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2 −5 6 0
𝐵’ = ( )
0 3 9 −2
2 0 7 8
2 −5 6 0 6 4 6 −2
𝐵’𝐴 = ( )( )
0 3 9 −2 0 7 9 2
6 5 4 −8
4 − 30 −20 + 42 14 − 30 + 54 16 + 10 + 12
𝐵′𝐴 = ( )
18 − 12 12 + 63 − 10 18 + 81 − 8 −6 + 18 + 16
−𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟖 𝟑𝟖
𝑩′ 𝑨 = ( )
𝟔 𝟔𝟓 𝟗𝟏 𝟐𝟖
2 0 10 0
−5 3 −25 15
𝟓𝐵 = 𝟓 ( )=( )
6 9 30 45
0 −2 0 −10
2 0
−5 3 3 −3 6 9
𝐵𝐶 = ( )( )
6 9 4 0 −2 0
0 −2
6 −6 12 18 6 −6 12 18
−15 + 12 15 −30 − 6 −45 −3 15 −36 −45
𝐵𝐶 = ( )=( )
18 + 36 −18 36 − 18 54 54 −18 18 54
−8 0 4 0 −8 0 4 0
6 −6 12 18 18 −18 36 54
−3 15 −36 −45 −9 45 −108 −135
3𝐵𝐶 = 3 ( )=( )
54 −18 18 54 162 −54 54 162
−8 0 4 0 −24 0 12 0
2 0 7 8 8 0 28 32
6 4 6 −2 24 16 24 −8
4𝐴 = 4 ( )=( )
0 7 9 2 0 28 36 8
6 5 4 −8 24 20 16 −32
𝟐𝟔 −𝟏𝟖 𝟔𝟒 𝟖𝟔
𝟏𝟓 𝟔𝟏 −𝟖𝟒 −𝟏𝟒𝟑
𝟑𝑩𝑪 + 𝟒𝑨 = ( )
𝟏𝟔𝟐 −𝟐𝟔 𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟕𝟎
𝟎 𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟖 −𝟑𝟐
3 4
−3 0
𝐶’ = ( )
6 −2
9 0
3 4 15 20
−3 0 −15 0
5𝐶’ = 5 ( )=( )
6 −2 30 −10
9 0 45 0
2 0 12 0
−5 3 −30 18
6𝐵 = 6 ( )=( )
6 9 36 54
0 −2 0 −12
15 20 12 0
−15 0 −30 18
5𝐶’ − 6𝐵 = ( )−( )
30 −10 36 54
45 0 0 −12
𝟑 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟓 −𝟏𝟖
𝟓𝑪’ − 𝟔𝑩 = ( )
−𝟔 −𝟔𝟒
𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟐
2 0 2 0 7 8
−5 3 6 4 6 −2
𝐵𝐴 = ( )( )
6 9 0 7 9 2
0 −2 6 5 4 −8
2 0 2 0 7 8
−5 3 6 4 6 −2
𝐵𝐴 = ( )( )
6 9 0 7 9 2
0 −2 6 5 4 −8
6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
a)
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8
6 2 𝑥 5
𝐴=( ) , 𝑋 = (𝑦 ) , 𝐶 = ( )
3 1 8
𝟔 𝟐 𝒙 𝟓
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑪 → ( ) (𝒚 ) = ( )
𝟑 𝟏 𝟖
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0
b) 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 12
5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 9
4 −5 10 𝑥 0
𝐴 = (6 2 −5) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐶 = (12)
5 3 0 𝑧 9
𝟒 −𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟎
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑪 → (𝟔 𝟐 −𝟓) (𝒚) = (𝟏𝟐)
𝟓 𝟑 𝟎 𝒛 𝟗
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 8𝑧 + 4𝑤 = 6
6𝑥 + 9𝑧 − 10𝑤 = 8
c)
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9𝑤 = 15
7𝑥 − 8𝑧 = 30
2 5 −8 4 𝑥 6
6 0 9 −10 𝑦 8
𝐴=( ),𝑋 = ( ),𝐶 = ( )
4 3 0 −9 𝑧 15
7 0 −8 0 𝑤 30
𝟐 𝟓 −𝟖 𝟒 𝒙 𝟔
𝟔 𝟎 𝟗 −𝟏𝟎 𝒚 𝟖
𝑨𝑿 = 𝑪 → ( )( ) = ( )
𝟒 𝟑 𝟎 −𝟗 𝒛 𝟏𝟓
𝟕 𝟎 −𝟖 𝟎 𝒘 𝟑𝟎
2 5 −2 1.25
a) 𝑆𝑖 𝐴 = ( ) → 𝐴−1 = ( )
4 8 1 −0.5
2 5 −2 1.25
𝐴𝐴−1 = ( )( )
4 8 1 −0.5
−4 + 5 2.5 − 2.5
𝐴𝐴−1 = ( )
−4 + 8 5−4
𝟏 𝟎
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = ( )=𝑰
𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 = (𝟎 𝟏 𝟎) = 𝑰
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
1 0 0 0
0.06 + 0.1 − 0.16 −0.2 + 1.2 0.1 + 0.5 − 0.6 0.2 − 0.2
𝐴𝐴−1 =( )
0.2 − 0.2 0 1 0
0.36 − 0.16 − 0.2 −1.2 + 1.2 0.6 − 0.6 1.2 − 0.2
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 =( )=𝑰
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝑎11 0 0 0
0 𝑎22 0 0
4. Sea 𝐴 una matriz tal que 𝐴 = ( ) con 𝑎𝑖𝑖 ≠ 0 para todo 𝑖,
0 0 𝑎33 0
0 0 0 𝑎44
1⁄ 0 0 0
𝑎11
0 1⁄ 0 0
−1 𝑎22
verificar que 𝐴 =
0 0 1⁄ 0
𝑎33
1⁄
( 0 0 0 𝑎44 )
𝑎11
⁄𝑎11 0 0 0
𝑎22
0 ⁄𝑎22 0 0
−1
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎33
0 0 ⁄𝑎33 0
𝑎44
( 0 0 0 ⁄𝑎44 )
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝑨−𝟏 =( )=𝑰
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
2 −2 −4
5. Verificar que la matriz 𝐶 = (−1 3 4 ) es idempotente (𝑪𝟐 = 𝑪𝑪 = 𝑪).
1 −2 −3
2 −2 −4 2 −2 −4
𝐶𝐶 = (−1 3 4 ) (−1 3 4)
1 −2 −3 1 −2 −3
4 + 2 − 4 −4 − 6 + 8 −8 − 8 + 12
𝐶𝐶 = (−2 − 3 + 4 2 + 9 − 8 4 + 12 − 12 )
2 + 2 − 3 −2 − 6 + 6 −4 − 8 + 9
𝟐 −𝟐 −𝟒
𝑪𝑪 = (−𝟏 𝟑 𝟒)
𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑
6. Dar un ejemplo de una matriz 𝐴 de orden 2𝑥2 que no sea matriz cero (no
todos sus elementos son ceros) y 𝐴2 = 0 (donde 0 es la matriz cero). Nota:
la matriz cero es aquella en la que todos sus elementos son ceros.
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 0 0
𝐴2 = ( )( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 0 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 0 0
𝐴2 = ( )( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 0 0
2
𝐴2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 ) = (0 0)
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑 2 0 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 0 (1)
𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑑 = 0 (2)
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑑 = 0 (3)
{ 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑 2 = 0 (4)
𝑑 = −𝑎
𝑏𝑐 + 𝑑 2 = 0
𝑏𝑐 + (−𝑎)2 = 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 0
2
{𝑎 + 𝑏𝑐 = 0
𝑑 = −𝑎
𝑎 ±𝑏
( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑐 = 0
∓𝑐 −𝑎
Ejemplo 𝑎 = 2:
2 ±2 2 +2 2 −2
𝐴=( )=( )=( )
∓2 −2 −2 −2 +2 −2
2 −2 2 −2
𝐴2 = ( )( )
2 −2 2 −2
𝟒 − 𝟒 −𝟒 + 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎
𝑨𝟐 = ( )=( )
𝟒 − 𝟒 −𝟒 + 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎
𝑥 𝑥+1
7. Determinar el valor de 𝑥 para que la matriz ( ) sea singular, sea no
2 𝑥+3
singular.
Una matriz cuadrada es singular si su determinante es 0. Entonces
hallaremos los valores de 𝑥 para saber cuándo se hace 0.
𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = |𝐴| = ( )
2 𝑥+3
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − (2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒙 = −𝟐
2
a) 𝑣 = (2, −5)′ ∈
||𝑣|| = √4 + 25
||𝒗|| = √𝟐𝟗
Comprobamos el resultado en R Studio.
3
b) 𝑤 = (1, −2, 8)′ ∈ ||𝑣|| = √𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32
||𝑣|| = √1 + 4 + 64
||𝒗|| = √𝟔𝟗
5
c) 𝑐 = (2,5, −3,1, −1)′ ∈ ||𝑣|| = √𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 + 𝑣42 + 𝑣52
||𝑣|| = √4 + 25 + 9 + 1 + 1
1 2
a) 𝐴 = ( )
3 0
Primero obtendremos 𝑝(𝜆) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴 − 𝐼𝜆).
1 2 𝜆 0 1−𝜆 2
𝐴 − 𝐼𝜆 = ( )−( )=( )
3 0 0 𝜆 3 −𝜆
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴 − 𝐼𝜆) = 0
1−𝜆 2
| |=0
3 −𝜆
(1 − 𝜆)(−𝜆) − 6 = 0 → 𝜆2 − 𝜆 − 6 = 0
𝑝(𝜆) = 𝜆2 − 𝜆 − 6
(𝜆 − 3)(𝜆 + 2) = 0
𝝀𝟏 = 𝟑, 𝝀𝟐 = −𝟐
1−𝜆 2 𝑥 0
( ) (𝑦 ) = ( )
3 −𝜆 0
−2 2 𝑥 0
( ) (𝑦) = ( )
3 −3 0
−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
1−𝜆 2 𝑥 0
( ) (𝑦 ) = ( )
3 −𝜆 0
3 2 𝑥 0
( )( ) = ( )
3 2 𝑦 0
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
2 0 0
b) 𝐴 = (0 3 0)
0 0 5
2 0 0 𝜆 0 0 2−𝜆 0 0
𝐴 − 𝐼𝜆 = (0 3 0) − (0 𝜆 0) = ( 0 3−𝜆 0 )
0 0 5 0 0 𝜆 0 0 5−𝜆
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴 − 𝐼𝜆) = 0
2−𝜆 0 0
| 0 3−𝜆 0 |=0
0 0 5−𝜆
Resolvemos la determinante para obtener la ecuación característica.
(2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆)(5 − 𝜆) = 0
(2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆)(5 − 𝜆) = 0
𝝀𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝝀𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝝀𝟑 = 𝟓
2−𝜆 0 0 𝑥 0
( 0 3−𝜆 0 ) (𝑦) = (0)
0 0 5−𝜆 𝑧 0
0 0 0 𝑥 0
(0 1 0) (𝑦) = (0)
0 0 3 𝑧 0
𝐹3⁄
Por eliminación de Gauss, 𝐹2 → 𝐹1 y 3 → 𝐹2 .
0 1 0 |0
(0 0 1 |0)
0 0 0 |0
𝑥=𝑥
{𝑦 = 0
𝑧=0
2−𝜆 0 0 𝑥 0
( 0 3−𝜆 0 ) (𝑦 ) = ( 0)
0 0 5−𝜆 𝑧 0
−1 0 0 𝑥 0
( 0 0 0) (𝑦) = (0)
0 0 2 𝑧 0
𝐹3⁄
Por eliminación de Gauss, (−1)𝐹1 y 2 → 𝐹2 .
1 0 0 |0
(0 0 1 |0)
0 0 0 |0
𝑥=0
{𝑦 = 𝑦
𝑧=0
2−𝜆 0 0 𝑥 0
( 0 3−𝜆 0 ) (𝑦) = (0)
0 0 5−𝜆 𝑧 0
−3 0 0 𝑥 0
𝑦
( 0 −2 0) ( ) = (0)
0 0 0 𝑧 0
𝐹1⁄ 𝐹2
Por eliminación de Gauss, −3 y ⁄−2.
1 0 0 |0
(0 1 0 |0)
0 0 0 |0
𝑥=0
{𝑦 = 0
𝑧=𝑧