Iniciacidn del Movimiento en un lecho plano Fu z ints joint pans a1 = (by +bz) cos > o2= bz sine a3= b3 sind © = angle of repose ‘ Figure 4.1.1 Forces on a sediment particle (horizontal bed)Parametros de Shields 6 © I ll Thall(P,- P8459] [(s-1g/v7]!7 dy, critical Shields parameter particle parameter time-averaged critical bed-shear stress. nN ws ood Ger motion 10" by ue aw 19 motion] 2 3456 Big? 2 5456 Bi 2 3456 Bi? 2 3456 BiQ? Rey = ad Figure 4.1.3 Initiation of motion for a current over a plane bed, 8 = f(Re.) Shields (1936)Bonnefile (1963) y Yalin (1972), Demostraron que la curva de Shields puede expresarse en términos de los parametros adimensionales Ocr y D*. GRAFICAMENTE nus aod |- L [SUSPENSION] Initiation of suspension - Bagnald A te J ssa > critical mobitity number, Ber ee a i 5 a B50 1 a2 03 05 22 8 > _articie diemater, dgyIG im) at 15°C 2 Figure 4.1.4 Initiation of motion and suspension for a current over a plane bed, 8 =S(D.), Van Rijn (1989) ANALITICAMENTE 6, =024D7 for 1 oD 0, =014D°"% for 4 150La curva de Shields, Con densidades del sedimento y del fluido constantes e iguales a 2650 y 1000 kg/m3, respectivamente, puede graficarse en funcién del didmetro de la particula y el esfuerzo de corte critico. Note que el cambio de temperatura entre 10 y 30°C afecta solo a las particulas menores que 600 [Lm. to 2.34 6 io? 2.34 6 yo? 234 6 io 234 6 0% ——» particle diameter, d (um) Figure 4.1.5. Initation of motion for a current over a plane bed, ., = f(d) Shields (1936)Formulas Empiricas I. Meyer-Peter Mueller (1948) Extensive experimental work has carried out by Meyer-Peter and Mueller at the "Eidgendssische Technische Hochschule" (ETH) in Switserland. The experiments were performed in a laboratory flume with a cross-section of 2 x 2 m? and a length of 50 m. Uniform bed material as well as particle mixtures were used in the experiments (d = 0.4 to 29 mm, slope I = 0.0004 to 0.02, depth = 0.1 to 1.2 m). The bed-load transport rate is expressed (see Fig. 7.2.12): 4, = 8(u8 - 0.047)'5 (7.2.29) Esta ecuacién se conoce como MPMMPM: Variables y Parametros > = ——*—{ = dimensionless bed-load transport rate (s-1)* 2% as 6 = —% _ = dimensionless particle mobility parameter (p,-p)g 4d, ec = volumetric bed load transport rate (m?/s) a. = Pahl = current-related bed-shear stress (N/m?) dy = mean particle diameter (m) bp = (Cch!> = bed-form factor or efficiency factor c = 18log(12h/k,,.) = overall Chézy-coefficient (m/s) C’ = 18log(12h/d,,) = grain-related Chézy-coefficient (m/s) h = water depth (m) fc = energy gradient (-) Kye = effective bed roughness (m) s = p/p = relative density (-) The _0.047-value of Eq. (7.2.29) can be interpreted as the critical mobility parameter (8,,). Since, the formula is related to coarse material, the authors preferred to use a constant value of 0.047.MPM: Anilisis de sensibilidad (dm vs qb) Influence of particle diameter The effect of the particle diameter on the bed-load transport is shown by a computation example, Given : bed-shear stress t, = 5 N/m?, bed form factor » = 0.5. Compute : bed load transport for d,, = 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 pm. Solution : see Table 7.3. a> 18 +> +, +> g 2Es significative 0.255 | 076 | 45105 |... i | 88 | 13 |S a 0.195 | 0.46 | 4110+ | “ausclénendm aim | 98 | 3810: | trinens 5 0° | Resultados Table 7.3 Bed-load transport rates according to Meyer-Peter-Mueller2. Frijlink (1952) The formula of Frijlink essentially is an approximation of the formula of Meyer-Peter and Mueller (1948) and that of Einstein (1950), as shown in Fig. 7.2.12, The formula, which is given here because of its simplicity, reads as: yn 5 ees dey e 027u8) (7.2.30) Es una modificacién de la MPM, y por lo tanto, utiliza las mismas definiciones de variables y parametros3. Bagnold (1966) The forces per unit area moving the bed-load particles are (see Fig. 7.2.13): * the applied bed-shear stress: t, = p g hI (7.2.31) * the gravity component: > Pert lg m sinp (7.2.32) Ps in which: m = p, V, = mass of bed-load particles per unit area (kg/m?) B = slope angle V, = solid volume of bed-load particles per unit area (m) p, = sediment density (kg/m?) Figure 7.2.13 Stresses at base of bed loade, tu 4 = ———_2 > ____ (7.2.42) “© (p,-p)g cosP (tanp - tanB) in which: Ac = volumetric bed-load transport (m?/s) Tt = p ghI = overall bed-shear stress (N/m?) u depth-averaged velocity (m/s) energy gradient (-) efficiency factor (0.1-0.2) dynamic friction coefficient (-) bed slope (-) water depth (m) gravity acceleration (m/s?) volume of bed-load per unit area (m?/m?) & Il tand = 0.6 <° 78 sail 5 wD ll ca Hoes il It should be noted that: * the bed-load transport is independent of the particle diameter (d), © the transport rate is related to the overall bed-shear stress (t,) and not to the effective stress (t,); the effect of the bed forms is not taken into account.4, Van Rijn (1984a) Four different methods were used by Van Rijn to compute the bed-load transport rate. A. Van Rijn followed the approach of Bagnold (1954) assuming that the motion of the bed- load particles is dominated by particle saltations (jumps) under the influence of hydrodynamic fluid forces and gravity forces. The saltation characteristics have been determined by solving the equations of motions for an individual bed-load particle. The bed-load transport rate (q,,,) is defined as the product of the particle velocity (u,), the saltation height (6,) and bed-load concentration (c,) resulting in q,,, = Uy 5, Cy. The bed-load concentration (c,) was calculated from measured bed-load transport rates (qy,.) using Eqs. (7.2.13) and (7.2.18). Inall, 130 flume experiments with particle diameters (ds,) ranging from 200 to 2000 um, water depths larger than 0.1 m and a Froude number smaller than 0.9 were selected from the Literature. The influence of side-wall roughness was eliminated by using the method of Vanoni and Brooks (1957). The form roughness was eliminated by using a bed form factor p = (C/C’)2.4. Van Rijn (1984a) Four different methods were used by Van Rijn to compute the bed-load transport rate. Gye = 0.053 (8-1) g aye D,? 14 (7.2.44a) Equation (7.2.44a) was found to overpredict (factor 2) the transport rates for T = 3. Therefore, a modified expression is proposed for this range: ne = Ol (1) g% ayy DL? TIS for T > 3 (7.2.44b)VR: Variables y Parametros bc T= (ie - thd Thee The = pgac’'? C’ = 18log(12h/3d_) volumetric bed load transport rate (m?/s) dimensionless bed-shear parameter effective bed-shear stress (N/m?) grain-related Chézy-coefficient (m/s) water depth (m) dso, doo = particle diameters (m) u = depth-averaged velocity (m/s) Ther = critical bed-shear stress according to Shields (N/m?) D. = dgol(s-1)g/v7}% = dimensionless particle parameter (-) s = p/p = relative density (-) Ps = sediment density (kg/m?) P = fluid density (kg/m?) v = kinematic viscosity coefficient (m2/s) g = acceleration of gravity (m/s?) ve effective bed-shear stress (0 can also be expressed as cu = with = (C/C’) = bed form factor, C = overall Chézy-coefficient, The = PZ 2 io)? overall bed-shear stress.B. D. A more simple formula can be obtained from Eqs. (7.2.13), (7.2.43) and assuming u, = 7 u,., yielding: Ane = 0-25 doy ui, D,? TH (7.2.45) in which: J We = (rele °° = g°% G/C! = effective bed-shear velocity (m/s) Equation (7.2.44) can be approximated by the following formula based on the independent variables u, U,, h and d,o: = = 24 12 - u-uy dey Go = 0.005 wh | 7 — = (= (7.2.46) (BD dq) h in which: u = depth-averaged flow velocity (m/s) a, = critical depth-averaged flow velocity based on Shields (m/s) h = water depth (m) Uy = 0.19 (45,)°" log(12h/3d,,) for 0.0001 < dy =< 0.0005 (7.2.47) a, = 8.50 (d,.)°* log(12b/3d,,) for 0.0005 < dy < 0.002 dso, dog = particle diameters of bed material (in metres) The bed-load transport can also be calculated by multiplication of the pick-up rate (E) and the saltation length (A,) resulting in q,,. = Ey, as shown by Van Rijn (1986), see also Eq. (7.2.3).VR: Analisis de sensibilidad (dm vs ap) Influence of particle diameter The effect of the particle diameter on the bed-load transport is shown by means of a computation example. Given bed-shear stress t, = 5 N/m?, bed form factor p = 0.5, v = 1.10% m/s, p, = 2600 kg/m?, p = 1000 kg/m> Compute bed load transport rate for ds. = 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 ym using Eg. (7.2.44) and (7.2.45) , Solution tT = bt, = 2.9 N/m’, u, = (t4/p)°> = 0.05 m/s, results see Table 7.4. dsp D. Ther 4 (m?/s) (um) (-) (N/m?) | Eq. (7.2.44) | Eq. (7.2.45) Estimar%eds0 versusiqh 600 15.2 0.30 6.5 10° 700 17.7 0.35 56.10% 800 20.2 0.40 5.0 10° 900 22.8 0.47 3.9 10% 1000 25,3 0.55 3.1 10% Table 7.4 Bed-load transport rates according to Van Rijn