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Tanenbaum - Redes - Cap 2 - Capa Física
Tanenbaum - Redes - Cap 2 - Capa Física
La capa física
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Bases teóricas
para la comunicación de datos
• Análisis de Fourier
• Señales limitadas en banda
• Máxima tasa de datos de un canal
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Análisis de Fourier
• La serie de Fourier es usada para expandir cualquier
función periódica con período T
• C → es una constante.
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Análisis de Fourier
• Función reconstruída con:
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Señales de ancho de banda limitado (1)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Señales de ancho de banda limitado (2)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Señales de ancho de banda limitado (3)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Señales de ancho de banda limitado (4)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Señales de ancho de banda limitado (5)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Señales de ancho de banda limitado (6)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Máxima tasa de datos de un canal
• Teorema de Nyquist:
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Tasa de bits y tasa de baudios
La tasa de bits R mide la cantidad de bits de
datos transmitidos por segundo.
Se mide en bit/s.
Mg. G. Friedrich 12
Fórmula de Nyquist (ejemplo)
Ejemplo:
W = 3000 Hz
M=8
C = 2 W log2 M
Mg. G. Friedrich 13
UTN-FRBB
Fórmula de Shannon-Hartley (ejemplo)
Ejemplo:
W = 3000 Hz
SNR = 20 dB
20 = 10 log10 (S / N) S / N = 100
Mg. G. Friedrich 14
Factores que
afectan a la
transmisión de
datos:
- Atenuación
- Distorsión
- Ancho de banda
limitado
- Ruido
Mg. G. Friedrich 15
UTN-FRBB
Relación Eb/No
La fórmula de Shannon-Hartley da la tasa de transmisión máxima teórica
para una dada SNR.
Mg. G. Friedrich 16
Relación Eb/No
Eb/No = S = S
R No RkT
Eb/No = S W
N R
Mg. G. Friedrich 17
Relación Eb/No
Ejemplo:
Se deben transmitir datos por una PSTN en la que W=3000 Hz. La
SNR en el receptor debe ser de 12 dB. Calcular la tasa de datos
máxima para (a) Eb/No=13 dB y (b) Eb/No=10 dB.
Mg. G. Friedrich 18
Retardo de propagación
Es importante analizar la relación entre el retardo de
transmisión y el retardo de propagación.
Retardo de transmisión:
Tx = Número de bits a transmitir
Tasa de bits del enlace
Retardo de propagación:
Tp = Longitud del enlace [m] _
Velocidad de propagación [m/s]
Mg. G. Friedrich 19
Retardo de propagación
a = Tp
Tx
Mg. G. Friedrich 20
Retardo de propagación
Ejemplo:
Enviar una trama de 1000 bits por un enlace de
1000 km, a una tasa de transmisión de 2
Mbps.
Mg. G. Friedrich 21
Diafonía
Diafonía del extremo cercano (NEXT)
Señal inducida del circuito de transmisión al circuito de
recepción.
Produce interferencia aumenta la probabilidad de error
Aumenta con la tasa de transmisión Limita la capacidad
Se usan canceladores adaptivos de NEXT.
Mg. G. Friedrich 22
Medios de transmisión guiados
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Par trenzado
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Conectorizado de UTP con RJ45
Incorrecto Correcto
Mg. G. Friedrich 25
Opciones de la norma TIA/EIA 568 para la
conexión del cable UTP a la ficha RJ45
Mg. G. Friedrich 26
Comparación de características
de cables UTP y STP
Mg. G. Friedrich 27
Cable coaxial
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Power Lines
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Fibra óptica
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Fibra óptica
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Cables de fibra óptica
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Transmisión de luz a través de la fibra
Mg. G. Friedrich 34
Cables de fibra óptica
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Transmisión inalámbrica
• El espectro electromagnético
• Transmisión radioeléctrica
• Transmisión por microondas
• Transmisión infrarroja
• Light Transmission
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
El espectro electromagnético
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
El espectro electromagnético
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
La política del espectro electromagnético
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Modulación Digital y Multiplexión
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Transmisión en banda base
4B/5B mapeo
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Tranmisión en banda de paso
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
CDM (Code Division Multiplexing)
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Antenna comunitaria de televisión
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Internet sobre cable de TV
CATV
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
Asignación del espectro
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011