Fourth Edition Arr POLLUTION ConTROL A Design Approach C. David Cooper Urey of Cael Pe F.C. Alley Poles * ‘WAVEIAND Teepe iow‘This book is dedicated to our students, ast, present, and future | or information abou thie Dok, tat: Waveland Pres, ne (Gah encode Infsdwavela om sewer nmveland som Cone pho courtesy of Mr Osea Das Copyright © 201,202, 994, 886 C. Davi anger and F.C Alley 13-d3gt ISBN 9781.57706.678-3 All nett sero, Nopart ofthis book may sPepraducd tar ina Feel stam, or tranomied in any frm or By ony eon wihont Dermisionin writing from the publicber rite nthe United States of Amerie _ | Contents Pefaretthe Fourth alin a LX Anoverview 1 112 Deflitons and Types fPautan’s 2 1 Legiaative and Reglatay Trends iets United States Feel eplatcetSudade 22 1.8 Other Applications fhe del GasLaw 94 1A Gaus Soares and As 48 ‘Reale Guay eden 62 18 Naionl Air Quality ends 62vi Cantante 2 What Process Design? s 21 Introduction 22 Gererl DuepCasertions 7 ita 24 23 Simple Anclysista Gua Fired Power Pant 85 24 gineering eons 98 ‘Opies Pd Caplan Operating Cs Depron Ieremenal Rate of Ratna tweet 98 ‘Song a Set Aeron #8 agee Pr 3 25 AEC Epon Cat tinaton 98 126 Preliminary Fined Capt] Cot Bat {ur Paliton Conta Bret 102 2 Annual Operating Cot Btimatas 108 ‘A Problems 108, References 110 2 Partlutate Matter m 1 fotadsetion 111 2 Characuristin of Patises 112 120 Grrtatana! Sting 104 ‘aetna Parry Impain ‘nareton aod Dusen 12 84 Overview of Petculte Cental Nosipment 128 1A Problome 151 References 134 A cyctones 135 CD ietoduction 196 ‘los Demers 108 42 Theory M0 Caletin Heteeney 40 448 Design Cnsderatinns 141 ‘eta Eeney PremareDeey Te OerCsandeatane 8 4Acote 362 ‘A Problems 185. Reterences 150 a Contents vi Electrostatic Precipitators 1681 5 Inteduetnn 161 B2.Thory 162 58 Deg Considerations 168 Pvt Sig 109 Paniuine Resaliity 170 tera aire 1 Removal Pate Dust 179 Powere-etagto 81 Fines Conon it sa Wet ESPs 185 55 Cons 185 ‘Problems 188 References 191 Fabric Fters 193 6 Inrodstion 183 52 Thwory 196 163 Design Considerations 20 ‘ver ad Saar Dghuses 202 Palpeee Boghnoes 2D 4 Cote 200 ‘Problems 224, Reference 8 Partcuate Scrubbers 2 1A tration 21 Sie = plod Wel Ste Appin ‘vento od Dinos of We Sere 287 12 Theory and Design Considerations 209 Spey Gaur 2 Yeas Serato 13 ‘See Stber Deg? 1.9 Otber Considerations 262 ‘linea gaz Borst 252 Hii feted Goeswit Contents {8 Auxiiary Equipment: Hoods, Ducts, Fans and Coolers 263 ‘81 Iotoductin 263, 2 Hoate 289 83 Deas 267 84 Fane 277 fanlaee 28 Fen tlgn, 8 96 Coling Hot Aietreams 204 ‘Ariane ‘iver Hest emnge 8 86 Cra 300 owt 290 Bowron Core 08 Problems 310, References 912 9 APartcuate Control Problem 38 91 Iotrauetion 313, 92 Problem Staterent 914 83 Options for Finl Contd 315, 2a mee fesse torah ae i sey at ee 10. Properties of Gases and Vapors aa 1a Tnteductn 827 102 Vapor Prose 328 103 Ditties 301 104 Casi nd Gand Rain 02 ‘rin 13 contents is 105 Chemist Resins 8 Terrance 397 ‘A vrobieme 39 References Voc incinerators 303 114 Intreducian 848, Prout VOC Kae 361 Netra tres OC Osan 936 Grae Ouassn 11.8 Desgn Considerations 357 "feral nics a? 14 Cute Purch Equipment Cots 78 ow: tachanges ‘a Probleme 979" Roforoncos 292 Ccasndsorption 35 121 Intrducinn 385 122 Adsorption Teor 967 ‘al and Cheol Aboron 357 125 Design ofFiaed-Bed Carte Adorn Systm 401“ ostnts 126 Besson of Fide Adsorson Sytem ‘Gap Cone imtesa ‘nBrarOpestay Cots 08 127 Fladiuceted Adwbore $12 ‘A Probleme 12. References 416 cas Absorption 194 Iarodocion 07 ‘On Aimer Erpmest 28, 182 Absorptian Tower Design 118 eu Pant Try 8 Nase rant nPuced Towers 422 ‘Arn sa Chemie Reaeen ‘hse a Ban eae Desi Singin Ten Gs Appiatoen 40 139 Batimating the Cost of Abortion Towers 442 ‘Abang Toes Operating Cos 47 124 Striping Operations 449 ‘Problems 442” References 458 Blologica Controt of Vocsand Odors 141 Tneeduction 455 142 Theory and Deseiptive laformation 4883 143 Key Consdertions ate Design and Operation ates 488 OpertingCoasieratins $72 Corsets er oat matin 80 ‘Arobleme 42 Raferences 488 Controtof Suifur Oxides 16:1 Tnsodoction 455 15.2 Overview of Control Steseges 486 ou Derucaton 26? 30, ema Techies 59 ‘arowsy Proce s00 Regecratie Pree 198 189 Limestone Seating 600 Pris City a peratnal Fuctars S02 [S0y Rae rater 80 Pit ace 50 Meera wn ory Balanes 606 a7 455 ye 7 ? conten 16.4 Motewry Contr 618 155 Cou 817 ‘A Probleme S19. References 520 control of Nitrogen oxides 161 Inrodvtion 523 182 Chorin of NO, Formation 528, “Trraal KO, 58, Foott0, oie 163 NO, Contr Stationary Sousa 535. "Cont Medes ST Fir Garren Tehore tt 164 Cots 861 ‘A Probleme S54. References 585 | Vapor Control Probiem Wi loswdveion 661 12 Problem Statement 561 173 Seeing Design Flow Reto 588 114 Carbon Adsorption Sytem 670 116 Thera enerton Siem 670 178 Catalytic Incineration System. 671 1 site syste S11 178 Summary” Mobile Sources: An Overview 181 Tetoducton 673 182 Magi tthe Pron 78 163 Chartres o Expats in Mobile Sores B82 184 Vehile Bnisione at isioa Central 580 185 Other Messe fr Cont of ‘Ne Pohvcan fom Veblen 604 Ayobione 62D References 612 _siPolition and Meteorology 14 Inteodscton 615, 18 Ganeal tmoapheri Gelatin Patterns 614 523 573 ossi Contents ss tcmdetego comers, Sa ee seen iin eens oon Sete wo ea sort ctao 8 TSN hn courant Se peoeiete 5 Pre eet ut soe eg ae oe Ser iinet snaitarse econ 20 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling 201 Intedeetion 651 212 A Physi plaction of Digesion 653 1203 The Gaoasian Model 656 “Assan Sabily Ce 88 ‘Te Dependent Cnr Sins te Hers Dowawiat “oun Conta "S, ate he ened omen ‘4 Tal Stace nd Phe ise 671 Design Pear 12 Plame Rec #78 Geel Wind pact 79 ‘ther Sac Design Coser 080 Stk Cats te {205 Computer Program for Dispersion Medning Point Sores) 684 206 Mobile Suzies and Line Souror Models 655 ‘Problems 690. References 695 coments iar Acti ne o msec oe TSR on een ea ea Eminent m =e Tinding Hk Bde aa Alero) 702 nia ged en suse Set 23st Mare 3 nectee ESSEC. a sia ie ator ‘contra of Carbon Dioxide m 1 Inteeductin 732 {22 Magatode the 20, Probe. 728 228.00, Peveation 732 ‘Sheen 1 ‘Bice penne, 226 Stpeendes PC for Panta 757 [iwated Gannon Contin Cte GG Pants 78 Gerd caaburion Ta 224 00, Capture 712 ‘Wet sebing aC, 12 Bigot Cape 73 Sirah x Captng 00, 81 225 Teaneporation ang Sequaeatisn o'CO>_ 751 “Sp near 18Appendixes 765 Appendix A Conversion Patrs 38 ‘Append: Properties ofr ad Other Meterias 169, ‘Aarenis Se rps ot Appodis D: Compal Programe 190 ‘ApeendicF: Pace Problems rth mtons) ie Ae Quality fr the Pi, Exarinton In Bemrenmenta ngacenng 77 lig: Anowers ts O48 Numbered Problems 619 Intex 619 Preface to the Fourth Edition Bagionars werking it ie polton conta have mary reps ‘ton, Ona the most detain yor satsing, of thon the dain ‘ir plution cnt yet Ths textbook desnbes the iene fy and proedaror fr the sg of such system, aod wl fap Soong engineers propare fo th colleges ad rears ovate ‘mas ceigen, a aon, this et presents aumerour chapters osreb ctl equips that contain the neceatry equation Soa tats design and spe now pte andr to sono etn tome, Three, it tlm sos toa gol mune of solormatog tour air glluton conte fr mre exparioend seiner. ‘Our exe ha wo tala chev Theft present form tion abt the general top air patie ands corto. The a fond, perhape mare pert objetivo aid i the fvmal design {nna wd nntracton of enoerns teats. Design af equipment sod stems has ao bean uedapreented in al pln bok ower ita bey foetion of egieers, and shuld be emphaaiad In eaginering curva TUngneerngtexiboks geoeally mist be wate ona regular asia teesae uf ongoing disarere,nnavations, ond devlopmcts tall he engineering dels. In ho Four Baton, al the haps hve been extension roves and plated awever the main i ton to this tnt sow chaptr devoted to carbon dude contr (Core abt tat sor). Aa th previa edition, ferent the ‘Wort Wie We ae 8 data sours demonstrated eqn and ‘move eosin ha been pce on PC-nned sprendaestnpiotons fersnbangprablnsthesighot Use tosk Weave aloded 2 pea fin containing several precize PE. Exam problems and lepy ep Sutionn, Ir oped tat stadeis wil find these extra prcblems Tlf infesting Yo ator Se probton saving tociquee needed forthis exam,svi refueothe hurth Eton Backin 200, Philip Abelian ete a Scene ended the eo ttemoving lg: quanti of CO, rafal fr coutuntion sess ‘nd then snssteriag it undergrocnd in abandoned tl eld an ce ‘Bins Cnc, 29, Asus 25, 2000) Inthe Preach ed tiny ne tated that one day munya ody’ dents wl be engaged 1p finding solutions to this lal proble. Well hat xy as eae, lal cna change pases sme enornansshllnges fr mon ind nda for all ving eeatare), sad we engaees sant prove felons, In ane, Gna chaptr thant we one the beso of ‘the technological approaches that likely wil be weed to eapeure nad ‘chastrearbon dnd, The athors would like to express our oekrowdgments to Me. Kr Waster, Mi. Joanna Cifor, ir; Mart ites, aa Me esis, rests senso UCP who ped emery shape: We also want to bkssredg he belpl and petesnnal re Of Uaere Posse and Debt Underwood, crest tae am ‘raph mrt respecte) at Waveland Prove. ©. Cooper Realy >_< An Overview em waling your Mates oat Will re ‘npn Send eh Goat ad cl enTAt ad mal eo SE4-COKES en tere ‘nc hit Bit excompaniad witha faignons and hy eapaur. kn Bo, 082 D 11 Introduction The peceing quote ws heen to beta the star of his chapter nod this book eeane clay deontrates that pln i ts ‘ew phenomenon, bet wats prob in soweloeal eos cetare ag Inet, according toe Brake (1S), the aoe fon the bursng af "Meaale nln Kein Landon was a ero potas ately 2 1800, King Btward hand ie turing of ona ca in belo Brake 190) Byte lst gare ft roe contery. he pests. ‘mii nto ronppesr hy on mle f the sstent cet. ‘Aceordiog te Brake (1S, th periods of peak air pluton cblemo in prelndtral London corespanded roughly to pera of Population expansion and fol ones that iy sn col ne arden ile end move ylting fi was ued when ood le peered fi) ore into pede of hart nppiy andlor igh pcr Beta ‘roolands ere bjt to iany popuon rte. presaree Ticlaing the nied fr arse lag, the need for bung materia thd he teed orf. The sodden sitchin the Rewnth entry frm he ea te palling ona coat ceanhursing wood may bave een the rel ofthe ude dao dale ia Leed's population ceed tthe Blok Death pagus Today mach of ou ir polation i incl rented tothe comb don of nds prodetion, or transpetation, ane roAustin of lest fr domestic ss Aon inated i olson problems were ef lal sigeanes centuries ago sz Pluto id ot bore gba concern nt the advent of the oda evolution Fel emtn uy dy wed th ure oe ple and tee standard of ving (hatte energy canaunpen), Sioce the ary 1800s, word population has increased boat ene oder of Imngetole, aad pereapta enemy consutnpion har neested aboot foro orden af rignitude OF fuss, atch gresier thn average inceates have ore In the inducted orkan cota of the srr. Thera, wo rpg hat lpaloton fas beam rakes orguments sad cnsasons are acre, then sc fhe reasoner the allan problem fone ‘ty ave solar to hace hn existed ee thn 700 pens ag Lat ‘ope that our preset eneirenmental probleme are reseed your techs! abies and nat by a rats bal cam. > 1.2 Definitions and Types of Pollutants Avcarding to one dtioney, pollen ea smenym for ontami- ‘ation Therefore, ai olla re tings tha! contaminate the ir in same manne ‘The federal goverment ae well seach sa, bas Incorporated into law 2 more presse datnton of alr pallu. Toe liga defiaition i the state Fonda (al uch detitons resis) lows Air pation he pence in he a mapas. fw the ore alts or pala een Wh wh ‘sb armors oman hah oie anal or $n ior rnin ar nrc ere tht sme {tion rps ncn er eet. ‘Rr Adminiratie Cle 182) By the prceing definition any sli, iio gas that epoca in ‘the air ina connotation that eases sons detartane eles con fod en air plltant. However thru ar severe substances at By ‘Eso the maser of sno ad har eet, ‘dered the most sigicanepllutata allona Anbieot AIF Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been latants Ave primary (oar ‘rtd diel) and one seeondary pollutant scaled bens it ts formed i the lower stnosphere by chemal reason stg Pi Iaarypltasts). "De trey erterin pollutant comes from the act that Helsbased rtara were ad to setablah the NAAQS fe ese pllatane "he five pray criteria plltans ae portcate matter ke ‘han 10 ym in ameter ad portale mater lee than 25 nm Sesion LE Defaont nd Type ofPulluants 8 diameter (M10 and PYE28), oul doe (S04) nitragen deide (03 carbon manende (CO and priate lad the secondary ted pllutart une (2) Of th he et four are rtd ie site Sats (and ether large indstalized countries) in guantites, ‘measured in llns a mete on pr ens and are smetines cll ‘major priary plants. When speaking of easing of he eters polstants the data oes ae prestted in clases: PMID aor FA ‘ltr odo (60,), and mtrgenaedes (NO) Aasther ae of mpoonde sols rgont: comands (VOCs) tout not ee ‘a pllutaoy,e ecogied aw major primary pollutant bees fits Tingyeniestas oad es emportacrin the reas tha form roa Inve one ‘Soma clarification i ade in rpard to VOCS. As usin this text, VOCe feta al rfanie ospourd with apprecable vapor preseuren Some VOCs (or exarpl, propane) ae recive tn the [Rtsorhere meas aera (or xompl, methane) ae ine. Sane ‘WOGe are hydrocarbons (contain ol Byacagen an enrboa), but ele ‘Sore, ites Inevitable that air pluton woud neene However Dathopsbeauve ofthe development of legiativ and teckel on- {elehe emissions a all te mor potas pened isthe eaty 197s and then Unga to dene. Tn rset years, this edie in emis ‘Sone har slowed Faure 1] lasts the weeds ia US. emissions for particle, alr oxide, stogen odes, and VOCS. Catan ‘Bovutde and had data ate preserd separately 2 Figure 12 ‘enue diferent scl ar equ, TEs important to ate that a polation is at just a prolem of the Unie! Stats, but rather fam nteretionalprolen. While ‘Boch of the dala is tis tut comes om the Armerzan experince, ‘edeatiaed aed tse oon pogo the ord ve ‘ipeiennd and are ceotiuing To exparene severe alr palloo [roles Acordag eo one ator adakavkaren 2000), ex ‘seloped countries CLDCs) have te ost ois ai allan poh ‘ems the world toda. The largest ot cow es are pst Jeny ipa, OF tbe urban eas toate conttaty ranked lmsong the word “nowt pollute several re ia Cuno and din {he welds ost populous counties. Furthenore, asthe popalations of the LDCs grow and thee ean cones expn (bts st rap eat) this contributions to lal sie ‘alata wil acon erestr pt ofthe hae Inthe ety 17D ie feos hough tat the United Sites conbuted about 30-05 af ‘tel alr politioneasions, depending upon the specie poltant. “However owing to rigorour and ecive ae pllstion ctrl eres4 Ohaper One An Overview Figures. {tate ten. a nisin tf 804 VOCS, NO ad "re ta mc pr Pas ie nt ae PS [Boe era US EA Na Eros ei En) owe anus emanate ESSE Sermons, Sesion 1.2 Dalfiiions and Types ef Pulutants 5 eure, mio have nen rly. By 1507, was estingod that iv United Sates ested rom 2 (le paticlate ater 40% Cr hydrearbon} otal word en ‘segs (as al 199 By the eal 200s, de to growth In Chae, Todi el thee LDCs, and to improved polation ante in ihe United States US smictonsaootnted for lee than 10% ofthe ‘wed partislate wmusronn, ard nome than about one-third Sweldnie esasons af ney ala piftane Over the [at torexty ours loaders inthe Worl Bank and wer onanaations ed tht [vidal goveraeats of thse tees have recopled these ee {Sal aie qulty probleme It renesracng tome that they have so ‘Saved to ndran thar alr plein prblonsUaeugh tec aod ‘ulatay ppeneches, "The only ssordarypalltant fr which there is en ARQS and ‘whe se of enor concern urban enters throught the watt [f oaae (or mare genarall, phonchomiea aidan) Ondan are ‘secondary pallatants beeate they ave tot etd eet nthe, {hy are fore ig the ner atmosphere hy esa rections ie {gota VOCe, and naga tides. Tes inportant to dstagus Ietweeastane ea he grou i pllutan end oa co per torpor hich lp prott fe less radon "Tee pallens maton ahr mostly pot peopl aad the nstooment onset er uan sa, However pliant wih sr fs repulse pst fe ag a (ne corel, ac depo ioe esd preuror, soeh ab sal exes and igen oes, Fae ‘wth expen snd water inthe attaepere orm as that an then {atone eau ith an ona or as dy pares, The wo ‘best inportantconsituens owls depoition are HNOy and H50y, ‘rich comtibute abut 99% of thee aity found in atid rin Cie Ges 1070) Io the 197s aver ods of heady ih ran was Slr eed ant met ar vtopen aoe. Tile TV ofthe Cas ‘ir Act Arent of 180 calle fr sigan reductions of bth 150, si 0, emissions, These reductions have ray ome fou he Targest sures (powerplants fr SO, and totr vebikis for NOW. ‘Site 100, {18 tlfr ones wmisons ave Suna hy 9% a8 ‘trogen ones have dropped by 63% The overall amounts of alas depoaved a tne US, have docreased proprinatly, ut now the ne Sy i rif drives sont egal ro alr apd itogea a oun Alore isormation alow the drain program and ores abe and the neces report Natal Ad Pre ‘triton Assecrmest Program (NAPAP) Report fo Coupes: Aa Ie [sted Azstanet” atonal Sasa and Tacolsy Coun 205) ‘Monitoring ia the estore United State and in Seandinavia showed a marked decreas i the pH of raf fm the i-19805 ‘rough the 1970s Ran pe were eusured tho rang es6 Chapter One An Overview us than 2 50.8. BPA. S97) fo many aks with ite nated rng capaci, lake water ll depp eaidly. A pt as than shout 4 ft de bean athe ayia and ncaa ote Iegehing tne metals trom ay sete wate tts oat fh egg cannot hatch (5. EPA 208) Othe fc fhe dary tion otareatileneyetoins frst and al egradeion carts el stuctre, deterioration of paint sod ste fg tne ant limestone, and dre affects on human health (US. EPA 200% 2108) An agerestive program to Fede emsrion of $0, fom power Bantsnce 1090 bas bpd stp this read ib ncearng hv. Car font gH monitoring date—insading lopethe of i ings cn ‘tpean be fond at tpnadp avait D> 1.3 Pollutants of Global Concern orth st ime ince humane bogan roaming the arth, me Gn the ‘vent fet entry have dhe amb aad the power to Change our ‘avin’ ona lea el Twn sr platen poten oat onion ods listo the etary of polatans af global omer. ‘ozone Depletion 1m the 1930, chemists invented a Tire” chemical. It wat tstreelystcble,nontare, aonlatamabe, nd ald be ed in ay omer aptietons. This chemical and ts derivatives that fi lowed reall chlereuercarbone (CPC CFCe (lu owe ose ‘ons cate tobe usd throughout the word (ax rigornt, serosal opens, bam-tiowng agent, cleaning slvent, st conning 506 ed here lon tie, no oe src any vers consequence to the use of GPs However, in 1074, the theory was ut rward thet {GrCs—which aro sable athe lower imosgere—tresk dawn a the etasers, releaing chlorine atoms (olan and Rrwland 1070. Chorne ston and ober radicals remove staapheric one very ftctiely through et of estate rections that regenerate he rine stom o radical thus, ton of Chowan of ore melts ‘0 be sosteoyed by ane chnrine moe before it Feared fom toe ‘Srateaphere Stratos orone ia ky falar ia peotrting al ie meat, beaute aor alot alo the tenet (0 adie tn cing inte te ears atrepher, preventing the UV rodlaton fom retcing ground lee. gai, keep in mind that whe ozone ea the ground les pollatat wth serious eal ests, con fy the ‘extanphere pod and mrt be potted 1s 1085 he dramatic dcovery of» hago orone “oe over At rien proved the thar) of one depletion, The hale (ety a he United Stats) showed ae much as GO seduce in Se poecne Sesin 19 Plotantsof Gabel Concern 7 “tone layer hat ron daring he winter months Sines that ie, Sane dalton al har wn hsv ort the norter leads, {esuiing pare of Canaia the Unird States, Burope, ani Rossa ‘Sach sone depletion hes ly alc acontd fr lions of ences ‘tin cance and strats among human, simi fs arong Tiesto and wid seis perp lions of lars of dager ‘reduced cop Yel, ad degradation of pases de tothe increased ‘W radiation rsehing the earth hee, ‘Tae drwy of tc one tle was dent backed the weld ‘ncn action, fn 1987, 4 conte manufctring CPCs developed 3 teas the Mtn! Protea to eee CPC production and st on & ‘chad bas nd by 1988, 8 cunts ad ratified Ta. 1982 the US. Congres vated aelrate fw phastost of CRC Howeve no Provisions have ben made fr ring ad dotroying hele ‘Sttons of CFCs that ail exit in Rems uch aad egeraors sd ‘i care Hoenn Cs relnned a the pa tel yorkingteie wa up tthe seratrphee, one depen ill bea enter a ‘rors come. For mare iformatin, geod Wb te tnt i ‘ pagvldoesovneindes Me ‘Global ctimate Change ‘Ae ever a problem soni dpstion i sdertaen stp to sate fe There owever,azoter at plan ‘robiom tat far overseen depletion, tnd tht global a ‘nate ehunge (GCC), This problem ay be the sor sigaennt an {Ge mart dealt prblem ever fred by huaarkind. bel elizate ‘hang als called bal warming othe greenhouse ofl) is co plies, anomaly be arene ey nth et. Neverthe, ‘llpertans uct ot be unrest. Engonery ets oa pte londors throught the weld must constantly Be seare af {ie problem iw ae to mgs is potentially devastating fs. ‘To tra grenhous effets popaas but it misleading, The uel hw rterton ona ration (heat By oan {ssn the aoophere bre tat hat st to space. The Ret eae fen thst the popular nar Ta eeing tut steeper heat ‘tention easental tof on Bvt Our crortably vara cnate ‘only pase because of thea tapping ably fre) ce on diede end water vapor With this natural prenbouse eet” in our aumophere, Bars woul be approximately 86 degres C (50 Akegrece F) colder tha i rid aS when people ako te freee elec, they really ru to the recent rap, uawentod ‘Reruns in he atenebere's ase toni bly ‘Aa interesting ekample of the aaural grecahowse eft is chained by comparing he ole radiation temperatares (eee Inte average tmperstree that would be ais if hare ere 08 Chapter One An Overview sheorpion of Ronen bythe plasetary steps of Mars, Barth, find Venus, Mars bas sseatallyno atmosphere, whe Vena hat 2 ‘ery dence inospere Gat tx 97 earbon sie, The aul ‘hve esleulatonspredoce tbe lowing sonlaions (US. Bavivs ‘mental Potion Ageney 1085) Mare exit ner C pres owe fs, Garth hows a 8¥edagree eet, but Ven alain ge ‘perature dost of 88 deer © ‘Anoer reason that the torr eoenboate effect is mending that it conveys a isin af x mild or gone wneng, However, hangs fe the overage tempera ofthe earth of ven fe derect ‘scent rmltn sovere charge in lagen poral wether Ballers: Three ot jut the wary tat af concer, ‘Shing afl patens vod sean create combined wih more nergy reteaton i ne atiosphar kly wl ela Bg icrnaee Inthe fequncy tad intensity of the exromer of eather—such ae orrieanes, tras heat wavs, droughts, and ods Ajit inal mit well rate im naive rp farsi ne ea ach Tike what thought to have happeoed ia Ue rte enon ofthe ‘Mid ost 8000 years age. Aste kay mae impact =r in sverage se level. Ri aad snscates compo retin fen oe is bythe year 2100 fem 16 diferent sources ad perermed asi ‘cal Smayis. Tho average predic ater dvenrtng two oti) ‘us 094 meters ven ari ef hal thie och wld ane er (Sint of atl ntl we sverly mae Tong ents ke Berges, Hyp, and the Netherlands. For al these reasons we ‘ele that lata imate chang e# ore decriplive phan than reeouse fet “A tndcatar of globl arming isthe cars average global temperature AGI) The AUT fr ho earth ia the sense entry stro abut 15°C, but inerensed sitet daring heat 90 yea Furthermore, fom the depths ofthe las or age 1,000 yee ac (when AGT eas beat 9) tothe present tes aerage goal bse Bertace hav merene by depress C (Barone a 196. Thr Arse change or AGT, the rents for which ze set sompeely Unerstced. Theee, ay euminatin of rest tempertare ands special over aber pais of Une and expel sing to determine caus and ella, mst be made ith antes cetion “The AGT i othe best enna imate change Foren ing, le em singe number teing eed measure a unive td sep ‘ated sfte, Also, heragngtmperscres ner the Plo with ther enersres ner the castor dos pt alow acing ef ny gin {Tends Amare prec wy to tack the anges eve ue ke Se th temperatare aston or temperature enomaly at such ote tion. The txtperatre moaalies canbe tac and averaged ith ‘ore tention since eth wacks the temperate changeover ine ‘Stjust one ple, Tompertare nema ism noly” ara tenes Section 12 PllanigofGsbal Concern 9 atthe devine om our to year ce be age compared othe ste ‘of hange of the loogtarta average neverthnlons, s being report ol ued today by ny groups “hos we paso ur ped in Frese nett yas hk {Browph 1980 ie the base pried om which te temperate dai {ios ie else Etonic Pe 1. seen res ‘ou snbering toe, Frm the iat IADB tothe nid 8, she AGTA ‘eronnd by aboot 03 dogressC. From then anti soot the ld 1, the AGA Nactantd up and down bt shewed no rend. Since the mid 070s, however, the AGTA a neensed by an needle 08 egret C, The total change ve te pas 190 are ha een about 1 Seger. Ths age tpn hanger avery shor [End tine ped see a mont ieneapale conten hat sth ' Change mur te due in lng prt anthopagenc eons. ‘Rocar beeen figure Ow blk Use warming kas ocorad in to psidsfrum 1010 trough 140 and fom 080 te resent Dart of the arpomert against ltl mata change im Une pot hat teen that cise moda have been unl e propery cepogce the tenpecstre devistons (hth AGA nnd thine at vacbusleatione ‘roushoot the work This ie especialy tue a he eur period af temperate ri wir ad Woes 2000, Ths, tos ged that ‘atoral orgs auch ar change inthe ns intensity and tle Figure 18 Roca tahavorct svrage dob enperae snot (and snd ocean combines) {Srv ae fonmist gas genie)10 Chapter One An Overview upton) ae the pradaninaat caus of bl warming. However, {comprehensive nding stay using sntecth-et ciate med ts, Sto ond essctates produced eacllent agrotent ofthe del ‘roictoon with both land tad ten temperate change ever the ‘ht prod om 1480 though the sod of the twentth entry (Stoel 2000) Toy itedd both waaral and anthropogenic re. ‘np and some hat tht be catered. They Carter tana ‘heir del tho your 2100 mits standard tof arene fr ntinved emissions The esting preiton wat wal sverage tm ts by 24-C mete et 4 ya compris Srerageriseof09°C overthe par 100 yea) Sources of Global cimate change “The main cnteitort loa climate changeover the pas oo tary has bee ero donde however, thre args aren alge fifent~—metane, tou ot, ad CFCs Firs wo woes the ‘tca fearon nate, en we wl retina tothe iiprance these the acer "The ides ot peerhovs fet—thas stat tho uraig of ast fuse pute sore cation die Ino to ly whi ia tr warms Cho tardies nt ae ina fe w46 Bt publ in «seme oumal pavers chm Svante Aberin, back ia 1898. Arbeas ad ‘ued tht people of day wore uring more and more wood sod feel nod he put tv ado together. Aca to Weer (980), [Neniue summed it lop a ows ‘ie re goa gr line in the i (hich mat ‘Set co) change tetramer According to Pon (008) however, while Arthenisa night have iowed thir tobe te, there ipo evideace that he ever aeually ‘ote thin te eateee “Suen soe of excas carton die emiesns int the atn- spheres thevaring final alec and ve World ral tBotigzst snare nergy fr eles an the ert cna turcaronsnizcons. Lig yuu ete snd larg ur ‘roan ect. Worle energy easumed ty burning guid pls- ‘ee fel aly for trapeportation) Ie weuoly eater Un tho re enmuted by col, bt aeons lity learn eons [Nstural gas embutne i the third lara sure of crn dae. Glabel Cy emistnn are seamared in gigstons ().One Ce soe Tillon mete tonsa very large aumber. The emisons cay be ‘epered sine Grol 00g oot Gt fearon (hy he te ae fled Sythe rai oftheir molecalar weights Table 11 prevents dat on We 60, emissions from the burning ofl fuels by geographic the word. Noe the huge prota n Asi sbesy duet Chiba Sed toc. Seston 18 Plltantsf Gloel Conca 11 “able 14 Wd CO, Emcor tom ne Buin of Foe Fl, ofp ‘Groaape ea ‘soo ao ae om 0 oa te tH th i Ep ie 3m to Sb in tah sh SR bette ramet seerage cor inthe United States pts 0 miles per ga 12.000 niles por yor, and wah S600 ‘pounds Further assume that gaan weight 89 pods per gall {ind cnthns 88% caro by weg Ts tere any ut to ho site that each nr ete zo ight in abn ice each year? "Nex, given that there are abot 809 millon vehites woedwae ‘timate the sonal abl carton emtson om metres. Get Sout snsverin Teagrams 1g talon prams = elon aise Shion “Th carbon contained in th astine brood analy 000m, Lg, 5.0 gs 2010 be yer “aDai™ gl “O° yar "The carbon donde eid in S010 be Cir x 4415 C02 C 1,040 hs COsiyr ‘othe average U.S. car ents muck moe than ts wn wight inca bon dixie each oar ‘To etmate worldwide emis fom vehicles, we mutt mk & urber of prose assumplinos as to he sverage sellin the Work Uinelcing cr, rks, uses, mopeds ad soe Lt un nue that ‘he nvarag ice inthe mold eee 24,00 lm pr yet 9k liter, and bara ul ith deni of 78k and wth carton oer of 87%. With thewe armen, annua earn emi fom eeides ar12 ChopterOne An Overview 240001, 11028 1 2th 2798 sear ani whe ETE» 222. tot LA ita 14 1 intresting to ote tha the enews frm his ple approach onmpre avorly with published eons -soyethor i estimated that aout 29 GE of carton soso aboat #9 Gt fC) per gear ae ened word rom tbe canbe tiom af foes Rs (A 2008, Te ning as aceite jor ‘otetutr othe eres in tmspere arbor die, bat ot {he only eontibtar"-dloentation hay bon aig eotebatr ver the pas thre soncrs, Inthe snare seen pst, decomposing sid ‘warn in lands become a sigan coatbutor,cpeialiy with ‘eg to methane emissions ‘Deforestation hots to ways ist when large test ees lands are sleared and burned lmost all Ue acd i breed within fmonthe of decengh~and, by ne may hay are being Cleared at Ineredibie rato worded at of tector arbon get pt back Into the atnesphere. Second, dlrstatin decease fhe prt ofthe ‘arte tous that remwes COs fom thea Trees are epecialy {eed at staring carson ail keeping out ofthe ae or ears "theca: bien planted sale) ud ta be asetaly Sataseed with regard to uptake ad flee of carton dioxide. How- fren because of ge increas in human, papanton snd Boge ‘creas reads over the past 900 year he fees lass tt mich since. Reasonable oxtmates of pet amass aeditons ot irk areas tthe a ange teemeen 3 and 18 bon mas {ls por yor egaes190) “Sthr pees: remave caben diode fom the ai besides the £00, ou plants in he water rtove 00, through phteeytheri ke plete on Tindal, COs daslves dey hee the air ter the onan le teleese GOs bac inl he ‘oats ad the slsephore sre ply mach in blanc, with = ‘sore CO guing te the sean than coming oot APC 2007 "The tte osins th aout 18 Gf etten (28 Gt sf 604) com {noe wo be aed our ar every pear hy the burning fs fea ‘The onions ae absoring more CO, then they ar vleasing nd ther ‘ect change sland uae Getting relorettian in may eae) are [ling to aber some thao seen emis Dior sontinaee to bean aceumalation of Or inthe tr Over the ls hundred Jens Sesion L8 Plants ofGleal Concern 18 ors, about haf the new eons ave remained atborne (Mae ters 1091), seal seeeasng the C03 canant af the slmocphee ‘esed on measurements a ar babble raped local ie coring, ‘Swidly scoped ha, priot tothe Industral revslton, the eaten hand contant ofthe stmanphee wa ily ste at 280 pare per tlion (ps. arte per milan a seannen ge of measure for Es ‘hocntatons and wil Se defined later iH (183) Dy 1800, the Tel nad reacted show 300 pm, eectng the ne nen init ‘ison af nrbon dine Tn Teche fist ansiate aad price measurements of ara sire COp enccotriians were bgun by Chasis D. Keeling atthe Sinona Lot slaeestry in Hawa aco Figure 14. Hs now dae ‘ne shoned that he 1858 cancion OfCOy wae S18 pn Saee. {ov Resign Whort 1082 Gunpared wih the GO, evel of 300 Soars so, tbe 10S eve of 98 pm wa 12.88 incon pag Sn'avorage annual rate of orease ber Ore oatarie of 00298 po Seu. Hy 1860, te COy level mer 340 poo, and by 208 hc Feached 167 ppm 26 irons emt 1068 al ‘gy rte ovo 5 yrs 68% pe oar, Seven a front. “The cher cee guste he atmoephere that are responsible for ‘reont inerenses nthe Heat reteton capabiiy ofthe ace: i | Flgure 14 ‘owt in concantaion of smospharc CO, as messed at Maura Las, Ni Amat aoe COs we et mth aon yan Ips rian ya (Soe a oa ens ten ie Sen cz ate ‘ona ut em antes asa Saad ash 8 ae ‘menasinas penpta)14 Chapter One An Overview phere are mathane, nso sie, nd CFC, Al have inersed rp ily Methane grew fom 148 pps in 1978 to 1.69 fp in 198, 14 inreane in 10 yeas, Nirovs od (NO) ge fom 206 pats pe ilo (pin 1079 to 307 ppb In 1099.04 Increve, CRC fencentraton in he atmosphere grew fom aboot 157 parte per le Tin ppm 1978 ta 232 pp a 467 (Stat 1901), 48 creme a nine ears “Fate have toon a sumer of rtimater made about how mucho sootribain sa of these get ake othe overall warming fe ‘Bach yu aor fro itera, wih ame CPCs being wich 101600 nes nt power ss carbos Gide (moet or aecle) {a terme of hea eeaton. Pevoorwimates (Flavin TOG) pt the festive cntrbutons ab allows cuban dit, 7%, CRS, 2555 ‘ethane, 125 and tres exe, 0, bandon thei cencntrtons the ales However tnsed on me recent ta opaing the sre ‘ies seasons of al hse gasee (LA 2008) eabon sie ir ‘Sneha row ch ster, sa tie mw thot to have sete ‘Srtenton sore than 75 af the oa. "There ino dou that greenhouse gases are increasing rapidly in ‘ous aosphere- AGT sppeaes tobe erasing a wl but what ‘lhe tere tat laa cmate change se suerring? Other ewsence ‘Fela warming ie ove acd, pally bonus fh seth ie Sujet tang Duetaations fom season to season and rom Yar to Soar, and partly because hs earths huge ha aks © Inte Torreat hang es up Real changes ae define ree thane {hata args enou to ey “without «dou that thy re an part the es” (ormal random Duttatons abst the mea} and hat they az cused by lol waraing ower, hee are serra eat fer tance thet exer prtielcycomeling The WS Weather Sev ips tempera mors oy tn the 20 ate in the prvias contary scared i the ta yace fen 1990 ‘hough 180 The ear 2000 ae th warmest nthe ewentth co tury Teze wore widespread cena of dou and Bren Uough- fut the United States during the 1990s. The Tout Indians io arthwester Canada have std in research interviews that there fave fiver sels ed polar ears hut de to thinning see, ead ‘rarer weather hae brought mare osgltees at lay longer (Grande Sentinal 2000) Biles have ted tot the range where fevtain batterie live hap erept northoard by ere than 100 mile ‘lrg the pst 50 are, was ato inthe sear 5000 (rth rt tne since sch saervatone have yen reprdod) tha harem m9 ‘old ce~oaly op waterat the arth pale Beare there aren many apparenty rand infos on est ‘wether, andro mchnatral sriation ro plac to pac ad Ho {ear a year, ust peop cannot grap the concept of cimate changes ‘rer 2100-1 200 jeer ped. They wast herd cent eviSeas af Secon LS Plltans of lebl Concern 18 cae and ffs in wonton dirt over, fine pod. $0 far, the change in maze Ge a GOO have eon small enough tobe larly matkod bythe "nose the sje. Despite tho many poe asadotl evidence, there are ils skepten, common ea ‘2 eeisn fe thet hcl surfs teperatre measurements may be ‘Stamina by neal urn het sand ett, Teapersre rere ttrural sls, and retards of sa Ses temperate, do ht te Ses rly nena eda ar ne hae ‘Sta For more data sad dachasoneo sene of be ecu Snvoled wth OCC, thers are muse sites othe Web hat eve fed inforaaton, There are aio nny tbat have ld oe erroneous information, or tht advance one aun oF ander Hat two aes appear fat and reliable * hp gs. go + hpshewsepagoicnateciangvndec ital! Iveryoue agrees that stps to altgato GCC are very expensive, snd'mayfegir substantia eares ty any people Te Bae been ‘sind that to undertake such spe prematurely would te fol, Fever wat auch longer maybe even more ol. Many pene ae now calling fer ion, nad ay governments around the werk (Gd even invidunt state within th Ute States) have Begun ak ing actos to reduce emisions vO, Oot elobal clin medal, ‘le god, are fr frm pete. Yet, Da tadels do predic that ‘ajr ee il one within th et several eades The td fact {2 that the neta ofthe surdbatmenpere stem So so geat Ut, ‘hc bn, then changes anne sil nr que be Fveaed, ‘what Can We Do? Aneoloal evidence sagas that GOC has already begun, Wold poles! leeds contd the Uned Nations Framework Convo ‘Go Chiate Change (UNFCCD) and open it for signature nH Se ‘Iasi, rast June 1002, By Jane 195, there were 8 country ‘Sgnataren tho "Rio Actor” and now many mere have ened. Thx ‘mur vry ener tet, bu stable thre very porta ages: ‘ents iat itacnowledge hat there wars prio, tha there Ito aly wae of human making, and that pantie hoalé bes {ahieg sep to res the probe, Seon, strangl) axpparted te Socept of sisaiable devlopet fr future prot Td ald {he moundors fr future are spot agreement "The Kycto Proto was ane subwoqunt product ofthe UNFGCO. ‘This agrement was adopedin Ryo Japan tn Decerober 1887, ed 0 of September 200 had 8€ signatories. Th Kyot Prot] com ‘ite the indascal oontries to rucing greenhouse gas isan to 1 below thir 1990 loves by 2008-2012. Assumag normal > rns grow this projected tobe aout 20-408 blow the level of16 Chapter One An Overview fesons that ethenwie would be eeucring a thet time. Many tions ta achieve the reductions adudag enisies tang, ae tiled. The Usted States anda number af ther councics har pot aio this trent, the U.S haw stated that meaingl omc ent edcng greenhour as emlssioa eat be made by devel. ping ebuntie a el “our sw, Ue United States nade be a lender in adopting 28 sory peta sre dicing oo on. ‘atime 9 ener consersation aod tthe api Seven fea ‘mereal slr pour chau be the eenrstaner of our maton aly. nado, might pote necenery to eptare erin dint foe he atck aes sl c-cd powerplants, nd then eet it Unuerground (bslano “A, While rxpesive ths wl be eet sud efietve way to roduce elena tothe stnosphere stone {Recoil commitment ie ls need ta coat anon ofr fuses. Wear a maton shuld strive tal ues aod eno Sge morestation Sn countries around th worl Daal. we a= ‘ion should work tsar world population ones Tntbe interim what can bo dopey nna? Obsiouly, nna ual we can roles our on etry consumption we eam ee wast, ‘re eam plant tec aly and by our purchasing pracirs, we cat corepe recycling and pel sete nal ons that vole Ue greeatoute gece Ar exzonmonte! eugitee, we abou sath Iamtin «hoe swareen th om and prepared dacs t Puli We should try to gt Inve poly ond Yo edvate our Pull and dst lenders And of ore in the aplication of esr Polson, emus tin to ok ways unprove acolgy to ‘ote enone andr find alternative cee fr eneg) ad eran roduc Wo moat ll ll we enn t ey maleate gba cinate ‘Sage Let us fllow the popslradeo think globally act ely. ‘itenatsyy the dation ia tie setion has ben a al tooth review a the empl euce of glableinate chang. How ‘rag sad ear, the eu of th book non the engineering Ahonign and ansysis of ar yaulion control ryatams, Tse ys ‘Spiel are tat to cnt oel rial se palitonyroblemy, od thus, or atetin vl fsa, on te major patents defi tars However, because the US. EPA declared Oya poltant Soe snow approplt, within dhe Rammer of esto to. ‘ier the enginceriag coiele of carton Swe, Ty that sd the fthore have ad Chapter 22, wih ie devoted to eabon oe [eeventon, capture, and depos ole we seus tho cum, nurse and fet of he malo pot ‘uta we wil bly eve i lelative and rogultary itr ef sirpllotion ato I we re aie with the overt f te past e ‘hay be betters to don ebetly ih the acre Section 14 Tend inthe Usted Statos 7 D> 14 Legislative and Regulatory Trends Inthe United states Chicago st Cincinnati pase azote conta ordnance. 188 sd ct athe large hein sie flowed fy 1093 (Coun. vironmental Quy 107) Sooke olution ia are ndustile- terrence ts oak in he 1050s toi80De, ond was ought under cn. ‘tal ot oly by tr cite es Ds Wythe ats om co to lane uring and gus However, hee art loa forts ded ‘ot addres the i the tne wasup) more comp prblons of {irpallon euch as photochemical 0p. "ine it concerts erst snmathing sro hese are co ples roles cue i Callens in tho Ite 1040s and ary 10808 EReearth hy Proer Ad. Hage Sat fo the lta 1040 nda {hat phtochertal ection was pone forthe hal el ft iL Angie snag. rater tan rst emo fhe pat ‘le pallstanes his ndings ware attacked Sy several group (ie ‘sod Urn 197), but were later pened tobe rue. Los Angele County ‘Stable a AirPallton Conta Dose (APCD) i 1048, and ae Sol lal goverment began a ert more apd mae control ove pluton amisone. An erent oie ofthe effort in Callers aed the oral level fom 190 1975 presented by Hier a Ursin {Gorin thie tn, we wl bil metn some af he ern aft, ‘During this seme periad of weakening intrest in California (aid39405 wo ety T0sbe two a pation epee ote ele {en len. in 19489 Donor, onneslvmnia an industria tn Hal valley a four-day sages ness a abot 1000 people ‘Ecuaing the denthe of 20 people. In 1962, shan w ee day ate ‘unkated London, Eagland, the rei were even mare itmatous. ‘Thor were on etintd 4000 dois strbted ott mt olin iy srang thaw pope Wo ot techs! asstance and ot contra), ad eas to be in ‘confor ve years At hate the Ai alton Cotrol Act wat ‘ropa, tere was grat dnl fencer cer edra Sotereston™ {ny what wae thought toe state and eal ober In fae, one of the eel supporter of federal ir allan llatin, Setar Ther ‘Bas Kathe of California, “had neared tb Senate tht is popes] ‘ald not ring the doa gverament lo conta tiie” ier hd Unin 1979,18 Chapter One An Overview ‘As we low tia, the Intnt of Congres hav ehange signi ‘antl om 1955, and right ily Al platen fu problem of tr ‘tional sigaicance Ale movement doe at rege pala ‘oundariey Although lel apd state efor ee exteetsely inpotant {othe scat dovlopinest od splmenttin of a pallotn entre progam, overall managemest responsibility for ou alt ‘esmaree shoul reside ste feral ove "The Cleam Air Act of 1963, bic was specially reqoeted by the president, replaced the 1958 wet. Tent only provided tomey er {eral sare, bt als provided fr grants outside research age ‘lor. Thin ac ae wxtabte, forthe Set Ue, federal ator to ‘tires fteratata sir pllation problems (Couns on Kevienmetl una 1870, "The nent pace of eilation was the Motor Vehlle Air Pola. tom Control Act of 168. It taished, forthe at tins «feral rogram for ths regulon of enssens from ow mot vee Flgwever, this was actualy benefit tothe automotive Indasy cae itelped th ndty sve ving ta nals eee or iy GRy ifr sete of emion reulaons lr the aeons "ats Alhooph the emiasions limite were frat set fr 1083 tpdel treiasod on technology eitng in 1965, the nw roegized the need {etighen controls ont ecology bneame sabe “The Air Quality Act of 1067 was the pet of te federal laws ea ‘ing wih plain control This ic ofan on ony extended the role ofthe federl averaent in roseareh aod development Eat Slromriuated the nw soa that earch os nol ulster Ulston and that the feral gverninet din fat have the ght bly te cnloroe the use of oatrel equipment, This at required the ee fetiry ofthe Department Hel Bdgeton, a Welle (EW to ‘Segre ae quale contol ans to folate rior lanaing eed ‘lel ers Tals reqied the seretary af HE to ‘omalt i uly rria which band on fifi tad, Eni hal fits ofan ar petit hath ee ‘nrond mtu fond btu sre thay dae mith i, ot ad tes of so {Ceanciton Bmromett Gully 170 ‘Dring the Senate earings or ths lelasion nove appeoah was {ntrodaced--somely thal repeatry standards cul pred soting {echnaogy. Th, industry could before to develop Now taco tomes hs standards by @ carta deadline. Ths known eect le fosing nition, Alhough nt ten into he 1057 a ‘onapt was used nthe major 1970 aenvimentsto the Clean Air Act "the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1970 sridely mee grand ws powerful eb laportant plo of evironmestal eps Secon 14. ‘Tends inthe United Sates 19 Eavironmental Polley Act hich thority to erste use Environmental Protection ‘gency (EPA), it pot sme tots le pluton cotelenfrwe ‘bent One ofthe motor bjestior the CAAA of 1570 was oath ‘Sean ir ty 1975 To mote this nective new standards and net lets for achieving them wer etl "There were several pars of the CAAA of 1970 that were of majo sigucnee, We il mention some ofthe oar impart ean Tat {28 ried the EPA fo etaich Natonel Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAGS)~toth primary stanfards Co protet pele Fath and sree econdary stantarde (1 protect pubic welfare. "The CAAA o 170 alse required the varie stator to mbit State Implementation Plans (SIPs) fr Msiang nd abtang ie ‘onl primary stndarde within re fa Tnlight af th major conribvaton le 2ouren amisiane othe veal spallation pias, atamaileemisine mere atriy Stata $08 reduction fom the 1010 lr CO aad hydrocarbon) ot 1071 ar NO, model year emiasins, tobe achive By UTS OTC So 1NO,) This was prin example of tchosogy- cig lettin as there was proven way to achive these goats wen ths Tew was fate fa etrepet, tse gals vedo be unatalebl, and Us ‘arte the law has beso snended overlies, “Tough standards were tote len by the EPA fr ertin new Indust! planta These New Source Performance Standards (GiSPse) wore nate slndacde nnd mee to be implemented nad ‘aforcd by each sti, Ths wuld prevent the pai of weakened ‘Rate air platen standard sing fm the competion between ‘ate in tying to slrat str adurtey.Indatse mere requ to Siustr dcr orn canons sn to uks te data vat to te BPA and state pllton conte ageaies Large fnes and ering! penaies were shared (2500 andr I year ia pas) br Silvas ft et tba Clean Air Act Amendsaots of 1977 was 2 maja pine of legate (85 pages sage speed imarparaling many modestont fib adtias to te Clean Ar Aet However, the 1077 amendments ‘tuna th hn pllospy af eral management with state pe: ‘mentation We wl sow ducts the hgh ee 1977 amendment "The EPA was required to review and update, ar ooe=ay, quality ester androgaltions af Junuy 1080, andon five year Incervals thereat. Tho EPA was required to continue the proves (bap under he CAAA of 1970 afiessing performance eandard or ‘ew and eting industrial sources, 'A epatte subpart wie Inlded fr “prevention of sgneast diseroaicn(PSD}af i quality neon eam hen the NAAQS. Defoe the 2977 ocendmeta, masterly pose fo pola Clean ai upto the int ofthe ambient standards by sly ating20 Choptr One Aa Orerew ‘moe indsty i lon ae repinae However the PSD subpart ind hss esti aren, Clas I amen al ote aeas, and Class Cndusrelzed) areas Under the PSD mabjat ofthe 1877 emeads hens the ebest concetrtiane of palace would allowed ‘ie yaa nthig in Cass arg by apeiron a Clas ‘Tareas nd by larger smoot lab IT ares ‘Aah spar ofthe 197 amends designate epuations for noatobament nee, wbich aru areas of the ously at ers sited in visa of ene or ore ofthe NAAGS, A pale knoon as rise flr was sioped that alowed 4 pew surest bet ‘rote a wnnoattsinment zen ponded eons were of by ‘Stultancouemductons io emacs fom xing muse, Hees, & ‘ompany wisn to bud» nem plant nm natant are seat ‘Shins ntl poiton conta dence oo one of i oer Pan oF ‘Soul help pu fr sch davies oe tether sure. istns ofits ‘Sl be “bad with the atat fo Inte ex by company ocd be sol or traded acing companies, In adie, sreter emissions lite cou be imped an sources propotd for nocelaiment ares than for sburer tn ataiament ayeas, Thus, pollution abatement ‘ulpmcat for plats in nenaisnmnt arene st be deslguad nd peated to very sit standaras, "The 1077 amendnots allowed the atsinent ofthe eesione stander automobiles toe Torte delayed aa the saad or ‘NO was permnentytlaced roc the eigiol gal fhe CAAA of 197) "The carbon meneside (CO) an Sree (HC) andar ‘rere sat 00% refuction fom the 970 mel yur a St yoile for {60 'and a gil or cs) the acer hy the 19 madel ye. ‘The requir NOy standard wes stat 10 gil by Ue 1089 mal {Pot ere soot 38 gen 970» addin, standards were proposed for heoey duty weides (ADVE) seh as tracks and base. The sedan or HDVa wer on ‘aly sch ln restrinive then fr sutemodie, aod concerns were ‘oe boat emission ro: HDVa (Brown sd Cooper 978, By 190, Congres reaped that, depts previous eft, hare ‘wee sll above 100 snlon Anerisns Ying ic ura sre at ed ‘nt mae UPA stances for heat ie The Glenn Ade Act Amend ‘mente of 1990 itreduned sweeping change tothe Clean Air Act, Inatdog, or tho fat ie, see provneadressing gba it pallconproblans. Ti somprehenave lapeletian (ovr 10 page) ‘aelt of 1 separate tiles ha adres soverl ke ue rn ait palltan [parila ere, cane monde, PMCID), mails Source a tu, a depen nd ratspheri ote preteen ‘Themes wil deemed rein thnx ow paragraph ‘Till Tete ameninerts apple to urhan areas at are anon attainment of onc ot tare ofthe NAAQS. The polutaat addesed ‘Specially ar con, arbox monoxide sid PMCID, Tae new lw cle Sect 1A Trends inthe United Staten 2 rind Ameria eis mith rear tthe eel fee plltion (ve ‘xopres: orga, mrt racers, and ete), ad man ate various enattel waco epening on ato) to be img ‘mented ve difhrng tme pov ben them wlan area ito ‘Rison ttn Modo, roa, sere, and etre areas were 9 fehlev «155 reduction in tlt eran compound thin 8 years Forsvius areas and above, a ezioe 3 pe ear oto a VOCs eed staan achied In atm re, uch thing ft puline powered lawamowery a chara ger de may wel te osteted. Mor NO, surat noe the sane equlromente as ‘alr VOU source fr noe contr niees he PA fis bene or conn manne, wo capris tmaderat ad wero) wre ‘dfne, aad tansures eich a eaaneed nspaclo/aaltonance po igs and requted un of oxygen een winter were peseo Er certain OO ares, Tinie ne mt have amar lnpa ono taling the emissions of N10, Because ole scurces emi uch ange percent of tata urban ‘onusins Tite I of te amendics del petty wits mobile Sources. Revised emis stands are prose at fers ‘Ter (by 1994 1006) 90.95, 34, and 04 gale fr noretiane hydrocarbons, CO, abd NO, respectively. Cad cmperatare ee ‘lone sre revirwtd, lou fear rogue for eval seth se Tings mart have lover vlaiy dse fei ae ed to 0.05% sll content and sf January i196, ead was bee om sen ‘motor shut “Tilo I of he amerane dae with fe ovis Tiss 10 has arouse poltats HAPs lad se we) and eqs the EPA {6 tsar etegoro that emi on or oe of thove ni toxics and ts ‘ublih ashe for rogulton of tno arcs eateries. The BPA Iie pont more thaa'a deen foraulatg MACT (maximum, ‘achievable control technology) roglains for major sures of APs Bren HA are formed ay products incomplete coma ton os, they enn eta neal rot ao all coment Eine tm every oben sur Aaj sours i dened sean fect tho se more than IO tonoear of any oe HAD ot ore {hn 3 napenr al HAPs combined Thuy al age indus bal (ropicnt frnsees and stationary intemal combustion engine ae tnt major sources. Tee MACT ropuations ave extremely fr Fees and ave cakes a inodnate aman of ie oSereon sy Sere sl Being finalzd as ofthe wg ofthis tee. To wdion ‘jor sowees Le sel plans or petrchental fetes, sa wes ‘Source like dy clears, gas statins, ad platar are prepa. ‘Tle IV nldrests acid doposition, aig fo «uae 0, ‘emissions reduction 10 illo on pr ear om 1980 Teves, ‘may from eerie tities. promotes energy coneration ‘Skene! tchasoge, ad ules an fonoenive marke ase se22 Chapter Ono An Overview tem fo the $0 redutions, in which ity alowaaees fr 804 emi Stone eon be boueht and sald Th addon, the EPA ie reqaiced to Aovelop a revised NO, NSPS fr wtilty ber ‘ile V elahiahs «new federal operating permit program to be administer hy the stator, Stes Nad the Yar te poset the permit progam, sulject to BPA approval, and by 1908 ll states Thadenmpled, Pri fet wl bene to pay fe the pograte, Pe ‘ai programs ent include at ental Clean Air At reine tpl to enh sar,» adler span, sod Pea: £9 the one intiated by the Montodt Prot! (which req ‘se ofthe above plants tobe limnntd by 200). CFCs ae being ‘lnesd by hydrclorfasrcarions (HCPCS, which are ore rote the public ween The irene that pub wel bsiae ‘an be fled to ponealch ofc suchas viny reduction (ars {euler ery damage iconoil Theae standards are presentd a ‘Toho 1.2 Note that some nner rexel, Caloris) have et {hon stander, which are sets then hose ised ni able ‘There are many the crpouads tat have be cosine si po Tota sme of whch uy be extremely nortan i certs regioa. ‘The amino of ops stings inthis ot I ot intended to down Bay thelr porte, tt nya mater espace tation Table 12 Nationa Anbient Ar Qual Snfards (NAGS) Prawn ee ‘eerg Te ‘tee Monte GOY — SyoniTonam"] Brow” Stentor) show Imogen Dose NO) GatBrom fO0¥aM Atal nts ean me ©) Stoosen ‘tow oxo sor5r—m hoa Simi Doxca 03pm Joma aoacmean Stem Shoat Parco Mater (Pt10) 15049 amet se Maer) 120 a? are me? soe sou seas 18th Sen ra era "rene conceal saa oa es a ot Sti benman an n eeen ee ty «Sando tierce weston eee 8 nce Sinfqunanesots ti accesso comE24 Chapter One An Overview ‘A nub o ther cantina the world Gacling developing rations ke Broil enc, nd Todonarin) have eetablshed AAQSS ‘Als, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published guidelines for ae quality standards In sy eases, the standards fr some of thous other countries anor the WHO guteine oe srcer than United Stats standarde Por sramln inte Air Quality Gaielnes Glatal Update 20, the WHO (2005) recommended an al aver ge value 10 af fr POS Nations New SoueePerforanceStandarde (NSPS) are weten ‘ass cio rates for epee pllotarts fm spe soars Noe ore derived om actual Bel teste atx sumer of tds Plane, snare mumorov Honuoe of the variety of ures 10 CPR 40), NSPS« eply to new sures (Bose onstrated after the Flee remulgated) esting ours often require sped handling. Soe ‘tarplen are given i Tble 13. ‘separate category of sandarés for enissins frm pot sources ‘hs boe erated for hazard ar plltonts, Thess Naoel Ea ‘on Standards for Hnardous Air Palltants (NESHAD® apy to {hore substance hat dona ae AAQSr ut thet may male Increase in serious imevrsble or ieapataing, reorsble ness” ‘Ar of thin writing, NESIUAPs awe bon promilgaad by the BEA fr ‘aly afew source of pulltants but cy in Us area has inreased frently as. sol ofthe Cloen fi Act Amendments of 1990. The ESHADS are very specifi ato surcs an pa of trl mecha ‘Atri summary i presentod in Table 1. a the CAAA of 109,189 hazardous alr pollutants (HAPS) wore ‘enti for potential regulation. Indust! andcammerlal waste Incinerator, industrial oles and roosters, aed babu tion source were soapected of emiing large quantities of mary a {he HAPs, Some HAPs are components of the waste aor ul eed others reformed daring the combustion proces ‘Dring the lst athe 18605 he US. BPA init a massive UPA intiveiveved povernmeat, industry, and eroneatal ‘vocsy groups and wes called he indus combustion comin ‘ulemahing COCR) proces, Although th process at fs worked el (o help BPA guthor dat fom industry, ie was Ait to get all he broupe to work together to establish pidelines fr ue relations, hd tho pesos ned very oly. Afar bout wo gears, FPA sapped {he CGR in 3998, and want bck foul ang a eal ‘This major raleahing efrt has lakes more than a decade of ‘ort ty BPA, wilh cnt lenin adn ms» omer of Industy and eiormetal groups, Toe US. BPA had prope final oles 2008 but vartoue groupe aued EDA, apd the our suber ‘goon band tha hue rater mere iadequate EPA hat ove Sica ot rand inthe United Staton 95 rule, espacily the oes that had ben propose fer dustrial tie ‘rm fang of tis poss ee primacy tothe fe at ry ‘dieront industries brn many diferent fis 20 alo fps tie townie one cmproheasie stl rls tat spinon ounces ‘Anather reson fr tho delays snared around argeate a0 bw the material tein burned was foo eas. Reylans ier ‘able 13 Selects Examples of Natonal Now Source Partomance ‘Stanaars (HGP) 1 eaminrtegoner psa rt) ‘Pati Gate 010 tin ening or 0.08 ren Bk heat ‘rea tn $05 etl ges snr oer 9% recon 4G seta mowsgess ay 2 Lape 625 rey masa sda ASH conbtn: Ta a Inscont Sodaas fo osrware cara No may HOL pres Inte matt, a 0 Trew ema Spa moter cores Fe aspemany some omens 7% Op £. ob pan cmt Oy 5 fave a pnts: Tes minum 4 overage NO eso of "Stgmar ln a 00 ace pated Athy omsran ae ae (uperedoe00% NOy Aan ase gun at ree Thema were ‘ery eon pvecy cers gst 10% cost mane ‘Syne. 4 Sutade pe Testa rina ir aeag enon ‘ta ipie nol 100% aoe pound An sie miata sor ‘Shvemason fog 0, forme on! toad Aro, wat gussets oe 5, Panay czow smn Terese ration tar 0 gino, {te 80; sarod. 0% by whom oe por ii 2 «6. Netcom pane Peto hwnces enk sade ‘oosimeetuncl PO; ted 7. tnd te rc ee cena an ration 4, Soeage saz nr Thapar manent O68 9g ‘tgs rot (yb). Te pay snare a, 9, Honlatmedetnscore ste wena ge S001 fsa {eed to rn an Pt 0, rar NOpandsoer ea acres oO, Samper nese 2 eraeeen Sosa ston accor rope TED 1 Soto Po ron, C8 AO4mahom Hp-0 6 mon Taco US Eamon28 Chapter One Aa Overview Table 1 Sura of National Erion Sando fo Hazarous At Potts (NESHAPS) Th msn hom al prt res we ale 19 ae "foc prt hue ipa eA spre ace ‘Snatopersa may bate he eure eas Sets aay tance) F pt merged net Say prod. Spe stants re al roca, ‘rovresing wing beeumsonsis peop ‘2.Merary Thea a mayo gross sae Dyck teal pt ona ee 90 grams ‘ebay er Sa Enna om sae cao SpE at eas 30 gs ‘ie eerie: The ss pee outa posses ‘atyare deere pers nn te gs PVC item tearoom ‘aera 4 seeane: Thesis spall an aay apes an stipe pia arhrdatnnne te Sone mone ‘Then ay tet is elton maacuing perntars erg conmeral mara, ch Sono aieresnarrg antec manera pending on wheter one i baring a “uel” or » “wast and in ny suas the sine minal wa tng wowed eter al oF ‘rote, depending up the specie indus “hs mie were rad in 2007 0 CFR 69), but wenn were dls pot ao tnt teen fined a ofthe wring af eon, FPA Seas gterig mor da fom indstas ov stolen of HAPs (bscd on fd tsi) ane scar an eteasion to Rl evusto the ‘etd Thea oped rls os ed in Ape 200, nd th el puihed rule do in Dotor 2010 Se of tho HAP that are {ey oe regultd arth cd as HY metas uch a ereary et dm, nie, homiuand thers abd oe HAs sch sb Soe, Sete, frmalhyae, serena eer. Al tougher ‘anda fr he eat paltants NO, a6 80 send. nay, {or min sora, #00 standard hae bien propino. Because COs 6 Doo of nsmpcts bust, eae e's auregte fr ll argue [HAPs Staley PM bas bce pope a surrogate fr meal HA ‘sions standards are prin used to repute eins For Shri nurse, bul en an bused estimate nasi ee of Sect 14. Tendsin the United Steiee 27 non rm 2 propio new sont: Thsy we can we NSPS ober andnastocetimate ental equesortpvormancnrqurutents be ‘Sst purpose Aran cxampl, pow slat incertae war Imcet th standad Hod i abl 13, andthe uncataed ems, ‘i entimatd a oy, 1 lnc, taconite devie at proved at 9825 cet (2008/1, To uncoatoll enisiane ret Fare varity of precuset canbe ema frm data avasble inte BPA pletion ppolatiy knwo as AP2 (Complain of Ar Pat fn Bison Foon, US. Bnveoaneiat Proton Agency 1998). In ruot part BPA harmed al ti nora aboot eosin {acon vals ons Was Tie Cleringhouae fe Loven ond [Enisone Pitors CHD) ie surcble saline snd i opted ro Taly. Therma EPA Web te hal epi ad provides asion fe. {ors Tocazl a Mp opagolchieetpacsbefjac hind ample 12 mate the caletion effeoyeoquired for Muoide scrubber au wetproces psperic sod pla! that mut meet the standard Iain Table 3. Amare tht unconallad emzsina wuld be st 120 grate of andes perms ton af P20, fod. “wont inpat 1-9, sot ‘ee souceprermance standards canbe wad a onions tes to erie emsone Ene ans fr eon shed fading ‘ate Another ive occa nisms fom outa hata ful te mas such asthe Cound of ers in a) The wert vo ‘opt poems itutata the veo NSPS la etinatng ese, ample 13 CCleulate he emissions of NO, fom all the vehicles im Orange ‘County, Ford, in 2008 The Neecaverape NO, emia factor br Si es 648 pm ante otal while ies riveled VAC) tat ear wore 1989 bllon mie,3° Chaper Oo An Overview i of plants in relatively clea a ates frm cerning the NAAQS: PED amederains my tem pean par a 8) a tating proces but are usualy apical to large rebels Federal [PSD incemats are renal in Tale 19, ‘age rm sO CPR er Fe eas) D> 15 The Ideal Gas Law and Concentration Measurements in Gases Unter arma cnltons ey ambient sr contains appexinately ‘06% etrgen, 208% onypon, O80% argon, 004s carbon doe, tl trace of pr aus ade O06). Por un, porontagen ae tly epee percent by volume Foro deal gas (olen tr ‘rpromats a ideal as vel pert iste sabe as mele ere. ‘Roca tht an eal ass oe that aye sais the ea gu av Pv net an where vo wstume sn mumbo of moles ‘R= daa gu aw constant = absolute temperature ‘The ult ofall terme must be conic, A comenn et of wit is fn, Vin ters in goo nd Tin degrees Kevin. Hor hs Sel of Uhl asthe value 0.0806 1-atmgal ‘he idea! gus lew i very important to air potion engineers ecase ts wel undertod und ls qulteacurate a armel taper tres and pressures The ical gu Ta an ast Be wrton 9 Steen 16. The del Gas Low 0 - aa Hoar 0 ‘M = mass ofthe sample ATW = lecular weight ofthe ms quatin (12) cn be rearranged gve he ae _(e) on vo RT Using the st of units mentioned proviuly, and units f gma or I he sient emda in Tale 12 ae gen i ito urs pr ion (pm) tiopame pe bceetgn®).These fr cmon ate of caneetraton rsosreent ia at pallton ‘wor, and br gatour polotattsthey ste rolted to toch her ‘Srowh th alge la wl be shown ate oi oto, Yd, Tatu bly eee the reusing af pm. Ths copearation mesrare pos singly the sal tation er volume faction af the politant thao mintare mtd by a tar 100,00; hat * ainaaeterainae)— O® Nie that he deneinatrin (Lt hata volume iad ot the volne fair The oa sie hw sncntatone ite ent he ne, show nthe lng ear prob, Sample 15 (a) Heacty 5000 mi of etna manmide (CO) x iced wth 90,500 of ale Calelte the raring omesntatcn of In soho 0 mL. Baa + toa) Pom (b) Braet 6000 ml of CO i ied with 1.000 8,000.00 mi) fat Calesatatheresling eaentaton 9 CO in sabia 00 eae alt) 19978 rpm80 Chapler One An Overview tin of plans i eatvely clean ie areas rm increasing up 2 ise fap dope nantes tung proses, bare saly apne fo lange pels SD iccment re preseatedin'Table 1S. {able 15. Federal P90 Atowabe heroes ‘Aonsisineenent yam mu Soommenvon 2 2 ‘asian 6A seo aaa) > 1.5 The Ideal Gas Law and Concentration Measurements In Gases ‘ner ral cndtons, dey anbint i ontaaaappeioatly ‘aot tegen, S03E% acan,O89T argo, 004% carbon Sore Ted toes fier gars de So) or gc, pretage re {iy mand per you. ors ae wet yatta eal gu wlume set those ae eres. ‘ez haan eal pot ne that avaye onset el gow pvanne an were Vetus ‘nT aumberot note ideal gan iam constant “The unt fl tame must be consistant. A common sto units is P inatm, Vier ing, nd Pn dgres Kvn Yor hs sot of Uy bas the vale 0.8206 T-atgmol "The ideal au law ts very important to ait pallton engines eau itis wellundertod andi gute acuata at aoral tempera ow ad prnmuce, ‘The Mel gat a an ale be weitea a sion 15 ‘The Leal Gat Law 31 aw ove goer an where 2M = mas ofthe sample 20 = olclar wegat of es Bguation (1.2) can te rearranged tive te mass densiy of eal a e300 an a ring the st of us mentiened previously, abd unite of gga for ‘he molar weight the denetyp har te of par Note thet the sabia staeiain Tule 1 are ven nuns of ats er millon (ppm) or microgrars per cubic ter pf. These ‘re cominon ale of oncenteton measurement air polation ‘ion, and fy gasoun pallstate theyre related to ath fer ‘hou the el ge aw awit shown atari son ee let ue bel review th meanig of ppm. The concntationmeatere ‘pm ssl the mole actin er eae facaon ofthe plata Eom mate lied yaar, 00,00, a volute of plata gat * aoledinectesr mint) ‘Note thal he desasinaor ny (1. the ata volume og ad nt ast the wlane of Th es re Snr ow ence ‘Sikareuet exe he ae, saben te ilewiag ears ele eam 15 (a) Beaty 6000 ml fearon rman (0) med with 900,300 miso ai Cale th resting convention CO np selatien rom 500 mL Five + s, ") “000.0 90 (Base 5000 mo CO ia mid with 1.2008 1,00 000) of a Calealate the renting cneentraton of 0 Se Sohn182 Chapter Ono An Overview "or enginoeing purpose, the result in Example 15 ght well be ‘osidred donc bo at ceeatetons ranging upward rn a fo erent (2.06 220,00 ppm), amiunderstandig of the deen wil sulin sgeicanly wrog answers. Recall hat the two comin eure of cpceteton in a pol Yalan work are ppm and By a eee tively staighiarvard to couert rictsiry to spl a tenperatre and presnarebeeane fied ‘mount of toe ay ecu iret solumer depending 09 Use parmotrs mse gllason wer, the referee conioas are wrlly ‘hon a 285 and 1.0 ata, “Solving the eal as aw forte volume ofthe plata gam nd Qiang bythe value ofthe total go, the palaant volume fae: ‘om nth gas ean be writen a Me teRTP as) wy whore the autre p and ¢indeate poltant gut and taal ga speci. Not thats consent stof nis By (5) is n=anel TK R= 0084 Leteaignsl 1 ‘Cossdring he eft sido of Ba (1.8), rel thatthe eoncetration di ste eegul to {volume faction tines one mon, So mulpy bth ses af Ea. 6} by 0 Alo, nthe vi sie of FC. sbtiate fr the Ines ofthe pllatane gue dred by molecu wight The ror of two operation gO Gyn = ee MP8 9 2M, = mus of pollutant gs, ¢ MW,» eloelar wept of palloant gs, femal -Bqutin (1.8 ean be rearranged algsraclly ta late te con ‘ontrtian in nits tas per volume i units a sa 1.6 Other Applications of the Ideal Gas Law ‘As menlonad ia the previous sition, the isl gas nw in ‘xtomely portant ea palaion engineers, Campane wih ed lands loss requires not oly proper environmental epee Sig desi and operation ef palin abstemant wipeat atin raft lis sf acura measurements of peeled palants ‘Ss ensrnment quay poretrs. [othe desi proces a Ik Shor tf of calevatons,engners wo hove complete indented. ing ori ieal es law wil achive grestr cezny with a emaler ‘Sjenitere of ir ine Inthe ocans hee the ae of ple Probl we wl eve various eso te eal te ‘sion sampling i nether fpotant ares Tor whieh w good understanding ofthe lel gas Iw andthe ebipment used ee ‘Se fs ow fs important. Many poorly performing systems are ‘htt bad deren practi, ttt poor sampling technique Some Feportaotcnsiertions in gas sarpling are equipment elation, lens, same handing (endenstnn, asorplon), process operation fiction, and representative samp of th proce ‘ladder sms of hese cnaeratins nthe olowig Wen Hy 2) wa fr presented, oe way asd aloe of Bwas given fr specie set of units There see many muerte vals of nthe units chica fw Py, aed m able 18 ss ‘ral psi velua st, andthe derivation oon uch vale fos {Gata inthe loving example oso. Sesion 16 Other Appiatonsofthe Weal Gas Taw 35 eble 1 Vos of lea Ga Law Constant R= (Un) fs rasan et aes oa nak aes amen ork as ose Sede Soeuonosk ons onto Sta ee emt ao Singetenes i rect ‘si Factor tou momar ® {comyiateTeroaratie —r “Sraner we gma ‘Given that the moar volume of an el gas i 2.4186 reg ) 215K and L000 san calele the valve of Bin aie of ie Hptnboole Salon 2241961, 1.000mm 104536 enol FISK “TAROT Tie (10 mam He L000 K oOo ate “X€0R 550 mm HR il In this example problem, re sgifiat gues weee use tan are tycly wet inergiarng easton. Enginmers oem ae Safed with oly three or urd sgnfinne. Toes, thw dota ‘Soil frm field menocomente ae often accra oly asp {fant igure Though octet clelelors nd peronal computersImportant fo anderstand the sgnieance ofthe nurnere me or ‘i Wes high apcurae aod pein are aided ae jeatid, nen Ian sigur: Agure shoal be wd, Oa the oes had in Assim pate te equation are mode by empirel stoning Sod mur becouse tobe apponimat. "Theweighted-weroge oleae weight ofa mixtor ofa 3505 ‘nlite uring ysl actions or mame rasta st mie tin a thr weighting tors. Thin demonstrated in he lowing ample iy sican be considered tobe 75.0% atapen (MW =28.0), 2.0% ‘xgpe i = 32.0, and 00% argon = 49, Snel te ser. ge oleae weuht ole Mfg = 07828) 02180) D040) 2896 Consteringsgiiant Rees, Way, = 289. ‘The density ofan ideal us mitre «ear arerage othe dene ities ef the pre components The dent ean ats be eluate hy ‘Sng the molar average molec wept of he gue mista fo 2 (3) as shown inthe next example Nos that the Gasty af © gab Alpes ea the poe an eres ample {latte dns arate eon P= 5 "C ont sehen 100/280) 4, rs” osanezae) "4° (101820) ap, 0 oan io" 36 Chapter One An Overview snake it anya obtain meri answers tight deine place, tie | coe) ees "08 ne = 0:78(2.185}+024(1.300)+0.01(1.636) 1.384 Secon 17 Ges Flow Manasrenent 37 ‘Asmarter way ol the sme anser st ue tho average mele lar weigh ef aie yous) aay > 17 Gas Flow Measurement -Afaednamberf ale oft at corti temperature and pe supe goer a certain volume I the Sd taperatre of {ir foed mur ule gan are cane hen the new value ‘Steely caelated. Bquadon (01 canbe ston lowe Pag aa ‘Slee is caastant in hice aplying (2.10 to the two et of fonditions yis Pagan, Pace a ‘Tay Toe ge =e it Te a» fo eee Tas ‘Balin (1.12) canbe applied stale system or tow sytem ae Tena te numberof es wade conserton reas constant sample 130 ‘sample sam of 7 gas is eig withrawn rom a stack. The ‘sac gas eet 990°C and TOO mn The sre Nos oud = ested Gus a oot of cold impinges, a small lr pump ae hen ‘Srvogh flowmeter ssn i igure 18, The rte ow eter ‘nina tobe 9. serine a 9 and 790 te (a) Calculate wctalvolameti aw rat rug the erat ‘pe 200"C and P= 790mm Hg sold parties are lected n the ier 30 mi nthe canons of parties ia he tack 8{8 Chapter One An Overview Gow (000 (3382) (oy Tota volume of gn ample (at stack condos 24 ean sr psmaeimet "LAI 088 log? ee T5r me Te bone Inthe prcoing xemple problem, fa cnzeatration of 2,500 pm o£ No wero ensued inthe gee exiting ee Hom mer, Ue tre could te tht the covets the sack watt 900 ppm ‘To reson for ths that pp io ease af late onan pd asthe otal volume of tga mpl changer, 2 date etme {SF NOy. The relative volume af NOy felt t the tl det nat hangs However some oles of terial thats gasoente ‘Sta ro rmmved fom the gas eample ares (nich oe water ht Io endensed inthe npages; me mu ssnun for he change el {ive gas cancetratione ha Uo plat aprtrnm vers Gases ofthe pings. Tiss shown in the blowing ample pede Figue 15 [EBAhates 5 parlats sampling appar. Section 7 Gat Fw Moserament 99 ample tt ‘The sane sampling tran is eaployed as in Bxample 1.10, ext ‘hatte tac ares tow have asigent wate vapor content. Over zuute comping tio, 500 rans of water ave coders and eae ese in the ipingers. The dey as volumes Nw rate measured ‘8 500 Linin nt 20°C and 70 mang. An NOs concentration 9 0 Dn is ensured downstream ofthe flow meter, Cast the NO tanta athe stack, ip whieh he hamid gates are st P= 200°C ‘tnd P= 730g. sume ll the water lo reaaved inthe npn sition "Toe mole fw rte yg (720}0°) yer geenia zany) ‘The mola ow rate of eters oot roy =80(10}* 1.207 = 0.001098 pana ‘he oncntration 6fNOy in he stack gases y= 0!) -70 9p Tn the prvi nampa se nw how waar vaporin the Daeg ‘em at th tensed pellatant concentration n a sample ef tat fat. Ung Mth 5 to camps the tack sons the pace fo ae oe {peratre, condensing nnd removing all water Yap. Th samples ‘Yack gue becomes extatally dry dewnetear of te anges It Sih reduces te leneratre tor atandrd (aoe that PA stan dard temperate for able! mentoring it 25°C, but only 20° far tak smlig). That is why in pr, EPA has standardized mt ‘ofits emiesin regulations to rpetemiesion coneatretions 86 mo fpalatan por dry senda ebiemater Cg mpae Parthrtore s the ebesrvant render wil have noied in Table 1.8, mony a theemisin standard tht are writen inca izetin leo inde the pee “ureted to 7 Oy Tis impor tant correction derives om hearcl tines wea w etd fel sich a8 ‘al or mod was bared Prieto modsen eomputr coal, le Was40 Chapter One An Overview onsidered god combustion price to burn slid materlas with stout 308 excss ae > ensure that thee ou bs enough oer rye side the fuoac to completly oxi al the slid prt chs Thi 0% exces a tacos roughly to 7% xygen tn he fe {oe afar ensuton icone Dek real-world nig inthe ‘omlution sane, and the fet at gaye molecules mast ie to tho suetice of elid fl partls fo one hen, i alway noc. Sy to have excess exe preeat to ensure pod combustion of al the fn I pocket fg ext mith ot soo eygen then some of the fel wil atone ad predate af incaples competion (PICs) Sich 23 CO, HAPs tz, wl orm, With gid a gneve fal, o even wvh very bomesnous tod firs, and mse competerconrals {ome combustion processes toy operate well with 0 excess = Sed al eciove comple nation ‘Wy des PA tether specif that this correction bo made? Sop pose tha a sores shang to {requirement could simply a ‘kwostream tho fue ges, end sehleve tbe desired conenteation imply through duo. Tes clears mot nthe bt terest of he “nvienment nore tir tn thor sane hats eying art oo tel thir pollutant omissions, Therefore, BPA requres at when © Soures reports its plant concentrating tfrateorets them to 1% (Opbefore comparing ters with the stad. Aer crecing to ry ‘thadard conden he oceton or nypen sins 1 aa C=C * any here Gag =the ancntrtoncrrsted to 75 gen Ca = the cncentralin erred toy standard condition "= peroat apg in the Beg, dy conics ‘Assan be asa, the coreston works oth ways-ithe source ha at ‘stoxygen in the stack gue Y wil be larg td the corti fhetor wl be gear thaw oo causing te soe torpor a large poltant ‘ancentaton: On the eer band ean “help source that I burn ing cnt a les than oxygen. The next example asa thes preedare ramp bt ‘A sure mut meta standard fr PM of 20 hd correc 10 ‘1 Op An inst otc gon mite means 22 rg! stack com ‘tion. The ack ge sat Lats and 200, and contains 12% mo Sesto 17 Gas Flow Meosuromont ture and 4% Op (ate the measurement txhniue for oxygen Unto roprts the Oy at dy ers) Te Us sure moet (he standard? soton “Fmt we aust “move the mitre and enret th sample vol wpe ts standard conitns Start iy sosuming I cue meter of sm pl olame a sta conditns 273420 ig Ea x(a ‘Neat calelate the sem correctedenenteation 0545 de er me ta a5 dean “aon Final, sol the caren fr nee Can = Cuca BE 00634 109 2S "Thos the sure cnt meeting sland ‘The measurement af gs fo cae important in ale pallaton works Bay diferent typer of ders east for measuring gat Now {her Sone commonly und dover are wet metory ain meters flameter, wet lel mort, nd ey pao wetere Tho Benoa oma tion perms the operon of the St thre of hese widely we ow ‘astra However, sine the densi of gs varies with pressure ani emperatare he ies ga Iw an mess be eonsiderel fo dering ‘of sing allen equations fr thase ter "The Berl equa Un cn be item Pe gaeehalut)=0 aa vaste » oon Tsien dey opti erin ‘roe ‘Whe dealing with he flow af gues if he presse drop i all ‘umpared tothe upstream stati pees, the gar behaves estetaly sei ig icompreile. Thus, qoatons for incompressible Mute42, chapter One An Overview ive goed seats, Por an incompressible fd, Ea (149 apps to {vod eatin bases Aregett Bom as) mE vation (118 igor fein ft. ‘As the pressure drop acess, the effet of gos compress ‘come sigcnt Fly, for large pressure drops, the gue velo? tthe rst oppress se vl. Wha thr octare anor, {he rate of tw bucomes conta Thee sane ate! ous ao Shed widely because a their ably entra thew att ka onset velue withoet etna! monitoring [Wel talore rose [itiel foe, however, tho alraon equations based on Bq (1-15) ‘etti ovelidtecaue fhe esuiptanofinconprecier| ora horonta estat te (and constant dena ui Fa (ab) becomes a6) With the assumption of constant density, an trough the us ofthe Salinity equation canbe rated tou allan y= Bey an share B= DD the aie imstors pins 2 and; hai B ie ‘eestor brat ameter tte lager upteam diarnter Subatitating for ay $8 (2.16) rales in wg aa» In practice, venture ae nat pore tials, wan mpl von {neocon iodoce nto (119th opi ED ax For well designe renter, Ci o the oer of 0.98 oF 089. Ass, ‘viet Dy sess than Dy the tern 1~B* is apcoximately oat Yo, Pinsly, we tote hatin Engl lia age or ast che In tho equations Ut mould appear Sea mliletv factor ts the ‘necator af the Fgh sido of Bq (16) end in eppepate places in {he nation loming| ‘The Eoeo vlc though the trot not the most eanveient for af Fe tonouoment Pare or gases wil eal!” ree Sed 17 Gas How Measurement 4 ace Gop an fr ily tarblet fa, Ue volumetric fw rate, Q, ‘Soba iy tshsplsng the nse vel by tho threat area, Cay Paa (220) oe ar guts in se apa eae all 11 Py suet bey Gena oe ey Stigma, and (2) shoul nt beef, raion Tonto te pers rp mnt sh aba 15 inten Stree vi et oer he soonest of (120) an fen tev tna, en ELI can tenn chy BA BH, azn 0-4, aay where 3 = gue lecular walt ‘Riel asa content 1, ~aolte temperature pal? enone -B) ow in int tt By (20) gis it ye sont ai a tl lg ne ached con be Sete a a 1 BEE aan stare = deny of the manvoeer Mul [bright diferenc of hemanoneter id or ondinary indus ppiations and many Iaboratoy splice ing the vent has eta praca diaiventeges Ti expensive, ‘elatielyIntotble for banging Now rats, andi takes up lange ‘ShoceAn onion meer eremer these andeantages tt at the cost ‘permanent resi ss (power consumption. Fr design purposes, ‘Bq {119s wad ew C ow called Co the oder of OB rather thon 098 ‘Two ibe base eqns foram ofc ryt eter ie o-Wi Eia sy4H Chaptor On An Overview shore Qe volume ow rts latin cota AP=prssure dion 1,P, = abate tmperatar and slito pressure ofeabration AW, = lecular weg of threaten eae share Rts ratamotr roading equation (120) subj assumptions and retictons similar to ‘ona 99 (2.25) ‘gaa bo see om the above oqutins, the gs aw rte varie ‘ate square fo! of pressure deep fra mente a reer, a varies neaty wit the eae ading rw setamcer, However, ‘ath squstion ko have tee that srt proerina toe ones Fost of TAPAIW) "Ths tans that if ay ofteee moe ire ot ‘inition erent frm those of ellen, the meter easton Suaton wut be corrected or thi dference thatthe indted Sow rate olsined deel tom the mele reding tad tes eal ton equton ino corre theme fs beng operated a err presi or tmperatare or with adiflren gus chan was ase oe tte the te The aco! Rw ates then ven by cm 4, ne rige 25) inated Now ate slept = etal conditions Saserpte=cebraton conditions ‘One te costed tal lw rte aad i can be converted we fanequialent flow rte at any temperate ad presure by wang te ete nw. Thar erection and sonvrson procedures are dons ‘Seated wit he fling problem Example 11 ‘You have an erica mater that wa alata sat 70"P and {atm You ae ung io meacore a efor nd You ge an nd Seston17 Gas Flow Measurement 48 ole ceding of 250 in at 100°F and 1 tm, What i the tre (esto ate fn standard faa a? ‘Selatitatng into By (125) tocomoet the nda ow rate ton sctoal Ho rae, ed Deng (120 coer he tal Now rate Se quien standard ow ate weg. (Qo = 25.0 fen (660 BI. aX. ta 24 tn x67 RIAD RY (1 et. atm) Tac @ ample You havea vents ster that wi calibrated wth pure stromen at 80°C nnd atin anh oe in enna the wo rat 30°C and 09 atm An ld nitrogen clbation curve prevenid now. With nic at te new conditions, sou asia SP reading on yO; what the tre alr Dw eaten asad 0? Flow meter calhration curve (Ny gas at 80°C and 1.6 tm). ro. 8 8 w APancherof water Sottion "Pram thecllratin cure, we obtain an iedntod Saw eat of 0mPimin Fest we covet ona sal ow at