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Sugaku Tokuhon (9-~~-l'!-)

(6 vols.) by Kazuo Matsuzaka

Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 by Kazuo Matsuzaka

Originally published in Japanese by Iwanami Shoten,

Publishers, Tokyo in 1989 - 1990

Korean translation copyright (c) 1994 by

HangH Publishing Co.,Ltd.

All rights reserved. This edition was published by

arrangement with Iwanami Shoten, Publishers,
Tokyo through DRT International, Seoul
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pi b 71- ~ y q. utct Ai
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sOll ~~ 4-~~~\t~ g A1-%~q)~-9-£M~ qg ~A~l
~ <i! g 4- ~J~yq.

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oll:fJ. ol A1 711 ~q.

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tB, q g ill- ~ ~ ~171-~ ol {1 y q.

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~ t:l- JI A~ Zf"8"R s:. ~ ~ 1.1 t:l-.

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c}~ ~ ~ a~ '±~~~"5R~ ~..Q.-.£- nzr-~yq.)

qg AJC-1 ~ ~% ~~.2.I 71~ ~2.I(the fundamental

theorem of arithmetic) EE.~ t;=~.2.1 71~ ~2.lc}Jl. ~

~~.2.I 71~ ~2.I

<i1.9.1 ~ AJ ~ a ~ 2 ~ .± ~ Pi ~ tf -.2-.£-Ai
a = PIP2 ... Pr
.£. y.E-l-~ ~7} ~Jq.( %~ Ph P2' ..., Pr ~011 ~ ~

Y.9.l trAi~ A~l ~ "6}~ ~.9.l3i °1 q. ~, ~~ Aa ~

a7} ~~ qj~ B- ..2...£ Ai
a= Qlq2···Qs

.£. Y-E-l-~ y ~Jqli1, r=s.£Ai QhQ2, ···,Qr~ trAi

~ ~ !:J-o-1 l:3}-T~ 1:lR ~ i>}tB.,

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~ ~~ .:L ~"8"R7} "~~~"ol~~ 11~t-lq. ~
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~ :AaC1011 Ai ~~ 1:3}.2} ~~ ~~g ~g ~ ~g­
tr11,
~ ?!~yq. °l?! g -9-C1 ~ rOll ¥l-~ ~~~=rl1t~..Q..

~ ~~<5~ .!il-~~ i}-yg-.

1il-~, r=lo1c}1i1 a=pI ~ ~~olE..~, t:J~-61 s=l

a = PI = qi
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PI=ql °lc}°l= ~yq. rtl-c}Ai
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~ 0J=~~ ~ ~ PlS!-5!- ~~"6}~

P2··· Pr = q2··· qs

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~~ ~J~yg-. rtl-c}Ai Y~~~\f~~ 7}:Aa011 ~<5~

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Ai ~.:e-~ ~~9.l AJ ~ 011 u:t~ ~ <fJ y
q. :Aa yOll ¥l-~ A~l
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Ai ~ .:r ~ 1i:! ~ .!il-71 ~ <5~ n-1i:!~ ~1 ~ -T- A11 7}:Al ~ ~

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li!.~J~yq. °1~ li!.71~1 ~if~<:>1 ~~ ~A~l~ 0l u l A~11

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t~l, ~71Ai~ 71~ AaC1(!E~ ..2..-0-131 ~fil1 2, 3)g ~~Ai

AR£.--8:- A111~lAi qA1 ~~ g "l>Rli!.~J~yq.

(@) V2 ~ If-C14-°1 q.

III V2 7} %C14-~li1, 0J=~ Aj 4- a, b~ ~~ Ai

V2= b
£.- ~ 4-7} ~J~yq.CD~ ~~~ 71Q{~4-~ (a, b)
=1 etJI. 7}Aj"l>R£ ~~yq.
V2~ ~~-o}~l Aa4-7} o}YE-£.-, b>l~yq. CD~

a2 = 2b 2 ®
~71~lAi b~ -o}y-~ ~~4-~ pet ~qli1, ®~lAl

a ~ p£ Y-T <:>1 tfJ <>1 Al JI., u:l-etAi ~ A~l 3~ l-ll ~l ~"l>R

a :A}{] °1 p£ Y-T<:>1 tfJ <:>11J y q. u:l-etAi a, b';:.. .:g- Q{

4-P~ ?!-~l ~~r~l, °1~~ (a,b)=1°1~~ 7}Aa~1

~ B~ ~ t:9, u:l-etAl V2 ';:.. %C14-7} o}~ 11 t1-. qA1 W­

"l>R Ai V2 ~ If-C14-~ y q.

°1 ~~ ~ A~11.:r! 9--103i1101Al~ ~~.l1}p}%7}Al£ :fl

"*1iJ011 ~~ ~~£.-, ~3J! .!2.o}Al ~~ ~ ~Al1i!-, .:L~~y­

AdZ4~ ~-&1 q~yq. ~1-f-orli1 ~ollAi~ ~~~ 2~JI.

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III ~ A1 :fl"* l:tj 011 ~"l>R Vk 7} %C14-et 7}Aa -Or JI.
Vk= b
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~ Aa4-7} O}~yq. n:}c}Al b>l~yq . .=Li1l A l p~
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2

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~ £f If-~4-~01 Bt8~l ~~~~yq. .=L~Jl 01 ~

~ ~ A~ll-ri 125--127 ~l 01 Al ~l Al ~ -B-~ JlLR i>} Jl *~

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pla2 ===I pia

c}~ ~4-~ Ad~~l A1Y-Al ~~yq.
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plan ===I pia

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~4-°1q.
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~ -T:-~ ~ Ull, l:3eJ- A

a~ X
n
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rH J <5~~ Aa-T-°1q"~Jls:. ww -T- 7} ~l~yq. q;;

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~ol ~ ~ ~A~1101 M<fJyq.

(@) Co, Ct, C2, ... , Cn g 7B yet ~} JI., Co =1= 0, Cn=1= Oet ~q.

COXn+CIXn-1+C2Xn-2+ ... +Cn-lX+C n= 0 @

01 %cl-T-~ t
b' B, a, b';:. 7B 4-°1 J1. (a, b) = 1
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DB %~4- b7} uJ-7B~ @Qj t-°1i!}~,

b )n +Cl (ba )n-l +···+cn-1(ba ) +cn=O
Co ( a

COan+Clan-1b+ ... +c n_labn-1+c nb n= 0 @

01 !@yq. ~~~ A112-5J- °l-o}~ -9-~.Q..£ °l-5J--o}~

°1 ~Jl, °1 ~~ -9-~~ b.9-l B~-T-<fJyq.

rq-et A1 ~~ coans:. b.9-l BRT, ~

b I coa n
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n
bs:. A1£ ~<fJyq. ~l-f~}~, ~~
n
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a A}~

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Aa011 ~BR!@yq. utcr A1 (an,b)=1°1c}°l=~ Wyq.
~~ J,%qTi1
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9} ~~ ~~011 ~i>~ a I Cn~ ~ ~ T ~J~yq. ~

a~ Cn~ ~TCflyq.

°lAJ-~~ ~A~l~ ~~ ~ ~~0-1 it;;:l~yq .

.5fl ~ ~l ~l Ai ~ 0-1 Co = 1~ ~ Jf- ~ A~ Zfi>~ .!i!. ~ Ac3 T

~lT~ BJ-Ac3~
Xn+CIXn-l+C2Xn-2+ ••• +c n = 0
01 t={}-~ %~T~ '2-~ 7rA1~ ~Olet1?1 J '2-~ Ac3T ol
Jl, l:l-TY- Cn~ ~Tet°l= ~q~ ~ g ~ T ~J~yq.
utetAi °1 BJ-Ac3~ol %~T~ -2---~~ll£~ Ac3T~
'2- - - g 7r~~ Y- ;!- A1 ~ ~1Y- ~ It- 71 .5fl i>~ Ai ~ Cn ~ ~T
~ol .!i!.0l~ oJ: EE~ g~ Ac3T~ ~~~ x~l ~Cfli>r~

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!§ Y q.
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~ -¥-~To1q"et~ ~A~l ~ ~ Jf-~7} ~~lAi ~~ ~l:fl­

~ ~J1}~ ~i>l ~ T~ 7dJf-~1 A1Y-A1 ~~q~ ~ ~ ~

T ~J~yq. ~A~l£ 'BJ-Ac3~

x 2 -2 = 0
°1 rfr~ %Cl T~ Ac3 Tol t9, 2~
i>~ ~ 7}~ q~, J i>~ ~

~T ±1, ±2 °l~~l ~ ~A1 *ifyq. J c1Y- °1 ~ Ac3T

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Ai 01 BJ- Ac3~ ~ '2-, ~ ~ ~ -¥-~ TCfl y q.
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~ ~ ¥l-tMA171~, Ac3T 7-l1T~ qi>J-~

 23. 2 tt~~ 1403

P{X) = COXn+CIXn-1+C2Xn-2+ ••• +C n-lX+Cn

°1 1i!<?-l= ~~}~ ~~
bx-a:
li±, a, b~ Aa~olJl, (a, b) =1
~ S!-~q-'E, <?-l=4-, a~ Cn~ <?-l=4-c} 0l=1i! ~q-~
b ~ co~
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~1 °1 Al ~l Ai & ~ ~ Yq-.

~23.2 il-%~

Aa~~l ¥!i>~ <{!-B-~E-y ~~~1 ~<:>-1Ai 7}AJ-t-~~~

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-o}~J.~y q-.

~ tt~~~ ~ .H.71~
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~l t:l1-o}~ ~} a-b7} n~ 1:J~4-~ tt11, a, b~ W{modulus)
n~l ¥!-o}~ tt~ol q-c}Jl -o}u:1,
a == b (mod n)
°lc}Jl ~yq-.[zr~ : °l~ \tw:~ ~~~lAi tI11tI11~ M

°l~ ~q-~ %~c}Jl1i! ~o}T'E ~yq-.J

°1 ~ E~l 'E
13 == 7 (mod 3)
-21 == 4 (mod 5)
-11 == -83 (mod 12)
. <f]yq-.
~l:3J ~ 4- ~l~ 01, n~ ~E-~ -o}~ ~% ¥!111~1 ~i>~

Ai~ q-g Ad~~ S!-~yq-. ([lJ~ ~A~~, [2J~ tH~

.;., [3J~ ~OI~olc}Jl ~~yq-.)

[1] a == a (mod n)
[2] a == b (mod n) 01 ~. b" == a (mod n)
 [3] a == b (mod n), b == c (mod n) Ol~
a == c (mod n)

lID O~ <il~~ Aa~~ 1l~~01E....?., a-a=O~ n~

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4-~1.1q.. °1~~ [2J ~ ~ifyq.
p}:Al~..Q..£ a-b t3J b-c7l-.£!f- n~ ll~~ettH,

(a-b) + (b-c) = a-c

s:.n~ ll~4-~yq. 0:171 A

l [3Jg ~g 4- ~J~1.1q.

~ WnOli -e!-W ~O:Iff

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283!l101:Al~lAi ~ tl}9} ~01,

a = nq+r, 0 ~ r < n
~ *~A171~ Aa~ q, r o1 ZfZf ~ "6}t+ ~Aa~yq. 01
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if%9-l Aa ~ ~1 rq-2t
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°1 Ac3~~yq. ~ <iJ~~ Aa~a~ O~r<ng *~A171
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"6}~

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;:>:. jL.A 1=1 -l-~111rl.

n=2

I·········
.........
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2 0 2 4 6
-1 1 3 5 7
·········1.

uH}7}Al.£. n=3, n=5.Q.j 7d ~011 ~ Z~ ZfZf q. g:i!} ~

°1 {E- Wi L-1 q..

n=3
......... -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 .........
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......... -7 -4 -1 2 5 8 11 .........

n=5
..
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......... -13 -8 -3 (2) 7 12 17 .........
......... -12 -7 -2 (3) 8 13 18 .........
......... -11 -6 -1 @ 9 14 19 .........

771 t.].£. ~ n7H.Q.j ~ ~.9...£. {E- W~ L-1 q.. -=:L n7H.Q.j Zf ~ ~

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qg ~ ~%~~ ~l~~ ~o}*Alq.

%~~ ~~ 7}~ ~%-6l~ lJ!A~.~A~.-trA~~ %~~

. u};fr7}:A1£.- 7-n~~ ~ ~l~yq. ~ qg 01 Aa~

78~~

. ~yq. (qg OllAi£ A1~7Jl-:A1~ u};fr7}:A1.£. n~ ~}y-~

, ~-yq.)
[4] a= a' (mod n), b= b' (mod n) OfIAi k7~ ~tr
 23. 2 ~~~ 1407

2.1-~ a+ b == a' + b'· (mod n)

a- b == a' -b' (mod n)
ab == a' b' (mod n) ~ iii ka == ka' (mod n)

BJ i}-~ ~}0l1 ¥!-~ if%~ ~ ~l:f:l ~ ~ i:~~011 ~l ~

71JI ~Ail~ 78Jf-lil-g ~l:f:l"5l-~~yq. ~1 g 011 AJ~BR

~g ~~"5l-~)~yq.

a=.a/ (mod n)olC}~, a-a/~ n~ BR~, trl-c}Ai

ka -ka' =k(a -a/)s:. n~ BR~~ yq. J-c~ p ~

ka =. ka' (mod n)
~yq. q-g ~ a=.a' (mod n), b=.b' (mod n)olc}
i}-yq. i}-%~ a=.a' (mod n)~ °J:~011 b~ ~"5l-~

ab =. a'b (mod n)
EE i}-%~ b=.b' (mod n)9.l °J:~011 a/~ ~"5l-~
a'b =. a'b' (mod n)
u:}c}Ai ~01% [3J011 ~"8"R ab=.a'b' (mod n)ol ~yq.

yq.
@]) 5~ ~~.£ "5l-~ 0, ±1, ±27} ~~Od~1ll7} ~yq.
rr}c}Ai X7} 5.£ Y.-T-~~~A1Al ~~ Aa~c}~, 5~
~~.£ -o1-~ x =. ±1 EE~ x == ±2 ~yq. J-C1JI

x == ± 1 01C} ~ x 2 == 1 u:}c}Al 4
x == 1
x == ±2 0lC}~
2
x == 4 == -1 rr}c}Al x 4 =. 1
~ x71- 5.£ t+T~~~A1Al ~~ ~
x4 == 1 (mod 5)
71- -AJ ~ ~ Y q. °13!~ t+~011 W:"51-~1 ~~ ~12 ul­
~ AaC19.l ~~~ 78Jf-~yq.

@]) a == a/ (mod n) 01 c}~ ~ 9.l ~ Aa ~ k ~ oon ~ "5l-~

ak == a'k (mod n)
~ y q. trl-~Ai P(x) = f CkX k g
k=O
Aa ~ Co, Cb .'•• , Cm

g ~l~~ "5l-~ qc5J-~ol~JI ~q~, ng ~~~ "5l-~

 ~ -0-1 10 == 1 (mod 9) 01 E.£

!E 10=-1 (modll)olE.~

<f] l-lq. lil-Q.} Co, Ch .~., cm 01 0011 Ai 97/};<1 ~ Aa 4-c}li1,

t
k=O
ck·l0k ~ w,~~.Q.~ M~ Aay

~ t+qLR.Jl ~l~yq. u:l-c}Ai ~OllAi ~~ B}Oll u:t

C}, °1 ~ E~l~ qg Jl} 4- 7 r ~~yq.
~01 1l1~~

=
1927215 5+1 +2+7+2+9+1 0 (mod 9) =
1927215 == 5 -1 +2 -7+2 -9+1 == 4 (mod 11)
~ 1927215 ~ 9~ Y-T-.li1 Y-T-~ ~ ~;<1.Jl, 11£ Y­

T-li1 47 r \:t~yq.

~ tt~~.2.1 Y~1!I
w%~~ y.xA~Oll ~l<:>-1Ai ca = cb (mod n)Oll Ai -¥-~
~-3i~~ a=b (mod n)~ Ad~~;<l ~~yq. JelY­

qgi!} ~01 Ad~~yq.

[5] ca == cb (mod n)OUAi, (c, n) = 1 OI2.f-~

a == b (mod n)

BI ca==cb (mod n)olE..£ ca-cb=c(a-b)

~ n.Q.s.. Y-T-~~<:>l~yq. Jel.Jl (c, n)=1 0 1E.£,
~A~l 1011 ~<5~ a-b 7 r n~.£ Y-T-~~~A~01= Wyq.
~ a==b (mod n)ol Ad~Wyq.

4-~ ~ ~ ~ 7d Jf-Oll ca = cbOll Ai a = b~ ~ ~~ ~ t:i1 t:

c#Oc}~ 3:~ol ~Jl..~j~yq. W%~~ 7d.st- ~%~

~ 0d=~ ~ c~ Q.}~~ 4- ~ls:.~ -o}71 .5fl ~ 3:~ (c, n) =

1~ ~ ~ ~ 7d Jf-~ ~zi c # 0011 <5~ t:J-WY q.

qg9.l ~~11~ .5fl~ [5JOll Ai B}£ °l~~~yq.

 23. 2 gJ-~~ 1409

~xil 4n~ 0J=9.l Aa~, a~ (a, n)=l~ Aa~c:r ~

Cl-. 01 tI11 n7~ 9.l Aa ~ XI, X2, ••• , x n o 1 ~ n.91 i>}t+~
~~odO:17-l1~~ axI, ax2, ... , ax n £ ~ n9.l i>}t+9.l

~~ °d 0:17-l1 01 q.

BI 7}Aa011 9.l"5~ Xn~

01=- T 7~£ ng ~~
XI, X2, ••• ,

£ i>}~ ~%01 01-\jYt1-. 01~J!} (a, n)=1011 Ai ax!,

ax2, ... , ax £ p1-%7tAl~ g ~ ~7t ~~yq. {l~1
n

.£., 1i!-~ i =I j~ i, j011 rll i>}~ ax; == aXj (mod n)

01 Ad ~ ~q.Jl i>}li!, (a, n) = 1 0 1E-.£. [5J 011 ~"5~

Xi == Xj (mod n) 01 !9 JI, ~.91, 7r Aa011 ~ 13~!§ 11 q. u:t

2} Al ax!, aX2, ••• , ax n ~ ~ =- T 7~ £ n ~ ~.Q.£ i>1­

0:1 w% 01 01-\j "y q. n:l-ctAl 01 ~ n7~ 9.l Aa ~ s:. ~ n9.l
i>} '-t.Q.1 ~~ °d 0:17-l17r !{J 1-1 t:1-.
(~Xil 2) a=.b (modn)~ttll, qg ~ ~~i>}Al-2...
(1) CfJ 9.19.1
Ac3 4- k011 ~ i>}C:1 a=. b+nk (mod n)
(2) ~ 9.19.1 0J=9.1 Ac3 4- k011 ~ i>}C:1 ak =. bk (mod nk)
(3) n9.1 <iJ 9.1 ~ 0J=~ C?-f4- dOll tl1 i>}C:1 a=. b (mod d)
1 ~Xil 31 n b n2' "., nk ~ klH ~ 0J=~ Ac3 4-.£ i>} Jl, n~ °1 ~ 4­
~ ~~-=g-BH4-i!} Wt-lq. °1 ttll
a =. b (mod nl), a =. b (mod n 2 ),
a=. b (mod nk)
01 i!}tB, a=. b (mod n) <fJ ~ ~ ~ i>}Al-2...
I~xil 41 p~ ~4-5!- i>}Jl r~ 1~r~p-1~ tll~Al7'l~
Aa4-i!} Wt-lt1-. 01 ttll ~W~ 4- pCr ~ P5!- Y--T~~~~t1-~
~~ ~~i>}Al.2.. [~E: r!·pCr~ pS=.. Y-T-~~~~q~ ~

011 y~i>l-C:1 ~~1 3~ °l%~t-lq.J

I ~xil 51 p~ ~4-et ~t:l-'i!, <fJ ~ ~ Ac3 4-a, b011 tl1 i>l-C:1

(a+b)P == aP+b P (mod p)

7} Ad~¥!q~ ~~ ~~i>}Al-2... [~§..:oli5J78~~ ~9.1

 ~All 4~ °l%Wyq.]
I~Ail 61 ~.Qj ~All~ M]J.i 4-"§:}~;fJ'JltJoJl .Qj"5~, p7} ~4­
i!-} 1i1 ~.Qj.Qj ~ 4- a h a2, ''', a. oJl tll"5} 0:]
(al+a2+'" +a.)p =a/+a/+ ..· +a: (mod p)
7} AJ~~q~ ~ ~ ~t:§"5}.Al.2..

I~Ail 71 P~ ~4-, a ~ 1 ~ a ~ P -1 ~ :AJ 4-i!-} W JIjJ

=
p_IC Q (-I)Q (mod p)

7} AJ~~q~ ~~ ~t:§"5}.Al.2.. [~E.:oJJr!oJl a!~ tr~

W%~ol ~t:§~ 4- 'Uq1i! 4f3&.2.t+,.:L~ .:L l1J-1tJ ~?]

I~Ail 81 100 ~ 1tJ.2..£ W JIjJ,

24 2 = 576 =-24, 25 2 = 625 =25
0li!-}~ ~ ~ J.}%"5}0:] to, 220 , tOO, 2100 -1, (2 100 _1)99,
(tOO -1) 100 ~ Z{Z{ 100.2..£ t+T~ ~ JIjJ.Qj t+oi:Al( ~, 01 ~
~-1~ 1J~1tJ.2..£ ~~ JIjJ.Qj o}ejJ 4'- :A}cl.Qj 4-)~ T"5}.Al.2..

~ n ~ ~.£~ ~-e- 712J=~otff, .2.~2i2.1 ti~

'[Pl ~ Jti mod 591 57R91 °doj*~ ~i li!.s:.~ "if.Alq.
°l~ ~,<>if-&- -¥-*.2..£ If..Al~ 47R91 °doj-*~ 59}.Ai
.£ ~ <i.l :Aj 4-lfr~.£ 0 1if c>1 A:1 ~ 'Er l--1 q.

n=5
......... -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 .........
......... -14 -9 -4 1 6 11 16 ..........
......... -13 -8 -3 2 7 12 17 .........
......... , -12 -7 -2 3 8 13 18 ........1.

......... -11 -6 -1 4 9 14 19 .........

0'" 0

p}~7}:Al.£, mod 69167R91 °de:J-* ~oJ1J.i <>if-&--¥-*

~.£ lE.Al ~ f 7R 9l °d oj -* ~ 6:i!} .Ai.£. ~ <i.l :Aj 4-lfr~.£.
01 ifc>1 A:1 ~ -;;; l--1 q.
n=6
 23.2 ~~6j 1411

......... -18 -12 -6 0 6 12 18 . ........

......... -17 -11 -5 1 7 13 19 .........

......... -16 -10 -4 2 8 14 20 .........
......... -15 -9 -3 3 9 15 21 .........
......... -14 -8 -2 4 10 16 22 .........
......... -13 -7 -1 5 11 17" 23 .........

~~~~.£., ng ~~.£. i>}~ i>}y.~ °d~*oll ~i>}~

i>} y.~ "T a7} n:i!} J-~.£. ~ ol1?1, =r °d ~ *oJl ~i>} ~ q
~ .2.{§- "T- ~ n g ~~.£. i>}~ a9} W%~ .2.{§- Aj
"T-s:. n:i!} L.j q . .9ll y:i>}1?1, a9} i}'<: °d ~
J-~.£. ~ ~

*oJl ~i>}~ Aj"T~ kg Oil{! Aj"T.£. i>}~ a+kn~ "3jEl]

.£. t: "T ~~y., 1i!-~ (a+kn, n) =d> 1
olCl-1?1, n ~ a+knol d.£. y.-T-0i~OiA1Jl, U:}Cl-J-~ as:.
d.£. y.-T-Oi~Oi~yq. ol3:!'<: (a,n)=1°1Cl-~ 3:!oJ1 ~
13nf:lL.jq. U:}Cl-J-~ a9} ~,<: °d~*oJ1 ~i>}~ Aj"T~ .2.~
n:i!} J-~.£. ~~L.jq. 019} i}'<: °d~*, ~ =r i>}y.~ t:l11£
7} (EE =r °d ~ *oJ1 ~i>} ~ .2.{§- ~"T 7}) n:4 J-~.£. ~ <EJ

· modn~) JI2.t~OHi·Cl-Jl ¥-~yq.

Jf1~ .!2.71oJ1J-~ ~tl}9} i}°l, mod 5~ 71<?f°dO:J*~

7n"T ~ 4, mod 6~ 71 <?f°d ~ *~ 7n"T ~ 2~ Yq.
mod n~ 71 <?f°d ~*~ 7n"T~ .!8- AJ cp(n)~.£. y.Et~
L.jq. (cp,<: =rc:j6 ~A}.£. 1l} 0lCl-Jl ~-1~L.jq.) Jf1~ .R
71 oJ1 u:}~ q1?1, ~ cp(5) = 4, cp(6) = 2
~ L.j q. Aj ~ oJ1 J-~ ~ ~ i>} 711 n> 1~ trll, cp (n)'<: 1, 2, ''',

· n -1 ~ n:i!} J-~.£. ~~ "T~ 7n"T9} ~~1 ~yq. EE ~ ~

· i>}711 cpO) = 1~ L.j q. [n= 1~ trll ~ Aj"T~ {l~1 Z7} 1
g ~~.£. i>}~ i>}y.~ °dO:J*7} ~Al1i!-, =r3:!,<: %J-loJ1
-.2.{§- Aj"T~ 1:4 J-~.£. ~olE-.£.-~ 1~ 71<?f°d

~*Cl-Jl A~Z{W "T ~~L.jq.J

 cp(n)7R.Q.1 71~odOi* ~011Ai il}t+~ t:llK~ ~~ cp(n)
7R.Q.1 Ac3~.Q.1 ~J ~ 1tJ n9-l ]12t~0:I"12} Jl -¥- ~ y 4. °1 ~
E~l ra ~.Q.1 1£ 011 Ai ~ ~ ~~ °1,
1, 2, 3, 4 9} 16, 12, -2, -11
~ ~ mod 5.Q.1 71 <2f°d C:1 ~l <fJ y q. EE
1, 5 Y- -11, 11
~ ~ mod 6.Q.1 71 Q.(°d C:1 ~l <fJ Y 4.

~~~~~, l{} n.Q.1 il}t+~ ~{i°d01~17l- y~~~ all,

°1~ n7R9-l ~OllAi n~ Ai£ ~<:j ytfrg 7J1~ra ~ n9-l

il}t+.Q.1 71 ~oJ Oi ~1 ~ ~ g ~ ~J ~y q. EE cp(n) 7R 9-l Ac3
4-7} 1tJ n.Q.1 71 Q}°d ~ III ~ . °1~ y ~Js:. ~ il}71 ~ c5~ Ai
~ °1%°1 £!f- n~ Ai£ ~01t:9, ~~ !f- 7R£ n% 1tJ.Q..
£.. il}01 i}-%Ol o}yq2}~ ~01 ~..fL*~~{i<fJY4.

OiC1~~ 01c1~ ~~ g ~111 0lc5Ril}~2}Jl A~Zfi}-yq.

0J9-l Ac34- nOll ¥!il}~ Ac3~~ '@-y cp(n) g .2.~2:l2.I

ti:T:~Jl Wyq. °1~~ ~~(It~fiD)011 ~J~Ai u~~ ~
..fL ~ ~ ~ g ill- ~ '@-~<f} y q. q g t>J-011 Ai -9-~ ~ :3- Ad
~91 '"Hrag <3!~ 4- ~g~<fJyq.

cp(n)9-l ~k~ 111 {l-il}71 ~~ ~~~ -:g-~ ~ ~ ~i!1~

E-£, t+~011 Wil}~J~yq. B", nol ~~ p~ 7d-9-0l1 ~
cp(p) ~ .:r-il}~ ~~ nBWl1q. ~A~l£ P7 r ~4-2}li!,
1, 2, ..., p-l

~ .2..¥ p9} Ai£ ~01E-~,

cp(p) =p-l

'I~l·n 91 "n~2~ rIll, qJ(n);: 1,2, ... , n-1 ~~lAi nJI}

Ai.£. ~ ~ ~~ lR yOl q"c} ~ A<3 ~ ~l rtl-c}Ai 2~ E~ 20 7Jr
Al ~ A<3 y n~l ~"5rO:1 qJ(n) g -=(-"5r A l..2...
 23. 2 W~~. 1413

~Ail 5 ng 0J:~ :Aa 4-, a~ (a, n) = 1~ :Aa T~ -o}

J1., qJ(n) = l~ ~q. °1 tIll, Yh Yz, ... , y,7} mod n~'
71 ~od 0:1l=11 ~'B, aYh ayz, ' .. , ay,x mod n~ 71
~od 0:1 ~1 °1 q.

BJ ~A~14~ ~~JI}u}~71<~1.£ aYh ayz, ... , ay,~

ol~ T 7~.£ ng ~~.£ -ot~ ~%01 o}~yq. EE °1
~ T ayj(j=1,2,···,l)';:.. £-T-nJI}Ai.£~~yq.
~4i>}'?1 a.£ Yj:L nJI} Ai.£ ~0171 tIlltrCf]l-1q. °1~..Q..

.£ ~A~17} ~~~~~yq.

~ .2. ~ ~.2.I ~ 2.1, i-II '§Jl ~.2.I ~ 2.1

n ~ 0J:~ :Aa 4-4 i>} Jl, a~ (a, n) = 1Cj :Aa 4-4 ~y
q. EE qJ(n) =liQ- ~yq. ~A~15e>llAi ~~ l:l}9t ~ol Yh
Y2, ... , y,~ i>}y-~ 71~odOi~1~Jl ~qtB., ayI, aY2' ... ,
ay,x.. mod n~ i>rY-~ 71 Q}°d 0:1 ~1 ~ y q. n:l-iQ-Ai ayI,
aY2' ... , ay,s:.. YI, Y2, ... , y,JI}u}{}-7}Al.£ l=qJ(n)7~~
71~od~*~1 -o-tY-~ Y-T-olA~ 4fi>r~l ~yq. J2l1 A i
ayI, aY2, ... , ay,~ YI, Y2, .'., y, ~ ~ ra--o-1 l:l}.1f-ol BR <€I ~
~JI} i>}y.~ ~%~£ ~ol ~jol°t~ ~yq. ~ YI, Yz,

.. ', y, g ~ ra--ol l:l}.1f-ol BR <€I ~ 4-~ ~ YI", Yz", ' .. , y/7}

-eAR -o-}~,
aYI == YI' (mod n)
ayz == yz' (mod n)

== Y/ (mod n)
aYl

~£ ~ol°t~ i}yq. °1~ l7~~ i}%~ g Ai.£. -N-o-}~

a'YIYZ··· Y, == YI"yZ" ... Y/ (mod n)

~.£ ~ Al rfr YI", Yz", ... , Y/ ';:.. YI, Yz, ... , Y'~ l:lrTol BR

~~ ~~1 A1Y-Al tt~E..£, YI,.YZ,.···Y/';:.. YIYZ···y,JI} ~

Jl, 01 ~ g C£ l:l11 ~ i>r'B
 cal == c (mod n)
. ..9.-.£. ~-yq. y j 7} 5!..!f- nil} Ai.£. ~0171 ~~~l C=YIY2
... Yl £ Ai.£. :±. ~ 1-1 q. u:l-c}Ai .$l ~ ~%~ 9.1 0d=~ ~

l
a == 1 (mod n)
~ ~g ~ ~l~1-1q. °1~..9.-.£. qg AJc1--.2.~Ci21
~2.I--7r ~~~~~yq..

.2.~Ci21 ~2.I nol 0d=9.1 AJ~OlJl, (a, n) =1°1c}ra

aqJ(n) == 1 (mod n)

. Q. ~ t:l ~ AJ c1 ~1 Ai ~ "01, nO1 ~~ p~ 78 -)L ~

cp(p)~p-101j1, B:: (a, p)=l~ a7} ps:- Y-Tol~c~;<l
;<1 ~~ ~31} %~101E-.£., qg i!} ~~ iI112[]~2I ~2.l7}

~ oll11-1 q.

~At~..9.-.£.~ 1fl12ur~ AJc1 7 r lii:Ai ~ol~Jl, Y-~~l

°l~~ ~1fr§}i>}Oi ..Q..~t:19.1 AJc1 7r <i!01~~t1q.

@J) a = 10°1 c}.1l i>rOi 1fll 2 ut9.1 AJ c1 ~ ~~ i>~ *A1 q.

lO~ Y-T01~<:>-l~~ ~ ~l~ ~~~ 29t 5°1E-.£., P
7} 2, 5 °1.219.1 ~~c}ra
10P-l == 1 (mod p)
7} ~ ~<ilyq. {l~~l£. ~ 7~~ ~71 ~ .!i!.1i1,
P= 7°1c} i>}ra 7 g ~..9.-£ i>}Oi
 23. 2 gj-~~ 1415

101 = 3, 10 2 = 32= 2, 103 == 2 ·10 = -1,

106 =(-1)2=1

p= 11 01 ~ "6}li111 ~ ~.Q...£. "6}~

10 1
= -1, 10 2
= (-1)2 == 1, 10 10 =1 5
== 1

P= 13 01~ "6}li1 13 ~ ~ -.2...£. "6} 0:1

10 1
= -3, 102 = (-3)2 == -4,

10 3
= -4·10 = -1,

10 6
= (-1)2==1, 10 12 =1 2 ==1

P=1701~ "6}li117 ~ ~~.£. "6}~

10 1 == 10, 102 2, =- 104 = 4,

10 8
42 = =
-1, 10 16
= (-1)2 == 1

~ 31} ~01 ~ Y q.

3tl1 2 p}~ Aa cl ~ "p7l- ~4-iQ-li1 <il ~ ~ Aa 4- a<=>ll ~ "6l-~

a P = a (mod p) (*)
7} Adifj~q"~~ ~~.£. ~W 4-5:. ~l~yq. ~A~l£ if
%~ a P 1
- =1 (modp) ~ OJ:~0l1 a~ ~"6l-li1 (*)~ 'f!g
.y ~lJl, 01 ~ ~ p I a.9-1 7d -9-0l15:. Aa ifj ~ 1.1 q. ~J{!, (*)

7} <il~9.l Aa4- a011 ~"6}C:1 Aa~~q~ ~ ~ 7l-Aa~qli1,

pta ~ (a, p) =1 ~ ~ ~ 0J~ ~ a£. ~~~.Q..£~~

a P - 1 = 1 (mod p)

I~Aill01 tt-A~169.l ~%~OllAi al=a2=·"=an=101c}i>}~,

n P == n (mod p)
~ ~g 4- ~~yq. °l3lg °l%i>}O:l1Ellg o }9.l Aa~9.l EE
q~ ~~ g i>~.!il1Al-2-.

~ fJ"¥~~ ~q.
lfllgp}~ Aa~011 9.l"5~ P7l- ~4-~ tI11, ~~l- x9.l qt>J­
 (U pOUI) ZX 'IX == X
2 -,. ,- 0 -;J::;" '~-t0 '"2 '"iT J-, J.-, ,
o-C 1- 3" t-L tLL -=-1 0 ~ -Lc" l.--l .
~{L. ~-2- to ~LZ Fo{~ 20 ~ ~ U" ll-i {~lbY{~ t:l ~:Ii ,,-b
7L. 2 - -. UL'7 -.. rr LOA '71. J.-, 7L.l L 7L 2rr 7L
lY:l. [l <J"
JL. O-C kLO O\J:} Ly:s:-t~ l:ill.--lll; V~-tO O\J:}
lo{O
ZX 'IX -% ~ f~ ~ l=ii~ J£ l~ ltL Fe> fo ~-R> lo '~l~3. ~ lo --b h
~f2> l)Cp l)C l~~ ~L ~ lLf lv~-iP ~ CD tY l~-% Ux ' .. - 'ZX 'IX
l[LFofo~-t5 top{~ toUpOUI ~~ ~t2-=7~L to-2- toCDb­
%~ tYt2-tn --bb~l~-trr lo~ ~R 20,,-2- top{~" ~
{(U pOtU) Ox == X I x}
~Fo
fo '-&[?L lo tYlt2r --bb~ly~-iP~CD {L.~f~ ~d ~{~
~ l~{(UPOUI) Ox == X I x} 1tFo fo tou ~ ~{~i~ J£ ~ Ox
'fU{~{a lv-b --b b f!- lo-2- toCD ty%~ -w:fi 3" / Ox '20 lo
(U
pOUI) (I' OX)f == (OX)f
lo-fZ 1o{Ft -W-fa tyl~l~
tol)Cloll:rrlOtI '~-b-w t2-=7f~ toto~ [O(UPOUI) /OX==OX
~/OX 'E{~ t2lo-2- to-b{~ tocD ty%~ {L.°X ~f~ '~l)C
--bb~-fa Et2t:Jw ~(tyf~{Ft%~)Iv¥.fa lo ~~ ~{~
-t:- ~-2- toCD 'l=n{~ t2lo-2- to--tv~~¥.fa ~{~{~-fa
LO OA 2J-O
l0 2"Y' ---..-t 2rr L O R L-:L
lS?-~ f~-- L LY:5""t~ f~ 1 ~~{o -O\J:} LY:5""i~
--bh~
JL. II, ..J:!:..
l '2: -.. I.J-. J ~ a X -.. -t L 7L '2: L 0 t=t ll,...--L l ---..
1. Lr~ nOLO 1 [l L-LOi~""2 , ~~-to -0 LY:5""t~ 0 , [V 0
~ Thr --bb~f2> ~l~l=i~fy Fo{~U:1 l~X ~f~ ~d lo

CD (u pOUI) 0 == (X)j

ty%~ 'lin -@ t2lo ty{l2-b to-=7ltL -:& f~ ~

0.7+ Xl.? + --- +I_zuXI-ZU.7+zuXzu.? = (X)f

'~f~ to=fo top{~ ~U 20f2--IFt~ pt2r

-J.-, L-. ~ L 0 0
l.--l L L LO" LY::i'"i~"
~ ty%~ lo ~ --bb~~fy ~{S?-~ l~X ~f~ ~d ~
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--bh~-lL ~
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~ to-b-l~.p (fo-l~ 2"o~ ~u) ~ ty
%~-l~1t lo bY{2-[.n --bh~ ~~~ -bJl~ .p -lLJX ~l5 2"
(U porn) q == .ZXTJ
fo-l~ ~ lloq
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(u porn) q == XV
ty?~-eFt{~R> fU{2lo 1= (U 'v) Ii! ~
--b h~ g ~ llo t2?~ ~ {2,,-b ~-lL ~ -2- to
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lID Te>l~ W%~~ 0d=~g 2tlR-o}1i1
52x == 2 (mod 59)
52 == -7" (mod 59) olE-.£.
-7x == 2 (mod 59)
01 0d=~ g 31:l~ -o}1i1

-21x == 6 (mod 59)

5x == 7 (mod 59)
01 0d=~ g 51:lR -o}al
25x == 35 (mod 59)
Te>l~ ~%~011Al 01 ~%~ g lJU~1i1
x == -34 == 25 (mod 59)
trl-iJ-Al -T"8"}~ ~~ x==25 (mod 59)~yq.
[T~ : .sf1 ~ ~ol 011 Al <?1 ~ ~011 -cH -01-0:1 Al ~ ~..Q..£

~ ~i>R .!i!.1?i
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~, 26x25+59 X ( -11) = 1°1 !fJ y q. r= 25, s= -11 °1
C1- "8"}rB
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~yq. 0lSi ~~ r,s~ T-01-~ l:lJ'i1~ %-€~£~ §.A~l

: ~9.1 tiJ-011Al ~~ 1:1} ~J~Liq. (A~ll-rl 38-44~101Al %

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<?1~~yq.J

I~xillll qg ~ ~%~ g ~~ ]]!.1} A l..2...

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26x (2) == 27 (mod 35)
19x
(3) 13x == 25 (mod 100) (4) 47x == 26 (mod 111)
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ty%~ f% ~ lin lo
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4-~ ~i>}e>.i .=L~ ~ tic} ~Yt:1-. ~

Nit i == 1 (mod n;)

~Yt:1-. Al-6- ~Cl ~ i=l, 2, ..., k~ 5!.!f-~1 ~i>}0:1

o 19.1- ~ ~ t i ~ i>} Y-~ Ac3 ~ t:1- JI ~A1 t:1-. .=LCl Jl

= Nltlb l + N 2t 2b2+... + Nktkb k
. Xo

.£. BR ~ ~Y t:1-. .=Li:~ 1i! N 2, ... , Nk~ -2..!f- nl'£' Y-TOl1fJ.

~ A1 E-.£., nl ~ ~~..?- i>}0:1 A~ Zf~ ~ trl1,

Xo == Nitib i (mod nl)

o 1 ~ Y t:1-. .=L Cl Jl Nit l == 1 (mod nl) OlE-.£.
Xo == bi (mod nl)
~Yt:1-. q~ i=2, ... , k~l ~'6RAi£ u}%7}A1.£. i>}0:1
Xo == bi (mod n;)
~~ ~ ~7} ~J~Yt:1-.01~~.£xo~ ~~~%-6l ~ %
~A171 ~ i>}y-~ -2-~ ~ ~~l-~Yt:1-.

.=L~, Xo == bi (mod ni) (i = 1, 2, ... , k) 01 E-.£. y~

~ ~ ~ ~%-6l ~ ~ 1fr~ ~ -2- x~ l:f:l ~i>}711
x==xo(modni) (i=1,2,···,k)
~ lil-~i>}~ Ac3~.£. ~ ~ ~Y t:1-. 01 ~ ~ x -X o7} nh n2,
... , nk~ -2..!f-.£ Y-TOl1fJ.Ol~q~ ~~ ~i>}A1lil-,.=L

~~ X-X o7} ~~.:g-BR~ N=nIn2··· nk'£' Y-TOl1fJ.~

~t:1-~ ~J1}%~l~Yt:1-. ~
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J!} %~1 ~ Yq. trl-c}Ai °1 ~ °1 '"d ~ ~%-6l ~ ~ 1fr~ ~
-2-~ -T-O:1i>}Jl ~J~yq. °1~~.£. ~l:f:l°1 ~~~yq.

T-~~1~~ Oll~ ~~ ~~ ~01~ li!.°l~)~yq.

tnm ~ ?-l if~£.Al
~ L.:1=i1::JO-,
x == 1 (mod 3)
x == 3 (mod 4)
x == 3 (mod 5)
x == 6 (mod 11)
 23. 2 i:t~~ 1421

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lID Aa~9.l ~~011 M~ ~J!} ~~ ~Jlfl g A}%Wyq-.
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~ ~ ~~.£.Ai

N I = 220, N 2 = 165, N 3 = 132, N 4 = 60

~yq-. Nitl = 1 (mod nl), ~

220 t 1 = 1 (mod 3)
g *~A171~ -o}t+91 Aa~~ 220=1 (mod 3) olE..
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~ ~w y7} ~J~yq-.
U}%7l- Al.£.
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~ %~A171 ~ t i ~ -ol-t+1Q .:r--o}1i1, ZfZf
165t2 == 1 (mod 4) ~ t2 == 1 (mod 4)
132t == 1 (mod 5)
3 ~ 2t == 1 (mod 5) 3

60t4 == 1 (mod 11) ~ 5t4 == 1 (mod 11)

~lAi t 2=1,.t3 =3, t 4 = -2.£.- ~~ ~7l- ~J~yq-. u:t
c}Ai
Xo == 220·1·1+165·1·3
+ 132·3·3+60· (-2)·6 == 1183
T-o}~ ~~ x == 1183 (mod 660), ~

x = 523 (mod 660)

Jf-~ ~ ~9.l -2-~1 q-g J!} ~~ Bl*~ i>H~ g ¥-C:1w

-T- 7 } ~l~Llq-.

7}~, ol ~ \t (°1 ~ E~lli! 14 \t) g ~ ~1J..Q...£. -o}O:l 4~

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01+ 4~p}r:t 7J-9.l ~ ~r:t.

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01+ 5~ p}r:t 7J-~~ ~r:t.

D .li!. ~ ~ fill 6 ~ ~~ 011 7J-9.l ~ i>1-JI,

01+ 11 ~ p}r:t 7J-9.l~ ~r:t.

01 n:l1 4~ ~ .ill.~71- ~~ \toll 7J-9.l ~ i>}~ ~3::.~ \t ~

~~ ~~~71-? .=z.3!~ 523~~~9.l \t~yr:t. .=z.ClJI 01+

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I~X~I121 q g 91 'i:l ~ ~%~ ~ ~~ li!.11 -"1-2-.

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x == 1 (mod 5)
x == 3 (mod 7)

~ .2. ~ CI.2.I ti~ q> (n).2.I ~ -a ~~

~ t>J-Oll Ai ~~ <?1 ~ W%~ 011 ~~ Ac3 i!19.l g %s.. ~ i>}

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~~ ~lfr~ -:g-~0l1 rl1c5~ ~01-~~J~yr:t.

li! Ai Jf-i!1 ~ r:t g J1} ~ ~ ~~ Ac3 Cl ~ ~~ Wy q .

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~et i>} J1.

et ~q. 01 n:~

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7]- ~ y r:t.
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(b h b2, ... , bk)

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8k~ ~~(11[ll)014 ~~ul

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... nk <i] Yq. EE -9-~ ~ Zf i~l ~ -01-0:1 ~ ~ 8 i ~ ~~

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~
2.
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L-f i>1-,lr1_
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~~ ZfZf N, qJ(N) <i]yq.
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~, ¥,.~W%~

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x == bz (mod nz)

~ ~ <5J~l Al W:~ Aa ~ ~l -o}O:1 lit -01­

~ i>~, Ng If).Q...£
Li-~ i>~~ 7}~yq. n:}4Al·~wU ~~1 °1 ¥,.~W%

~ g *~A171 ~ ~7} lit -o}Li- .eAR Wy q. J~ g ec}

Jl -o}l?!
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c == bz (mod nz)

.<f]yq. ~~ U~ ~~ c~ ~~£ If-0:1~}1?1, Zf i=

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~ Adt8A171~ S~ ~~7} B ~}y-1?l ~Aa~yq.

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-=:L2-11?1 °1 q~ g c~ (b h b2, ... , bk) ~lAi
cE U*

7} ~£~ ~}71 ~i>~Ai~

biES i * (i=1,2,···,k)
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... nk S4- Ai.£ ~7} ~ y t:l-. qA1 W~}li! c E U * ~ y q.
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yq.~

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u}c}Ai

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i>} JI, {f~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 71 ~ A~l-B- 9.1 .2.. 0J~.£. Aa ~ i>}~

et i[yq. ~71011Ai Pt,pz, ···,Pk~ q~ ~4-eheZ'···'

ek ~ 0J~ Aa~~yq. a1 Ull P{\ P2 eZ, ••• , Pkek~ q~ g i>}

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1
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01 ~ E~l tB 720 = 24 • 32 • 5 olE...£.

qJ(720) = 720 (1- ~ ) (1- ~ ) (1- ~ ) = 192
7} ~l-lq.
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t!, PI, P2, P3, ..., Pk ~ Ai£. q~ ~4-

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I~k1l131 qJ(81), cp(lOO), cp(250), cp(420) ~ ~l ~ Ti>}Al~.

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9-l ~1 ~ -o}O:1 ~ 7}Al ~ ~ A~l ~ ~ ~ -o}~~~y q. 01 ~ Ac3

~y- ~~0l1 Mol~ T A~l 7}A1~ %~~ 71l:{}~ "5~~.~

. ~ 71~~~ ~-2...£Al -9-cl7} 01~0l1 B~~ ~~ g .!i!.q

713::~-2...£ 71~-o}~ l:lJ-l:{} ~ .!i!.~~yq. ~~~ "5~~~

~ Ac3*-o}71 ~i>~Al~ 0l~ ~~ 71~ l:lJ-l:{}01 ~il.~yq.

=r~~y- 0l~ ~~ 713::~ ~T Aa*~q~ ~~ =rcl

 ~>II-UVI ~{2lo SZ<u
I
~-b-W{a ~o~l~~~ t:-:L %
--b b~ -2- ~ l~o l'l: ~ t nR> lln ~ 00 ~u ~

U U

-1-
~ = I ~(1-) I = 11- vi
{~ to~1 ~ulJ 2l~~19- --bb~-2-~ l~1lln ~OO~U
~ulJi~ to]t:&lo--bb~{ztly ~{ulJ}]t:& ~l'l:~~20
U = UlJ

~(1- )+u

lo (--- 'E 'z '1 = u) UlJ i~ U l~~

~E Io~~ ~.
--bb~ .
~ly ~3*-W~ to]t:& 'E{~ 23"~~ lo ~~tY '~~2r
--bb~~ ~ lo%3' ~.gb5- lL{~ lli{~kRfh -b1f--{ill~
b-lo ~*1Y r--~:;rlL to~~ .:g-~R tyl~i~ to1Ylo,
'3'{2t:1{~-b~* l'l:-l~~.glo l~*% ~~ ~--6-~R tyl~i~ lo .
'Rr-w:Ii Et2r --b.b~ g~~ ~{~lFt~ l~~'2i~ ~-rz -to
r ~i~ lo --bb~.-a-~n lLlo~ totY{L l~l[Lti ~--6-~R ~
Wfy~.g I-Y~ t:1 lO*~2Fo 'lt2i~ ~ luto IO~l2:if to~lL
~.fL -to l~ ':Ii 'l:n{~o-ffr {L lo~ t5 ~ ty~.g b5- lL -l~~ to l~
*% ~~lL ~-fZ ~~ ~-l~~ tyl~i~ lo --bb!;'{g ~fL
~ g-ln 3'f2t:1tk=l E{2,,-b~* l'l:-l~[.glo l~*%" E[5
~i~ lo lo*~2Fo --bb~-lR. ~ lL{~-2-~ l~to~ ~-fZ 1:0
lo l~-l~Rr g-ln Ef6 l'l:{Z ~~* lo*~2Fo ~tt --b.b
'~(~2d 3'l'l:~r¢ lo~ ~~~L-lO ~ [tL=l-wlol L llil~*
~2Fo 'lot-6~ ~-l~ E-b-w"fh~" ~fL -wkR~ 20~~
tY: tY ~w ~ ~ 1f r 'tt lo ~ 1f ~i~~ to tY~~ ~ l~-w~ --b
h~-tztly E~lofL 1ZL=l ~-t2TI:- ~-b tY~O[5 ~-& lo .
lo* ~2 Fo ~-b' --b b [6.-a-lln lL-l~ 21J~ ~ Th~ -toE '
{y ~i~~ .~~ 3'~~ ~l~lLFo --bb!;f6 ~{ill'l:-l~tiU
~ trr3-2~ loHo¥IL lo.f:gl:vHg [g] lLpl
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q>X
~-l~ ~ lloS 3 x ~ d ~-l~ ~lY:~
-lLq ~~ to-b-l~ =to~ --b~~ -t2lo~~** Ft-lo lo~~
-& to N ~S 'K-l~ 2"lL ~{3.-b 2"N ~ ~ ~ to l~~~ ~ 19­
--bb
% ~~to~~ ~~% toU=to tY:lrt --bb~r~-l~~~ ~­
~~y -w~ llot-?:-ly {Ir-w~ 2~ ~tylL~ IYc5--~~y
IO ~w lL to l~-lL ~ ~~ to lk> to ~~ toi.~~ ~ tY lloi.~ lo
~~ toi2~ 1~1L: ~ ~
0p H\ {3. -b
OO+-U
2"rJ = UVUI!1 'l:n-l~ K -t2lo.'(~-w~ to{UV} ~rJ '~.l 0 :Ii
-pii~~ 10
3> 11)- uVI
toi~1tJ lIou ~~i~ ;:-0 iOOU<U
'~i~WF l~al:2 ~OU ~~i~ l=oi~1tJ n03~~ toto~
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'~ ~~~y lo%-b ~-l~~ llorJ -}; {Ir{UV} ~~ to~
--b b~ to f~ lo-rz {Ir g -b 20 ~{fl R> ~ t2c5- tyf2-tn
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1
aou 'lk. '2: j....,J-2
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--b h [! lo-rz iiI
001 > 11- uv l IU-t2lo 00001 <u
1
OS > 11- uv l IU-t2lo OOSZ <u
1
Ql>ll- uv l IU-t2lo 001<u
1
SLpl i~i= lo~~ Io9Z
~14Jl Jf-~l-1q.
u}%7}:A1~, ~~ i>}1-}~ {1y a7} ~ARi>}O:1 ..2-~ XES

7} Aa~:@q1i1 S~ O~2.H£ -W-~14Jl i>}~, a~ S~ i>}1-}

9.l "S"~ JlI4JI If- ~ 1.1 q.

lfr~ S7} .5fl.£s:. 0}C1~.£s:. %~14~, Zl-Bi>} 711 S~ -W­
~lolq4JI ~yq. J~ ~ -T- 7R~ {1y a, b("'tl, a<b)
7} ~AH i>}0:1 ..2-~ x E S~l 111 i>}0:1
a~x~b

7} Aa~:@q~ ~g ~~1.1q. 0l~~ ~~i>1 i>}l.-}9.l oJ

~ ~y Mol .eA~ i>}0:1 SJ..~ x E S~l ~ i>}0:1

Ixl ~M
°1 Aa if1:@ q~ ~J!} ~<~l <il 1.1 q.

%~1 ~ uR, -W-7:llol t:1-c}JI ~~y t:1-. O~i!H.£ -W-JlIl.-}

~£

~JlI9.l Aa~s:. u}%7}:A1Cfl1.1t1-. ul-4 Al 4-~ {an}ol %~1

4Jl i>}~ ~~ i>}y.~ 0J~ {1y Mol .eA~i>}O:1 ..2-~ A}
~ 4- n ~l t:R i>}0:1

lanl ~M
°1 Aaif1:@q~ ~g ~if1.1t1-.

~A111 ~~y~~ %~101t:1-.

gJ y~ {an}ol a~l y~ ~t:1-Jl W ufl ~~lAl ~~ Aa
9.l~lAl, Aay 1~1 t:l1i>l-0:1 ~It! A}~~ n o7} .eA~i>l-O:1

n>no~ ..2-~ A}~4-n~r~i>}C:1

lan-al <1
°1 Aa~~l-1q. ul-etAl n>noo141i1,

lanl == la+ (an - a) I

~ lal+lan-al < lal+l

01 ~1.1q. 0:171~lAl no+17R~ y

 25. 1 - .:r~.Q.1 ~~ 1475

lall, lazl, ..., lanol, la\+l

~ ~t:HBkg Mole} -o}li1, .2-~ A}~4- n~l t:H-o}~

lanl ~ M

°1 AJ ~ ~~, u}e}Al {an} ~ %~l <iJ y q.

lim an == a, lim bn == (3
n-oo . n-oo

e} ~q. °1 Ul1

1 lim (an + bn) == a+ (3

n-oo

2 lim(an~bn) == a-(3
n-oo

till 1 £ g OJ ~ ~ 0J=~ {J 4-e} ~y q. 7}Aa~1 ~ i>TI,

n > no/~ .2- ~ A}~ 4- n~l t:H -o}~
lan-exl< ~ CD
n>no//~ .2-~ A}~4-n~l t:H-o}~

Ibn-pI < ~ @
01 Aa~~~ A}~4-no/,n//7}~ATI~yq. u}e}Al
no ==== max {no/, no//}

e} -o}li1, n> no ~ .2- ~ A}~ 4- n 6 11 t:H -o}~ CD, @

7} %Al ~l Aa ~ ~ Jl, u}e}Al n> noe}1i1

l(an+b n)-(a+(3)1 ~ lan-al+lbn-(31

< (c:/z) + (c:/z)
==c:

01 ~yq. °l~~ 4-~{an+bn}ol a+p~l ~~~~

~g ~~yq.

2 °1 ~ -q3 ~ IJ1} p}:fr7}:Al <iJ Yq.

[y~: ~~ ~~J1} ~ol CD~ n>no/, @~ n>no//~

n ~1 t:H -o}~ Aa ~ ~ :A11i!-, no/, no// ~ ~ t:H ~k g no~ ~q

li1, n> no ~ 1i!-~A171 ~ n~l -q~ i>TI Ai ~ CD, @7} %Al 011 Aa
 ~lil3 ~ ~12.2} ~:: 7}Aa o}i!-~

lim (anb n)
n-+OCi
= rt/3
7} Ad~~t:}.
BI Eg ~~9.1 0J:9.1 {l~tl- ~yq. Tt! Ai, 7}Aa limb
n-+OCi
n

= /30l1 Ai, ~ A~l 19.1 ~ ~ ~ ~ol <:1 tr! A}~ ~ no7} ~A~
"5}~ n>"notl-lii t>JAJ-
Ibnl < 1/31 +1
01 Ad~!§yq. qA1 Jf-~9.1 7}Aa (EE~ ~~112 ~~~

qg ~ :y~}OllAi, 01 no~ n>noo1tl-~ i>JAJ­

lan-al < lal+~I+ l'

Ibn-PI < lal+~I+l

lanbn-aPI = ICan-a)bn+aCbn-P)1
~ lan-allbnl+lallbn-PI
c:CIPI+l) . laic:
< lal+IPI+l + lal+IPI+l
_ Clal+IPI+l)c:
- lal+IPI+l"
== c:.
°l3!..9.-.£.lim (anb n) ~ rt/3 7} ~ ~!9 ~ ~y q.
n-+OC;

~ Iii 4: lim an =
n-+oc
rt, lim bn=
n-+oo
/3 Oll Ai, /3 i= 0 tl- "5} 1i1
 25. 1 ?~.Q.I ~eJ- 1477

DB ~~~( iJ = ~ ~ ~l~F;t~, ~fi]13 ~ ~A-j ~~g

~~ y ~J ~ 1.1 q. trl-c}Al lim
n-oo
bn ={3, {3 =I O~ U11

liml=l
n-oo bn {3

€ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0J=~ ~ 4-C} ~l.1 q. °1 u:R, -o}y-~ At~

y no~, n>noCd £~ At~y nOll q~-o}O:1

1131 = Ibn- (bn-/3)1

~ Ibnl+lbn-PI < Ibnl+ I~I,

®
g ~711 ~1.1q. (~-ol, n>noc}1?1 bn=lO<fj1.1q.
. .::rtQlA-j Oi~ \1.:§:.iE.¥-E-j ~~oj1A-j~ ~T8~01 in 01 ~
AR~1.1q.) .=r~Jl ®9l- @011Al n>noCd £~ A}<{1y

n 011 rl1-o} Ci
cl/31 2
1 11_ 1/3 - bnl
t;;-p - 1/3llb l < I7Jl2 - c.
-2- ­
1 n
-2­

I~Xil 1\ 4-~ {an}, {bn}~lAi, an~bn (n==1,2,· .. )~ ~

lim an = a, limbn=p

n-+oc
!;-,(~fc5 lL:{~ ~ ~~ to~~y r l-ylLFo --bb~~~y ~-t2
1:l~H:t~ 1l:s JUI ~iclt£~ 2~10 1l:S
'i!"1gH:t~
1l:s dns ~iclt£~ 21* 1!S
lJ.-.., :L.,..-r -a. 0 L-:L k-L '2
[t-l b?; 0 -0 fY~ FO lO -e LV
--b b fl\tI-b 2
S JU!
'l:n{~ -t2lo (UInUI!JU!)~1g tos
~:t1 (punoq .IaMOIlsa~:ea.I~)1t£1gJPI¥ tos ~~ to~~
to~ If£{~ tos'ltn rt If£% 2lt2{O {LS :t1 --b b fl\tI-b 2
S dns
'l:n{~ -t2lo(UInUIa.Idns)~~ tos ~
:t1 (punoq .Iaddn lSRal)It£~~I¥ tos ~~ toy~ to~
If£i.~ tos 'ltn rtlf£% ~~ {LS ~~** F\{o lo~ toN
--bw~Y:~ {L~ toHJ.~ l~~ If£{~ tos ~
-t2ltL% ~lt2{o {LS --bw~Y:~ {L~ toy~ l~~ ltLi.~
tos '~loltL% ~~ {LS ~~** F\{o lo~ toN
o L..~ k.,LE!
I-Y~1=6 IO"IV
--b b fl\tI-b
~~~ tolt~~ ~R- ~N --bb~* E{2lo~~R> to~
~ ~o~{Ftrt 'l-y~~~y ~~ ~g-b ~~r [--bb~lo
*l5 l-:l 1{:t w '-bO[6 {R. W-fa l-yl~(lL:lol~tEII--ZEII)
%~ toi.~61l~~ In lo ~ ~ lo ] --b b!;- '(~{~-fa ~ ~ ~y iflL
to-b{.g to~R- l-yl~lLFo l~~lL{Lk>f-\ ~lL=lolo g-b'
~~ ~Il: toM1g to~~ ~
-olY{-2-~~ U{{-2-lbY{~ ~-2-[o l~lo~~ ~~ ~{2
oo+-u
~=~UI!l
lln lo
·.ph~ {2 O<Xl=ulJ~i 'Iln ~~~ lo{ulJ} ~~ I~ l~y~1
q t!3-2~ lolk>¥"lc IOi~I:vH51- [gJ 8Lfrl
 25. 1 ~~9.1 ~~ 1479

y q. 9l1l-.f-ol-l?1, 01~ g ~~ -Or 71 .5f1 is~).1 ~ {14-~ If- <3!

~7}? ~4-~ Aa~-o}~l e>-1tt! ~.Q..£ Aa~-o}~7l-? et~

-2-~ ~A~10l17Jl-A1 71~~1 %c}7l-0~ ~71 Ull~~l..1q. 01

71 7JrA l lI1-Jl~ Jfl..e..~ ~~l..1q. Jf-{i 0:1~1~~ °l~g

-Or y-~ "~~" £ A~ zris~ s:. ~ ~ L1 q.

[y~ : {14-~ 71 ~ Aa ~ 01 ~i g.Q..£ ~ ~-o}~l <il~ ~

J1., *cl4-C}~ ol ul ~Jl ~1~ ~~l~l.£1f-El ~c.l~.Q...?­
~~7} TAd¥l ~~ 19*1171 ~1fr, r~lr~l~E, ~]£2, Bl-01
~trEc}6 ~~ 4-~A}~Oll ~is~).i~~yt:}.J

~ ~741<2! -a~~~ ~ ~~~e.t-!

.y~ {an}~,

al ~ a2 ~ a3· ~ ... ~ an ~ ...

g ~~).l~ Ull, -a~~'~c}jl W:~t-lq. EE
al ~ a2 ~ a3 ~ ... ~ an ~ ...
g ~~).1 ~ Ull, a~~±c}Jl ~Wl..1 q.
Jf- ~ ~ ~ 4- 9-l <?14f Ad .Q...?-2f-E1 -Or Y- .9-1 ~ ~.Q...£ % ~l
<il q-5:4-~~ 4-~~e>-1 ~~~lg ~~qc}~ Aa~~ ~

-a~~~I~~.2.I ~~ ~2.I
CD 1(!-~~7}.£.5f1£ %l11<il 4-~~ 4-?S~q.

® 1(!-5:~~£ O}~.?- %l11~ 4-~~ 4-?S¥lq.

III evg ~~WAlq.

Al~ {an}g t!5:~7}, EE~.5f1.£ %111~ ~~01e.t W
U11, ~ 4-~ <?14f Ad011 ~ is~ ~ W
 n--+oo

~L-lq.. ~~, £g <iJ~~ 0d=~C} i>}ra, ex-£<exolE..£

ex-E~ S~ AJ-~17} o}~yq.. utc} A 1
ex-E<a no
~~9-l S~ Jfd~ ano 7} .eAR~L-lq. ~~ {an}~ tJ-~~
7}01 0.£, n> noel c}ra i>J-AJ­

o~ ex-a < £n

°1 Ad ~ ~ y q. °13l ~ ~a ~ ~l 9-l"5R lim an = ex <iJ g .5!. Oi

n--+oo

~ ~
{! i>J- ~
* C19-l g%91
Aa ~l ~ 27R 7}2J= 71 ~i>}~ ~ L-l q.
@]) ~~ {an}~,
al= v'2, an +1 = ~2+an (n=1,2, ..·)
~l ~"6TI :r1\t~.Q.-.£ Aa~WL-lq. °1 ~~~ 1i1~~
7} EE~~.£ %l11C}~ 3l, ~ ~~~q~ 3lg ~rId

i>}Al~. EE =z. ~~~k g Ti>}Al~.

I fmI ~~~.£, {a n }ol 1i1~~7}r+~ 3l g ~~~:rl\t~

wL-l q. lii A1
..Q...£ ~ rId

al = v'2 < ~2 + V2 = a2
~ rId ~ ~L-l q. q g, <>l ttl n~l t:R i>}Oi an < a n +l 0 1iQ­
JI. 7 }AJ i>}ra,

an+l = ~2+an < )2+a n +1 = an+2

7} ~L-lq. Ul-ctAl {an}~ 1i1~~7}~L-lq.

-T- l8 ~~.£, .2. ~ n~l ~ i>}C:1 an < 2iQ- ~ 3l g ~ Al

~~~:rl \t~.Q.-.£ ~ rId wL-l q. lii A1

 25. 1 9-~2.I ~~ 1481

= vI2< 2 al
~ ~ ~ ~y q. q g, 01 ttl n 011 ~ %}Oi an < 2~ Jl 7}
Aa %}~,
an+! = V2+a n< ~2+2 = 2
7} ~ Y q. rrt~Al :2.. C nOll LR %}Oi an < 27} Ad ~ ~
yq.
-=r~, ~OllAl li!.0i~ ~J!} ~ol {an}~ B~~7tol

Jl ~£ %~lol°.£. Aa~oll ~i>R T~~yq. -=r ~

~g C(ct ~yq. ~~

an+! = V2+a n
011 Al n~oool~, ~~ ~ C(0l1 ~'2-%}Jl, Jf-~ ~ (tr
A~l 2011 9-l i>R) vl2 + C( 011 1:1 -2- ~y q. u:}~Al
C( = vl2+C(
£, 01 ~ g %1i1 C(=2~ ~ g T ~l~yq. u:}c}Al
lima =2<f}yq.
n
n~x

l~l~1 3\ s~ -o}y-~ 0d=~ AJT~ ~yq.

al=s, a n + l = ~an+S (n=1,2,· .. )
011 ~"6TI Aa ~-o}~ T~ ~ Tt6~q~ ~ ~ 5!. 0 lJl, J ~~

~k% -T-o}A1~.

l~l·1I 41 a,b~ -T- 7TI~ 0d=~ AJT~ -o}.Jl, T~ {an},{bn}~

qg J1} ~01 ~tJ~~~ Aa~~yq.

bn + 1 = ~anbn (n = 1, 2, ... )

°1 Ull,
(1) a~bo1tB.

al ~ a2 ~ ••• ~ an ~ ... ~ bn ~ ••• ~ b2 ~ b l

01 Ad~~q~ ~ ~ ~~-o}A1~.

(2) T~ {an}, {b n } ~ ~~ ~~~k~l T~ ~ q~ ~ ~ ~

 an = (1 + ~ r
~.£Ye>-1A1~ 4-<fJ{an}~ 4-~~q~ ~~ ~rr3~}
/\12...
BJ °1 t>J-A<3 C1 011 £>i ~}01

a n =1+ nCl·l+
n nC2·-.L+···+
n2 n n.nn
l c
=1+1+ n(n-l) .-.L+ 1z(n-l)(n-2) 1
2! n2 3! .--:;[
+ ... + n(n-l)· ..{n-(n-l)} .-.L
n! nn

== 1+1 +l(l-l)+l(l-l)(l-~)+
2! n 3! n n
...

n~ n+l.£ B}T~

an+l =
1
1+1+ 2 ! (1- n~l)
+l(1__1_)(1__2_)+
3! n+l n+l
...
+ (n~l)! (1- n~l)(l- n~l)"'(l- n~l)
®
(DJIl. ®£>i Zf t>J-~ £!p- 0Jo1Jl, ~
-9-~ ~ B1JiL~}1?!

3:.£>i 2 t>J- ~ ~~ u:l A~13 t>J- °1 -4- ~ (D~ ~ ~ Zf t>J-°l

®~ ~Oll t:B g ~}~ Zf t>J-.!i!.r:t ~jl, ®~ ~ol U}A1

~ t>J-rfr W:0}A~ ~j~yr:t. rr}~Ai

~yr:t. ~ {an}~ ~~~7t~yq.

g:, (DOll Ai ~ Y ~j ~ °1

an
1 1 1

< 1+1+-+-+···+­
21 3! n!
 25. 1 T~2.I ~~ 1483

an < 1+1+ 2I
+ 22I
+ ... +I
2n ­ 1
1
1-¥ 1
== 1+--1 == 3- 2n-1 <3
1-
2
7} ~yt:l-. ~ {an}~ ~£ %~l~Yt:l-.
urr+Ai AaCl~ ~<5R, ~~ {an}~ ~~~yt:l-.

~~ Oll~ ~ol ~~~J:

lim (1
n-OO
+.l)n
n
=e CD
7} ~AR ~y t:l-. 11~ °1 ~~~J: e~ A}<t!£.=L~ ~ ~ 1.1
t:l-. (992l!l101A1~ A~117:AJ- ~A~l 53~ ~ ~)
-9-Cl ~ ~ ~ ~.Q.£.!f- E~, !E t:l- g ~ ~ A~l 5, 6, 7011 Ai JL
~ l:l}~ ~01, ~~
1
lim (1 + h) h = e
h-O
~ °1 ~~ ~ ~ ~l~Y t:l-. °1 ~ ®~ A~117 AJ-~ 987l!l1 °1
:A1 ell y.%!j ~.Q.£, A~117 :AJ-011Ai ~ °1 ~ @011 ~ i>R ~

e~ Aa ~ ~}~ ~Y t:l-. .=Lc~ y. 7171 Ai ~ 01 ~~~J:~ .eAR

E..
2.
"7Lro
,A1" <3"1- z~
L.. A
01 Al ".6
0
~ "<3"1- ~~..Q-. 0 1_1.-1 1 rL n-:I 71 A.] .=­
0 A'-- L.. rl::J"'1'-T. --, 1
','-­

- - ~ A~l 5, 6, 7°1 11 i>~ ~ ~ °1 et JI ~ t:l-li! - - ~ ~ ~1

°1 ~~~J:°1 .eAn~t:l-~ ~~ ~~~}~~yq.

I~X11 51 ~~ CD~ A}~~ n o1 n-7007} ~ U1l~ ~~olAl

1i!, °1 ~ g ~i Ai 1J ~ x011 ~<S~Ais:.

lim ( 1
x-x
+l)X
x

=e

7r Ad ~~q~ ~ g ~~ "5rAl~. [~§..: ng

n~x<n+l
 01 Ac3 t:J ~ 11 4. 0:171 Ai x~ oo.£. ify q..]
I~Xil 61 x~ -oo~ tIlls=.

lim (1 +
x--oo
l)X
x
=e
7} Ac3 t:J ¥l q~ 3! ~ ~~ -o-}Al-2... [~E : x = -zi!} -o-}li1

l)X = (-Z- )2 = (1+--

1 )2-1 (-Z- )
( 1+-
x z-l z-l z-l

~ ~~.2.I ~~

qg ~ ~y~ ~~~1 ~"5}0:l ~o}li-~J~yq.

°1 ~ E~l~, W.:r

3
!(x) = x -8
x-2
011 Ai x7} 26 11 7§-2-W U11, /(x)';:.. 12011 11-2-~yq. q A1
W:i>~Ai Ix-217} ~~01 O~l 11t-"5}~ 1/(x)-121s:.
~~01 O~l ~-2-~yq.

::J.. A}~~ T~~l-3i..2-~ li-Oiy71 ~i>~ Eg <iJ~9-l 0J=~

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