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Profesor
Einstein 1921 por F Schmutzer - restore.jpg
Albert Einstein como profesor
Ocupación
Nombres Profesor
Tipo de ocupación Educación , investigación , docencia
Sectores de actividad Académica
Descripción
Competencias Conocimientos académicos, investigación, redacción de artículos
de revistas o capítulos de libros, docencia.
Educación requerida Maestría , doctorado (p. Ej., Doctorado), título
profesional u otro título final
Campos de
empleo Académica
Trabajos relacionados Docente , disertante , lectora , investigadora
El profesor (comúnmente abreviado como Prof. [1] ) es un rango académico en
universidades y otras instituciones de investigación y educación postsecundaria en
la mayoría de los países. Literalmente, profesor deriva del latín como "persona que
profesa". Los profesores suelen ser expertos en su campo y profesores del más alto
rango. [1]

En la mayoría de los sistemas de rangos académicos , "profesor" como título no

calificado se refiere solo al puesto académico más alto, a veces conocido
informalmente como " profesor titular ". [2] [3] En algunos países e instituciones,
la palabra "profesor" también se utiliza en títulos de rango inferior, como
profesor asociado y profesor asistente ; este es particularmente el caso en los
Estados Unidos, donde la palabra no calificada también se usa coloquialmente para
referirse también a profesores asociados y asistentes. [4]Este uso se consideraría
incorrecto entre otras comunidades académicas. Sin embargo, el título no calificado
de "Profesor" designado con una letra mayúscula casi siempre se refiere a un
profesor titular.

Los profesores suelen realizar investigaciones originales y suelen impartir cursos

de pregrado , profesionales o de posgrado en sus campos de especialización. En las
universidades con escuelas de posgrado , los profesores pueden orientar y
supervisar a los estudiantes de posgrado que realizan investigaciones para una
tesis o disertación . En muchas universidades, los profesores titulares asumen
funciones de alta dirección, como departamentos de liderazgo, equipos de
investigación e institutos, y desempeñan funciones como presidente , director o
vicerrector . [5]El papel del profesor puede ser más de cara al público que el del
personal más joven, y se espera que los profesores sean líderes nacionales o
internacionales en su campo de especialización. [5]

Contenido
1 Etimología
2 Descripción
3 Tareas
4 Alrededor del mundo
5 Salario
5.1 Alemania y suiza
5.2 Arabia Saudita
5.3 España
5.4 Países Bajos
5.5 Estados Unidos
5,6 Tabla de salarios
6 Profesor investigador
7 En ficción
8 Uso no académico
9 Ver también
10 Referencias
11 enlaces externos
Etimología

El filósofo griego antiguo Sócrates fue uno de los primeros profesores registrados.
[6]
The term "professor" was first used in the late 14th century to mean "one who
teaches a branch of knowledge".[1] The word comes "...from Old French professeur
(14c.) and directly from [the] Latin professor[, for] 'person who professes to be
an expert in some art or science; teacher of highest rank'"; the Latin term came
from the "...agent noun from profiteri 'lay claim to, declare openly'." As a title
that is "prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706". The "[s]hort form prof is
recorded from 1838". The term "professor" is also used with a different meaning:
"[o]ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the
Elizabethan period, but is obsolete in England."[1]

Description
A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth
nations, as well as northern Europe, the title professor is the highest academic
rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor
applies to most post-doctoral academics, so a larger percentage are thus
designated. In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees
(typically PhD degrees) or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year
colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a title given to selected
retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due
to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary,
but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so
on.[citation needed]

The term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate
professor,[7] which are not considered professor-level positions in all European
countries. In Australia, the title associate professor is used in place of the term
reader as used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries; ranking
above senior lecturer and below full professor.[8]

Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give
notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title honorary professor,
even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary
for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties. However, such
"professors" usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution.
In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather
than for those holding it on honorary basis.

Tasks
Toni Morrison, Emeritus Professor at Princeton University.
Professors are qualified experts in their field who generally perform some or all
the following tasks:

Managing teaching, research, and publications in their departments (in countries

where a professor is head of a department);
Presenting lectures and seminars in their specialties (i.e., they "profess");
Performing, leading and publishing advanced original research in peer reviewed
journals in their fields;
Providing community service, including consulting functions (such as advising
government and nonprofit organizations) or providing expert commentary on TV or
radio news or public affairs programs;
Mentoring graduate students in their academic training;
Mentoring more junior academic staff;
Conducting administrative or managerial functions, usually at a high level (e.g.
deans, heads of departments, research centers, etc.); and
Assessing students in their fields of expertise (e.g., through grading examinations
or viva voce defenses).
Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols,
place (country), and time. For example, professors at research-oriented
universities in North America and, generally, at European universities, are
promoted primarily on the basis of research achievements and external grant-raising
success.

Around the world

Main article: List of academic ranks
Academic ranks worldwide
ArgentinaAustraliaBrazilCanadaChinaColombiaCzech
RepublicDenmarkEgyptFinlandFranceGermanyHungaryIndiaIsraelItalyJordanKenyaMalaysiaN
etherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPortugalRussiaSerbiaSlovakiaSouth
AfricaSpainSwedenThailandUnited KingdomUnited States
vte
Many colleges and universities and other institutions of higher learning throughout
the world follow a similar hierarchical ranking structure amongst scholars in
academia; the list above provides details.

Salary
Further information: Professors in the United States § Salary

Salary of professors, as reported in the 2005 report the Deutscher Hochschulverband

[de] DHV. Bars are for assistant professor, associate professor and full professor,
respectively.
A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of employee benefits. In
addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in their institution (e.g.,
department chair, dean, head of graduate studies, etc.) earns additional income.
Some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as
consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, giving speeches, or
coaching executives. Some fields (e.g., business and computer science) give
professors more opportunities for outside work.

Germany and Switzerland

A report from 2005 by the "Deutscher Hochschulverband DHV",[9] a lobby group for
German professors, the salary of professors, the annual salary of a German
professor is €46,680 in group "W2" (mid-level) and €56,683 in group "W3" (the
highest level), without performance-related bonuses. The anticipated average
earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The
anticipated average earnings of a professor working in Switzerland vary for example
between 158,953 CHF (€102,729) to 232,073 CHF (€149,985) at the University of
Zurich and 187,937 CHF (€121,461) to 247,280 CHF (€159,774) at the ETH Zurich; the
regulations are different depending on the Cantons of Switzerland.

Saudi Arabia
According to The Ministry of Civil Service, the salary of a professor in any public
university is 344,497.5 SAR, or US$91,866.[citation needed]

Spain
Further information: Academic ranks in Spain
The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed on a nationwide basis,
but there are some bonuses related to performance and seniority and a number of
bonuses granted by the Autonomous Regional governments. These bonuses include
three-year premiums (Spanish: trienios, according to seniority), five-year premiums
(quinquenios, according to compliance with teaching criteria set by the university)
and six-year premiums (sexenios, according to compliance with research criteria
laid down by the national government). These salary bonuses are relatively small.
Nevertheless, the total number of sexenios is a prerequisite for being a member of
different committees.

The importance of these sexenios as a prestige factor in the university was

enhanced by legislation in 2001 (LOU). Some indicative numbers can be interesting,
in spite of the variance in the data. We report net monthly payments (after taxes
and social security fees), without bonuses: Ayudante, €1,200; Ayudante Doctor,
€1,400; Contratado Doctor; €1,800; Professor Titular, €2,000; Catedrático, €2,400.
There are a total of 14 payments per year, including 2 extra payments in July and
December (but for less than a normal monthly payment).

Netherlands
In 2007 the Dutch social fund for the academic sector SoFoKleS[10] commissioned a
comparative study of the wage structure of academic professions in the Netherlands
in relation to that of other countries. Among the countries reviewed are the United
States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden and the
Netherlands. To improve comparability, adjustments have been made to correct for
purchasing power and taxes. Because of differences between institutions in the US
and UK these countries have two listings of which one denotes the salary in top-
tier institutions (based on the Shanghai-ranking).

United States
Professors in the United States commonly occupy any of several positions in
academia. In the U.S., the word "professor" informally refers collectively to the
academic ranks of assistant professor, associate professor, or professor. This
usage differs from the predominant usage of the word professor internationally,
where the unqualified word professor only refers to "full professors." The majority
of university lecturers and instructors in the United States, as of 2015, do not
occupy these tenure-track ranks, but are part-time adjuncts.

Table of wages
The table below shows the final reference wages (per year) expressed in net amounts
of Dutch Euros in 2014. (i.e., converted into Dutch purchasing power).[11]

NL comparison, 2014, net salaries, in NL purchasing power

Country Assistant professor Associate professor Full professor
United States €46,475 €52,367 €77,061
United States – top universities €59,310 €68,429 €103,666
United Kingdom €36,436 €44,952 €60,478
United Kingdom – top universities €39,855 €45,235 €84,894
Germany €33,182 €42,124 €47,894
France €24,686 €30,088 €38,247
Netherlands €34,671 €42,062 €50,847
Switzerland €78,396 €89,951 €101,493
Belgium €32,540 €37,429 €42,535
Sweden €30,005 €35,783 €42,357
Norway €34,947 €37,500 €45,113
Research professor
In a number of countries, the title "research professor" refers to a professor who
is exclusively or mainly engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching
obligations. For example, the title is used in this sense in the United Kingdom
(where it is known as a research professor at some universities and professorial
research fellow at some other institutions) and in northern Europe. A research
professor is usually the most senior rank of a research-focused career pathway in
those countries and is regarded as equal to the ordinary full professor rank. Most
often they are permanent employees, and the position is often held by particularly
distinguished scholars; thus the position is often seen as more prestigious than an
ordinary full professorship. The title is used in a somewhat similar sense in the
United States, with the exception that research professors in the United States are
often not permanent employees and often must fund their salary from external
sources,[12] which is usually not the case elsewhere.

In fiction
For a more comprehensive list, see List of fictional professors.

Professor Moriarty from the Sherlock Holmes story "The Final Problem"
Traditional fictional portrayals of professors, in accordance with a stereotype,
are shy, absent-minded individuals often lost in thought. In many cases, fictional
professors are socially or physically awkward. Examples include the 1961 film The
Absent-Minded Professor or Professor Calculus of The Adventures of Tintin stories.
Professors have also been portrayed as being misguided into an evil pathway, such
as Professor Metz, who helped Bond villain Blofeld in the film Diamonds Are
Forever; or simply evil, like Professor Moriarty, archenemy of British detective
Sherlock Holmes. The modern animated series Futurama has Professor Hubert
Farnsworth, a typical absent-minded but genius-level professor. A related
stereotype is the mad scientist.

Vladimir Nabokov, author and professor of English at Cornell, frequently used

professors as the protagonists in his novels. Professor Henry Higgins is a main
character in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion. In the Harry Potter series, set
at the wizard school Hogwarts, the teachers are known as professors, many of whom
play important roles, notably Professors Dumbledore, McGonagall and Snape. In the
board game Cluedo, Professor Plum has been depicted as an absent-minded academic.
Christopher Lloyd played Plum's film counterpart, a psychologist who had an affair
with one of his patients.

Since the 1980s and 1990s, various stereotypes were re-evaluated, including
professors. Writers began to depict professors as just normal human beings and
might be quite well-rounded in abilities, excelling both in intelligence and in
physical skills. An example of a fictional professor not depicted as shy or absent-
minded is Indiana Jones, a professor as well as an archeologist-adventurer, who is
skilled at both scholarship and fighting. The popularity of the Indiana Jones movie
franchise had a significant impact on the previous stereotype, and created a new
archetype which is both deeply knowledgeable and physically capable. The character
generally referred to simply as the Professor on the television sit com series,
Gilligan's Island, although described alternatively as a high-school science
teacher or research scientist, is depicted as a sensible advisor, a clever
inventor, and a helpful friend to his fellow castaways. John Houseman's portrayal
of law school professor Charles W. Kingsfield, Jr., in The Paper Chase (1973)
remains the epitome of the strict, authoritarian professor who demands perfection
from students. Annalise Keating (played by Viola Davis) from the American
Broadcasting Company (ABC) legal drama mystery television series How to Get Away
with Murder is a law professor at the fictional Middleton University.[13] Early in
the series, Annalise is a self-sufficient and confident woman, respected for being
a great law professor and a great lawyer, feared and admired by her students,[14]
whose image breaks down as the series progresses.[15]

Mysterious, older men with magical powers (and unclear academic standing) are
sometimes given the title of "Professor" in literature and theater. Notable
examples include Professor Marvel in The Wizard of Oz[16] and Professor
Drosselmeyer (as he is sometimes known) from the ballet The Nutcracker. Also, the
magician played by Christian Bale in the film, The Prestige,[17] adopts 'The
Professor' as his stage name. A variation of this type of non-academic professor is
the "crackpot inventor", as portrayed by Professor Potts in the film version of
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang or the Jerry Lewis-inspired Professor Frink character on
The Simpsons. Other professors of this type are the thoughtful and kind Professor
Digory Kirke of C.S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia.

Non-academic usage
The title has been used by comedians, such as "Professor" Irwin Corey and Soupy
Sales in his role as "The Big Professor". In the past, pianists in saloons and
other rough environments have been called "professor".[18] The puppeteer of a Punch
and Judy show is also traditionally known as "Professor".[19] Aside from such
examples in the performing arts, one apparently novel example is known where the
title of professor has latterly been applied to a college appointee with an
explicitly “non-academic role”, which seems to be primarily linked to claims of
“strategic importance”.[20]

See also
Academic discipline
Adjunct professor
Sacrae Theologiae Professor (S.T.P.) – degree now awarded as S.T.D. or Doctor of
Divinity (D.D.)
Emeritus
Habilitation
Scholarly method
School and university in literature
References
Harper, Douglas. "Professor". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
Pettigrew, Todd (17 June 2011). "Assistant? Associate? What the words before
"professor" mean: Titles may not mean what you think they do". Maclean's. Retrieved
6 October 2016.
"United Kingdom, Academic Career Structure". European University Institute.
Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Hartley, Tom (26 January 2013). "Dr Who or Professor Who? On Academic Email
Etiquette". Tom Hartley. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
"Promoted from doctor to professor: what changes?". Times Higher Education. 14
November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
David K. Knox "Socrates: The First Professor" Innovative Higher Education December
1998, Volume 23, Issue 2, pp 115–126
"Associate Professor - definition of associate professor by the Free Online
Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 16 August
2013.
"Australia, Academic Career Structure". European University Institute. Retrieved 4
December 2018.
"Deutscher Hochschulverband". Hochschulverband.de. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
"SoFoKleS | Sociaal Fonds voor de KennisSector". Sofokles.nl. Retrieved 16 August
2013.
SEO Economic Research (23 September 2015). "International wage differences in
academic occupations" (PDF). Retrieved 12 April 2008.
Classification of Ranks and Titles.
"Viola Davis as Annalise Keating". ABC. The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved 21 May
2016.
Kumari Upadhyaya, Kayla (25 September 2014). "How To Get Away With Murder:
"Pilot"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Kumari Upadhyaya, Kayla (23 October 2015). "A new lie has consequences for
everyone on How To Get Away With Murder". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
"The Wizard of Oz (1939)". IMDb. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
"The Prestige (2006)". IMDb. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
"Music: Machines & Musicians". Time. 30 August 1937. Archived from the original on
17 April 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
"A working life: The Punch and Judy man". the Guardian. 22 August 2008. Retrieved
29 August 2021.
"REINFORCEMENTS!". Union Theological College, Belfast. 26 August 2021. Retrieved
29 August 2021.
External links
Media related to Professors at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Professor at Wikiquote
The dictionary definition of professor at Wiktionary
vte
Academic ranks overview
vte
Levels of academic degree
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Social class
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