1239) Efficiency = 9 oq pga) “100% 239-+m, => m, ‘Mass balance on purifier: 2253 Phalance on purifier: Input: (0.494 kgP / kg)(2253 kg) = 1113 kgP Qutput: (0861 kgP / kg)(1239 kg) + (0123 kgP / kg)(1014 kg) =1192 keP Th se. Analyzer readings are wrong: impure feed: extrapolation beyond analyzer calibration data is risky -- recalibrate: get data for R > $83; not at steady state; additional reaction occurs in purifier; normal data scatter. 1 (lb-mole/ h) (010100 Ib- mole H,0/ llb-mole (0.9900 Ib-moleDA /Ib-mole na(lb-mole/h) 0100 Ib- mole H,O/ Ib-mole (0900 Ib- mole DA /Ib-mole sy(lb-mole HO/h) v(t /h) 4 unknowns (7i,,72,7%,,17) — 2 balances — 1 density — 1 meter reading = 0 DF ‘Assume linear relationship: = aR +b vs — 96.9—40.0 Slope: a = +: OWES = 1.626 50-15 Intercept: b = ¥, —aR, = 40.0 -1.626(15) = 15.61 .626(93) + 15.61 = 170(ft* /h) 1b-mol _ 599 1» molesH,0 /h) 1801, : DA balance: 0990011, = 0.9001, o Overall balance: ii, +1, = 1h, Q) Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously = 7, =5890 Ib - moles/h, 1; = 6480 Ib- moles / h Bad calibration data, not at steady state, leaks, 7% value is wrong, v-R relationship is not linear, extrapolation of analyzer correlation leads to ervor. 47db. an(kg /s) 10s _s ____p O0900kgE/ kz 0.600kgE ‘kg 0100kgH,0 /kg 0.0S0keS / ke 3 unknowns (7in%2.X5) 0350kgH,0/kg = bani (kgs) xe(keE/ ka) x, (kgS/kg) 1-x_ x; (kgH,O/ kg) Overall balance: 100 = 21 = rir = 50.0(kg/s) S balance: 0.050(100) = x,(30) = x, = 0.100(kgS/ kg) E balance: 0:600(100) = 0.900(50) +x2(50) => xz = 0300kgE/ kg gEinbottomsteam __0300(50) _ 4 ,,kgEinbottomstream kgEin feed 1600(100) kgEin feed x=aR* =In(x) =In(a)+bIn(R) lols) _a(0400/0100) _ 49 In(R,/R,) —— In(38/15) In(a) = in(x,) ~bn{R,) = In(0100) -149110(15) = -6340 =a = 1.764% 107 x=1764x10°R* x) _(_0900 rr R=(2] -(—20 (") (rer) Device not calibrated - recalibrate. Calibration curve deviates from linearity at high mass fractions — measure against known standard. Impurities in the stream — analyze a sample. Mixture is not all liquid — check sample. Calibration data are temperature dependent — check. calibration at various temperatures, System is not at steady state ~ take more measurements, Scatter in data — take more measurements 48416 a. 4A7 4.00mol #,S0,|0.098kaH.SO, T of solution Lofsolution gsolution 3(kgH,SO, / kgsolution) w(t) 5 unknowns (¥4,73.¥, 4.1) thi 2 balances 100kg ¥3(L) specific gravities 0200kgHSO, /ke nl 0800kgH,0/ ke ae ais 0323kaH,S0, /ke - 0677kgH,0 v(L) SG =1213 mms (ES) 0600 kgH,SO, / ke 0.400 kg11,0 / ke SG= 1498 Overall mass balance: 100-+ m5 = m, ‘Water balance: 0.800(100) + 0.400m1, = 01 orm} ~ yt 201 2a = MAK! L___ 5.641 602ssolution a L498kg jog 20%solution ©" L 60%solution 250kgP|444kg.60%solution| h 144kgP m(kg)@S18/ kg 25kgP/ kg 0.75kgH,O/ kg 1o0kg im, (kg) @$10/ kg O1Tkg Pi kg OI2kgP ke O83kgH,O/ kg O88kgH,O/ kg |_, __ 1498kgsolution Overall balance: m, +: = 100 @ Pigment balance: 0.251, + 0.12n, = 0.17(1.00) Q) Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously => m = 0385kg25% paint, m, =0.615kg12% paint Cost of blend: 0385($18,00) + 0.615($10.00) = $13.08 per kg Selling price: 1.10($13.08) = $14.39 per kg 49418 419 1m, (gO) (85%of entering water) OO 100k: 0800kgS ‘kg 0.200kgH,0/ kg m, (kgS) ‘m,(kg1,0) 85% drying: m, = 0850(0.200)(100) = 170kgH,0 Sugar balance: m, = 0800(100) = 80.0kgs Overall balance: 100 =17+80+m, = m HO, 0.0361 kgH.O/ kg rm _17kgH,0 _ +m, (80+3)ke 205kg HO / kewetsugar 3tonsH,O 100 tons wet sugar Lorn 0800 tons DS|200011 ton WS 1000 tons wer sugar ee 30 tons ‘day = S88 x 10" per year O/ kg 00181 kgH,0/ kg 10504 + 3(0.00181) 04: ipper limit 10361 < 0.0450 5S unknowns (¥, 1 mass balance ~1 volume balance m1) v(m’) 400Kg galena SG = 7.44 Total mass balance: m, +400 =, aw 4-104.19 (cont'd) 4.20 421 vb. b. Assume volume additivity: Q 1480kg 20, m; = 1068 kg suspension Specitie gravity of coal < 1.48 < Specific gravity of slate ‘The suspension begins to settle. Stir the suspension. 1.00 < Specific gravity of coal < 1.48, ‘(mol /h) nig (mol/b) = +} = —_____» 0.040 mol HO 7 mol (molH,0/ mol) 0960molDA / mol 1—x(molDA / mol) 2i,( mol HO adsorbed / h) 97%of H,Oin feed Adsorption rate: i, LSS6mol HO /h 0.0180kgH,0 097(004n,) => #, = 401 mol /b adsorbed: 15 Total mole balance: 1, =v, +, => 7 = 401-1556 = 3854mol /b Water balance: 0.040 (40.1) = 1.556 + x(38.54) => x= 1.2107 (molH,O/mol) The calcium chloride pellets have reached their saturation limit. Eventually the mole fraction, will reach that of the inlet stream, i.e. 4%. 300Ib,,/h O5Slbg H3SO, /Iba, 0451bq H;0/ Ib h) tty (Ib /h) b_ HS0,/1b 0901b,, H.S0, /1b,, 025Ib,, H,0/lb, 0101 HO / Ib, Overall balance: 300+ ily = ite a balance: 0,55(300) + 0.90ri1; = 0.751. @Q) Solve (1) and (2) sinmultaneously = nig = 4001b, 44.21 (cont'd) 4.22 b. 444 OR; -100 (R,-4) => nv =02682R, +1923 x= 6841e" 300+44.4 400 +100 img = 300= Ry = T= = 443,y = 400= Ry = > = 333, | Overall balance: 11, + ity = tte _(075-001x)7i, H,SO, balance: 0.0171, + 0.901, = 0.731, = 0.75( mn, +H) > Ms aS [0.75—0.0(6841e"*°* \(7.78R, 01s 2:59 0.2366" )R, + 135076 => 150R, -100= i ,{kmol / h) ——____,| O10kmolH, mol [iptemol7ay 020kmol H, / kmol fig (kmol / h) 080kmolN, / kmol 050kmolHf, /kmo? 050kmolN; /kmol 120(2.016) + 0.80(28.012) = 22813kg/ kmol fig = W00Ks|_kMol __ 4 33hnol/h h [22813Kg Overall balance: ii, + ity = 438 a Hybalance: 0107, +0507, =020(438) @ 10kmol /h Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously = 71, =329kmol/h, ity 4124.22 (cont'd) 4.23 a, ~ tt 22813 Overall balance: fi, +71 = “2 22813 Trial] Xa i Xe mp a Te 7 ‘70 O50] O10) 700 438[ 0.00] 2 0.10) 0.50] 0.20) 100 3.29] 7.19] 3[___0.10] 0.50] 0.30] 7100 2.19[ 2.10] 40.10] 0.50] 0.40) 100 T10] 3.29] 3.0.10] 0.59] 0.50] 100 0.00] 4.38] 6] __0.10] 0.50] 0.60) 100] -1.10| 5.48 70.10] 0.59] 0.10] 250| 10.96] 0.00] [0.19] 0.50] 0.29) 250] B22 2.74] 3019] 0.50] 0.30] 250] 5.48| 5.40] 7o|___0.10] 0.59] 0.49] 250] 2.74] 8.22] 1 0.10] 0.59] 0.50] 250] 0.00[ 10.96] 2) 0.10] 0.50] 0.60) 250] ___-2.74] 13.70] ‘The results of trials 6 and 12 are impossible since the flow rates are negative. You cannot blend a 10% Hz mixture with a 50% FH; mixture and obtain a 60% H mixture, Results are the same as in part ¢ Venous bloody Axterial blood coooml/ min | 195.0 / min 2000ml/ min 190mg urea / ml UiSmy sree pai | Dialvsate _y Dialyzing fluid (il/ min) 1500 ml / min (mg urea mb Water removal rate: 200.0-195.0= 5.0 ml/ min Urea removal rate: 1.90(200.0) - 1.75(1950) 00 38.8mgurea/min 7" 150Smiain 8.8 mg urea / min 150Sml/ min 0258mgurea/ml 711) mg removed ml 388 06 min (3.4 b) IL — 413424 i, (kmol / min) 200kZCO, / min fn, (Kol / min) DoISKmelCO, | kmo p< 200EECO:| 91g 4ss at, in amin 44.0kg Ce - Overall balance: 0.455 +i a CO, balance: 0.455 + 0.0151, = 0.0230, 2) Solve (1) and (2) sinmultaneously = iy = $5.6 kmol / min vis = 561 kmol/ min min| [0123kmol| 60s Clg! 1) Spectrophotometer calibration: C. 09 Dye concentration: = 018 = C=(3333)(018) = 0600 pg/L 0.60 cm? 1L 5.0 10° 4 Dwvinioaed 26060" | IL [50mg [10° 18 56 yg 10cm] IL | Img oL > (30 4g)/V(1) 0600 wg/L> 0 1000LB/ min ,(kmol / min) ‘m,(kgB/ min) y3(kmol SO, / kmol) : 1—y,(kmol A / kmol) ({m° / min) 7, (kmol/ min) iy (kg/ min) 4(kg SO, / kg) 1-x, (kg B/ kg) y;(kmol SO, / kmol) 1+ y; (Kamo! A / kmol) 4144.26 (cont'd) 8 unknowns (773545117, 5% 9493) ~3 material balances 2 analyzer readings ~ 1 meter reading = 1 gas density formula =L specific gravity. ODF Orifice meter calibratio A log plot of vs. isa line through the points (J =100, F; = 142) and (hi, = 400, 73 = 290). Inf =binh+ Ina =ah* Inf /7;) _ In(290/142) Tas) ~ nf 400/100) Ina =Inb, — bin, = In(142) - 05151n100= 258 a=e** =132> 7 =13.2n" 0515 Analyzer calibrati Iny=bR+Ina= y=ae™ In(y, /y,) _ In(0107/000166) R-R 90-20 Ina =Iny, ~ BR, = In(0.00166) - 0.0600(20) = -7.60 u 0x10 0.0600 00 x 10 9" hh, = 210 mm= V, = 132(210)"** = 2073 m/min (122)f(150+147)/14.7[(atm) Presen (75460) 0.460 mol/L = 0.460 kmol / 203 m ‘min [2460 kmo! — 9534 kmol/min im R,=824= y, = 500% 107 exp(0.0600%82.4) = 0.0702 kmol SO, /kmol 00x 107 exp( 0.0600 x 1 1.6) = 0.00100 kmol SO, /kmol 130 kg = 1300 kg/ min 4154.26 (cont'd) 427 a. A balance: (1 -0,0702)(9534) =(1-0.00100)r, > n, = 887 kmol/min ‘SO, balance: (0.0702)(9534)(640 kg/ kmol) = (0.00100)(88.7)(64)+rn,x, (1) Boalance: 1300 = riy(1—.) Q Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously = ri, =1723 kg / min, x, bsorbed SO, removed kg SO, / min Decreasing the bubble size increases the bubble surface-to-volume ratio, which results in a higher rate of transfer of SO, from the gas to the liquid phase. * (mm? / min’ ‘i, (mol / min) ‘ng (kgB / min) ys (kmolSO, / kmol) 1—y,(kmol A / kmol) ¥;(m? / min] & fy, (kamol / min) mn,(kg./ min) ¥ (kmol8O, / kmel) (kaSO-k) 1-y, (kmol A / kmol) ~x,(kgB/kg) BT. Rh 14 unknowns (4.F;, 955. Te Rds Poca sy 355 Rely. Xs) ~3 material balances —3 analyzer and orifice meter readings ~ 1 gas density formula (relates vi and = 1 specific gravity (relates 1, and ) i) 6DE A balance: (1 ~ys)r a) $0, bala a 2) alan = Wt t Balance: ri, = (1—x,)rin 6) Calibration formulas: y, = 5.00<10%6°%% @ 5 = 5:00 x10" % (5) ¥, = 13225 ©) 12.28 +147) 147] [(a +460) /18] m(kg)| h |1300kg Gas density formula: 7, o Liquid specific gravity: 8G =130= 7, @) 4164.27 (cout’d « [fh TE yi 0.07] amol SOAmol Pr 10)psig ve 207] a 2ioftor I 95.26 |kmorh Ry ea] Trial] Xk SOK) | ys (kmol SOzkmOH [Vz (mIA)] na (kmoVA)] ma kg) [me (Kah 7 0.10 oso] ose] 93.25] 726545] 1155.11 2 0.70 0.025| 1.85 90.86] 2813.72| 2532.35 3 0.70 0.010] 2.66] 68.48] 3694.78] 3925.31 ai 0.10 0.005] 2.76] 89.03] 3082.87] 3564.31 5 0.10 0.007] 2.82] 88.63] 210.72] 3780.55 3 0.20 0.050] 0.59] 93.25] Gai73]_ 515.58] 7 020 0.025] 0.67] 90.86] 7406.66] 1125 45] 3 0.20 0.070] 1.74| 68.48] 7847-39 1477.91 9 0.20 0.005] 1.23] 69.03] 7991.26) 7593.05] 70 020 o.007| 1.50] 68.68] 2105:56] 1684.29 V2 V8.5 Ve(en'ih) 0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 ys (kmol $0;/kmol) Soot = 0.10 xd = 0.20 Fora given SO) feed rate removing more SO, (lowerys) requires a higher solvent feed rate (V7). Fora given SO; removal rate (y,), @ higher solvent feed rate (V, ) tends to a more dilute SO; solution at the outlet (lower x). Answers are the same as in part ¢. 4.28 Mixing point - Overall mass balance => rn Mass balance - Unit 1 = 1 A balance - Unit 1 => x, Mass balance - mixing point => ri, A balance - mixing point =x, C balance - ixing point > y, 4174.29 (mol nig(mol/ 1o0mel/h (ol) A (oes) 0300:01B/ mol X;(molB mol) ‘0940m01B/mol SOmolT/mot | Column s-. (molt mol) Column 2 | 0060mo1T/ mol 0.450m01X/ mol 1-5) —x7(molX/ mol) 7is(an0l/ bi) 7i(mmol/h) 0.020 m0lT / mot X55(molB/ mol) 0.980m01X/ mol x,5(molT/ mal) 1-35 —73(molX/ mol) Column 1 Column 4 unknowns (7st. tg2.%73) 4 unknowns (7574553) -3 balances ~3 balances =I recovery of X in bot. (96%) = 1 recovery of B in top (97%) ODF ODF Column 1 96% X recovery: 0.96(0.450)(100) = 0987, w Total mole balance: 100 @ B balance: 0.300(100) @) Tohalance: 0.250(100) @ Column 2 97% B recovery: 097x337; = 0.940%, (3) ‘Total mole balance: i; = m, + rs (6) 940 + xasth a 060, + xpi () (1) = ig = 44.1m01 / (2)= i, = 559 mol/b (3)3xq) =0536m01B/ mol (4) x7) = 0431 molT/ mol (9) n, =3095mol /b (6)> 1, =2496mol /b (7) x55=0036mo1B/ mol (8) = x,5 = 0892 mel T / mol Overall benzene recovery: 403099). 19 *“9300(100) Overall toluene recovery: 232212496), (0250{100) 4184.30 1o0ks sige) aults'®) 41 | figllgt§) ooskesrie *] yp [OS 5) i eo) 10 | 0050xes te 0965 ke HO ke 1-,(ke 0/48) 1x, (keH.0/ ka) 0950 ke HO ke 01007, (kg H,0/2) 01007, (kg H,0/) (100%, (kg #,0/8) (ke #078) Overall process 100 ko/h Figg (Kah) 0.035 kg Sikg 0.050 kg Sikg 0.965 kg HO/kg 0.950 kg HOikg | rt, (kg FE,0 |) Salt balance: 0,035(100) = 0.050: Overall balance: 100 = 7, + hp 1m, (kgH,O recovered) (kgH,O in fresh feed) First 4 evaporators 00k. (koh) 0.035 kg S/ ke ws(kg S/kg) 0965 kg FEO/ke 1x (kg HO/kg) | 4x 0100n. (kg Oh) Overall balance: 100 = 4(0.100)ri, +12, Salt balance: 0.035(100) = xi, 419431 2i,(mol) 097molB/ mol | Condenser| Q03molT/ mol ‘nA, (mol) i, (mol) (89.2% of Bin feed) 097 molB/ mol 097 molB/ mol 100 mol misiaa | 0.03molT/ mol 0.03molT / mol : still ABORT Hol ing (mol) (45% of feed toreboiler) ‘¥p(molB/ mol) ‘¥s(molT / mol) fig (mol) Reboiler | xs(molB/ mol) =5(molB/ mol) 1x5 (001T/ mol) -3(molT/ mol) Overall process: 3 unknowns (7i,,7i...5) Sui: $ unknowns (71,74, ,11,.'5529) ~2 balances 2 balances = Lrelationship (89.2% recovery) 3DF ODF Condenser: 1 unknown (7,) —-Reboiler: 6 unknowns (71, .72,.7% X93; O balances 2 balances IDF 2 relationships (2.25 ratio & 45% vapor) 3DF Begin with overall process, Overall process 89.2% recovery: 0.892(0.50)(100) = 0.97) Overall balance: 100 =n, B balance: 0.50(100) = 0.977, + Reboiler Composition relationship: =——==" = 2.25 xy /(0 Percent vaporized: vi, = 045%, wo Mole balance: fiy = jis + fig ) (Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously.) B balance: =i =Xpity + y5i 4-204.31 (cont'd) ¢. B fraction in bottoms: x, = 0100molB/ mol Moles of overhead: i, = 46,0mo1 Moles of bottoms: si; = $4.0mol xs) = 010)(5 Recovery of toluene: (I=) (01045402) 9996 = 979 (050(100) (050(100) 4.32 (kg #0) Bypass Mixing point Basis: 100k (ea) Evaporator | (kg) mls) O2igs/te O12 kg sTkg 058 kg Ske 042 kg S/he (088 kg H,0/ ka 088 kg H,O ke 042 kg H,O/ ke 058 kg H,0/ ke DI2 kes ke 098 ig H.0/ ke Overall process: 2 unknowns (1",,77,) =2 balances ODF Evaporator: 3 unknowns (17,,7,,7,) Mixing point: balances 1DE Overall S balance: 0.12(100) = 0.42, Overall mass balance: 10 Mixing point mass balance: m, +71, Mixing point $ balance: 058m, + 0.12, = 042m, Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously Bypass mass balance: 100 =m, +m, bm, =9005 kg, m, =995 kg, m, =714 ke, m, = 18.65 kg, Bypass fiaction: “= 0.095 100 Bypass 2 unknowns (27,7) independent balance LDF salances 1DE 3 unknowns (21.11) w Q ¢ Over-evaporating could degrade the juice; additional evaporation could be uneconomical; a stream consisting of 90% solids couid be hard to transport. 4-21 >i(k) nse) g(a!) = Treatment] x. (keCr/ ke) alr kg) osass keke | omsskeW/ke | unit | _ss(aewikg) | 1—xq(keW/kg) De iy = 6000 kg (b= Fi 09485 keW kg 4500 kg/h (maximum allowed value) Bypass point mass balance: m, = 6000-4500 = 1500 kg/h Crremoval: i, = 0.95(0.0515)(4500) 220.2 kg Cr/b ‘Mass balance on treatment unit: st, = 4500-2202 = 42798 kg/h Crbalance on treatment unit: x; ‘Mixing point mass balance: si, Mining point Cr balance: x¢ = 0.0515(4500) ~ 220.2 47798 0+ 42798 779.8 0405 15(1500) + 0.0002707(42798) = 0.002707 kgCr/ kg bh 57798 [ims (kgth) | mz (kath) [ms (kaih) | ma (kath) [ms (kg/h) [xs [me (kgih)] xe. 1000] 1000] ol 48.5] ‘951{ 0.00277, 951] 0.00277 2000] 2000] | 97.9] 7902[ 0.00277 7902] 0.00271] 3000] 3000) A 747| 2853] 0.00271 2853] 0.00271 4000) 4000) 0 7196] 3804[_ 0.00277 3804[ 0.00271 5000) 4500] 500] 220] 4280[ 0.00271 4780| 0.00784] 6000] 4500] 7500] 220} 4260] 0.00271 3780] 0.0754] 7000) 4500 2500] 220} 4260] 0.00271 6780] 0.0207] 6000] 4500] 3500] 220} 4280| 0.00271 7780| 0.0247] 2000] 4500] 4500] 220} 4280| 0.00271 6780] 0.0277] 10000] 4500] 5500] 220} 4280] 0.00271 9780] 0.03074.33 (cont'd) m4 VS. xs 0.03500 0.03000 0.02500 0.02000 0.01500 01000 0.00500 0.00090 | ememewe © 2000 4000 8000 8000 10000 12000 xe (kg Crikg) my (kg/m) Cost of additional capacity — installation and maintenance, revenue from additional recovered Cr, anticipated wastewater production in coming years, capacity of waste lagoon, lke S0, 9) 2 i Ccosatizer EAS ———_ ‘Be | oie(aex.80.70) 0198 1g K50, [kg [stoke X50 te} “oscost0 bs m8 9) 0400 ke K:50, /ke Let K = K,SO., W =H: Basis: 175 kg W evaporated/s Overall process: 2 unknowns (m,.1%) ‘Mixing point: 4 unknowns (rin, ri, 7it,.77%.) 2 balances balances ODF 2DF Evaporator: 4: unknowns (ri, sng,1rty) Crystallizer: 4 unknowns (ini, ity) 2 balances =2 balances 1 percent evaporation 2DF IDF Strategy: Overall balances = ri, tt verify that each % evaporation = mts chosen subsystem involves Balances around mixing point = ri, m,{ no more than two Balances around evaporator => tg. ty} unknown variables 4.234.34 (cont'd) Overall mass balance: My =175+10hng +7) Overall K balance; 0.196, = Orin, + 0.4000 | Production rate of crystals 45% evaporation: 175 kg evaporated/min = 0.4501 W balance around mixing point: 0804, + 0.600ri1, ‘Mass balance around mixing point: ri, + my K balance around evaporator: ts = Woalance around evaporator: mt, = 175+ ng ‘Mole fraction of K in stream entering evaporator = Fresh feed rate: ri, 21 kgs Onn, = 41.6 kg K(s)/s in(kg recycle/s) 3523 Tiy(kg fresh feeds) 2208 Production rate of crystals kg recycle kg fresh feed Recycle ratio: c. Scale t0 75% of capacity. Flow rate of stream entering evaporator = 0,75(398 kg/s) = 299. 463% K, 53.7% W 4. Drying. Principal costs are likely to be the hieating cost for the evaporator and the dryer and the cooling cost for the crystallizer. 4-24Overall objective: Separate components of a CH,-CO2 mixture, recover CH, and discharge CO; to the atmosphere, Absorber function: Separates CO, from CH. Stripper function: Removes dissolved CO> from CHsOHT so that the latter can be reused. The top streams are liquids while the bottom streams are gases. The liquids are heavier than the gases so the liquids fall through the columns and the gases rise fn (ool) 0010mo1CO, / mot 990 molCit, / mol fig(mn0lN; /) ‘ig(molCO, /h) 4100 mol/ Absorber|, is (mol/b} Stripper| 0300molC (0.005 molCO, / mol ns(molN, /h) fg eslenalNsh) 700:m01CH, ‘mot 0995 mol CH,OH / mol 1n,(molCO; /) », (mol CHO) Overall: 3 unknowns (7,74, 715) Absorber: 4 unknowns (7,7 balances balances 1 DF 1DE Fisstig) Stripper: 4 unknowns (ji, H,,H4.7) —2 balances = 1 percent removal (90%) IDF Overall CH, balance: [(0.700)(100)|(mol CH, / h) = 0.990%, Overall: mole balance: 100(mol/h) = Fi, + ~ Percent COs stripped: 090%, tipper CO, balance: A, 7, +0.005%, Swipper CH,OH balance: it, 1995, i i, = 70-7 mol /b, ity = 65L0mol /h, 72, = 32.55mol CO, / hy = 647.7 mol CHOH /h. 19.29 mol CO; / 30.0 0.010% 30.0 976molCO, absorbed / mol fed Fractional CO, absorption: fo,4.35 (cont'd) ‘otal molar flow rate of liquid feed to stripper and mole fraction of COy "s_ _ 0478molCO, / mol Scale up to 1000 kg/h (-10° g/h) of product gas: 142 «10° mol /h 10x10° g/b\(1628 g / mol) 100 mol /hif(6142 x 10* mol /)/(70.71 mol /h)] = 869 x 10* mol bh T, P, The higher pressure in the absorber will help dissolve the gas in the liquid, ‘The methanol must have a high solubility for COs, a low solubility for CH,, and a low volatility atthe stripper temperature. 4.36 a. Basis: 100 kg beans fed mle) Conder mltecst.)f sore cy la) mites) 4 Ex} OE + EV > syle) ts) Tory elk Rk olga wnt sroigs 2 solke ok) 025k) Overall: 4 unknowns (m,,1%,.7%4,9's) Extractor: 3 unknowns (1,,2%.)3) = 3 balances =3 balances 1DF ODF Mixing Pt: 2 unknowns (1%, Evaporator: 4 unknowns (17,.77,.1%.7) balance =2 balances IDF 2DF Filter: 7 unknowns (1, ,%,.1,.%3.¥2.¥s0¥s) —3 balances =Loil/hexane ratio 3DF Start with extractor (0 degrees of freedom) Extractor mass balance: [300 +870 +130] ke = 4-264.36 (cont'd) © 437 Extractor § balance: 87.0 kg $= xy, Extractor oil balance: 130 kg oil Filter $ balance: 87.0 kg S = 0.7Sm, vam, Filter mass balance: m, (kg) = m, +, Oil / hexane ratio in filter cake: Filter oil balance: 130 kg oil = yn, + yum Evaporator hexane balance: (1 y,)i, Mixing pt. Hexane balance: m, +75 = Evaporator oil balance: ym, mg LS kgooil Pi Ms kegel _ Yield = 796 ~ 700 kg beans fed m2 Fresh hexanefeed =.= 28s Cell _ ESS 100 ~ 100 kg beans fed im, _ 272 kg C,H, recycled mm 28 kg CoH, fed (0118(kg oil / kg beans fed) = 0.28(kg CH, / kg beans fed) Recycler Lower heating cost for the evaporator and lower cooling cost for the condenser. faouas 10016, “ == 4d may tin ns wie (ba Wzze) me) my(b) mle) Tes Okada) (Ib, Wize) Strategy ‘95% dirt removal => m, (= 5% of the dirt entering) Overall balances: 2 allowed (we have implicitly used a clean shirt balance in labeling the chart) =m, ms; (solves Part (a)) 4.274.37 (cont'd) Balanees around the mixi point involve 3 unknowns (m,, mg, x), a5 do balances around the filter (7, ms.) but the tub only involves 2(nj, m,) and 2 balances are allowed for each subsystem. Balances around tub =m, m, Balances around mixing point = m,, x (solves Part (b)) 010+ (092), = m; = 2.065 Ib,, dirt (0.08)(2.068)]{lb,, Whizz0) = 317 Ib,, Whizz0 Tub dirt balance: 2 +003, = 010+ 0130, a ‘Tub Whizzo balance: 097m = 3+ 087m @ Solve (1) & (2) simultaneously = m, =204 Ib,,.2, Mixing pt. mass balance: 317 + mts = 204 Ibyy => 1% =173 Ib Mixing pt. Whizzo balance: 3.17 + x(17.3)=(0.97)(20.4)=> 438 a. mixer 3 Cy beE Filters Cos ke S e Faz kek 3300 ke S Frys kes + t 620 kL riser 1 mixer 2 [Cy ket = Bie eS Fikers Fy kal Fay ke Fickgs Fas kes Tro nosing tant mixer/filter 1: 00(620)=F,=> Fp = 62 kgL balance: 620=62+G,> G,=6138kgL mixer/filter2: 0.01(6138 + F, Fy =62kgL balance: 6138+ Fy =Fy+Cy p> Cy, =6137 kel, mixer/filter 3: 001C,, =F, 2 = Ol kg. balance: 6137=6.14Cy > Cy, = 6076 kg L 4-284.38 (cont'd) 439 a. Solvent n/t Cp = 495 ke S balance: 3300=495+F y= Ky =2805 ke S mjf2: 015(495+Fs)= Crs 482.6 kg S balance: 495+ Fs =Cs+Rs |_ Fy =2746kgS m/f3: 015(2720+ Cys) = Cs 4804 kg S balance: 2720+ Cx. = Fig + Ci. = 2722.2 kg S Holding Tank Contents 62+62=124 ke leaf 2805 +27346 = 3540 kg solvent —Ssd0kes __y| Qa(ke) .| Qalkg) O16SKEE/KE | Extraction! OSKEE ES Steam | 0200KgE7 ke 0835kgW / kg Unit | O.1SkgF/ke Stripper | 0-026kgF / kg 0,(kgb) OssskgW /kg ama kg —_ al?) | Ks) )-(keE) 2: (kee, a eal | GelkeFy OOTSKEE Qo(kgD) < O.987kgW / kg Q-(keF) 10, (kg steam) Mass ofD in Product: —* = o ass of in Product: oops reat kgD=0, Water balance around extraction unit: 0835(5540) = 08550, = O, Ethanol balance around extraction unit: (0) = 013(5410) + Oz = Qz = 211 kg (ethanol in extract) E balance around stripper 0,015(5410) = 0.0260, = 2, E balance around stripper kg (mass of stripper overhead product) (013{5410) = 0.200(3121) + 00130, = Oy = 6085 kg (mass of stripper bottom product) We stripper 5410) + Q, = 0.774(3121) + 0.987(6085) = Q, = 3796 kg steam fed to stripper C,H, +2H, + CH, 2 mol H react / mol C, « formed / kmol H, react 03 kmol 4-294.39 (cont'd) v. 4.40 441 n, 5<20-H, islimitingreactant Ne, 15 molH, fed => LOmolC,H, fed = 0.75 mol CH, required (theoretical) sa excess C,H, ~ HO ed 0.75 mol required 100% = 333% 0.75mol required 4x10%tonnes CjH,| lyr _|Iday| 1h [1000 kg|1 kmolC,H,| 2 kmol 00 kgH, wr [300 days|24 [3600 s| tonne [300 kgC,H, [I kmolC,H,| 1 mol, = 206 kg H,/s The extra cost will be involved in separating the product from the excess reactant 4NH, +50, >4NO+6H,0 5 lb- mole O, react 4b mole NO formed _ 100 Bonini Skm0l 0; _ 155 kmolO. (0) esesat = ‘¢kmol NH, 40% excess O, = (no,),, = 140(125 kmol 0,) = 175 kmol O (500kgNH, )(1 kmol NH, /17kgNH,) =294kmolNH, (100.0kgO,)(1 kmolO, / 32kgO,) = 3125 kmolO, = 0) is the limiting reactant 3125kmolO, | 4kmol NH, 250kmol NH, Skmol0. Required NH, 294- ‘seexcessNH; % 100% = 17.6%excess NH, 250 Extent of reaction: 19, =(2o,), —V0,8> Mass of No: 3425 kmol O,|4 kmol NO| 3 kmol 0, 3125—(-5 300 keNO Tkmol NO By adding the feeds in stoichometric proportion, all of the H:S and SO2 would be consumed, Automation provides for faster and more accurate response to fluctuations in the feed stream, reducing the risk of release of HS and SO;. It also may reduce labor costs. 4-304.41 (cont'd) be 30010? kmol)85 kmol HS] 1 kmol SO. _ “ h kmol | 2 kmol HS es Calibration Curve 1.20 4.00 : F oso 2 060 E oso < * 920 0.00 00 200 40.0 © 60.9 89.0 100.0 Ra (mv) | cam $0, /h) fi, (mol /) x(kmol#,S/ kmol) Blender }———» jig = aR, OOkmol /b,R, = 15mVf"" =100mV), Flowmeter calibration: =x. =!2,(001191 4314.41 (cont'd) R-29 45)[(00119)(765) - 0060: 7 5 539) + 73 (639) ¢. Faulty sensors, computer problems, analyzer calibration not linear, extrapolation beyond range of calibration data, system had not reached steady state yet. =127.4kmol /h 3 42 165 mol/s ‘a( mol. x(mol C,H, / mol) 0310 mol C,H, / mol 1—x(mol HBr/ mol) 0173 mol HBr / mol 0.517 mol C,H,Br/ mol CH, + HBr C,H.Br Calance: 165mol|x(molCHy)] 2molC__ 49 310)(2) +:H(0517)(2) a 3 mol |molC,H, Br balance: 165(1—x)(1)=n(0.173)(1)+1(0.517)(1) Q (Note: An atomic H balance can be obtained as 2*(Eq. 2) + (Eq. 1) and so is not independent) Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously = # = 108.77mol /s, x = 0545molC,H, / mol = (I-x)=045SmolHBr/ mol Since the C.Hy/HBr feed ratio (0,545/0.455) is greater than the stoichiometric ration (=1), HBr is the limiting reactant (Figs) egy = (1650 /s)(0435mol HBr / mol) = 75.08 mol HBr 75.08—(0.173)(108.8 73.08 Fractional conversion of HBr (ess, pay 75.0801 C,H, (cs, )yg = 16Sumol/s)(0.54S mol CH, mol) = $9.93 mol CH, 89.93 -75.08 75.08 Extentof reaction: cs. ~ (lexus), + Vested = (108.8)(0.517)=0+(1)E => Se excess of C,H, 4-32Basis: 100 mol HCI fed to reactor 2 100 mol HCL 1ns(molHCl) nns({mol0,) (mol ait) nng(molNo) 0.21 mol 0,7 mol nis(mol Cl,) 0.79 mol N; / mol nng(molH0) 35% excess _ 100 mol HCL aie” 2 mol HCL 35% excess air: 021n,(mol O, fed) = 135 25=> n, = 160.7 mol air fed (0), 25 mol 05 5 mol HCL 85% conversion = 85 mol HCI react = n, mol HClresct | 11k, 6 ey ne Qmol Hel *° BCE ng = (85)(1/2) = 42.5 mol HO No balance: (160,7)(079) = ny => ny =127 mol Ny © balance: 2 2 [2 42.5 mol HO | I molO (160.7021) wotO, | 2molO _,,, ,42SmOITLO| IMDIO rs aaio, Tmol 0; Tol Hy si Total moles: 5 10, LN = 2395 mo] = SSBOLHCI _g9¢3 MOLHC! 995) MOlOr gs3q MOIN2 239.5 mol mol mol mol ory BCL, yyy mol HO As before, n; = 160.7mol air fed, 7, 2HCL+ 50; +> Ch+H,0 ny =(n)y+4.43 (cont'd) 444 Oy: 1s =021(1607) - Na! my =0.79(16007 ‘These molar quantities are the same as in part (a), so the mole fractions would also be the same. Use of pure O; would eliminate the need for an extra process to remove the N: from the product gas, but O; costs much more than air. The cheaper process will be the process of choice. FeTiO, +2H,S0, — (Ti0)SO, + FeSO, +2H,0 Fe,0, +3H,SO, + Fe,(SO,), +3H,0 (Ti0)SO, +2H,0 + H,Ti0,(s)+H,S0, H,Ti0,(s) + Ti0,(s)+H,0 Basis: 1000 kg TiO: produced 1000 kg TIO, | _kmol TiO, | | kmol FeTiO, 79.90 kg TiO; | 1 kmol TiO. 12.52 kmol FeTiO, dec. | 1 kmol FeTiO, feed ‘i =14.06 kmol FeTiO, fed (0.89 kmol FeTiO, dec. 14.06 kmol FeTiO | _Lkmol Ti_| 47.90 kg Ti 1kmol FeTiO,; | kmol Ti 6735 ke Ti! M(kg ore) = 0.243 => M = 2772 kg ore f 12.52 kmol FeTiO; decomposes = 6735 kg Ti fed Ore is made up entirely of 14.06 kmol FeTIO, + n(kmol FeO) (Assumption!) 14,06 kmol FeTiO, | 151.74 kg FeTiO, = 2772 kg ore n= 2772 kg ore kinol FeTiO, = 6381 kg FeO; 638.1 kg Fe,0, | _kmol Fe,0, 159.69 ka Fe, 4OGkmol FeTO, | 2kmol SO, 400kmo1FeTIO, | 3k HSO, _ 915 senso, kel FeTiO; 1kwol Fe,0, = 50% excess: 154012 kmol H,SO,) = 6018 kmol H,SO, fed 60.18 kmol HSO, | 98.08 kg H;S0, ‘Mass of 80% solution: = 59024 kg H,SO, T kmol H,S0, ° 59024 kg H,SO, / M, (kg soln) -080= Mf, = 7380 kg 80% H,SO, feed =400kmol Fe,O; 4-344.45 a. Plot C (log scale) vs. & (linear scale) on semilog paper, get straight line through (k,=10. 6, 67 g/ m3) 8. C, 130 g/m*) and (% InC=bR+ Ina C=a0” 1n(2.67/0.30 B10 = C=01696°%" 3) _C’Cby) | 4536 g | 35.31 f° m’)=— = = 16,020C" fel’) oe eee 4 16,020C'= 01696°"""* > c'(Ib,, SO, /ft*)=1 -178 =a =e" = 0169 0.0875, Ina = In(2.67) - 0.0575(48) 5 107$000788 b. (2867 fi*/s)(60 s/min) 1250 Ib,,/min R=37=>C'(Ib,, SO,/ft’) = L055 x 10Se751°") 88610" Ib,, $O,/f° 86x10" Ib, SO, | 138 f° i Z oe SO A” 901200182 $22 compliance achieved it lb, coal b, cal —— & $40; 980; 1250 Ib, coal | 0.05 Ib,, $ | 64.06 Ib,, SO. min [11b, coal [| 32.061b, S 1249 Ib,, SO, generated /min 286789 86 « s cra | Gtk, | RG be $02 _152 tb, $O,/min in scrubbed gas s [inia) # lair [rmbbing tia 1250 Ib, nin Tumse Jstsck gas cerubber [setubbed gas 51, Sma 1249 [b,, 50, Tan 15.2 [b,, SO, aia F Tiquid eftent 124.9 15.2) bq 80s (absorbed)/min (1249-152) Ibg, SO, scrubbed/min 1249 Ib,, SO, fed to serubber/min x 100% 88 4. The regulation was avoided by diluting the stack gas with fresh air before it exited from the stack. The new regulation prevents this since the mass of SO: emitted per mass of coal ‘burned is independent of the flow rate of air in the stack.446 A+B ===C+D nang -€ My Ma = Nag va=(e ine ne =Me, +E a= =U ay nem, 8 Total n, EM, (cs +2 a dey At equilibrium: =487 (np's cancel) Yas (Mao S-)Me0 (rrsecance) &.) 387E2 — (No + Mp9 +487 (tap +190 )\E_ —(racoPtpy 48711 soPtgp)= 0 [ag +bg,+e=0) 87 =1 (one —4ac) where b=—[nog + Np) +487(M49 +120)] * 4870s] Basis: Lmol A feed 14 =1 tgp =1. Mop =Mpp =Mrq Constants: a=3.87 b=-9.74 ¢=4.87 “39 1 (0.74% [(9.74y -4(3: S748) (Sy = 1.83 is also a solution but leads to a negative conversion) =N¢9 + 6, ~E.=ng—70 mol 80-70=10 mol YoND _ Mel 4g7=2e22 _ Nelo Vals MaMa ng = 170.6 mol methanol fed 4-364.46 (cont'd) 447 iS 401 mol CH,OH/mol (040 mol CH,COOH/mol 706-70=1006 mol) Product gas n, ‘mol H,0/mol Cost of reactants, selling price for product, market for product, rate of reaction, need for heating or cooling, and many other items. CO+H,O< C0, +H, “~e OM 1.00 mol n4(mol CO) 020 mol CO/ mol Tis (mi01 HO) 010 mol CO, / mol nng(molCO,) 0.40 mol H,0/ mol (unl 5) 030 mol 1/ mol ee 1, (awol I) Degree of freedom analysis: 6 unknowns (72,,74.M%. tips. — 4 expressions for n,( ~ 1 balance on I equilibrium relationship ODE Since two moles are prodcued for every two moles that react, hoa) = 100(sn0l) My ___ (010+ Ee) \040-F At equilibrium: 2°: ¥y¥p May (020- 0.110(mol A, Yp=Mp= mol) The reaction has not reached equilibrium yet. 4-37 aw @ e) w )447 (cont'd) a 448 a. © Ti) _[-x(COr | xirO) | x(CO) [Kea | Kea (Goal Seek) | Extent of Reaction] —y Fa) Eos} a5] OL o867 Tas ozs] 0207 Taos} 05] ‘of _onesa 2855 a2a2a] 0209 s023| os] 05] ‘of 12569] 712560 D268] 0263 zaps} 05} ‘of 18220] a2 2905] 029] 823] 05| 05] ‘of 32660] 3.2665 ‘os2ta| 0377 23] —os| 05] ‘of 6.187 6288] 0.3085] 0 353] e2ap os} 05] ‘of 156607] 5.5802] 10.3992] 0 309] era] _05| 05] ‘ol 97077] 27011 03785 0373) 695] o.5[ 05] ol 7835 73331 0.3084| 0 303) 7 a | of asi E5i77] 0.3724] 0372) FE | ast DrioH| —_o-179) 12a] 0.4] 02 0.1] — ona] 0.8857] D-1109] 0-179] 7133| 03] 03] 0.8858 08556] 0.1454] 0125] 7123 os] 0. ‘of 0.8859] 0.8567] o.2ise] 0216] The lower the temperature, the higher the extent of reaction. An equimolar feed ratio of carbon monoxide and water also maximizes the extent of reaction. A+2B>C Ink, =In4, + £/T(K) In(K,/K,.)_la(105/2316 x10") VE - ir 1373— S73 = 11458 At equilibrium, Yo 1 _Meo+F) Yas (My —ENr59 — Basis: | mol A (CO) Neg = =n 4-384.48 (cont'd) (For this particular set of initial conditions, we get a quadratic equation, Tn general, the equation will be cubic.) 156, B84 Reject the second sotution, since it leads to a negative ng 11-0156) (2-2(0156)) = y, = 0500 Yq = (1-2(0156)) /(2-2(0156)) > y, = 0408 Vo =(0+0156)/(2-2(0156)) => yo = 0.092 nym € Fractional Conversion of CO ( 4} 0156 mol 4 reacted feed No Mao 4. Use the equations from part b. i) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing fraction of CO. ii) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing fraction of CHsOH. iii) Fractional conversion decreases with increasing temperature. iv) Fractional conversion increases with increasing pressure = REAL TRU. A. E, YAO, YCO. T, P, KE, P2KE, C0, C1, C2, C3, EK, EKPL. "I FN,FDN.NT.CON, YA, YB. YC INTEGER NIT, INMAX TAU ~ 0.0001 INMAX = 10 0 DA=4.79E-13 11458. READ (5, *) YAO, YBO, YCO, T, P KE=A* EXP(ET) P2KE = P*P*KE C0 = YC0 - P2KE * YAO * YBO * YBO C1=1,-4, * YCO + P2KE * YBO * (YBO+4.* YAO) €2=4. * (YCO-I.— P2KE * (YA0 + YBO)) *(U.+P2KE) EK-0.0 (Assume an initial value ¢, NIT=0 D 1D CEN=CO+EK * (C1 +EK * (C2 + EK * C3))DFDN =C1+EK * (2. *C2+ EK * 3. * C3)DEKPI= EK - FNEDNONIT = NIT + 1ZIF (NIT.EQINMAX) GOTO 471F (ABS((EKPI - EK)EKPI).LT.TAU) GOTO 25K = =0.0) EKPIDGOTO 1 2 —2. * EKPT YA = (YA0—EKPI)NT ‘YB - (YBO-2. + EKPIYNT YC =(¥YCO+EKPI)/NT 4-394.49 4.48 (cont'd) CON = EKPI/YA0" WRITE (6, 3) YA, YB, YC, CONTSTOP = 4 CWRITE (6, 5) INMAX, EKPT 3° FORMAT(' YA YB YC_ CON’ 1, (F6.3, 1X))ZFORMAT (DID NOT CONVERGE IN’, B, ITERATIONS’, ‘a ‘CURRENT VALUE =’, F6.3) SEND = SsopaTacos 05 00 423. 2.5 RESULTS: YA ~ 0.500, YB 0.408, YC - 0.092, CON ~ 0.156 Note: This will only find one root — there are two others that can only be found by choosing different initial values of * CH, +0, —+HCHO +H,0 w CH, +20, —+€0, +2H,0 @) 100 mol/s ig 050 mol CH, / mol 7,(mol CH,/3) 050 mol 0; / mol ‘ig (mol O, /s) ‘ng(mol HCHO /s) ‘iy (mol HO /s) n, (mal CO, /s) 7 unknowns (igs 7s =5 equations forn,(3,.2) 2DF bin =50-%,-2, a) fig =50- 2) @) @ 6) © Fractional conversion: 5°—") - 9900 n, = S00melCH, /s Exactional yield: "5. 50 Equation 3 2, 2 08555 fis 2.75 mol HCHO /s Equation 1= ¢, = 2.25 Equation 2 = fiy = 2.75 Equation 4 =f, = 47.25 Equation 5= 7; 25 Selectivity: [(42.75 mol HCHO/s)(2.25 mol CO,/s) = 19.0mol HCHO!mol CO, 4-40& Design for low conversion and feed ethane in excess. Low conversion and excess ethane ‘make the second reaction unlikely. Hy + Ch > GH:C1+ HCL, GH;CL+ Ch > CH.Ch + HCL Basis: 100 mol produced ‘(01 CH) 100 mol CHCl 5 unknowns Ailmol CH) yf Jo ‘m3 (mol Ck) ns (cx0l CoH) =3 atomic balances 2m (snol HC) 2 DE. ns (anol CHCl) Selectivity: 100 mol C)H,Cl= Lng (mol CHCl) = ns =7.143 mol CHCl, 15% conversion: (10.15) =n3 | am = 7143 mol CoH, in C balance 2n, = 2(100) + 2n, + 27.143) — ny = 114.3 mol Hobalance: —_6{(714.3) =5(100) + 6114.3) +, + 4(7.143) =n, = 6071 mol HCL Clhalance: 2, = 100 + 6074 + 2(7.143) => 77, = 1143 mol Cl, Feed Ratio: 1143 mol Cl, / 714.3 mol C,H, =016 mol Cl; / mol CH, aii si SECC 143 mol Cl,|1 mol 5 out 1143 mol CH,C1 ad T mol Cl; Neier Fractional yield of C:HsCl: Some of the C2H,Cl is further chlorinated in an undesired side reaction: QHCh + Ch > GH,Ch + HCl (CoH, + 1:0 > CsH:OH, 2 CHOH + (C3H):0 + 120, Basis: 100 mol effluent gas 100 mot | Oas3 mol Cg mol 3 unknowns ny (tnol C44) mime Fy) | 25 mol mol we imei ,o wl 0.025 mol CH 50H / mol -2 independent atomic balances 2 [mol Ht 0.0014 mol(C,Hs),0/mol «1 Tbalance ‘a3 (mol 1) 0.093 mol T/ mol oD. 0.4476 mol 1,0 (v) / mol (1) € balance: 21, = 100(2¢0.433 + 20025 + 400014) (2) balance: 4n, +2ns = 100(4#0.433 + 60,025 + 10600014 + 240.4476) (3) O balance: n, = 100(0025 + 0.0014 + 0.4476) Note; Eq. (1)*2+ Eq. (3)*2 = Eq. (2) =2 independent atomic balances (4) Tbalance: ns = 9.3 4a4.51 (cont'd) b. (1) > m =46.08 mol CH, (3) =m, =47.4 mol H,O }= Reactor feed contains 44.8% C,H, 46.1 (4) Sn, =93 moll _ 46.08 - 433 46.08 fall CxH, were converted and the second reaction did not occur, (M,s,cy),.. =4608 mol x 100% = 6 6 conversion of C3Hy = Fractional Vield of CH.OH: 1.0% Selectivity of CsH,OH to (C3H;).0° 2.5 mol C3 0.054 es) yu, = (25! 4608) OH / mol ( c. Keep conversion low to prevent CsHsOH from being in reactor long enough to form significant amounts of (C3Hs):0. Separate and recyele unreacted CoH. 452 CaF, (s) + HSO, (1) + CaSO, (s) + 2HF(g) A metric ton acid | 1000 Kg acid | 0.60 KE A _ 9p Tuettic ton acid | 1 kg acid Basis: 100 kg Ore dissolved (not fed le nn (kg CaSO.) 0.96 kz CaF he 0.04 ke SiO ke nm (ka 93% H, SQ) 0.93 HE SQ) ka/ke 0.07H: Olgikg Atomic balance - Siz 0.04(100) kg SiO, | 28.1kgSi _», (keH,SiF,) | 28.1 ke Si 050 ke Sie 60.1 kg SiO, TH kg HSif, 7795? ke HLSiFe Atomic balance -F: 0.96(100) kg CaF, | 380kgF _m (sgHF)| 19.0keF 78.1 kg CaF, 20.0 kg HF 9S9KgH,SIF, | 1140kgF ~ Ta. kg H,SiF, >"? 600 kg HF | 100 kg ore diss. | 1 kg ore feed AL2kgHF [0.95 kg ore diss 1.2 ke HF 333 kg ore 442a e C,Hy+Cl, > C,H,Cl+ HCl C,H,Cl+Cl, + C,H,Cl, +HCl CH, Cl, + Cl + CHCl, + HCL Convert output wi% to mol%: Basis 100 g output species g Mol. Wt mol mol CMs 78.11 0.832 3.2 C,HCl 112.56 0.284. 25.0 CHCl, 147.01 0.017 1s CHC 181.46 0.003 03 toial 1.136 Basis: 100 mol output i ol HCl) fevot my (moll) 4 unknowns 3 atomic balances -—> wir re (aol CL 73.2 mol Ce ODF. 75 (nl) 25.0 mol CHCl 1.5 mol CeH,Clz 0.3 mol CéHsCls Coalance: 617, = 6(73.2+25.0+1.5+0.3) =n, = 100 mol C,H, H balance: 6(100) = 6(73.2)+5(25.0)+4(1.5)+3(0.3)+n, =>, 8.9 + 25.0 + 2(1.5)+3(0.3) = n, = 28.9 mol Cl, Theoretical CH, = 28.9 mol Cl, (1 mol C,H,/1 mol Cl, )= 28.9 mol C,H, Excess C,H: (100—28.9)/28.9x 100% = 246% excess C,H, 9 mol HCI Cl balance: Fractional Conversion: (100—73.2)/100 = 0.268 mol C,H, react/mol fed Yield: (25.0 mol C,H,Cl)/(28.9 mol C,H,Cl maximum)=0.8 Ga Borel Pet ae 2091 g gas SS mole Cl, | 0 Lb oF as $= 0.2682. 78.11 g C,H, g liquid Liquid feed: (100 mol C,H) ) 7811 g liquid | {mol CH, Low conversion = low residence time in reactor = lower chance of 2nd and 3rd reactions occurring. Large excess of C,H =Cl; much more likely to encounter C,H, than substituted C,H. => higher selectivity Dissolve in water to produce hydrochloric aca. Reagent grade costs much more, Use only if impurities in technical grade mixture affect the reaction rate or desired product yield. 4432C0, 22C0+0, 2A 2B+C 0, +N, 22NO C+Do2E ¥4= (so ~2a)/ltro + Ea) gp +2E,.)/lz0 + Ea) tp =z) #2Ep Dace = Mp + Sey 01493 oY (aot Su ~Fe2)("o0- Sa) L A } Defines functions SE £3) and Jon Given all no's, solve above equations for Ga and Bes => Mss Mss Nes Mos Ne = Ya NB. Veo). IE = qt =0.0593, Ee = 0.3510, yp = 0.2950, 0208 0.0393 yd + ft an f= ahr minty (Solution given following program listing.) IMPLICIT REAL * 40) WRITE (6, 1) 1 FORMAT('I’, 30X, ‘SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4.57//)) 30 READ (5, *) NAO, NBO, NCO, NDO, NEO IF (NAO.LT.0.0)STOP WRITE (6, 2) NAO, NBO, NCO, NDO, NEO 4444.54 (cont'd) 2 FORMAT, ISX, ‘NAO, NBO, NCO,NDO, NEO "', SF6.2/) NTO =NAO+NBO+NCO+NDO+NEO NMAX NES -NE**2 NT=NTO+X1 0.1071 * NaS ¢ NT-NBS *NC F2= 0.01493 * NC * ND —NES ‘Al =-0.4284 * NA * NT * 0.1071 * NAS — 4.0 * NB * NC-NBS ‘Al2-NBS ‘Al =0.01493* ND. 0.01493 * (NC-+ND)- 4.0" NE 11% A22—Al2*A2L D1=(A12 * F2— a2? * FL)DEN D2=(A2I *F1—Al * F2)DEN XIC=X1+DI X2C=X2+D2 WRITE (6, 3) J, XI, X2, XIC, X2C 3. FORMAT(20X, TER * 1, 3X, "NIA, X2A =, 2F10.5, 6X, IF (ABS(DI/XIC).LT.1.0E-S.AND.ABS(D2/X2C).LT.1.0E-~* XI=XIC X2=30C 100 CONTINUE WRITE (6, 4) NMAX 4 FORMAT(0,, 10X, PROGRAM DID STOP 120 YA=NANT 1C, X2C ~, * 2F10.5) GOTO 120 NOT CONVERGE 2, ITERATIONS") WRITE (6, 5) YA, YB, YC, YD, YE 5 FORMAT ('0',1SX,'YA, YB, YC. YD, YE~, IPSE14.4i/) GOTO 30, END SDATA 0.3333 0.00 0.3333 0.3333 0.0 050 00 00 050 0.0 020 020 020 020 020 SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 4.54 NAO, NBO, NCO,NDO,NEO=0.33 0.00 0.33 033 0.00 ITER=1 XIA,X2A=0.10000 0.10000 XIC,X2C=0.06418 0.05181 ITER=2 XIA,X2A=0.06418 0.05181 KIC, X2C= 0.05969 0.02986 ITER=3 XIA,X2A=0.05969 0.02486 XIC.X2C= 0.05937 0.02213 44s4.54 (cont'd) ITER=4 X1A,X2A=0.05437 0.02213 XIC, X2C= 0.08931 0.02086 ITER=5 XIA.3 0.02086 XIC, X2C= 0.05930 0,02083 ITER-6 XI, 15930 0.02083 XIC, X2C = 0.05930 0.02083 YA, YB, YC, YD, YE 20270E-01 L1197E-01 35100E -O1 29501E-01 _39319E -02 NAO, NBO,NCO,NDO,NEO=0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 ITER=1 X1A,X2A~0.10000 0.10000 X1C,X2C=0.00012 0.00037 L ITER=7 XIA,X2A=-0.02244 0.08339 XIC,X2C=-0.02244 0.08339 YA,YB,YC,YD,YE= 2.5051E-01 1.5868E-01 2.6693E-01 2.8989E-01 3.3991E-02 a ® = fy, ost aso Reactor: 98% @ conv. of R ) . 7% TD T= Fim, aD 7 OS i a su teRi | xp, Genin amar) — | 0007S gg Fiotea®) sy aR) ‘Mass balance on reactor: 2- fing =m, @ 99% conversion of R: 1iXpy = 0.010 f Vig 2 Mass balance on mixing point: si, + fg = rtp 8) R balance on mixing point: six, + fitgxey = 0.007Stitp @ The system has 6 unknowns (rip.x,.f.7iy.Xa1-titp) and four independent equations relating them, so there nmst be two degrees of freedom. b. 20- frig =r Tit = O01 fine, tit, + fg = hip Ezsue Tig + fiigrg, =0.007Si1g ip = 4850 Xp, = 0.0500 4464.55 (cont'd) c. mp XRA Map m0 f 4850 0.02 3327 1523 0.54 4330 | 003 | 3002 | i828 | oo 4850 0.04 2870 1980 031 asx0 | 003 | 2778 | 20 | 025 4850 0.06 2717 2133 0.21 asso | 07 | 264 | 2176 | ous asx0 | 008 | 26a | 2200 | ous 4850 0.09 2616 2234 0.15 4350 | o10 | 2596 | 2asa_| outs op Naa Mao Wp f 2450 0.02 1663 762 0.54 2450 0.03 1511 914 0.40 2450 0.04 1435 990 0.31 2450 0.05 1389 1036 0.25 2450 0.06 1359 1066 0.22 nso | 007 | i337 | loss | 019 2450 0.08 1321 1104 0.16 2450 0.09 1308 V7 O15 2450 0.10 1298 1127 0.13 18. Ran F oo Bose Boe ia Boro 2 0.00 - 0.00 0.02 0.04 006 0.08 0.10 0.12 xan tka Rikg A) 447456 a. b © 457 a 900 kg HCHO| 1 kmol HCHO <= = 30.0 kmol HCHO /h h 30.03 kg HCHO ny (kmol CH,OH / by + ia 30.0 kmol HCHO / b 1p (kml H /b) rng (kmol CH 30H /h) 2% conversion: 0.60 =n, 0.0 kmol CH,OH / i 30.0 kmol HCHO / rnp (mol i /h) rng (kmol CH30H /1) 30.0 kmol HCHO / rnp (xmol Hy /h) n, Ganol CH, OH 7B) nig (kmol CH,OH /b) Overall C balance: n; (1) = 30.0 (1) => nj = 30.0 kmol CH,OH/h (fresh feed) Single pass conversion: ny try mans 50.0 kmol CH,OH fed to reactor/h Increased Xp will (1) require a larger reactor and so will increase the cost of the reactor and (2) lower the quantities of unreacted methanol and so will decrease the cost of the separation. The plot would resemble a concave upward parabola with a minimum around Xap ~ 607%. Convert effluent composition to molar basis. Basis: 100 g effluent 10.6 2H, | | mol H, 25 Foren, 7525 mH, 64.00 | 1 mol Co : g 258 malt Hy: 0.631 mol H, / mol 28.01 gCO > CO: 0.274 mol CO / mol 25.4 ¢CH,OH | 1 mol CH,OH CH,OH: 0.0953 mol CH ,OH / mol 32.04 ¢ CHO = 0.793 mol CH,OH 4484.57 (cont’d) ag (rn0l'min) (0.004 mal CHSOHG) ane = (wel CO’mo) (0.8962) nol Ho /mal) 350. mol/min Cond. | a, geieegaagiesy. Reactor an HOH) 7 acon) 0.631 mol CH3OHIy) mol sn ki asd 0.274 mol CO/mol CO+H2>CH3OH 9.0953 mol H> /mol Condenser Overall process 3 unknowns (1,.73,.x) 2 unknowns (i, Hi) =3 balances ~2 independent atomic balances O degrees of freedom O degrees of freedom Balances around condenser CO: 350+0.274 = ii, + 350 60.631 ii, *(0.996—x) iy +0.004 #7 | Hy CH,OH: 350+0,0953 Overall balances Cth } Hi: 2in=4it, 2.08 mol/min CO in feed (32.08 + 318.72 * 0.3009) - 350+ 0.274 Single pass conversion of CO: x 100% (32.08 + 318.72 * 0.3009) 2. Overall conversion of CO: *2°8=2 «100% = 100% b. — Reactor conditions or feed rates drifting. (Recalibrate measurement instruments.) — Impurities in feed. (Re-analyze feed.) — Leak in methanol outlet pipe before flowmeter, (Check for it.) 449458 a. b. © Basis: 100 kmol reactor feed/hr Tro tool | Reactor Cond, >{ ansor |Sovent_ys o;oercn m) SA ‘yma SH ®nal pelt mI Mi a 1 (hot HCA) ‘gba HCl) gal fh (karok Cm) 20 KMOI I, n, (kmol CHCl fh) Rouen) (kel CHC) L__ si ent ic. nimocnan) | -———> seine 1 (el CHC) Overall process: 4 unknowns (1), 0;, m4, 2:) -3 balances = | DF, ‘Mixing Point: 3 unknowns (n:, ms, ns) -2 balances ~ LD.E, Reactor: 3 unknowns (ns, ny, ns) -3 balances = ODE, Condenser: 3 unknowns (1s, ns, ns) -0 balances ~ 3 DF. Absorption column: 2 unknowns (ns, n,) -0 balances Distillation Column: 2 unknowns (ns, ns) -0 balances Atomic balances around reactor 1)C balance: 80=n3 +5n5 +ns | 2) Hbalance:320=4n3 +ng +15ng +2n5 3)Cl balance:40=n4 +5n5 +2n5 | j80—ns) Solve for a; = Solveforn3.n 4.05 CH, balance around mixing point: 1; Cl balance: n: - 20 Fora basis of 100 kmol/h into reactor y= 20.0 kmol HCUh ‘Sn = 14.5 kmol CHCUb (1000 kg CHsCV/h)(1 kmol/50.49 kg) ~ 19.81 kmol CHsCV/h 19.81 kmol CHCl Scale facto = 14S kmol CH Clb ny = (17.1)(1.366) = 23.3 kmol CH 4 (| yor =50.6 kmolh Fresh feed: - i ny =(20.0)(1,366) = 27.3 kmol Cl /h| ~ 46.0 mol% Cy, 54.0 mole%Cl Recycle: ns = (62,9)(1.366) = 85,9 kmol CH: recycled/h4.59 a. Basis: 100 mol fed to reactor/h = 25 mol O,/h, 75 mol C2Hy/h. 7 OTC, TAT (meld, fn) sparaer | SC4.0%) reactor separator _ mica naoH, it ea ICH I) f 1 (ol Ht) (va apes ny (rot, ol, H.0m) 3 hy (lO) 1 (rel 00, ny (nolH,Om) (ral #0) Reactor 5 unknowns (2; - m5) atomic balances -1-% yield Ye conversion ODE. Strategy: 1. Solve balances around reactor to find n;- ns 2. Solve balances around mixing point to find to, nex (2) % Conversion => n; ~.800* 75 90 mol CHO 2) % yield: (.200)(75) mol C,H, (2) il (200) ele a 3 (production rate of CH ,0) (3) C balance (reactor): 150=2.n; +2 n+ ny (4) H balance (reactor): 300 (5) 0 balance (reactor): 5 (6) O» balance (mix pt): no» (7) CoH. balance (mix pt): ness — 75 — my Overall conversion of CsH.: 100% ny +4n3+2n5 2n; +n; +2n+ns 25 m 00 mol HyO/h ‘No = 11.25 mol O,/h Reass = 15.0 mol CHs/b 100% conversion of CoH. Ib-moleC,H40| 44.05 Ibm C>H140| ‘ens = (3.363(15.0) = $0.4 lb-mol CH No: = (3.363)(11.25) = 37.8 Ib-mol Os/h h = 3.363 D=mol/b 13.SmolCjH,0 ‘mol/h4.60 a. Basis: 100 mol feed/h. Put dots above all n’s in flow chart. 100 moth ‘n, {mol fh) a = 0 a ef cw Lexinarorsonmy storel/n mal N- mal) Sear, mre 1p (a Ht) %(in01 CO / mol) 5x (mol 1) Purge ‘Mixing point balances: total: (100) +500 1, => i, = 600. mol Noid +x; * 500=.13 * 600 = x; = 0.148 mol No/mol Overall system balances: Nu =.148* 7, > iy =2Zmolh Atomic C: 32= rly +927 }- ny = 24.3 mol CH;OH/h Atomic H: 2 * 64 = 4*24.3 + 2*(1-0.148-x2)*27_ X) = 0.284 mol CO/mol Overall CO conversion: 100*[32-0.284(27)} Single pass CO conversion: 24.3/ (32+.2844500) = 14! b. Recycle: To recover unconsumed CO and Hz and get a better overall conversion. Purge: to prevent buildup of N>. AOL a. No+3H2> 2NH3 yp (Tg) men Tm wal) (Hy) (12495 30, (mol H) f2) 3m, (mol Hi) (4) MMOD (449) 0, (01 N,) ype (ono) 4-455 39, (mol Hi) (el) (AX 4 (mol Ny 7, (main) | rym, (mar | Concenser ama 3/4 (12X,) (mol 3n, (mol H,) (1-425 3n, (mol Hs) , [mol I/ mol) ‘ny (ml "3 (mol) 24,0 (mol NH.)4.61 (cont'd) a ‘At mixing point: Ne: (1-Nip)/4 + (L-yp\ ig) 01 = my 1:Xy+(-y,) m=m Total moles fed to reactor: ‘Moles of NH; produced: n, Overall Ny conversion: 0.01 £,=0.20 y,=0.10 884 mol Ny 1 mol I {636 mol fed 3536 mol NH; produced Ny conversion = 7 Recycle: recover and reuse unconsumed reactants. Purge: avoid accumulation of T in the system, Increasing Xo results in increasing o,, decreasing n,, and has no effect om fr. Increasing fip results in decreasing n,, increasing np, and increasing fy Increasing y, results in decreasing n,, decreasing n,, and decreasing f, Optimal values would result in a low value of n, and fy, and a high value of np this would give the highest profit. Xa Tp Yo ne Ty for 0.01 | 0.20 | 010 | 3.636 | 0.354 [77.4% 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 3.893 | 0.339 | 71.4% 010 | 0.20 | 040 | 4214 | 0321 | 71.4% 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 2776 | 0.401 | 61.1% 0.01 | 040 | 0.10 | 2252 | 0.430 | 87.0% 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 1.900 | 0.450 [90.9% 0.40 | 0.20 [0.20 [3.000 | 0.250 [55.6% 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 2.379 | 0.205 | 45.5% 010 [0.20 | 0.40 | 1.981 | 0.173 | 38.5%4.62 i-C,Hyp +C.H,=CyHy, — Basis: I-hour operation rip GC sFig) tm (City) 5 CHo) Hoy Oeste @| m-cuto) J myore3ys04) © 8675 +g = 34,700 33,800 kmol C,H,y in recycle E =n, Recycle E: Since Streams (D) and (E) have the same composition, (moles n-CjHyo)_ _ ms (moles i-C,Hyo) Se SE iy (moles n-C,Hyg)) 5 (molesi-C,Hyp) 6,900 kmol n-C, Hyp ny (moles C5H1s), 7, (moles C,Fhs), 78 — n, = 8460 kmol C,H. " ———, Hydrocarbons entering reactor [(647 +16900)(kmol n-c Hy) 58 12 na } nol, -f[eors + 23800) mot i-C.t)f 5812 $8). [i735 kmol C,H, so10 2 } mol / Ss, kmol ke . [8460 kmol C,H, 114.22 “8_}~ 4.00 «10° kg. {460 kane 1 im} # H,SO, solution entering reactor 4.99. 10° ke HC 0 (ea) (aad Leaving reactor) Tight =8.00 x 10° kg H,SO, (aq) im(H,SO, in recycle) nns(f1- C,H in recycle) 8.00 x 10°(H,SO, leaving reactor), +1,(n-C,H,, leaving reactor) = mg = 7.84 x 10° kg HzSO, (aq) in recycle E m, =H,SO, entering reactor ~ H,SO, in E 6x 10° kg H,SO, (aq) recycled from decanter => [o. 6x 10° )(091)kg #80, |i ‘kmol/98.08 kg) = 1480 kmol H,SO, in recycle [l 16 x 10*)(0.09)kg #0] kemol/18.02 kg) = 799 kmol HO from decanter Summary: (Change amounts to flow rates) Product: 173.5 kmol CyHys/h, 347 kmol n-C,Ho/h Recycle from still: 694 kmol i-C,Hyp/b Acid recycle: 1480 kmol H,SO,/h, 799 kmol On Recycle E: 16,900 kmol n-C,H,o/h, 33,800 kmol L-C,H o/h, $460 kmol C,H,5/, 784x 10° kg/h 91% H,SO, > 740 kmol H,SO, /h 0 kmol H0/b4.63 a. A balance on ith tank (input = output + consumption) i(L/min)C, , ,(moL) = ¥C,, + KC, C,,(mol/liter- min)P(L) Use, note v/e= 2 Cas Cy tht Cy Balance. By analogy. Cs, Subtract equations = Cs, — = C51 Ca fom es oo (1) em DB. C3, — Cay = Cay ~ Cag > Cay = Cay + Cay ~ Cao Substitute in A balance from part (a. Ca = Ca tht Cy [Ca + (Coo —Cuo)]- Collect terms in C3, Ch, CY Ch [ke] + Car[1+ (Coo - Can)]- Cain =9 aC, + PCy +y =O where a = kr, B= ~B+\P -4ay Qe , +k 2(Cyq Ca) 7 Solution: C,, (Only + rather than +: since ory is negative and the negative solution would yield a negative concentration.) 362 [_N gamma CAIN) xA(N) 5000 [1 -G670E-02 2.791E-02 0.5077 2000 | 2 2791602 1.512E-02 0.7333 oos7 | 3 -15126-.02 8631603 0.8478 0.1000 | 4 -8631E-03 5.076E-03 0.9105 1448 | 5 -5076E-03 3.03803 0.9464 1.6270 | 6 -3038E-03 1.83703 0.9676 7 1837603 1.118E-03 0.9803 8 -1.118E-03 6.830E-04 0.9880 9 6.830604 4.182E-04 0.9926 10 -4.182E-04 2.565E-04 0.9955 11 -2.565E-04 1.574E-04 0.9972 12 -1.574E-04 9.667E-05 0.9983 13 -9.667E-05 5.939E-05 0.9990 14 -5.9396-05 _ 3.6496-05 0.9904 ), Cnin= 0.80, N- ). (rain = 0.999, AS Yau — 1 the required number of tanks and hence the process cost becomes infinite. 4. (@ Kincteases = N decreases (faster reaction = fewer tanks) (ii) ¥ inereases => NV increases (faster throughput = less time spent in reactor = lower conversion per reactor) 0.90, N=4), (nin = 0.95, (iii) V incteases = N decreases (larger reactor => more time spent in reactor = higher conversion per reactor)4.64 a. Basis: 1000 g gas, Species | mi | MW aimol) | mole % (wet) | mole % (dry) GH | 800 | 4409 | Islas 772% 875% GH | 150 [ S812 581 11.0% 125% HO 50 18.02 275 11.8% Total 1000 23.501 100% 100% Total moles = 23.50 mol, Total moles (dry) = 20.74 mol Ratio: 2.775 / 20.726 134 mol HO / mol dry gas GH, + 5 0; 3 CO; +4 H,O, CiHiy + 13/20, 9 4 CO +5 HO ‘Theoretical 0 curt, LORS | S0KECaH|Lhmo! CH | SKMOAOS 967 pat 0, /h Ser | 100 kg gas [44.09 kg C;Hg| kinol CH, 100 kg gas|15 kg C.Hjo| 1 kmol C,Hiy_| 6.5 kmol 0 CH: gest BE CPi} 1 Se 2S Knot 2 = 1.68 kmol Oy /h bh | 100 Kg gns [58.12 kgC,H,p|1 kmol C,H Total: (9.07 + 1.68) kmol O,/h = 10.75 kmol O-/h 10.75 kmol O, | kmol Air | 1.3 kmol air fed | Ukmol air required Air feed sate: 66.5 kmol air /h 0.659 ka CSF, LC.His oer 8.3 mol CoH: 86k CoH [0.684 kg C,H, | 1000 mol C,H. LC;Hy | 100K C;Hyy CoH, +19/2 02 > 6 CO2 +7 HO Cah +13/2. 0; > 6CO+7 HO Colic + 11 0; + 7 CO, +8 10 CBs + 15/20: 7 CO +8 1,0 ‘Theoretical oxygen: 38.3 mol CeHys|_95molO, _, 27.36mol CyHys|_ 11 mol 0, mol CH, mol CH 2 fed: (4000 mol air X.21 mol Os / mol air) ~ 840 mol Os fed = 665 Percent excess air: $49- 655 199 665 17.36 mol CH, 665 mol O, required 16.3% excess air466 co+to, se 2 +40, 58,0 22 ate ee 175 kmolh 0.500 kmol Neenol + (aol CO mol) fo, (0.500-x) (kmol Hykmol) 20% excess alr Nore: Since CO and H, each require 0.5 mol ©, / mol fuel for complete combustion, we can calculate the air feed rate without determining x¢q. We include its calculation for illustrative purposes. A plot of x vs. R on log paper is a straight line through the points (R, = 10.0, x, =005) and (R; = 997, x) = 10). 1n(1.0/0.05) /In(99.7/100) Inx=blnR+Ina 2 t Ina = In(1.0) ~ 13031n(99.7} 1973x1503 xeaR? a =exp(-600) =2.49 x 10~ R=383 = 028820 mol Theoretical ©,: 175 kmol | 0288 kmol CO | 0.5 kmol ©, —_—_ 4 anol Kano CO 175 kmol | 0212 kmol H., | 0.5 kmol O. kmol 0, + 2 2 24375 2 i Kol Knol h 43.75 kmol O, required | 1 kmolair | 1.2 kmol air fed uni die Air fed: =25 a ‘O02 Emel O, | Tkmol air required b 467 a CH, +20, CO, +2H,0 100 kot 7 0948 CH CH, +20, +200, +3H,0 0.0340 Cs 2 0.0060 CsHs (5H, +50; > 3C0, +4H,0 0.0050 Cathy 17 excess ait 1B Caan +502 > 4002 + SHO neko ait/h) 0.79 0.944(100)kmol CH, | 2 kmolO3 _ 0.0340(100)kmol CH, | 3.5 kmol O. b Tkmol CH, h Tkmol CH, --0.0060(100)kmel C,H, | SkmolO; 0.0050(100)kmol CyHys | 65 kmol O, b Tkmol CH, h Tkmol C,Hlyy += 207.0 kmol O, /h Theoretical O. 4584.67 (cont'd) 1 kmol air _| 1.17 kmol air fe 021 mol air req, Air feed rate: ny 153 kmol air/hy mol n,(2x, + 35x, + $x; + 65x, )(1+ P., /100)(1/0.21) © tip =aRy, (1p = 780 kmol /h, Ry = 60) = 11 = 125K, fig =bR,, (ig = 350 kmol / b, Ry =25)= rig = 22.0R, 1 = dusky = Bete Ea 4 we Py 1 = CH,, CzHy, CsHs, CiHio Re Ay AS AS Ae 7 15% @2 2487 1974 6.35 a8 2 15% 83 «305.3 1457 2.56 0.70 3s} 15% 108 © 204.2 16.61 478 Mt Run] 7 x x % Xe Ts Re 7 75 0.900 0.0715 0.0730 0.0054 ws 424 2} 1038 0.945 0.0451 0.0079 0.0022 1194 4.3 3] 135.0 0.926 0.0523 0.0150 0.0066. «= 1592 72.4 4. Either of the flowmeters could be in error, the fuel gas analyzer could be in error, the flowmeter calibration formulas might not be linear, or the stack gas analysis could be incorrect. 4.68 a. CiHyp +132 0,9 4.CO,+5H,0 Basis) _100 mol CH Nngop (mol Ct 230 (mol HO) Tea HOT Ca 23 (anol 2) xo (mol N3) Pay (Ya excess ait) 6 unknowns (n, mi, ns. Bs, Ms, Ms) -3 atomic balances (C,H, 0) -LNz balance -1 % excess air =1 % conversion ODE 4594.68 (cont’d) b. i) Theoretical oxygen = (100 mol C4H1j9)(6.5 mol O,/mol C4Hys) = 650 mol O; (650 mol ©, (1 mol air / 0.21 mol O,) = 3095 mol air 100% conversion => Neg:i0 =0. Mo, = 0 ‘Nyy = (0.79)(3095 mol) = 2445 mol | 73.1% Ny Nog, =(100 mol C,Hyy react)(4 mol CO, /mol C,H je) = 400 mol CO, 112.0% CO, Myo = (100 mol C,H react)(5 mol H,O/mol ©, Hy.) =500 mol H0 {14.9 HO if) 100% conversion = nest = 0 20% excess => tay ~ 1.2(3095) — 3714 mol (780 mol O:, 2934 mol Nz) Exit gas: 400 mol COs 10.1% CO: 500 mol HO 12.6% H,0 130 mol O: 3.3% Or 2934 mol Ny 74.0% Ny iii) 90% conversion = rics = 10 mol CyHye (90 mol CyHye react, $85 mol O; consumed) 20% excess: ny, = 1.2(3095)= 3714 mol (780 mol Os, 2483 mol N:) Exit gas: 10 mol C4He 0.3% Cio 360 mol CO» 9.1% COs 450 mol HO (v) } 11.4% 1,0 195 mol O2 4.9% Oz 2934 mol 743% No 469 a. Css +50: 3 CO: +410 1/20: H20 GoHg + 7/2. 02 +3 CO+4 0 Basis: 100 mol feed gas 100 mol 0:75 mol CH rn; (mol CsHs) 0.25 mol Hs (mol H2) 3 (mol CO: 1 (anol air) ns (mol HO) et tnetepmot——t 1s (m10l 02) 0.79 mol Ny'mol 75 mol CH, Theoretical oxygen: mol C,H, mol 4604.69 (cont'd) | kmol air 0.21 kmol O, 1.25 kmol ait fed Tmnolaisrg a, 722065 mole Air feed rate: 1 h 90% propane conversion => 11, = 0100(75 mol CH) — 7.5 mol CH (67.5 mol CsHg reacts) 85% hydrogen conversion => n, = 0.150(25 mol CH) = 3.75 mol H, 0.95(675 mol C,H, react) |3 mol CO, generated ‘mol C,H, react 95% COs selectivity =n; = =1924 mol CO; 0.05(67.5 mol C,H, react) [3 mol CO generated mol CjH, react 5% CO selectivity = n, = =101 mol CO mol H mol C,H, = (75 mol CyH,)(8) + (3.75 mol H (2) +n,(mol H0)(2) =n; = 291.2 mol HyO mol O mol O; + (101 mol CO)(1) + (291.2 mol H,O)(1) + 2n, (mol O;) =n, = 1413 mol O; Hbalance: (75 mol C,H (8 Jes ‘mol H )(2) Q balance: (0.21 x 2306.5 mol O; (2 (192.4 mol CO, \(2) N; balance: 1, = 0.79(23065) mol; = 1822 mol N, Total moles of exit gas = (7.5 + 3.75 + 192.4 + 10.1 +291.2 + 141.3 + 1822) mol = 2468 mol mol CO 198 2468 mol CO concentiation in exit gas = 4090 ppm b. If more air is fed to the furnace, (i) more gas must be compressed (pumped), leading to a higher cost (possibly a larger pump, and greater utility costs) (Gi) The heat released by the combustion is absorbed by a greater quantity of gas, and so the product gas temperature decreases and less steam is produced, 4614.70 a, vb. 1; (mol CH) 100 mol dry product gas (DPG) ~~... 0.0027 mol C:Hymol 0.053 mol Oy'mol DPG 0.091 mol CO»/mol DPG 0.853 mol N'mol DPG ns (mol FO) Excess air 7 HOT Oy 3.76m; (mmol Na) 3 unknowns (1, n, 3) -3 atomic balances (O, C,H) =LN? balance -L DF. = Problem is overspecified ‘Nz balance: 3.76 ny = 0.8533 (100) => n;=22.69 mol Oy C balance: § n; = $(0.0027)(100) + (0.091100) => a; = 2.09 mol CsHiz ‘H balance: 12 n; = 12(0.0027)(100) + 2n; => n; = 10.92 mol HO balance: 2n = 100[(0.053)(2) + (0.091)(2)] + n; = 45.38 mol e 4* balance e given data, = 39.72 mol O my (mol CHy) (0.00304 mol C;H;2/mol DP Excess air 0.059 mol O»/mol DPG ns(mnol 03] 0.102 mol CO:/mol DPG 3.761 (mmol No) 0.836 mol No/mol DPG ns (anol HO) ‘Ny balance: 3.76 ny = 0.836 (100) => ny = 22.2 mol O» Calance: 5 n; ~ 100 (5%0.00304 + 0.102) => m =2.34 mol C:Ehz ‘HLbalance: 12 m ~ 12(0.00304\(100) + 2ns => ns ~ 12.2 mol H.O O balance: 2n» = 100[(0.0590)(2) + (0.102)(2)] +n; > 44.4 mol O=44.4 mol OY 2.344 ~ 100 x 0.00304 2a Theoretical O; required: 2.344 mol CsH,(8 mol O,/mol 3H ‘mol. 8.75 mol 0, required 1010 required Fractional conversion of CsHyy: d 18.75 mol Yo excess air: 100% =18.6% sxcess ait 462471 a. 7 & BLCH,OH|L000mif0-792] 01 996 6 moi CHOHL/h h L | mi (32048 CH.OH + 3/2 0; + CO; +2 H.O, CH,OH + 0; > CO+2 #0 296.6 mol CH:OHII/h tip (mol dry gas /h) (0.0045 mol CH;OH(w)/mol DG A 0.0903 mol CO,/mol DG i, (mol O; /h) 0.0181 mol CO/mol DG 3.76% (mmol N, /h) x (mol Ny'mol DG) (0.8871-x) (mol O3/mol DG) ig (mol H,O(v) / h) 4 unknowns (i,t fig.) — 4 balances (C,H, O,N:)= ODE, b. Theoretical O,: 296.6 (1.5) = 444.9 mol O, / C balance: 296.6 = 112 (0.0045 + 0.0903 + 0.0181) = it: = 2627 mol H balance: 4 (296.6) = v2 (40,0045) +2 fis => 1s = 569.6 mol FO /h O balance: 296.6 + 2nj = 2627[0.0045 + 20.0903) + 0.0181 + 2(0.8871-x)] +569.6 ‘Nobalance: 3.76 si =x (2627) Solving simultaneously = i, 5743 mol 03 /h, x = 0.822 mol N, (mol DG 296.6 - 2627(0.0045| Fractional conversion: —"---°-7° ON) 960 mol CH;OH react/mol fed 369.6 mol - atta (2627 $369.6) mol Mole fiaction of water: €. Fire, CO toxicity. Vent gas to outside, install CO or hydrocarbon detector in room, trigger alarm if concentrations are too high 4.72 a. G.C. Say 7, mols fuel gas constitute the sample injected into the G.C. TE you, and Nese, are the mole fiactions of methane and ethane in the fuel, then - (mol C,H, /mol)(2 mol C/1 mol CH) n,(mol) ez, (mol CH, /mol)( mol C/1 mol CH,) 85 u oy, nol CH, /ml fel) “ea, (101 CH, /mol fuel) n,(mol) = 01176 mole C,H,/mole CH, in fuel gas 4634.72 (cont’d) 34 gH,O)(1 mol/18.02 ; Condensation measurement: 8H,0}{1 mol/18.02 8) _4)y¢__mole H,0_ 050 mol product gas ‘mole product gas Basis: 100 mol product gas. Since we have the most information about the product stream ‘composition, we choose this basis now, and would subsequently scale to the given fuel and air flow rates if it were necessary (which itis not). CH, +20; + CO, +2H,0 Cx, +20, +200, +34,0 » mol dry 905 ae 100 mel dry gash O'1176 5 (mol GH) 426 mal HO! mol 1 (mol 63) 0.874 mol dry gas / mol 0.118 mel CO,/ mel DG. — (mol Ne Bees (088-4) (mal! mol DG) Strategy: H balance => nj; Cbalance =n,; N2 Pal 9 Strategy: a 2° oalance f "3" Hbalance: 4n, + (6)(0.1176n,) = (100)(0.126)(2) => m, = $356 mol CH, in fuel = 0.1176(5.356) ~ 0.630 mol C2Hs in fuel Chalance: 5356+ (2)(0.630) +n, = (100)(0874)(0.119) =, = 784 mol CO, in fuel Composition of fuel: 5356 mol CH, , 0.630 mol C,H, 3784 mols CO, = 0548 CH, 0.064 C,H, 0.388 CO; Ny balance: 3.76n, = (100)(0874)x O balance: (2}(3.784) +2n, = (100)(0.126) + (100)(0874)(2)[0119 +(0881—x)] Solve simultaneously: , =1886 mols O, fed, x=0813 Theoretical o,- 535601 CH, | 2molO; 0.630 mol CH, | 35 mol O, ——, Tmol CH, Tino CH, 2.92 mol O, required 7 molar 0.21 mol 0. ‘imolfuell — molair “fed, 6356+ 0.630-+ 3.784) mol fel Desired O; asia ssc 4222 0-11 12.92 — (18.86 /0.21) mol air Actual molar feed ratio of air to fuel: 9.7 mol feed 464473 a, 474 CiHg +5 0; > 3 CO; + 4 BLO, CsHye + 13/202 > 4. CO) +O Basis 100: mol product gas, 1m (mol CsHs) 100 mol my (oT CoE so) (0.474 mol HaO™mol (mol CO;/mol) —orimtoy (0.526-») (mol O,/mol) x _ 694 Dry product gas contains 69.4% CO, = ——* — = _, x = 0.365 mol CO,/mol 0526-x 306 3 unknowns (7,13, 713) — 3 balances (C, H, 0) = 0 DF. OQ balance: 2 ny = 152.6 = m=76.3 mol 0, Chalance:3nj +4ny “| ny =7.1mol C3Hg Hbalance:8 nj +1007 =94.8 3.8molC 4Hig _ = 65.1% C3Hg.34.9% CyHyg 100 mol (0.365 mol COy/mol)(1mol C/mol CO») = 365 mol C ‘m= 100 mol (0.474 mol H,O/mol)(2mol Himol H)0)=94.8 mol H > 2718%C. 2.2%H From ai TAOmoLCsHg| 3molC | 3.80 molC4Hyo|_4molC molC3Hy mol C Fy 7.10 mol CsHg|11mol(C+H) _ 3.80 molC,Hyg|14mol(C +H) | mol CH molC Hy Basis: 100 kg fuel oil Moles of C in fue: teva Scere Lkmol 7.08 kmolc Z 101kgC Moles of H in fuel: 108/012 KS H| amel 15 9 knot kg | lkeH Moles of Sin fuel; 1OOKSIOON7KES) LimelS _ 9 953 mois ke |32.064kaS 1.3 kg non-combustible materials (NC) 4654.74 (cont'd) 12.0 kmol H 0.053 kmol § 13 kg NC (3) 7m (kmol O3) 3.76 n; (kimol N2) co; co 2H= 1/20; > H:0 S+0;> 80, c+12 ‘Theoretical 7.08 kmol C| Lmol mol C 12 mol H].5 kmolO, 2 kmolH ns (kamal N2) 1s (kao! O2) ng (kamal CO; CITA nis (kanol SO2) ig (smo HO) COT 0.083 kot ko) TkmolS 0.133 kmolO, 20.% excess air: n; = 1.2(10.133) = 12.16 kmol O; fed balance: 2 (12.16) = 2 (6.5136) + 0.5664 +2 (0.053) + 6+2.n; =m; 7.08 = ne+8ny/92 > ny = 6.514 mol CO, 8 (6.514)/92 53 kmol SO; C balance: S balance: ns Hobalance: 12 = 2g = ng ‘Nobalanee: n2 - 3.76(1 ‘Total moles of stack gas 16) 00 kmol HO = 45.72 kmol Nz = 61.16 kmol > 10.7% CO, 0.92% CO, 0.087% SO, 9.8% H,O, 3.8% 0, 3102 kmol O; 566 mol CO (6.514 + 0,566 + 0.053 + 6,00 + 2.310 + 45.72) kmol 74.8%N> 4.75 a. Basis: 000 kg coal/h: 50 kmol ait/min = 3000 kmol air/h 000 kg col —a o7eKa Cie ammaan) sig miko) 9 SI kg c+a, co, my (kml CO, /h) 0.06 kg ash /kg aie BG-sito Ta mmoreo ny Sioa. nate 03/9) 100K i crita_-to relat 4G 021 kot po 794ml n/a wan Theoretical O- 0.75(5000) kgC | 1kmolC | 1 kmol O, q Sens 2 = 312.2 kmol 03 /h h 12.01 kgC | 1 kmol C 4.664.75 (cont'd) yy, 017(5000) ke Ht | 1kmol H| 1 mol HO | 1400102 9194 pmol O,/h b L0ikgH| 2kmolH [2 kmolH,0 5, 202(5000) kg S | Lhkmol $ | 1 kmol O25 5 pet ov 7 3206 KES | 1 kmolS ‘Total = (312.2+210.4 + 3.1) kmol Oyh = 525.7 kmol 03 /h. , fed = 0.21(3000) = 630 kmol 05 /h. 5257 630 x 100% Excess air: 198% excess air 5257 b. Balances ce (9807545000) ke Crenet | Lsmal 9 h DOr keC = tis = 2668 kmol CO, /h, Osis = 26.7 kmol CO/h (0.17)(5000) kg H | 1 kmol H | 1 kmol HO =n, =n, = 4208 kmol H,0/h t TWikgH| 2kmol H 3.1 kmol 0, (for SO, : $: (Grom part a) 31 Kmol O> (for'SO2) [1 kmol$O> _, 4 31 mol S0,/h b Tkmol 2 Nz: (0.79)(3000) kmol N, /h=n, = 71, =2370 kmol N, /h ©: (02130002) = 2n, + 2(2668) + (2668) + 2(31) + (1)(4208) 364 kmol 0, /b 3223 kmol/h > hy Stack gas total Mole fraction Xoo = 26.7/3224 = 83 x 10 mol CO/mol eo, ~31/3224-96%10~ mol $O, fmol & $0, +40, +80, 2 +503 980, $0, +H,0-+#,S0, 3.1 kmol SO. 304 ke H,S0,/b 4674.76 a. Basis: 100 g coal as received (c.a.t). Let a.d.c. denote ait-dried coal; vm. denote volatile matter air - dried coal; 4.97 g H,,0 lost by air drying 95.03 ga.dec | (1.234—1204) gH,0 | 1234gade Total H,0=497 g+231g=7.28 g moisture =231 gH,0 lost in second drying step 95.03 ga.d.c | (1347-0811) g(v.m.+H,0) | L7gade 95.03 ga.dc| O11 gash L175 gad. ~ 231 gH,0 = 3550 g volatile matter 898 gash Fixed carbon = (100 — 7.28 3550 898)g = 48.24 g fixed carbon 7.28 g moisture 48.24 g fixed carbon 35.50 g volatile matter => 8.98 gash 100 g coal as received 48.2% fixed carbon 5.5% volatile matter b. Assume volatile matter is all carbon and hydrogen. 1molO; | ImolC |10°g| 1 molair C+C0, +O, * ** Tol [12.01 gC | 1kg | 021 mol 0; = 3965 mol air/ke C 0.5mol 0, |1molH | 10° g| 1 molair 2 PmorHt [TO1gH| ike [021 moto, 1000 kg coal | 0.482 kg C | 396.5 mol air kg coal kg 1000 kg | 0.35Skgv.m.| 6kgeC | 396.5 mol air ~ kg Tkgvm| kee 1000 kg | 0.35Skgv.m.| 1kgH | 1179 mol air ~ kg Tkgv.m| kg =1179 mol ait/ke H Air required: 468477 4.78 Basis 100 mol dry fuel gas. Assume no solid or liguid products! —____ + fe) nat Too mala oes mira) 69-60 | orz0maica/mel e185 C0 | Bibsrmcb mt 22G-SH0 |S ocose2 nol ot 7 Or SOs 0.254 mol O,/ mal > Ty a (20% excess) ‘ny (mol H.O (v)) Hobalance: ny =2n; Obalance: 2.n, =100[ 2(0.720) + 0.0257 + 2 (0.000592) +2(0.254)]+n5 20% excessOy : (1.20)(74.57 + 0.0592 +0.25n]=n4 => n:= 183.6 mol H, n4= 144.6 mol O;, 15= 91.8 mol H.0 Total moles in feed: 258.4 mol (C+H+S) = 28.9% C, 71.1% H, 0,023% S Basis: 100 g oi stack $03, Nz, 0, CO2,H0 xu; mol SOs (613.5 ppm 30 ) 03, COs AGO) 0.10(1 ~ x); mol SO, ©;,€03, 1,0) stacey o10g Hg furnace poems |" Alkalibe sotntion imal Oy | secs | MO 3.76n, molNe =a mol S0y (25% excess) 0}, COs, H0) ny mol Ny ny mol Op 3 mot O2 sms mol Haney 0901 — ns mal SOL rns mol SO> ing mol HO, 7.244 mol Oy consumed 087(100)gC | 1molC | 1 mol CO, i201gC | TmolC 2 ATS mol 0, \ Ho, 210(100)g | 1 mot HE | mol "| lolgH| 2molH ‘consumed CO; =n, =7.244 mol co, 4694.78 (cont’d) 4.79 b. 0.03100)g$ | 1molS | 1 mol SO, sa. 32065] Imal S n, = 125(7.244 +2475 + 0.0936) = 1 st 25% excess O. Q, balance: 1, = 12.27 mol O, fed - (7.244 + 2.475 + 0.0936) mol O, consumed 2.46 mol O, Ny balance: ny = 3.76(1227 mol) = 4614 molN, 80, in stack (SO, balance around mixing point) 4{ 00936) -010(1 — x)(0.0936) = 0.00936 + 0.0842x(mol SO,) Total dry gas in stack (Assume no CO,, Q,. 0: Ny is absorbed in the scrubber) Add 246+ 4614+ (0.00936 + 00842.) = 5585 + 0.0842x(mol dry gas) 612.5 ppm SO,(dry basis) in stack gas 0.00936 + 0 6125 3385+0.0842x 10x 10° > x=0295= 30% bypassed Basis:_100 mol stack gas 4 (mol C) 723 (mol H) 100 mol, ns(molS) | 2H +40, + H,0[0.7566N 0.1024 CO, 77 (Hol Os) 0.0827 H,0 3.76n, (mol; ) 0.05750, 0.000825 $0 mol C mol H C balance: n, =(100)(0.1024) = 1024 mol C 10.24 mol © Hbalance: 1, = (100)(0.0827)(2)= 1654 mol HJ” 1654 mol H The C/H mole ratio of CH, is 0.25, and that of C2H, is 0.333; no mixture of the two could have a C/H ratio of 0.62, so the fuel could not be the natural gas. Salance: n, =(100)(0.000825) = 0.0825 mol S (10.24 mol C)(12.0 g/1 mol) = 122.88 g | 122.88 (1654 mol H)(1.01 g/1 mol) =1671 gH} = (0.0825 mol $)(32.07 g/1 mol) =2.65 g s| 14224 4704.80 a. Basis: 1 mol CjH,0, — noma” nel roves} le wire) Xtras ig ed ais 1262-120] Pines) Secs] EO, excess nyencl HO 0) fae Siem ean Hydrocarbon mass: p (mol C) (12 g/mol) = 12 p(gC) q(molH)(1g/mol)= — q(gH) ¢ = (12 p+q+l6r)g fuel (mol 0) (16 g/mol) = 16 r(g0) X,(g8)_| Imols__ X,(2p+ g+160 gagigy 1) (=X, ) (gfuel)|32.07 28 O7I-X,) Amol Oy, q(molH)] 0.5 mol Oy _(cmol O)|1mol Op Tmol © 2mol 2molO =(p+1/4q-12r) mol, Sin feed: 2p +q+l6r)g fuel Theoretical o:; P21} % excess = m =(1 + P/100) (py +1/4 g—¥47) mol O: fed Q C balance: n:=p 8) Hbalance: n= q/2 «@ S balance: ns =r ©) O balances r+ 2iny = 2ang + 2ny + 2g + ns => 1g = 45 (ng Daty-DeyeHs) o Gi : p= 0.71, q= 1.1, r= 0.003, X= 0.02 P= 18% excess air (1) = n= 0.00616 mol S (5) = m= 0.00616 mol SO, 16 mol O, fed (6) > n= 0.170 mol 71 mol CO; (4) = ns= 0.55 mol H,O (3.76"1.16) mol N2~ 4.36 mol Ns Total moles of dry product gas = np + ns +04 + 3.76 n Dry basis composition eo: = (0.710 mol COy/ 5.246 mol dry gas) * 100% = 13.5% COs (0.170 / 5.246) * 100% ~ 3.226 O2 (4.36 / 5.246) * 100% = $3.1%N> (0.00616 / 5.246) * 10° = 1174 ppm SOz 246 mol dry product gas Yor wa 4mCHAPTER FIVE SL Assume volume additivity 1___ 0400 0600 Av. density (Eq. 51-1); 4=—0400__, 0600 5 o719 g/t Av. density (Eq. 54-1)! S=2o05 co * 730 kg? s/ t T Po Po (250—150)kg - iat -< 4.28 ky = mass flow rate of liquid & Boi 6 Bin g/min (11= mass flow rate of liquid) ad Sp = VL min) = 8) wkg/L) 1B. mg =mXt)- sit = 150 - 14.28(3) = 107 ke 5.2. void volume of bed: 100 cm’ ~(2335-184)cm’ = 505 cm’ porosity: 505 cm’ void/184 em’ total = 0.274 cm’ void/em? total bulk density: 600 g/184 em* 3.26 g/em* absolute density: 600 g/(184—S05)em' =4.49 g/cm? 53 CH __,| st (g/min) Vp =20.0L/ min -— si (kg / min) cH qn my (kg / min) Vz (L/ min) =517 kg/ min54 a a (ex) Pa Pe Pt 1 Ag crystals/kg slury | kg liquid /kg slurry Kgsluny/Lstumy ~ kg crystals/L crystals " kg liquid 1 liquid Lstuny _Lerystls | Lliguid 1 slurry, Kgsluny keslury * kg suery ~ ke slury » ae 2775 3° gh — (9.8066)(0.200) = check units! 1415 kg/m? iy + Pa Pe 1 L (rae kg/m | 0316 kg crystals/ ke stony 1 1 a itty v, = 175 ke _|10001L a pg 41S kg/m | om? iv.) m, =x,m, = (0316 kg erystals kg slurry)(175 kg slurry) = 553 kg crystals 553 kg CuSO, -SH,O|1 kmol | _1 kmol CuSO, ise ee 354 kg CuSO, )249 kg |1 kmol CuSO, -SH,O| 1 kmol vi) m, =(1~x,)imy = (0.684 kg liquid / kg slury)(175 kg shuxy my 120 kg 1000 L a L V) Meso, 20 kg liquid solution vit), Etfoct of ShrryDeneiy on Possure Measuremont Bo Eos = ae [ap =2775, p= 0.316 2000 250000 270000 250000210040] Pressure Diference (2) fo 32