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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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‰¡à®”°—¥¢Õ∫‡¢µÕ¬Ÿà‡©æ“–§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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™—¬Õπ——πµå  ¡ÿ∑«≥‘™
605
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005 ∫√√≥“∏‘°“√ ∫∑

§«“¡©≈“¥∑“ßÕ“√¡≥å (EQ) ¿—∑√æ√  ‘√‘°“≠®π
¿“§’ ¡“™‘°  ”π—°∏√√¡»“ µ√å·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß
°—∫æ—≤π“°“√∑“ß®√‘¬∏√√¡ √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π

§” ”§—≠ : §«“¡©≈“¥∑“ßÕ“√¡≥å, ‡™“«πåªí≠≠“, ®√‘¬∏√√¡

Õ“√¡≥凪ìπ ¿“«–∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ §«∫§ÿ¡Õ“√¡≥å‡æ◊ÕË „À⇰‘¥§«“¡°â“«Àπâ“ ‚µ) ´÷Ëßªí®®ÿ∫—π¥”√ß ¡≥»—°¥‘Ï∑’Ëæ√–

Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’˧π‡√“¡’Õ¬Ÿàµ—Èß·µà‡°‘¥ ∑ÿ°§π ∑“ß®√‘ ¬ ∏√√¡Ò ‚¥¬‡æ≈‚µ¡’ · 𫧑 ¥ æ√À¡§ÿ≥“¿√≥剥âÕ∏‘∫“¬«à“
‡§¬¡’Õ“√¡≥å√—° ‡°≈’¬¥ æÕ„® ‡ ’¬„® ª√—™≠“«à“ √à“ß°“¬‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’ËÀ¬“∫ ‰¡à çÕ“√¡≥å§◊Õ  ¿“殑µπ—Ëπ‡Õß ·≈–
µ≈Õ¥®π‰¥â√∫— ·√ߪ–∑–®“°Õ“√¡≥å¢Õß ª√–≥’µ ·≈–‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ“»—¬¢Õߪ√– “∑  ¿“殑µ°Á‰¥â‚¬ß‰ª∂÷ß惵‘°√√¡§«“¡
ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ°—π¡“·≈â«∑—Èß ‘Èπ ·¡â‡√“Õ¬“°®–„Àâ  —¡º— ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß°àÕ‡°‘¥·≈–°√–µÿâπ  —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ√“–Õ“√¡≥å
 ¿“«–®‘µ„®¢Õ߇√“ ß∫√“∫‡√’¬∫‡À¡◊Õπ Õ“√¡≥å¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ºŸâ ∑’Ë ‡ °“–¬÷ ¥ Õ¬Ÿà °— ∫ À√◊Õ ¿“殑µπ—Èπ Õ“»—¬æƒµ‘°√√¡‡ªìπ
∑âÕß∑–‡≈¬“¡‰√â§≈◊Ëπ≈¡ ·µà‰¡à™â“‰¡àπ“π Õ“√¡≥å·≈–√à“ß°“¬¬àÕ¡‰¡à “¡“√∂À≈ÿ¥ ™à Õ ß∑“ß ◊Ë Õ  “√°“√· ¥ßÕÕ° ‡¡◊Ë Õ
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‡Õß·≈–¢ÕߺŸâÕ◊Ëπ´—¥°√–ÀπË”„Àâ —∫ π ·∫∫‰¥âÚ  à«π·π«§‘¥„πæ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“ ™’È ™à Õ ßπ”∑“ߢ¬“¬¢Õ∫‡¢µ·≈–ª≈¥
«ÿà𫓬‡¢â“®π‰¥â π—°ª√—™≠“·≈–π—°§‘¥ π—Èπ∂◊Õ«à“Õ“√¡≥å§◊Õ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∑’Ë ª≈àÕ¬¥â«¬ªí≠≠“„Àâ ◊ËÕ “√· ¥ßÕÕ°
∑“ß»“ π“À≈“¬∑à“π®÷ß¡’∑—»π§µ‘‡™‘ß ‡°‘¥®“°°“√ —¡º— °—π¢ÕßÕ“¬µπ–¿“¬ ‰¥âº≈¥’¥â«¬æƒµ‘°√√¡∑“ß°“¬ «“®“
≈∫µàÕ çÕ“√¡≥åé ·≈– à߇ √‘¡°“√«“ß „π (µ“ ÀŸ ®¡Ÿ° ≈‘Èπ °“¬ ·≈–„®) °—∫ °Á π— ∫ ‰¥â «à “ √–∫∫§«“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å · Àà ß
¡“µ√°“√®—¥°“√°—∫ çÕ“√¡≥åé µ—Èß·µà Õ“¬µπ–¿“¬πÕ° [√Ÿª ‡ ’¬ß °≈‘Ëπ √  惵‘°√√¡ ®‘µ„® ·≈–ªí≠≠“ ‡¢â“¡“
√–¥—∫°“√§«∫§ÿ¡‰ª®π∂÷ß°“√°”®—¥„Àâ °“¬ —¡º—  (‚ºØ∞—ææ–) ·≈–®‘µ —¡º—  ª√– “π∫√√®∫‡ªìπÕߧå√«¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ¥”‡π‘π
 Ÿ≠ ‘Èπ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ◊ËÕ¡‘„Àâ çÕ“√¡≥åé (∏√√¡“√¡≥å)Û] ‡™à𠵓¡Õ߇ÀÁπ√Ÿª ‰ªÕ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß °Á®–Õ¬Ÿà„π¿“«– ¡¥ÿ≈
 “¡“√∂¢—¥¢«“ߧ«“¡§‘¥·≈–°“√°√–∑” À√◊ Õ ÀŸ ‰ ¥â ¬‘ π ‡ ’ ¬ ß ∑”„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ Õ“√¡≥å „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ º≈¥’ ∑—È ß ·°à µ π‡Õß·≈–§πÕ◊Ë π
∑’Ë √â“ß √√§å∑“ß®√‘¬∏√√¡‰¥â µà“ß Ê ‡™àπ Õ“√¡≥å‚°√∏ À√◊ÕÕ“√¡≥å µ≈Õ¥®π —ߧ¡·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—ßÈ À¡¥éÙ
‡æ≈‚µ (Plato, ÙÚ¯-ÛÙ¯ °àÕπ √—° Õ“√¡≥套߰≈à“«¡’º≈µàÕµπ‡Õß·≈– §”Õ∏‘∫“¬‡™àππ’È¡’𗬄À⇢Ⓞ®‰¥â
§.».)  à߇ √‘¡„Àâ„™âªí≠≠“À√◊Õ‡Àµÿº≈ µàÕºŸâÕ◊Ëπ ¥—ß∑’Ëæ√–∏√√¡ªîÆ° (ª.Õ. ª¬ÿµ⁄ «à“ °“√ª≈àÕ¬„ÀâÕ“√¡≥å‚≈¥·≈àπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß
Ò
Plato, Republic, quoted in Frank N. Magill, ed., Masterpieces of World Philosophy (New York : Harper & Row, Publishers, 1961), p. 92.
Ú
Ibid., p. 93.
Û
∑’. ª. ÒÒ/ÛÚÛ/ÛÒı-ÛÒˆ. ¡À“®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥√“™«‘∑¬“≈—¬ „πæ√–∫√¡√“™Ÿª∂—¡¿å, æ√–‰µ√ªîÆ°¿“…“‰∑¬ ©∫—∫¡À“®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥√“™«‘∑¬“≈—¬, ‡≈à¡ ÒÒ
(°√ÿ߇∑æœ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æå¡À“®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥√“™«‘∑¬“≈—¬, ÚıÛ˘), Àπâ“ ÛÒı, ÛÒˆ.
Ù
æ√–∏√√¡ªîÆ° (ª.Õ. ª¬ÿµ⁄‚µ), ‡®µ‚°»≈À√◊Õª√’™“‡™‘ßÕ“√¡≥å, Õ—¥ ”‡π“, ÚıÙÚ, Õâ“ß„π °√¡ ÿ¢¿“殑µ °√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√, √“¬ß“π«‘®—¬°“√æ—≤π“
·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘𧫓¡©≈“¥∑“ßÕ“√¡≥å ”À√—∫ª√–™“™π‰∑¬ Õ“¬ÿ ÒÚ-ˆ ªï (°√ÿ߇∑æœ : «ß»å°¡≈‚ª√¥—°™—Ëπ, ÚıÙÙ), Àπâ“ Ú.

§«“¡©≈“¥∑“ßÕ“√¡≥å (EQ) °—∫æ—≤π“°“√∑“ß®√‘¬∏√√¡

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

‰¡à√Ÿâ ÷°‡¥◊Õ¥√âÕπ‡ªìπ∑ÿ°¢å  “¡“√∂¡’ ·≈–«—µ∂ÿπ‘¬¡ °“√æ—≤π“®‘µ„®‡°‘¥§«“¡ ‚≈°µ“¡§«“¡æÕ„®¢Õ߇√“‰¥â ·µà‡√“

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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·µà°Á¡’æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘À≈“¬ª√–‡¿∑∑’ˇ√“‰¡à “¡“√∂§“¥‡¥“‰¥â≈à«ßÀπâ“«à“®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ‰√ ·≈–¡’»—°¬¿“懙‘ß
∑”≈“¬¡“°πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß‰√ æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬„π°√≥’À≈—ßπ’È ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ¡—° àߺ≈„À⇰‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“° ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬„π°√≥’·√°
∫∑§«“¡π’ȇªìπ°“√𔇠πÕº≈®“°°“√∑∫∑«π∫√‘∫∑¢Õßæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåº≈°√–∑∫¢Õßæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬¥—ß
°≈à“« ‚¥¬‡™◊ËÕ¡‚¬ß°—∫°“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕߪ√–™“™π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß°√≥’¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬  “√– ”§—≠∑’Ë𔇠πÕ
„π∑’Ëπ’È·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ Û  à«π  à«π·√° ‡ªìπ∫√‘∫∑¢Õßæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª  à«π∑’Ë Ú ‡ªìπ√Ÿª·∫∫°“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕß
ª√–™“™πµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘  ÿ¥∑⓬‡ªìπ à«π∑’˺Ÿâ‡¢’¬π‡ πÕ°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕߪ√–™“™π
™“«‰∑¬µàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘

§” ”§—≠ : ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘, §π‰∑¬

Ò. æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ : §«“¡À¡“¬ ∏√√¡- §”«à“ çæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬é ·≈– çæ‘∫—µ‘ √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π æ.». ÚıÙÚ ·µà¡’
™“µ‘ ª√–‡¿∑ ·≈–º≈°√–∑∫ ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘é ‰¡à¡’°“√√–∫ÿ§«“¡À¡“¬ °“√„À⧫“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕ߉«â
Ò.Ò §«“¡À¡“¬ ‰«â‡ªìπ°“√‡©æ“–„πæ®π“πÿ°√¡ ©∫—∫ Û §” ¥—ßπ’È

æ‘∫µ— ‘ (π“¡) §«“¡©‘∫À“¬, §«“¡À“¬π–, §«“¡‡ªìπÕ—ª¡ß§≈

¿—¬ (π“¡)  ‘Ëß∑’Ëπà“°≈—«, Õ—πµ√“¬
∏√√¡™“µ‘ (π“¡)  ‘Ëß∑’ˇ°‘¥¡’·≈–‡ªìπÕ¬Ÿàµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß ‘Ëßπ—Èπ Ê
(«‘‡»…≥å) ∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‡Õß‚¥¬¡‘‰¥âª√ÿß·µàß
(√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π, ÚıÙÚ)

* ¿“§«‘™“¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å §≥– —ߧ¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à

¡π—   ÿ«√√≥
615
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√π”‡Õ“§”«à“ çæ‘∫—µ‘é
·≈– ç¿—¬é ¡“√«¡°—π‡ªìπ çæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬é
·≈â«„À⧫“¡À¡“¬«à“  ‘Ëß∑’Ëπà“°≈—«À√◊Õ
Õ—πµ√“¬∑’Ë°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡©‘∫À“¬ ·≈–
„π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π ‡Õ“§”«à“ ç¿—¬é ·≈–
ç∏√√¡™“µ‘é ¡“√«¡°—π‡ªìπ§”«à“ ç¿—¬
∏√√¡™“µ‘ é ·≈â « „Àâ § «“¡À¡“¬«à “
Õ—πµ√“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡¥“‚¥¬
¡‘‰¥â¡’°“√ª√ÿß·µàß §ß®–‰¡à™—¥‡®π·≈–
¬“°∑’Ë®–‡¢â“„®‚¥¬∂àÕß·∑â °“√„À⧔
𑬓¡¢Õߧ”≈—°…≥–‡™àππ’È®”‡ªìπµâÕß
Õ“»—¬°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬¢¬“¬§«“¡ ®–°”Àπ¥
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∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡À¡“¬‡©æ“– ‡™àπ °√–‚®π À√◊Õ
Õÿ®®“√–‰¡à‰¥â
¬‘ßË ‰ª°«à“π’È °“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— ∏√√¡-
™“µ‘·µà≈–§√—Èß„π·µà≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ·¡â«à“®–
¡’≈—°…≥–·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß·µ°µà“ß°—π
·µà ‘ËßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë¡—°æ∫‡À¡◊Õπ°—π§◊Õ §«“¡
 Ÿ ≠ ‡ ’ ¬ À√◊ Õ §«“¡À“¬π–∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π °— ∫
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ¥—ßπ—È𠧫“¡À¡“¬¢Õßæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬
∏√√¡™“µ‘§ß‰¡àÕ“®®”°—¥π‘¬“¡Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë¡‘µ‘
¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥ (¢÷Èπ‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡¥“¢Õß
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·≈–„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫¡‘µ‘¢Õßæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–
º≈°√–∑∫¥â«¬‡™àπ°—π æ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— ∏√√¡™“µ‘
∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑ ‡™àπ À‘¡–∂≈ࡧ߉¡à‡°‘¥
„πæ◊È π ∑’Ë ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ∑’Ë √ “∫∫√‘ ‡ «≥»Ÿ π ¬å  Ÿ µ √
(equator) ∑”πÕߧ≈⓬°—π ¿—¬®“°§≈◊πË
 ÷π“¡‘ (Tsunami) °Á§ß‰¡à‡°‘¥„π¿“§
æ◊È π ∑«’ ª πÕ°®“°∫√‘ ‡ «≥™“¬Ωíò ß ∑–‡≈
°√≥’¢Õߺ≈°√–∑∫°Á‡™àπ°—π æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬
∏√√¡™“µ‘∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π∫“ß
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬
µàÕ™’«‘µ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π µ√ß°—π¢â“¡ æ‘∫—µ‘
¿— ¬ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∫ “ߪ√–‡¿∑°≈— ∫ ¡’ º ≈
°√–∑∫Õ¬à “ ß√ÿ π ·√ß∂÷ ß ¢—È π ¿— ¬ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ∑’Ë
 √â“ߧ«“¡æ‘π“» ©‘∫À“¬ «“¬«Õ¥„Àâ
°—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë
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∏√√¡™“µ‘é À√◊Õ ç¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘é ®÷ß
πà“®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑’Ë¡’
‚Õ°“ ®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘
„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë„¥æ◊Èπ∑’ËÀπ÷Ëß ·≈–¡’»—°¬¿“æ
∑’Ë®–°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬µàÕ™’«‘µ
·≈–∑√—æ¬å π‘ √«¡µ≈Õ¥®π°àÕ„À⇰‘¥
º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ«‘∂’™’«‘µ¢Õߪ√–™“™π
·≈–µàÕ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–
Õ¬à “ ߬‘Ë ß °“√‡ ’ ¬  ¡¥ÿ ≈ ∑“ßπ‘ ‡ «»
«‘∑¬“
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ¡’¢âÕ§«√ —߇°µ‡æ‘Ë¡
‡µ‘¡ Ú ª√–‡¥Áπ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß
§”∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ª√–‡¥Áπ
·√° §◊Õ °“√„™â§”‡√’¬°™◊ËÕÀ√◊Õ°”Àπ¥
ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’Ë¥Ÿ®–‰¡àµ√ß
°—∫§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß ·µà‡ªìπ°“√‡√’¬°À√◊Õ
°”Àπ¥°—πµ“¡°√–·  °√≥’¢Õß°“√
‡°‘¥¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å„π¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√
Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë Úˆ ∏—𫓧¡ æ.».
ÚıÙ˜ ∑’˺à“π¡“‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß  ◊ËÕ
¡«≈™π𔇠πÕ¢à“«‚¥¬„™â§”«à“ ç∏√≥’
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬é ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“ Õ—πµ√“¬∑’Ë
°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡©‘∫À“¬Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°
æ◊Èπ¥‘π ·µà°≈—∫√“¬ß“𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬
«à“¡’ “‡Àµÿ¡“®“°§≈◊Ëπ¬—°…å ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’Ë
Ú ‡ÀÁπ ¡§«√«à“πà“®–‰¥â¡’°“√°”Àπ¥
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„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ… §”¥—ß°≈à“«§◊Õ çæ‘∫—µ‘
¿—¬é ´÷Ëßπà“®–¡’§«“¡À¡“¬«à“ ¿—¬„¥Ê
616
∑’‡Ë ¡◊ÕË ‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ  “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡
 Ÿ≠‡ ’¬µàÕ™’«‘µ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π µ√ß°—∫
§”„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…«à“ Hazard Õ’°§”
Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ ç¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘é ´÷Ëßπà“®–¡’§«“¡
À¡“¬«à“§«“¡æ‘π“» À√◊Õ§«“¡ Ÿ≠
‡ ’¬ Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ µ√ß°—∫
§”„π¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…«à“ Disaster
Ò.Ú ∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õßæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬
‡¡◊Ë Õ æ‘ ® “√≥“∂÷ ß Õ— π µ√“¬∑’Ë
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∑’ˇªìπ·°àπ·∑â·≈â«  “¡“√∂°≈à“«‰¥â«à“
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ¡’§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–¢Õߧ«“¡‡°‘¥¡’
·≈–‡ªìπÕ¬Ÿà ¥—ßπ’È
ë Õ— π µ√“¬∑’Ë Õ “®‡°‘ ¥ ·≈–
 √â “ ߧ«“¡æ‘ π “» Ÿ ≠ ‡ ’ ¬ µà Õ ™’ «‘ µ ·≈–
∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õߪ√–™“™π ¡‘„™à¡’‡æ’¬ß¿—¬
∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ·µà¬—ß¡’¿—¬
∑’Ë ¡ πÿ … ¬å ‡ ªì π ºŸâ ¡’  à « π°à Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π Õ’ °
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¿—¬ ¿—¬®“°°“√§¡π“§¡-¢π àß ¿—¬®“°
°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π ·≈–¿—¬®“°°“√°àÕ°“√
√⓬ ‡ªìπµâπ
ë „π à « π¢Õß¿— ¬ ∏√√¡™“µ‘
·∑â®√‘ß·≈â«À¡“¬√«¡∂÷ßÕ—πµ√“¬∑’ÀË ≈“°
À≈“¬ µ—ßÈ ·µàπÈ”∑à«¡ «“µ¿—¬ ·ºàπ¥‘π‰À«
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‰ª®π∂÷ß‚√§Õ—π‡°‘¥®“°‡™◊ÈÕ‰«√— ·≈–
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(infestations) ·µàπ°— ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘«∑‘ ¬“
·≈–π—°¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å¡—°„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫
¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’ˇªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑“ß∏√≥’
øî ‘° å (geophysical events) ´÷Ë߇°‘¥
¢÷Èπ®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß∫√√¬“°“»
·≈–∏√≥’¿“§ ·≈–¡’§«“¡‡¥àπ™—¥°«à“
¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘∑‡’Ë ªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑“ß™’«¿“æ
°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õߪ√–™“™π :
∫∑«‘‡§√“–Àå°√≥’¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

(biological events) (Burton & Kates,
1972 Õâ“ß„π Gold, 1980)
ë æ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— ∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡ªìπ
Õ—πµ√“¬∑’Ë¡’‚Õ°“ ‡°‘¥À√◊Õ‰¡à‡°‘¥°Á‰¥â
¬‘Ë߉ª°«à“π’ȧ◊Õ ¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’Ë¡’‚Õ°“  (Natural hazards) À¡“¬∂÷ß ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å
‡°‘¥∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ∫àÕ¬§√—ßÈ „π¢≥–
∑’Ë∫“ߪ√–‡¿∑‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π°«à“®–‡°‘¥
¢÷Èπ§√—ÈßÀπ÷Ëß ¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π·µà
≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk)
·≈–§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ (uncertainty) ¢Õß
§«“¡πà“®–‡ªìπ (probability) ´÷ßË ¡’Õ∑‘ ∏‘-
æ≈µà Õ °“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕߪ√–™“™π∑’Ë
·µ°µà“ß°—π
ë ¿— ¬ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ · ¡â ® –‡ªì π
Õ—πµ√“¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡¥“¢Õß
 ‘Ë ß π—È π Ê °Áµ“¡ ·µà·π«‚πâ¡¢Õß°“√
‡°‘¥„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡—°¡’°‘®°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
‡¢â“‰ª‡°’¬Ë «¢âÕߥ⫬‰¡à‚¥¬∑“ßµ√ß ‡™àπ
°“√∫ÿ°√ÿ°∑”≈“¬ªÉ“ °—∫°“√‡°‘¥πÈ”∑à«¡
©—∫æ≈—π °Á‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡ ‡™àπ «“µ¿—¬∑’Ë
‡°‘¥∫àÕ¬¢÷Èπ·≈–√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ ·≈–‡Õ≈π‘‚≠
(El Niño) ‡ªìπµâπ
Ò.Û ª√–‡¿∑¢Õßæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬
K. Smith (2004) ‰¥â°≈à“«‰«â
Õ¬à“ßπà“ π„®„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ Environmental
Hazards : Assessing Risk and Re-
ducing Disaster «à“Õ—πµ√“¬∑’Ë √â“ß
§«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬µàÕ™’«‘µ·≈–∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õß
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‡∑à“π—πÈ ªí®®ÿ∫π— ª√–™“§¡‚≈°°”≈—߇º™‘≠
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‡°‘¥¢÷πÈ ‡Õßµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ Smith ¬—ß°≈à“«
Õ’°«à“ ¡πÿ…¬å‡√“‰¡àÕ“®‡µ√’¬¡æ√âÕ¡‡æ’¬ß
‡æ◊Ë Õ µÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ∏√√¡™“µ‘
·µà µâ Õ ßÀ“∑“ßªÑ Õ ß°— π ·≈–‡µ√’ ¬ ¡°“√
¡π—   ÿ«√√≥
∫√√‡∑“æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ª√–‡¿∑Õ◊Ë π ¥â « ¬ „π
Àπ—ß ◊Õ∑’ËÕâ“ß∂÷ߢâ“ßµâπ Smith ‰¥â·∫àß
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬‰«â Û ª√–‡¿∑ ¥—ßπ’È
Ò) æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ∏√√¡™“µ‘
∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑“ß
∏√≥’øî ‘° å ·≈–‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑“ß™’««‘∑¬“
∑’ˇ¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥·≈â«  “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥§«“¡
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™π √«¡‰ª∂÷ß°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ
«‘∂™’ «’ µ‘ ·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ µ—«Õ¬à“ßæ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬—
„πª√–‡¿∑π’È §◊Õ Õÿ∑°¿—¬ «“µ¿—¬ ·ºàπ
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ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
À“¬„Àâ°—∫æ◊Èπ∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π ªí®®—¬∑’Ë°àÕ
„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ º≈°√–∑∫„π°√≥’ À ≈— ß π’È ¡‘ ‰ ¥â ¡’
Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈‚¥¬µ√ß¡“®“°§ÿ≥≈—°…≥–¢Õß
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ À√◊Õªí®®—¬∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫∑’˵—Èß
·≈–∑”‡≈∑’ˇ°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ·µàπà“®–‡ªìπ
º≈‚¥¬µ√ß®“°°“√π÷°§‘¥ °“√√—∫√Ÿâ ·≈–
°“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕߪ√–™“™πµà Õ æ‘ ∫— µ‘
¿—¬π—Èπ Ê „πª√–‡¥Áπ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«‡π◊ËÕß°—ππ’È
ºŸâ π„® “¡“√∂∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®ª√“°Ø
°“√≥å·≈– ¿“æ°“√≥剥âÕ¬à“߇ªìπ√–∫∫
À“°¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π惵‘°√√¡‡™‘ß ‘Ëß·«¥
≈âÕ¡ (environmental behavior) ‡ªìπ
æ◊Èπ∞“π„π‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ
Ú.Ò æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (Hu-
man behavior)
‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¡’ªí®®—¬§àÕπ
¢â “ ßÀ≈“°À≈“¬∑’Ë ¡’ Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈µà Õ °“√
ª√–°Õ∫°‘ ® °√√¡À√◊ Õ °“√· ¥ßÕÕ°
¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ªí®®—¬¥—ß°≈à“«∑—ÈßÀ¡¥‡¡◊ËÕ
√«¡°—π‡¢â“®–¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ π“¡¢Õß
ªí ® ®— ¬ ∑’Ë ‡ √’ ¬ °«à “  π“¡‡™‘ ß ®‘ µ «‘ ∑ ¬“
(psychological field) (Engel, 1972)
¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

 ‘Ëß∑’Ë· ¥ß„π¿“æ¢â“ßµâπ “¡“√∂ §àÕπ¢â“ß¡’§«“¡ ≈—∫´—∫´âÕπ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫ ®‘ µ «‘ ∑ ¬“∑’Ë ‡ µÁ ¡ ‰ª¥â « ¬ªí ® ®— ¬ °√–µÿâ π

Õ∏‘∫“¬‰¥â«“à ¡πÿ…¬å„πªí®®ÿ∫π— ∂Ÿ°°√–µÿπâ
À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°‡√ⓥ⫬§«“¡µâÕß°“√æ◊Èπ∞“π
´÷ßË Õ“®‰¡à¡ ’ «à π‡°’¬Ë «¢âÕß°—∫ ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡
·≈–Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈¢Õß ‘Ë ß „¥∑—È ß „πÕ¥’ µ ·≈–
Õ𓧵 æ‘®“√≥“‡æ’¬ß à«ππ’È ( à«π∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà
„π°√Õ∫«ß°≈¡„π¿“æ) ¡πÿ … ¬å ‰ ¡à ¡’
Õ–‰√·µ°µà“߉ª®“° —µ«åÕ◊Ëπ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª
¡“°π—° Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ¥â«¬¡πÿ…¬å¡§’ «“¡
 “¡“√∂∑“ß ¡Õ߇Àπ◊Õ —µ«åÕ◊Ëπ Õ’°∑—Èß
™’ «‘ µ ¢Õß¡πÿ … ¬å ¬— ß ºŸ ° µ‘ ¥ Õ¬Ÿà °— ∫ ‡ß◊Ë Õ π
¢Õ߇«≈“ ¡πÿ…¬å “¡“√∂®¥®”·≈–√–≈÷°
‡Àµÿ°“√≥å„πÕ¥’µ·≈–π”¡“‡ªìπ∫∑‡√’¬π
À√◊Õ«‘∏’°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π Õ’°∑—Èß
¡πÿ…¬å¬—ß “¡“√∂§“¥∑”𓬇Àµÿ°“√≥å
∑’Ë Õ “®‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π „πÕ𓧵 ¬‘Ë ß ‰ª°«à “ π’È
¡πÿ … ¬å ¬— ß ¡’ ‚ Õ°“ ‰¥â  — ¡ º—   °— ∫ ªí ® ®— ¬
 ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡∑—È ß ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π  ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡∑“ß
°“¬¿“æ ∑“ß™’«¿“æ ·≈–∑“ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë
À≈“°À≈“¬ ‡À≈à “ π’È ≈â « π¡’  à « π∑”„Àâ
惵‘°√√¡À√◊Õ°“√· ¥ßÕÕ°¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
°—∫ —µ«åÕ◊Ëπ
¡πÿ…¬å‡√“·µà≈–§π¡’ π“¡‡™‘ß®‘µ-
«‘∑¬“∑’Ë°«â“ß∫â“ß ·§∫∫â“ß ·µ°µà“ß°—π
‰ªµ“¡§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß·µà≈–∫ÿ§§≈
¡πÿ…¬åÕ“®¡’§«“¡µâÕß°“√·≈–·√ߢ—∫∑’Ë
§≈⓬°—π·µà‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—π·≈–‰¡à‡∑à“°—π
πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ‰ª®“°π’ȧ◊Õ ¡πÿ…¬å·µà≈–§π
≈â«π¡’ª√– ∫°“√≥å·≈–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿ∑â ·’Ë µ°
µà“ß°—π ¥â«¬‡Àµÿπ’È°“√· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡
¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å·µà≈–§π®÷ß¡’≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–
µπ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫«à“„§√√—∫√Ÿâ π÷°§‘¥µàÕ ‘Ëß
·«¥≈âÕ¡À√◊Õ ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπÕ¬à“߇¥’¬«°—π
¡πÿ…¬å®÷ß¡’°“√√—∫√Ÿâ π÷°§‘¥ ·≈–µÕ∫
 πÕß·µ°µà“ß°—π (Gold, 1980)
„π°“√»÷°…“惵‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
¡’ “‡ÀµÿÕ¬ŸàÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ Ú ª√–°“√∑’Ë∑”
„Àâ ºŸâ »÷ ° …“‰¡à   “¡“√∂‡¢â “ „®‰¥â Õ ¬à “ ß
 ¡∫Ÿ√≥å«“à ∑”‰¡·µà≈–§π®÷ß· ¥ß惵‘-
°√√¡π—Èπ Ê ÕÕ°¡“  “‡Àµÿª√–°“√·√°
§◊Õ §«“¡ ≈—∫ ´—∫ ´âÕ π¢Õß π“¡‡™‘ ß
¡“°¡“¬ „πÀ≈“¬ Ê °√≥’ºŸâ»÷°…“‰¡à
 “¡“√∂√«∫√«¡·≈–«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå ªí ® ®— ¬
°√–µÿâπ¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â§√∫∂â«π Õ“®‡ªìπ
‡æ√“–¢âÕ®”°—¥¥â“π‡«≈“ ß∫ª√–¡“≥
‡§√◊Ë Õ ß¡◊ Õ √«¡‰ª∂÷ ß §«“¡ “¡“√∂
(capability) ¢ÕߺŸâ»÷°…“‡Õß  “‡ÀµÿÕ’°
ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëß §◊Õ °√–∫«π°“√§‘¥·≈–
À“‡Àµÿº≈ (mental process) °àÕπµ—¥
 ‘π„®· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å À≈—ß
®“°‰¥â√—∫°“√°√–µÿâπ·≈â« ‡ªì π  ‘Ë ß ∑’Ë ‰ ¡à
 “¡“√∂ —߇°µ‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß °“√Õ∏‘∫“¬
惵‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬åµ“¡°√–∫«π°“√
¥— ß °≈à “ «®”‡ªì π µâ Õ ßÕ“»— ¬ °“√ √ÿ ª „Àâ
‡Àµÿº≈ (inference) ‡ªì𠔧—≠ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
‰ª‰¥â„π∫“ß°√≥’∑’˺≈ √ÿªÕ“®¡’§«“¡
§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ
·∫∫®”≈Õßæ◊Èπ∞“π„π°“√»÷°…“
惵‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å∑∂’Ë °Ÿ °≈à“«∂÷߇ ¡Õ
§◊ Õ ·∫∫®”≈Õß°≈àÕߥ” (black-box
model) ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú

°“√ √ÿª„Àâ‡Àµÿº≈
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 ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπ °≈àÕߥ”
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惵‘°√√¡
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√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú ·∫∫®”≈Õß°≈àÕߥ”
(∑’Ë¡“ : Walmsley, 1984)

°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õߪ√–™“™π :
∫∑«‘‡§√“–Àå°√≥’¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
620

¿“æ¢â“ßµâπ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ªí®®—¬
°√–µÿâπ®–‡ªìπµ—«‡√â“„À⇰‘¥º≈µ“¡¡“
§◊Õ æƒµ‘°√√¡ °“√§‘¥ ·≈–À“‡Àµÿº≈
°à Õ πµ— ¥  ‘ π „®· ¥ß惵‘ ° √√¡¢Õß·µà
≈–∫ÿ§§≈ ‡ªìπ°√–∫«π°“√∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂
≈à«ß√Ÿâ‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß Õÿª¡“«à“‡ªìπ‡ ¡◊Õπ ‘Ëß
∑’Ë´àÕπ‡√âπ‡Õ“‰«â„π°≈àÕߥ” °“√Õ∏‘∫“¬
«à“¡’Õ–‰√∫â“ß∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬„π°≈àÕߥ”
 “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â„π√–¥—∫¢Õß°“√ √ÿª„Àâ
‡Àµÿº≈‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡àÕ“®∑”‰¥â®π∂÷ß√–¥—∫
¡’§«“¡∂Ÿ°µâÕ߇™‘ߧ≥‘µ»“ µ√å (math-
ematic precision)
Ú.Ú °√–∫«π°“√µ— ¥  ‘ π „®
· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡
§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡„π°“√∑”
§«“¡‡¢â“„®æƒµ‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ∑”„Àâ
π—°®‘µ«‘∑¬“§â𧑥«‘∏’°“√√«¡µ≈Õ¥®π
æ—≤π“∑ƒ…Æ’·≈–·∫∫®”≈Õߢ÷Èπ¡“‡ªìπ
®”π«π¡“° ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’ˇªìπ®ÿ¥√à«¡ ´÷Ëß
π— ° ®‘ µ «‘ ∑ ¬“µâ Õ ß°“√À“§”Õ∏‘ ∫ “¬§◊ Õ
¡πÿ … ¬å · µà ≈ –§π¡’ ° ≈‰°°“√√— ∫ √Ÿâ · ≈–
ª√–‡¡‘π ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπÕ¬à“߉√°àÕπµ—¥ ‘π„®
· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡ÕÕ°¡“ °√≥’¢Õßπ—°
¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å ´÷Ëß π„®‡√◊ËÕß ∂“π∑’Ë·≈–
∑ƒ…ƒ惵‘°√√¡π‘¬¡
∑ƒ…Æ’‡° µÕ≈µå
‡¡◊ËÕ S
¡π—   ÿ«√√≥
 ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ°√≥’摇»… ¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπ
«à “ „π®”π«π∑ƒ…Æ’ · ≈–·∫∫®”≈Õß
®”π«π¡“°π—πÈ ¡’Õ¬Ÿ à Õß∑ƒ…Æ’∑¡’Ë §’ «“¡
‡À¡“– ¡·≈– “¡“√∂𔉪ª√–¬ÿ ° µå
‡æ◊ÕË °“√Õ∏‘∫“¬æƒµ‘°√√¡‡™‘ß ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡
¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å‰¥â ∑ƒ…Æ’¥ß— °≈à“« §◊Õ ∑ƒ…Æ’
惵‘ ° √√¡π‘ ¬ ¡ (behaviorism) ·≈–
∑ƒ…Æ’‡° µÕ≈µå (Gestalt theory)
·π«§‘ ¥ ∑’Ë  ”§— ≠ ¢Õß∑ƒ…Æ’
惵‘ ° √√¡π‘ ¬ ¡§◊ Õ §«“¡§‘ ¥ ∑’Ë «à “ °“√
µ— ¥  ‘ π „®· ¥ß惵‘ ° √√¡¢Õß¡πÿ … ¬å
‡ªìπ‡√◊ÕË ß¢Õß°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ ‘ßË °√–µÿπâ
(stimulus-response : S-R Model)
·∫∫∏√√¡¥“∑’ˉ¡à¡’Õ–‰√´—∫´âÕπ °“√
µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ ‘Ë߇√⓵“¡·π«§‘¥æƒµ‘-
°√√¡π‘¬¡Õ“®Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª·∫∫¢Õß惵‘-
°√√¡Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥„π Ú ≈—°…≥–
§◊ Õ (Ò) µÕ∫ πÕß∑—π∑’∑—π„¥‡¡◊ËÕ¡’
 ‘Ëß¡“°√–µÿâπ 惵‘°√√¡≈—°…≥–π’È„π
∑“ß®‘µ«‘∑¬“®—¥«à“‡ªìπ°“√µÕ∫ πÕß
‚¥¬ — ≠ ™“µ≠“≥ (instinctive re-
sponse) À√◊Õ (Ú) µÕ∫ πÕß‚¥¬°“√
‰µ√àµ√ÕßÀ√◊Õª√–‡¡‘π®“°ª√– ∫°“√≥å
°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’˺à“π¡“
: S
: S I R
§◊Õ ªí®®—¬°√–µÿâπ
R §◊Õ °“√µÕ∫ πÕß/惵‘°√√¡
I §◊Õ µ—«·ª√·∑√°
621
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
°√≥’ ¢ Õß∑ƒ…Æ’ ‡ ° µÕ≈µå
π—°®‘µ«‘∑¬“ π—°«‘™“°“√ ·≈–ºŸâ∑’Ë π„®
„π∑ƒ…Æ’π’È¡’·π«§‘¥À≈—°∑’Ë·µ°µà“߉ª
®“°∑ƒ…ƒ惵‘°√√¡π‘¬¡§àÕπ¢â“ß™—¥
‡®π ºŸâπ‘ ¬¡„π∑ƒ…Æ’‡° µÕ≈µå‰¡à‡™◊ËÕ
«à“°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡µà“ß Ê
¢Õß¡πÿ…¬åÕ“»—¬‡æ’¬ßª√– ∫°“√≥å·≈–
°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‡æ√“–∂â“Õ“»—¬‡æ’¬ß
‡∑à“π’È¡πÿ…¬å°Á§ß‰¡à¡’§«“¡·µ°µà“ß®“°
 —µ«åÕπ◊Ë ‚¥¬∑—«Ë ‰ª ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’°Ë ≈ÿ¡à 惵‘-
°√√¡π‘ ¬ ¡ ¡‘ ‰ ¥â „ Àâ § «“¡ ”§— ≠ §◊ Õ
≈— ° …≥–∑“ß — ß §¡-‡»√…∞°‘ ® ·≈–
«—≤π∏√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ´÷Ëß°≈ÿࡇ° µÕ≈µå
‡™◊Ë Õ «à “ ≈— ° …≥–‡À≈à “ π’È ¡’ Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈Õ¬à “ ß
¡“°µàÕ°“√· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
°≈à“«‚¥¬ √ÿª§◊Õ ∑ƒ…Æ’‡° µÕ≈µå¡’
µ—«·ª√·∑√° (intervening variables)
‡¢â“¡“√–À«à“ßªí®®—¬°√–µÿâπ°—∫°“√µÕ∫
 πÕß
‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ‡ ÀÁ 𠧫“¡·µ°µà “ ß
√–À«à“ß Õß·π«§‘¥ ·≈–‡æ◊ÕË „Àâ‡ÀÁπ¿“æ
™— ¥ ‡®π¢÷È π ®÷ ß ¢Õ· ¥ß·∫∫®”≈Õß
°√–∫«π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡
¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å¢Õß∑—Èß Õß∑ƒ…Æ’ ¥—ßπ’È
R
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Ú.Û ªí ® ®— ¬ ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈µà Õ °“√
µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬¢Õߪ√–™“™π
¥â « ¬æ◊È π ∞“𧫓¡√Ÿâ ‡ √◊Ë Õ ß
惵‘ ° √√¡¢Õß¡πÿ … ¬å ¥— ß ∑’Ë ° ≈à “ «·≈â «
¢â“ßµâ𠇙◊ËÕ«à“πà“®–∑”„À⺟â π„®‡¢â“„®
¡“°¢÷Èπ«à“ ∑”‰¡√Ÿª·∫∫°“√· ¥ß惵‘-
°√√¡‡æ◊Ë Õ µÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ  ‘Ë ß ‡√â “ ¢Õß·µà
≈–§π®÷ß¡’≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π
ÕÕ°‰ª °“√µÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ °Á
∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π ·µà≈–§π°Á¡’√Ÿª·∫∫
¢Õß惵‘ ° √√¡‡©æ“–∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ‡ À¡◊ Õ π°— π
µàÕ§”‡µ◊Õπ¢ÕßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫
¥â“πæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬«à“ ®–‡°‘¥¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘
Õ¬à “ ßÀπ÷Ë ß ∫“ß§π· ¥ß°“√µÕ∫ πÕß
¥â « ¬°“√‡ß’ ¬ ∫‡©¬ ‡À¡◊ Õ π‰¡à ¡’ § «“¡
«‘µ°°—ß«≈ „π¢≥–∑’˧πÕ◊Ëπ Ê ¢«π¢«“¬
¥‘È π √𠇵√’ ¬ ¡√— ∫ ¡◊ Õ  ”À√— ∫ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬
π—Èπ æ‘®“√≥“®“°°√–∫«π°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®
µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ ‘Ëß°√–µÿâπµ“¡·π«∑ƒ…Æ’
‡° µÕ≈µå «‘‡§√“–À剥â«à“¡’ªí®®—¬Õ¬Ÿà
Ú °≈ÿà¡∑’Ë∑”„Àâ·µà≈–§πµÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬„π≈—°…≥–∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π §◊Õ
ªí®®—¬¿“¬πÕ° (external variables)
·≈–ªí®®—¬¿“¬„π (internal variables)
∑—Èß Ú °≈ÿà¡ªí®®—¬ “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬¢¬“¬
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À¡“¬∂÷ßªí®®—¬„¥ Ê ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬πÕ°
‚¥¬‰¡à‡°’¬Ë «¢âÕß‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫°“√√—∫√Ÿâ °“√
π÷°§‘¥ ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√‰µ√àµ√Õß °àÕπ
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(§◊Õ S „π·∫∫®”≈Õßµ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’‡° -
µÕ≈µå) ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠„π°≈ÿà¡π’È ª√–°Õ∫
¥â«¬
(Ò) ¢à “ « “√¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈
(information) ‡°’¬Ë «°—∫æ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— √Ÿª·∫∫
·≈–≈—°…≥–°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬
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- ·À≈à ß ¢Õß¢à “ « “√
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
- ºŸâ„Àâ¢à“« “√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
-  ◊ËÕ·≈–«‘∏’°“√„π°“√
„Àâ¢à“« “√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
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„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫¢à“« “√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π—Èπ
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‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â„π°“√∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬®“°æ‘∫—µ‘
¿—¬ (vulnerability) π’ȧ◊ÕÕ’°ªí®®—¬Àπ÷Ëß
∑’Ë ¡’ Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈‚¥¬µ√ßµà Õ °“√µÕ∫ πÕß
∑’Ë · µ°µà “ ß°— π µà Õ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ∑’Ë ® –‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π
°“√µ—Èß∂‘Ëπ∞“π∫π∑’Ë Ÿß À√◊Õ‡π‘π‡¢“¬àÕ¡
ª≈Õ¥¿— ¬ ®“°Õÿ ∑ °¿— ¬ ¡“°°«à “ °“√µ—È ß
∂‘Ëπ∞“πÕ¬Ÿà„π∑’Ë√“∫≈ÿà¡ ·µàÕ“®‡ ’ˬߵàÕ
°“√‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“°«“µ¿—¬ ¥—ßπ—Èπ
°“√ √â“ß∑’æË °— Õ“»—¬∫π∑’ Ë ߟ Õ“®¡’≈°— …≥–
∑’Ë·µ°µà“߉ª®“°∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬„πæ◊Èπ√“∫
„π¢≥–∑’Ë∫â“π∫π∑’Ë ŸßÕ“®‡ªìπ∫â“π™—Èπ
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∫â“π„πæ◊Èπ√“∫®”‡ªìπµâÕ߬°æ◊Èπ Ÿß
Õ’°µ—«Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß°“√µÕ∫ πÕß
µàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬®“°ªí®®—¬°√≥’π’ȧ◊Õ °“√
‡µ√’¬¡æ√âÕ¡¥â«¬°“√„™â¡“µ√°“√∑’Ë®–
™à « ¬∫√√‡∑“º≈°√–∑∫ (mitigation
measures) „πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ ’ˬ߿—¬ ‡™àπ °“√
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·ºà 𠥑 π ‰À« ‚¥¬„™â ‚ §√ß √â “ ßæ‘ ‡ »…
∑’Ë “¡“√∂√Õß√—∫°“√ —Ëπ –‡∑◊Õπ‰¥â Ÿß
622
(‡™àπ „πª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ) ·≈–°“√ √â“ß
Õ“§“√‡æ’ ¬ ß™—È π ‡¥’ ¬ «·≈–„™â «—   ¥ÿ ∑’Ë ¡’
πÈ”Àπ—°‡∫“ (‡™àπ „πª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬)
Ú) ªí®®—¬¿“¬„π ªí®®—¬„π
°≈ÿà¡π’È À¡“¬∂÷ßªí®®—¬∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ¿“¬„π
µ—«¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–‡ªìπªí®®—¬∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «°—∫°√–-
∫«π§‘¥ ‰µ√àµ√Õß ·≈–ª√–‡¡‘π¢à“« “√
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ·≈–ªí®®—¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ◊Ëπ Ê °àÕπ
°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®µÕ∫ πÕßµ“¡·π«§‘¥¢Õß
惵‘°√√¡ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Gold (1980)
°≈à“««à“ ªí®®—¬¿“¬„π∑’¡Ë  ’ «à π∑”„Àâ·µà≈–
§πµÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ·µ°µà “ ß°— π
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ Ù ªí®®—¬∑’Ë ”§—≠ §◊Õ (Ò)
ª√– ∫°“√≥å∑º’Ë “à π¡“ (previous expe-
rience) (Ú) ∫ÿ § ≈‘ ° ¿“æ à « π∫ÿ § §≈
(personality) (Û) ∑—»π§µ‘∑¡’Ë µ’ Õà ∏√√¡-
™“µ‘ (attitudes towards nature) ·≈–
(Ù) §«“¡ºŸ°µ‘¥°—∫ ∂“π∑’Ë (attach-
ment to place)
(Ò) ª√– ∫°“√≥å ∑’Ë
ºà“π¡“ æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∑’ˇ§¬‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ·≈â«„π
Õ¥’µ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπª√–‡¿∑„¥ ¡’§«“¡∂’Ë
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µ√ÕߢÕߪ√–™“™π ‡æ◊ËÕµÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬„πª√–‡¥Áπ¢Õß‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥
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‡ ’¬À“¬ ·≈–¡“µ√°“√∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡„π
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æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∑’ˇ°‘¥·≈â«„πÕ¥’µ ·≈–¡’
§«“¡√ÿ π ·√ß¡“°∑’Ë  ÿ ¥ ®–∂Ÿ ° ¬÷ ¥ ‡ªì π
‡°≥±å ‡ ª√’ ¬ ∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫°— ∫ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ∑’Ë Õ “®
®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂â“æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∑’Ë¡’§«“¡
√ÿπ·√ߥ—ß°≈à“«¡’‚Õ°“ ‡°‘¥πâÕ¬ ª√–-
™“™πÕ“®µÕ∫ πÕߥ⫬°“√¡Õß„π·ßà
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‰¡à √â“ߧ«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬µàÕ™’«‘µ ‡™àπ °√≥’
¿— ¬ ·≈â ß ·≈–πÈ” ∑à « ¡„πƒ¥Ÿ πÈ” À≈“°
ª√–™“™πÕ“®µÕ∫ πÕߥ⫬°“√«“߇©¬
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(Ú) ∫ÿ § ≈‘ ° ¿“æ à « π
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°‘√‘¬“∑à“∑“ß ·µàÀ¡“¬∂÷ß≈—°…≥– à«π
∫ÿ§§≈ ‡™àπ °“√»÷°…“ ∞“π– ·≈–«ÿ≤‘-
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‡ √‘ ¡ ∫ÿ § ≈‘ ° ¿“æ„π°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ
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§«“¡‡ªìπ§π ∫“¬ Ê ¡’æ√–æÿ∑∏»“ π“
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∫ÿ§≈‘°¿“æ à«π∫ÿ§§≈‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ°“√
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¿—¬) ∑—Èßπ’È ‡æ√“– “¡“√∂√—∫√Ÿâ ª√–‡¡‘π
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‰«âæ√âÕ¡ µ√ß°—π¢â“¡°—∫ºŸâ∑’Ë¡’≈—°…≥–
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°—π ∑—Èßπ’È ‡æ√“–»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√√—∫√Ÿâ
°“√ª√–‡¡‘π ∂“π°“√≥å √«¡µ≈Õ¥®π
°“√‡µ√’ ¬ ¡¡“µ√°“√ªÑ Õ ß°— π æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬
§àÕπ¢â“ߵ˔ °“√µÕ∫ πÕß®÷ß¡—°‡ªìπ‰ª
µ“¡¬∂“°√√¡
(Û) ∑— » 𧵑 ∑’Ë ¡’ µà Õ
∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¡πÿ…¬å„π·µà≈– —ߧ¡¡Õß
¡π—   ÿ«√√≥
·≈–„Àâ § «“¡ ”§— ≠ °— ∫ ∏√√¡™“µ‘ · µ°
µà“ß°—π‰ªµ“¡√–¥—∫°“√æ—≤π“ (§«“¡√Ÿâ
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‰ª∑”Õ–‰√º‘¥µàÕ∏√√¡™“µ‘ °“√µÕ∫
 πÕßµà Õ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ¢Õß — ß §¡π’È ¡— ° ÕÕ°
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‡æ◊ËÕ¡‘„À⇰‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ À√◊Õ‡ªìπ°“√¢Õ
¢¡“∑’ˉ¥â∑” ‘Ëß∑’˺‘¥≈߉ª
„π — ß §¡∑’Ë √ –¥— ∫ °“√
æ—≤π“¡“°¢÷Èπ ¡πÿ…¬å¡Õß«à“µ—«‡Õ߇ªìπ
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‡™àπ  —ß§¡ªí®®ÿ∫—π ¡πÿ…¬å¡Õß«à“µ—«‡Õß
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∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘‰¥â ·µà¡πÿ…¬å¬—ßæà“¬·æâ
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≈–™ÿ¡™π¡’·∫∫·ºπ°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ
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Õߧåª√–°Õ∫¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â«¢â“ßµâπ‡ªìπ
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
µ—«·ª√∑’Ë ”§—≠ °“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘
¿—¬∑’¡Ë ª’ √– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ (∂Ÿ°µâÕß ‡À¡“– ¡
·≈–∑— π ‡Àµÿ ° “√≥å )  “¡“√∂™à « ¬≈¥
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 “¡“√∂ √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ß¡À—πµå
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惵‘°√√¡°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬
¡“° ®π∑”„Àâ ‰ ¡à   “¡“√∂°≈à “ «‰¥â „ π
√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘
¿—¬‡ªìπ°“√‡©æ“–√“¬°√≥’„π∫∑§«“¡π’È
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ „π°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘
¿—¬¡’·∫∫·ºπ∑’Ëπà“ π„®Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ
·µà≈–§π®–„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫µ—«‡Õ߇ªìπ
≈”¥—∫·√° µ“¡¥â«¬ ¡“™‘°„π§√Õ∫§√—«
∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õßµπ ·≈–™ÿ¡™π‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫
 ÿ¥∑⓬ (Bryant, 1993) ‡æ◊ËÕ„À⇢Ⓞ®
ßà“¬¢÷Èπ ¢Õ·∫àß·≈–Õ∏‘∫“¬æƒµ‘°√√¡
¥—ß°≈à“«‚¥¬ —߇¢ªµ“¡¡‘µ‘¢Õ߇«≈“ ¥—ß
µàÕ‰ªπ’È
Ò) °“√µÕ∫ πÕß°à Õ π
°“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬  ”À√—∫ºŸâ∑’ˉ¡à‰¥â√—∫
¢à“« “√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬®“°°“√‡µ◊Õπ¿—¬
(warning) À√◊ÕºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¢à“« “√¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
·µà‰¡à„ à„® §π„π°≈ÿà¡π’È®–µÕ∫ πÕß
µàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬¥â«¬°“√«“߇©¬ §ß¥”‡π‘π
¿“√°‘ ® „π™’ «‘ µ ª√–®”«— 𠵓¡ª√°µ‘
‡À¡◊Õπ∑’ˇ§¬∑”  ”À√—∫ºŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫¢à“«
 “√¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ®“°°“√‡µ◊ Õ π¿— ¬ ·≈–‰¥â ∑”
°“√‰µ√àµ√Õß·≈â« °“√µÕ∫ πÕßÕ“®
‡ªìπ‰ª„π√Ÿª·∫∫„¥√Ÿª·∫∫Àπ÷Ëß À√◊Õ
∫Ÿ√≥“°“√®“°À≈“¬ Ê √Ÿª·∫∫ §◊Õ
- °“√À“¡“µ√°“√
∫√√‡∑“§«“¡‡ ’ ¬ À“¬ (mitigation
measures) ‡™àπ °“√∑”ª√–°—π¿—¬ °“√
Õæ¬æ ·≈–°“√‡µ√’¬¡∑’ÀË ≈∫¿—¬ ‡ªìπµâπ
- °“√ªÑ Õ ß°— π (pro-
tection) ´÷ËßÕ“®∑”„π√–¥—∫™ÿ¡™π ‡™àπ
°“√ √â“ßÕà“߇°Á∫πÈ” À√◊Õ∑”π∫°—ÈππÈ”
À√◊Õ√–¥—∫§√Õ∫§√—« ‡™àπ °“√¢π¢Õß
‰«â„π∑’Ë Ÿß ·≈–°“√‡µ√’¬¡‡√◊Õ ”À√—∫¿—¬
πÈ”∑à«¡ ‡ªìπµâπ
- °“√ª√— ∫  ¿“æ‡æ◊Ë Õ
√Õß√—∫ ∂“π°“√≥å (adjustment) ‡ªìπ
°“√‡µ√’¬¡µ—«√—∫ ∂“π°“√≥å‡æ◊ËÕ∑√“∫
‡ªìπ°“√≈à«ßÀπâ“«à“‡°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ‡™àπ
°“√‡µ√’¬¡Õ“À“√·Àâß °“√¢ÿ¥∫àÕÀ√◊Õ
À“·À≈à ß πÈ” ·≈–°“√‡≈◊ Õ °ª≈Ÿ ° æ◊ ™ ∑’Ë
‡À¡“– ¡ ‡æ◊ËÕ√Õß√—∫¿—¬·Àâß·≈âß ‡ªìπµâπ
Ú) ° “ √ µ Õ ∫   π Õ ß
√–À«à“ß°“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— °“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫µ— ‘
¿— ¬ ·µà ≈ –§√—È ß ®–¡’ § π°≈ÿà ¡ Àπ÷Ë ß ∑’Ë µ Õ∫
 πÕߥ⫬Փ°“√µ°„® ÿ¥¢’¥ ®π∂÷ߢ—Èπ
‡ªìπ≈¡À¡¥ µ‘  ”À√—∫ºŸâª√– ∫æ‘∫—µ‘
¿— ¬ ∑’Ë ¬— ß §ß¡’   µ‘ ¥’ ® –µÕ∫ πÕß„π√Ÿ ª
≈—°…≥åµà“ß Ê ¥—ßπ’È §◊Õ
- µà Õ  Ÿâ À √◊ Õ º®≠°— ∫
æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬π—È𠇙à𠧫“¡æ¬“¬“¡¥—∫‰ø
‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬ ·≈–°“√· «ßÀ“«— ¥ÿ
Õÿª°√≥å/°√– Õ∫∑√“¬‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—ππÈ”
∑à«¡
- √«∫√«¡ ¡“™‘ ° „π
§√Õ∫§√—«‡¢â“¥â«¬°—π·≈â«Õ¬Ÿà„π ∂“π∑’Ë
À≈∫¿—¬ À√◊Õ∑’Ë∑’Ë¡’§«“¡·¢Áß·√ß∑’Ë ÿ¥
¢Õß∑’Ëæ—°Õ“»—¬
- µ—È ß  µ‘ 欓¬“¡ ß∫
 µ‘Õ“√¡≥å ·≈–„Àâ°”≈—ß„®´÷Ëß°—π·≈–°—π
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- · ¥ßÕ“°“√¢Õߧ«“¡
°≈—« §√ÿà𧑥 ·≈–«‘µ°°—ß«≈
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¿—¬·µà≈–§√—È߉¥â°àÕ„À⇰‘¥º≈°√–∑∫ ∑—Èß
‚¥¬∑“ßµ√ß·≈–‚¥¬∑“ßÕâ Õ ¡µà Õ ™’ «‘ µ
·≈–∑√— æ ¬å  ‘ π ¢Õߪ√–™“™π„πæ◊È π ∑’Ë
¥—ßπ—Èπ ¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬‡√“¡—°
æ∫‡ÀÁπ‡ ¡Õ Ê «à“ ¡’°“√µÕ∫ πÕß
¢Õߪ√–™“™πºŸ‰â ¥â√∫— º≈°√–∑∫„πÀ≈“¬
≈— ° …≥–∑’Ë   “¡“√∂°≈à “ «‚¥¬¿“æ√«¡
‰¥â §◊Õ
-  ‘πÈ À«—ß À¡¥°”≈—ß„®
- ‡§√’¬¥ °â“«√â“« ‚°√∏
ßà“¬
- ®”„®µâ Õ ß¬â “ ¬‰ªÕ¬Ÿà
∑’ÕË π◊Ë
- µ—È ß ∂‘Ë π ∞“π„À¡à „ π∑’Ë
‡¥‘¡ (‡æ√“–‰¡à¡∑’ Õ’Ë ¬ŸÕà π◊Ë ·≈–/À√◊Õ§«“¡
ºŸ°µ‘¥„πæ◊Èπ∑’ˇ¥‘¡)
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‡Õ߉¥â µâÕß√Õ§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ®“°ºŸâÕ◊Ëπ
¡’ ‘Ëß∑’Ëπà“ —߇°µ Ú ª√–°“√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«
¢âÕß°—∫°“√µÕ∫ πÕßÀ≈—ß®“°°“√‡°‘¥
¿— ¬ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¢â Õ  — ß ‡°µª√–°“√·√° §◊ Õ
°“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕߺŸâ∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫
‚¥¬µ√ß®“°°“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬ ¡—°‡ªìπ
°“√µÕ∫ πÕß∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «¢âÕß°—∫Õ“√¡≥å ´÷ßË
§àÕπ¢â“ß√ÿπ·√ß·≈–¬“«π“π ∫√√¥“π—°
∫√√‡∑“ “∏“√≥¿—¬·≈–ºŸâ∑”ß“π„À⧫“¡
™à«¬‡À≈◊ÕºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬‡√’¬°ºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬
∑’Ë¡’Õ“°“√¥—ß°≈à“««à“‡ªìπ Critical In-
cidence Stress Syndrome : CISS
°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õߪ√–™“™π :
∫∑«‘‡§√“–Àå°√≥’¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬

(Bryant, 1993)  ”À√— ∫ ¢â Õ  — ß ‡°µ∑’Ë
πà“ π„®Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷ËߢÕß°“√µÕ∫
 πÕß¿“¬À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘ §◊Õ °“√
µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ‡Àµÿ°“√≥å¢ÕߧπÕ’°°≈ÿà¡
Àπ÷Ëß ´÷ËßÕ“®¡’¡ÿ¡¡Õß∑’Ë·µ°µà“߉ª®“°
ºŸâ ª √– ∫æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ‚¥¬µ√ß‚¥¬ ‘È π ‡™‘ ß
°“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕ¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘¢Õߧπ°≈ÿà¡
π’È “¡“√∂·∫àß·¬°‰¥â‡ªìπ Ú °≈ÿ࡬àÕ¬
§◊Õ (Ò) °≈ÿࡺŸâ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°À¥ÀŸà„®µàÕ
°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ √Ÿâ ÷° ß “√ ‡ÀÁπ„® ·≈–„Àâ
°”≈—ß·°àºŸâª√– ∫¿—¬ √«¡µ≈Õ¥®π°“√
À“∑“ߙ૬‡À≈◊Õ„π√Ÿª·∫∫µà“ß Ê ·≈–
(Ú) °≈ÿࡺŸâ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‰ª„π∑“ßµ√ß
°—π¢â“¡ §π„π°≈ÿà¡π’ÈÕ“®· ¥ßÕÕ°„π
√Ÿ ª ¢Õߧ«“¡ “·°à „ ®∑’Ë ‡ ÀÁ 𠧫“¡ Ÿ ≠
‡ ’¬‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡æ√“–æ«°µπ®–‰¥âÀ“∑“ß
‡¢â“‰ª§√Õ∫§√ÕßÀ√◊ÕÀ“ª√–‚¬™π宓°
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ∑”πÕߧ≈⓬°—πÕ“®¡’§π∫“ß à«π
µÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ ¿— ¬ æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¥â « ¬°“√©«¬
‚Õ°“ ‚®√°√√¡ À√◊Õ·Õ∫Õâ“ß°“√‡ªìπ
‡®â“¢Õß„π∑√—æ¬å ‘π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫
„π¢≥–∑’˺Ÿâª√–°Õ∫°“√ª√–‡¿∑æàÕ§â“
π“¬∑ÿπ°ÁÕ“®¡Õß«à“‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ëæ«°
‡¢“®–‰¥â¢“¬ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°
¢÷Èπ ®“°°“√„À⧫“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ„π°“√
∫Ÿ√≥–øóôπøŸ®“°¿“¬πÕ° ∑’Ë¡—°æ∫‡™àπ
°—π§◊Õ æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’˪√– ∫¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘‰¥â°≈“¬
‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«µàÕ¡“„π¿“¬À≈—ß
¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕߧπÕ’°°≈ÿà¡
Àπ÷Ëß„π à«ππ’ȧ◊Õ °“√µÕ∫ πÕß„π¡ÿ¡
¡ÕߢÕßπ—°∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ« ·≈–/À√◊Õπ—°«‘™“
°“√
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¢Õߪ√–™“™πµàÕæ‘∫µ— ¿‘ ¬— : °√≥’ ‚Õ°“ ‡°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘Õ¬à“ß
¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √ÿπ·√ß °≈à“«§◊Õ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡‘‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà„π
Û.Ò  ∂“π°“√≥å æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬ ·≈–
¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
π— ∫ ‡ ªì π § « “ ¡ ‚ ™ § ¥’ ¢ Õ ß
ª√–™“™π™“«‰∑¬∑’Ë¡’∫√√æ¡À“°…—µ√‘¬å
·≈–∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…∑’Ë™“≠©≈“¥„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°
∑’˵—ÈߢÕߪ√–‡∑» ≥ ∑’Ë ∑’Ë ‡ √“Õ“»— ¬ Õ¬Ÿà
„πªí®®ÿ∫—π æ‘®“√≥“„π‡™‘ß¿Ÿ¡‘»“ µ√å
·¡âª√–‡∑»‰∑¬®–¡‘‰¥âµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë
¥’ ∑’Ë  ÿ ¥ À√◊ Õ ‡À¡“– ¡∑’Ë  ÿ ¥ ∑—È ß „π‡™‘ ß
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∑ÕßÀ√◊Õ∑’‡Ë √’¬°«à“ ç·À≈¡ ÿ«√√≥¿Ÿ¡é‘
≈—°…≥–∑“ß°“¬¿“æ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà
„π‡¢µÕ“°“»·∫∫¡√ ÿ¡ ¡’¿Ÿ‡¢“·≈–∑’Ë
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§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡„π¥â“π°“√‡°…µ√®π¡’
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·≈– π—∫ πÿπ„Àâª√–™“™π§π‰∑¬‡ªìπ
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§«“¡ºŸ°æ—π ∑—Èß„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–‡§√◊Õ≠“µ‘
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∑’Ë ‰ ¥â ™◊Ë Õ «à “ ·À≈¡ ÿ « √√≥¿Ÿ ¡‘ · Àà ß π’È §◊ Õ
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„µâ∫√‘‡«≥∑’‡Ë √’¬°«à“ «ß·À«π√Õ∫·ª´‘ø°î
(curcum-pacific ring) ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
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ª√–‡∑»®’π ·≈–Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ‡ªìπµâπ
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‰¡à‰¥â ∂÷ß°√–π—Èπ°Áµ“¡ §«“¡ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬
∑—È ß µà Õ ™’ «‘ µ ·≈–∑√— æ ¬å  ‘ π ®“°æ‘ ∫— µ‘ ¿— ¬
∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫ª√–‡∑»µà“ß Ê
¥— ß ∑’Ë ° ≈à “ «Õâ “ ß·≈â « ¢â “ ßµâ π ¬— ß π— ∫ «à “
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫§àÕπ¢â“ß
πâÕ¬  ∂‘µ‘¢Õß¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
√«∫√«¡‰«â‚¥¬ Center for Research
on the Epidemiology of Disasters :
CRED ´÷Ëßµ—ÈßÕ¬Ÿà„πª√–‡∑»‡∫≈‡¬’¬¡
√–À«à“ß æ.». ÚÙ˘¯-ÚıÙ¯ æ√âÕ¡
∑—È ß §«“¡ Ÿ ≠ ‡ ’ ¬ ∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π · ¥ß‰¥â
¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò ·≈–µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ú
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò  √ÿª¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √–À«à“ß æ.». ÚÙ˘¯-ÚıÙ¯

ºŸâ‡ ’¬™’«‘µ ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫ ‰√â∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬

ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘ ®”π«π§√—Èß
(»æ) (§π) (§π)
§«“¡·Àâß·≈âß ı - - -
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‚√§√–∫“¥ ı ÚÒ - -
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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°“√· ¥ß惵‘°√√¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π¿“¬
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
À≈—ß°“√‡°‘¥æ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫·√° ‚¥¬
惵‘°√√¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π∑’˵Õ∫ πÕß
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‡°‘¥‡Àµÿ°“√≥åæ∫«à“ ¡’§Õà π¢â“ßπâÕ¬¡“°
(Bryant, 1993 ; Gold, 1980 ; Smith,
2004 ; Walmsley and Lewis, 1984)
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www.thaiwater.net

Abstract The Response to the Natural Hazards’ People : The Analysis Event’s Thailand
Manat Suwan
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, The Royal Institute, Thailand

For the Thai people, natural hazards are not the remote things that can be overlooked anymore.
Disasters caused by the events seem to happen more often and become more destructive. Even the
natural hazard that we all believe to have very little chance to occur in our country, such as Tsunami,
had already occurred in the 6 southern provinces along the eastern coast of Andaman Sea in December
2004. Some natural hazards can be predicted as to when they are going to occur, while some could not
be done so. Once the unpredictable event occurs, great losses both to lives and property usually follow.
This article aims to present the general context of the natural hazards as well as the analysis of
reponses to those event of the people, the Thais in particular. What shown in the paper are of three main
parts. The general context of the hazards is presented in the first portion. The people’s responses to
the events and the analytical case of Thailand are shown in the second and third parts respectively.

Key words : natural hazards, Thai people

¡π—   ÿ«√√≥
631
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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 Ÿ≠‡ ’¬πÈ”Àπ—° °“√‡°Á∫√—°…“‰«â∑Õ’Ë ≥ ÿ À-
¿Ÿ¡‘µË”¡“° ·µà°“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈
¡—ߧÿ¥‡π◊ËÕß®“° “‡Àµÿ¥—ß°≈à“« ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ
·°à ‡ ª≈◊ Õ °º≈¡— ß §ÿ ¥ ∑—È ß º≈·≈–‡°‘ ¥ ¢÷È π
Õ¬à“ß™â“ Ê ¢≥–∑’Ë°“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°
º≈¡—ߧÿ¥‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√µ°°√–∑∫®–‡°‘¥
¢÷Èπ‡©æ“–‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¥â
√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡∑à“π—Èπ ·≈–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ
Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«¿“¬„π‡«≈“ Ò-Û ™—Ë«‚¡ß
À≈—ß®“°°“√µ°°√–∑∫ „π∑’Ëπ’È®–°≈à“«
√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡©æ“–°“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°
º≈¡—ߧÿ¥ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√µ°°√–∑∫‡∑à“
π—Èπ«à“‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“߉√
§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß°“¬¿“懰‘¥
¢÷Èπ·°àº≈¡—ߧÿ¥‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√
º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∑’Ë´◊ÈÕ¢“¬∑’˵≈“¥∑—Èß¿“¬
„πª√–‡∑»·≈–µà“ߪ√–‡∑»π—Èπ °àÕπ∑’Ë
 “¬™≈ ‡°µÿ…“
®–∂÷ ß ¡◊ Õ ºŸâ ∫ √‘ ‚ ¿§‰¥â ºà “ π¢—È π µÕπ¢Õß
°“√ªØ‘∫µ— À‘ ≈“¬Õ¬à“ß ‚¥¬‡√‘¡Ë µ—ßÈ ·µà°“√
‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ« °“√§—¥‡≈◊Õ°§ÿ≥¿“æ °“√§—¥
¢π“¥ °“√∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ °“√∫√√®ÿ
°“√¢π àß ·≈–°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“ ¢—ÈπµÕπ
¢Õß°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µà“ß Ê ‡À≈à“π’ȵâÕß¡’°“√
®—∫  —¡º—  ·≈–‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬º≈¡—ߧÿ¥ ∂â“
°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘∑”¥â«¬§«“¡‰¡à√–¡—¥√–«—ß
À√◊ Õ ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ ‰ ¡à ∂Ÿ ° «‘ ∏’ ® –∑”„Àâ º ≈¡— ß §ÿ ¥
¡’°“√µ°°√–∑∫ °“√°¥ °“√∫’∫ °“√
‡ ’¬¥ ’ ·≈–°“√∂Ÿ°¢Õß¡’§¡  ‘Ëßµà“ß Ê
‡À≈à“π’È∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ·°àº≈¡—ߧÿ¥‡ªì𧫓¡
‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂∑”
„À⇪≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬
„π≈—°…≥–µà“ß Ê ‡™àπ °“√™È” °“√
‡°‘¥∫“¥·º≈ §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬¥—ß°≈à“«
‰¡à   “¡“√∂ à ß º≈°√–∑∫µà Õ §ÿ ≥ ¿“æ
¢Õ߇π◊ÕÈ º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∑’ÕË ¬Ÿ¿à “¬„π ·µà‡ª≈◊Õ°
º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬
®–¡’§«“¡·¢Á߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
°“√µ°°√–∑∫∑”„À⇪≈◊Õ°º≈
¡—ߧÿ¥·¢Áߢ÷Èπ‰¥âÕ¬à“߉√
º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∑’˵°°√–∑∫®“°∑’Ë Ÿß∂÷ß
æ◊Èπ§Õπ°√’µ¡’§«“¡·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈
∫√‘‡«≥µ°°√–∑∫‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«
¿“¬„π‡«≈“ Ò-Û ™—Ë«‚¡ß À≈—ß°“√µ°
°√–∑∫ (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò) ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π¡’°“√
µ√«®æ∫«à “ ª√‘ ¡ “≥≈‘ ° π‘ π (lignin)
„π∫√‘‡«≥‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∑’˵°°√–∑∫
®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú) ·≈–
¡’ ° “√≈¥≈ߢÕߪ√‘ ¡ “≥ “√øï π Õ≈‘ °
(√Ÿª∑’Ë Û) ≈‘°π‘π‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë·∑√°Õ¬Ÿà
∫√‘‡«≥ºπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õßæ◊™ ·≈–™à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡
633
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
§«“¡·¢Á ß ·√ß„Àâ · °à º π— ß ‡´≈≈å ¢ Õßæ◊ ™
¡“°¢÷È𠬑Ëß¡’°“√ – ¡≈‘°π‘π¡“°°Á¬‘Ëß
‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡·¢Áß·√ß„Àâ·°àºπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õß
æ◊™¡“°¢÷Èπ °“√ —߇§√“–Àå≈‘°π‘π¢Õß
æ◊™‡√‘Ë¡µâπ®“°øïπ‘≈·Õ≈–π’π (phenyl-
alanine) ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π °√¥·Õ¡‘ ‚ π·≈–∂Ÿ °
‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ “√øïπÕ≈‘° ‚¥¬°“√°√–µÿâπ
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å phenylalanine
ammonia lyase (PAL) øïπÕ≈‘°®–∂Ÿ°
‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ≈‘°π‘π‚¥¬ºà“π “√µ—«°≈“ß
À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™à π p-coumaric acid,
ferulic acid ·≈– sinapic acid (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù)
°“√ — ß ‡§√“–Àå ≈‘ ° π‘ π „πæ◊ ™ ·∫à ß
ÕÕ°‡ªìπ Ú «‘∏’ ¥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù §◊Õ Ò)
æ◊™‡¡≈Á¥‡ª≈◊Õ¬ (gymnosperm) ‡™àπ
 πª√ß ‡øî√åπ (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù ´â“¬) ·≈– Ú)
æ◊™¥Õ° (angiosperm) ‡™àπ ¡—ß§ÿ¥
¡–¡à«ß  â¡ (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù ¢«“)  ”À√—∫°“√
 — ß ‡§√“–Àå ≈‘ ° π‘ π „π∫√‘ ‡ «≥‡ª≈◊ Õ °º≈
¡— ß §ÿ ¥ ∑’Ë µ °°√–∑∫ ¡’ ° “√µ√«® Õ∫
°‘ ® °√√¡¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å ∫ “ß™π‘ ¥ ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π
µ— « ‡√à ß ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “‡§¡’ „ π°“√ — ß ‡§√“–Àå
≈‘°π‘𠇙àπ PAL, cinnamyl alcohol
dehydrogenase (CAD) ·≈– peroxi-
dase (POD) æ∫«à“¡’°‘®°√√¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«„π™à«ß‡«≈“√–À«à“ß Ò-
Ú π“∑’ À≈— ß °“√µ°°√–∑∫ (√Ÿ ª ∑’Ë
ı) ·≈–¬—ßæ∫ “√µ—«°≈“ß∫“ß™π‘¥¡’
ª√‘¡“≥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ ‡™àπ p-coumaric
acid ·≈– sinapic acid (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù) ´÷Ëß
‡ªìπ°“√¬◊π¬—π«à“°“√ —߇§√“–Àå≈‘°π‘π
„π‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥‡ªìπ‰ª¥—ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù
(¢«“) πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’°“√»÷°…“°“√
 – ¡≈‘°π‘π„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
¡—ߧÿ¥∑’˵°°√–∑∫‚¥¬°“√¬âÕ¡ ’ (his-
tochemistry) ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥
°—∫ “√ KMnO4, phloroglucinol ·≈–
toluidine blue O ´÷Ëß®–∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫
≈‘°π‘π·≈–„Àâ ’‡©æ“– ‚¥¬ KMnO4 ∑”
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫≈‘°π‘𵑥 ’‡À≈◊ÕßπÈ”µ“≈
phloroglucinol ∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫≈‘°π‘π
µ‘¥ ’·¥ß â¡ ·≈– toluidine blue O ∑”
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫≈‘°π‘𵑥 ’πÈ”‡ß‘π ª√“°Ø
«à“‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë
µ°°√–∑∫¡’ ° “√ – ¡≈‘ ° π‘ π ‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¡“°
°«à“∫√‘‡«≥‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥
∑’‰Ë ¡à‰¥â¡°’ “√µ°°√–∑∫ (√Ÿª∑’Ë ˆ ·≈– ˜)
¥— ß π—È π °“√ – ¡¢Õß≈‘ ° π‘ π ‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π
Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«„π∫√‘‡«≥‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°
60
50
Firmness (newtons)
40
30
20
10
0 0.0
0 1
Hours after Impact
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߧ«“¡·¢Áß (§«“¡·πàπ‡π◊ÈÕ)
º≈¡— ß §ÿ ¥ ∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë ¡’ ° “√µ°°√–∑∫
‡æ√“–‡π◊È Õ ‡¬◊Ë Õ ¢Õ߇ª≈◊ Õ °º≈¡— ß §ÿ ¥ ∑’Ë
‰¥â √— ∫ §«“¡‡ ’ ¬ À“¬‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°°“√µ°
°√–∑∫®–°√–µÿâ π „Àâ ¡’ ° “√ — ß ‡§√“–Àå
‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“
¢Õß°“√ —߇§√“–Àå≈‘°π‘π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß
√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇π◊ÈÕ
‡¬◊ËÕ∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇ°‘¥°“√µ°°√–∑∫
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°
º≈¡— ß §ÿ ¥ ∫√‘ ‡ «≥∑’Ë µ °°√–∑∫‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π
ª√–¡“≥ ÚÒı-Û¯ı ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå ¢≥–
∑’˪√‘¡“≥ “√≈‘°π‘π„π∫√‘‡«≥‡ª≈◊Õ°
º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∑’Ë¡’°“√µ°°√–∑∫®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
‡æ’¬ß Òı-Ú¯¯ ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‡∑à“π—Èπ
· ¥ß«à “ °“√‡æ‘Ë ¡ ª√‘ ¡ “≥≈‘ ° π‘ π ‡æ’ ¬ ß
2.0
Absorbance at 280 nm
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
2 3
634
Õ¬à“߇¥’¬«‰¡àπà“®–∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·¢Áß
¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∫√‘‡«≥∑’˵°°√–∑∫
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß¡“° ¡’°“√æ∫ª√‘¡“≥ “√
ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ (complex) ¢Õß≈‘°π‘π
√«¡µ—«°—∫§“√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ·≈–‚ª√µ’π‡æ‘¡Ë
¢÷Èπ¥â«¬„π∫√‘‡«≥‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥∑’Ë¡’
°“√µ°°√–∑∫ ≈‘°π‘π “¡“√∂√«¡µ—«
°—∫§“√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ·≈–‚ª√µ’π‡ªìπ “√
ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ∑’Ë¡’¢π“¥¢Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈
„À≠à¢÷Èπ ´÷Ëß®–‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡·¢Áß·√ߢÕß
ºπ—߇´≈≈å¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥
∫√‘‡«≥∑’˵°°√–∑∫ ∑”„Àâ¡’°“√·¢Áß
¢Õ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß√«¥
‡√Á«À≈—ß°“√µ°°√–∑∫
0 1 2 3
Hours after Impact
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥≈‘°π‘π
°“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥À≈—ß°“√µ°°√–∑∫
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

0.7
0.6

Absorbance at 760 nm
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 1 2 3
Hours after Impact

√Ÿª∑’Ë Û °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߪ√‘¡“≥ “√øïπÕ≈‘° „π‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥«—¬ ’¡à«ß∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√µ°°√–∑∫ (✑) ·≈–∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√µ°°√–∑∫

‚¥¬Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ¢Õß∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë¡’ÕÕ°´‘‡®πª√°µ‘ (✑) ·≈–‰¡à¡’ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (✑) À≈—ß°“√µ°°√–∑∫ (®“° Ketsa and Atantee, 1998)

phenylalanine
phenylalanine ammonia lyase
(PAL)
caffeic acid
cinnamic acid

p-coumaric acid ferulic acid sinapic acid

p-coumaric CoA feruloyl CoA sinapoyl CoA

coniferyl aldehyde sinapyl aldehyde

p-coumaryl aldehyde cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase
(CAD)
p-coumaryl alcohol coniferyl alcohol sinapyl alcohol
peroxidase (POD)
O2
lignin
Gymnosperm Angiosperm

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù ¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√ —߇§√“–Àå≈‘°π‘π„πæ◊™‡¡≈Á¥‡ª≈◊Õ¬ (gymnosperm) ·≈–æ◊™¥Õ° (angiosperm) (®“° Whetten and Sederoff,

1995)

 “¬™≈ ‡°µÿ…“
635
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

0.10
15 min PAL

PAL activity (units mg-1 protein)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 60 120 180
Minutes after Impact

30 30
15 min CAD 15 min POD
POD activity (units mg-1 protein)

25 2.5
CAD (nkatal mg-1 protein)

20 2.0
15 1.5
10 1.0
5 0.5
0 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 60 120 180 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 60 120 180
Minutes after Impact Minutes after Impact

√Ÿª∑’Ë ı °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß°‘®°√√¡¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å PAL, CAD ·≈– POD „π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥«—¬ ’¡à«ß∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¡àµ°°√–∑∫ (✑)

·≈–µ°°√–∑∫ (✑) (®“° Bunsiri, 2003)

°“√·¢ÁߢÕ߇ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥À≈—ß°“√µ°°√–∑∫
636
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

Undamaged Damaged
165 µm 50 cm 100 cm

▲
Toluidine Blue O Phloroglucinol
KMnO4

√Ÿª∑’Ë ˆ °“√¬âÕ¡µ‘¥ ’¢Õß “√ KMnO4, toluidine blue O ·≈– phloroglucinol ¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥«—¬ ’¡à«ß∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˉ¡àµ°

°√–∑∫ (undamaged) ·≈–µ°°√–∑∫ (damaged)  Ÿß®“°æ◊Èπ ı ·≈– Ò ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√ ¿“æ°”≈—ߢ¬“¬ ÓÒ (®“° Bunsiri, 2003)

Air Nitrogen
165 µm
▲

phloroglucinol

toluidine blue O

KMnO4

√Ÿª∑’Ë ˜ °“√¬âÕ¡µ‘¥ ’¢Õß “√ KMnO4, toluidine blue O ·≈– phloroglucinol ¢Õ߇π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥«—¬ ’¡à«ß„π∫√‘‡«≥∑’˵°°√–∑∫

·≈–Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ¢Õß∫√√¬“°“»∑’Ë¡’ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (´â“¬) ·≈–‰¡à¡’ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (¢«“) À≈—ß°“√µ°°√–∑∫ ¿“æ°”≈—ߢ¬“¬ ÓÒ (®“° Bunsiri, 2003)

 “¬™≈ ‡°µÿ…“
637
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
ªí®®—¬∑’‡Ë °’¬Ë «¢âÕß°—∫°“√·¢ÁߢÕß Û. ÕÕ°´‘‡®π º≈¡—ߧÿ¥À≈—ß°“√ ‡π◊È Õ ‡¬◊Ë Õ ∫√‘ ‡ «≥π’È ¡’ § «“¡·¢Á ß ·√߇æ‘Ë ¡
‡ª≈◊Õ°º≈¡—ߧÿ¥ µ°°√–∑∫·≈â « ·≈–Õ¬Ÿà „ π ¿“æ¢Õß ¢÷Èπ ·≈–ªÑÕß°—π°“√‡¢â“∑”≈“¬¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ
°“√·¢Á ß ¢Õ߇ª≈◊ Õ °º≈¡— ß §ÿ ¥
∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√µ°°√–∑∫π—Èπ πÕ°®“°
®–‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫ “√øïπÕ≈‘° ≈‘°π‘π ·≈–
‡Õπ‰´¡å¥—ß‰¥â°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßµâπ ¬—ß¡’
ªí®®—¬Õ◊Ëπ Ê ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕßÕ’°¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
Ò. «—¬¢Õߺ≈ «—¬À√◊Õ§«“¡ÕàÕπ
·°à¢Õߺ≈¡—ߧÿ¥¡’º≈µàÕ°“√·¢Áßµ—«¢Õß
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ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

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Abstract Pericarp Hardening of Mangosteen Fruit after Impact

Saichol Ketsa
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical fruit crop which is one of the most important
economic fruit crops of Thailand. The pericarp of mangosteen fruits serves as an excellent packing
material to protect the soft aril during postharvest handling. Mangosteen pericarp hardens rapidly as
a result of impact. Even though pericarp hardening does not affect the eating quality of mangosteen
fruits but consumers are prone to reject mangosteen fruits with pericarp hardening. It has been reported
that pericarp hardening rapidly increased concomitant with an increase in lignin content and a decrease
in total phenolics in damaged pericarp of mangosteen fruits after impact. Many enzymes involved in
lignin synthesis such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, peroxidase,
etc. have been found in damaged pericarp to rapidly increase and reach a maximum with 10-20 minutes
after impact. Intermediates in lignin biosynthetic pathway such as p-coumaric acid and sinapic acid
have been also found increasingly in damaged pericarp of mangosteen fruits after impact. Pericarp
hardening of mangosteen fruits depends on many factors such as maturity, impact height, oxygen, etc.
Lignin synthesis of damaged pericarp is a self-defense mechanism of plants against intruders.

Key words : mangosteen, pericarp, hardening, impact, lignin

 “¬™≈ ‡°µÿ…“
639
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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‡æ◊ËÕ„À⧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ª√°µ‘ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Ú ¢

π‘¿“ ®√Ÿ≠‡« ¡å
641
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
°“√∑”ß“π¢Õߪ≈“¬ª√– “∑√— ∫ À¥µ—«¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘Ϋ≈¥≈ß º≈
·√ߥ—π°—∫ arteriolar tone ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Ú À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘Ϋ¢¬“¬µ—« tone ≈¥≈ß
°,¢,§ §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®–≈¥≈ß
°. §«“¡¥— π ‡≈◊ Õ ¥ Ÿ ß ª≈“¬ ¢. §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ª√°µ‘ ª≈“¬
ª√– “∑√— ∫ ·√ߥ— π ®–°¥»Ÿ π ¬å ª √— ∫ ª√– “∑√—∫·√ߥ—π®–°¥»Ÿπ¬åª√—∫¢π“¥
¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥¡“°¢÷È π ∑”„Àâ ° “√ À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâÀ≈Õ¥
° ¢
Vasodilatation Normal Vasoconstriction
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Ú °, ¢, §
Ò.Û ª≈“¬ª√– “∑√— ∫ ·√ߥ— 𠧫“¡√Ÿâ ÷° (receptor) ∂Ÿ°°√–µÿâπ·≈–
∫√‘ ‡ «≥ carotid sinus ∑’Ë § ÕÕ“®®–  àß —≠≠“≥‰ª°¥»Ÿπ¬åª√—∫¢π“¥À≈Õ¥
∂Ÿ ° °√–µÿâ π ®“°°“√°¥§Õ¿“¬πÕ°‰¥â ‡≈◊Õ¥ ∑”„À⧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥µË”≈߉¥â¥—ß
°“√°¥§Õ∫√‘ ‡ «≥π’È ® –∑”„Àâ À πà « ¬√— ∫ √Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Û ¢ ´÷Ëß„π§π∑’Ë¡’ carotid sinus
° ¢
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Û °, ¢
642
‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘Ϋ¡’ tone ª√°µ‘
§. §«“¡¥— π ‡≈◊ Õ ¥µàË” ª≈“¬
ª√– “∑√—∫·√ߥ—π®–°¥ V.M.C. ≈¥≈ß
V.M.C. ∑”ß“π¡“°¢÷Èπ ∑”„Àâ arteriolar
tone ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘Ϋ®–À¥
µ—« §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ
§
‰«°«à“ª√°µ‘ °“√µË”≈ߢÕߧ«“¡¥—π
‡≈◊Õ¥π’ÈÕ“®∑”„Àâ∂÷ß°—∫À¡¥ µ‘‰¥â ∫“ß
§π·§àÀ—π»’√…–‰ª¥â“π¢â“ß À√◊Õ„ à‡ ◊ÈÕ
∑’Ë√—¥§Õ°Á∑”„À⇪ìπ≈¡‰¥â
√–∫∫§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥„π§πª√°µ‘

§«“¡¥—π ‡≈◊ Õ ¥∑’Ë  Ÿ ß ¢÷È π ·≈–µË” ≈ß
®“°°“√µÕ∫ πÕߢÕß carotid sinus
„π§π (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Û)
°. §«“¡¥— π ‡≈◊ Õ ¥®– Ÿ ß ¢÷È π ‡¡◊Ë Õ
°¥∫π common carotid artery ∑’µË Ë”°«à“
carotid sinus ‡æ√“–ª≈“¬ª√– “∑√—∫
·√ߥ—π‰¡à∂Ÿ°°√–µÿâπ »Ÿπ¬åª√—∫¢π“¥
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Ù ªí®®—¬µà“ß Ê ∑’Ë∑”„À⻟π¬åª√—∫¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥∑”ß“π
Ò.Ù Chemoreceptor System
Ò. §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
»Ÿ π ¬å ª √— ∫ ¢π“¥À≈Õ¥
‡≈◊Õ¥®–∑”ß“π‰¥â¥’‡¡◊ËÕ√–¥—∫§“√å∫Õπ-
‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å „ π‡≈◊ Õ ¥¡’ æ Õ‡À¡“– ∂â “
π‘¿“ ®√Ÿ≠‡« ¡å
À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥‰¡à∂Ÿ°°¥
¢. §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®–µË”≈ß ‡¡◊ËÕ
°¥∫π carotid sinus ´÷Ëß®–°√–µÿâπ∑’Ë
ª≈“¬ª√– “∑√—∫·√ߥ—π ´÷Ëß®–‰ª°¥
»Ÿπ¬åª√—∫¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥
ªí ® ®— ¬ µà “ ßÊ ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈µà Õ »Ÿ π ¬å
+ = °√–µÿâπ
- = °¥
§“√å ∫ Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å „ π‡≈◊ Õ ¥∑’Ë ¡ “¬— ß
»Ÿπ¬åπ’È¡“°‡°‘π‰ª®–∑”„À⻟π¬å∑”ß“π
¡“°¢÷È π À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘Ϋ®–À¥µ—«
¡“°¢÷È𠧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ „π∑“ß
µ√ß°— π ¢â “ ¡∂â “ ¡’ § “√å ∫ Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
643
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
ª√—∫¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥
°“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇´≈≈å∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥
»Ÿ π ¬å ª √— ∫ ¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥ ´÷Ë ß Õ¬Ÿà ∑’Ë
floor of 4th ventricle ¢Õß ¡Õß®–‡ªìπ
‰ªµ“¡ªí®®—¬À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß√«¡∑—Èߪ≈“¬
ª√– “∑√—∫·√ߥ—π¥â«¬ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.Ù
„π‡≈◊Õ¥πâÕ¬ °“√∑”ß“π¢Õß»Ÿπ¬å®–
πâÕ¬≈ß §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®–µË”≈߇æ√“–
arteriolar tone ≈¥≈ß „π ¿“«–ª√°µ‘
»Ÿπ¬åÀ“¬„® (respiratory centre) ´÷Ëß
‡ªìπ°≈ÿࡇ´≈≈åÕ¬Ÿà∑’ˇ¡¥—≈≈“ ®–§«∫§ÿ¡
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

°“√À“¬„®‡æ◊ËÕ·°â√–¥—∫¢Õߧ“√å∫Õπ- √–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß„π‡≈◊Õ¥·≈–§“√å∫Õπ- ®–°√–µÿâπ°“√À“¬„® ·≈–∑”„À⻟π¬å

‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å„π‡≈◊Õ¥„ÀâÕ¬Ÿ„à π√–¥—∫ª√°µ‘ ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ¡ “°¢÷È π ®–°√–µÿâ π „Àâ »Ÿ π ¬å ª√— ∫ ¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥∑”ß“π¡“°¢÷È π
Ú. °“√¢“¥ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ·≈– ª√— ∫ ¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥∑”ß“π¡“°¢÷È π ¥—ßπ—È𠧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë
chemoreceptors ·≈–°√–µÿâπ chemoreceptors ´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà Ò.ı
∂â“¡’°“√¢“¥ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ∫√‘‡«≥ carotid body ·≈– aortic body

Chemoreceptor system
▲
Stimulate
B.P. (< 80 mmHg) Chemoreceptors

▲
O2 , CO2 ▲
▲ (carotid and aortic bodies)
▲
Vasomotor centre in lower region of brain
▲
Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic)
▲
▲

Stimulate heart Constrict peripheral

blood vessel
▲

▲
B.P. (to normal)

Û. »Ÿπ¬åÀ“¬„®
∂â“¡’°“√°√–µÿâπÀ√◊Õ°¥
∑’Ë »Ÿ π ¬å À “¬„®°Á ® –¡’ º ≈µà Õ »Ÿ π ¬å ª √— ∫
¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ√“–Õ¬Ÿà„°≈â°—π ´÷Ë ß
®–¡’ ‰ ¥â ∑—È ß ∑”„Àâ § «“¡¥— π ‡≈◊ Õ ¥ Ÿ ß ¢÷È π
‡¡◊ËÕ∂Ÿ°°√–µÿâπ ·≈–µË”≈߇¡◊ËÕ∂Ÿ°°¥Ú
Ù. ª√– “∑√— ∫ §«“¡√Ÿâ  ÷ °
(sensory nerves)
ª√– “∑√— ∫ §«“¡√Ÿâ  ÷ °
‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’ˇ°’ˬ«°—∫°“√‡®Á∫ª«¥ ∂â“
‡®Á ∫ ª«¥‡≈Á ° πâ Õ ¬®–∑”„Àâ »Ÿ π ¬å ª √— ∫
¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥∑”ß“π¡“°¢÷Èπ´÷Ëß®–
∑”„À⧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∂Ⓡ®Á∫ª«¥
¡“° Ê ®–∑”„À⻟π¬åª√—∫¢π“¥À≈Õ¥
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.ı
‡≈◊Õ¥∑”ß“ππâÕ¬≈ß º≈∑”„À⧫“¡¥—π
‡≈◊Õ¥µË”≈ß ∂⓵˔≈ß¡“° Ê ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥
Õ“°“√‡ªìπ≈¡‰¥âÛ
ı. Higher centre
„π§πª√°µ‘  à « π¢Õß
‡π◊ÈÕ ¡Õß à«ππÕ° (cerebral cortex)
∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“ higher centre ®–¡’°“√‡°’ˬ«
¢âÕß°—∫°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß»Ÿπ¬åª√—∫¢π“¥
À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¥â«¬ ‡™àπ °“√µ◊Ëπ‡µâπ À√◊Õ
¡’ Õ “√¡≥å ‡ §√’ ¬ ¥ ®–∑”„Àâ »Ÿ π ¬å ª √— ∫
¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥∑”ß“π¡“°¢÷È π ·≈–
√à«¡°—∫°“√¡’ª√‘¡“µ√‡≈◊Õ¥ àßÕÕ°®“°
À—«„®µàÕπ“∑’ (cardiac output) ¡“°
¢÷Èπ ∑”„À⧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷ÈπÚ
Central Nervous System Ischemic
Response
‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥≈¥µË”≈ß <Ù
¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√ª√Õ∑∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√¢“¥‡≈◊Õ¥
‡©æ“–∑’Ë (ischemia) ¢Õß»Ÿπ¬åª√—∫
¢π“¥À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥®– àß —≠≠“≥‰ª¬—ß
√–∫∫ª√– “∑°≈“ß (central nervous
system) ´÷Ë ß ®–µÕ∫ πÕߥ⠫ ¬°“√
°√–µÿâπª√– “∑´‘¡æ“‡∑µ‘° ´÷Ëß®–∑”
„Àâ À ≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥ à « πª≈“¬À¥µ— « ·≈–
°√–µÿâπÀ—«„®„À⇵âπ‡√Á«¢÷Èπ º≈∑”„Àâ
§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥∑’Ë≈¥≈ß Ÿß¢÷Èπ‡ªìπª√°µ‘
‰¥âÒ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.ˆ

√–∫∫§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥„π§πª√°µ‘
644
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

The Central Nervous Systems Ischemic Response

▲
▲
B.P. ( < 40 mmHg) Ischemia of vasomotor centre

▲ Signals
Sympathetic nervous system
▲

▲
▲
Heart activity Constrict peripheral blood vessel

▲
▲

▲
B.P. (to normal)

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò.ˆ

Ú. §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥∂Ÿ°§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬‰µ
Ú.Ò §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®–∂Ÿ°§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬√–∫∫ Renin-Angiotensin ´÷Ë߇°‘¥®“°‰µ ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú.Ò

The Renin-Angiotensin-Vasoconstrictor Mechanism

Kidney ▲
B.P. (< 100 mmHg) Renin
▲

▲
Angiotensinogen
▲
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin
▲ coverting enzyme (ACE)
Vasoconstriction Angiotensin II
▲

(Potent vasopressure)
▲
▲
B.P. (to normal)

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú.Ò

π‘¿“ ®√Ÿ≠‡« ¡å
645
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥≈¥µË”≈ß ‡≈◊Õ¥ angiotensinogen ´÷Ëß¡’Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«„π°√–·  ¢÷Èπ‡ªìπª√°µ‘

®–‰ª¬—߉µπâÕ¬≈ß∑”„À⇰‘¥ renal is-
chemia ®–‰ª°√–µÿâπ„Àâ juxtaglome-
rular cell ´÷ËßÕ¬Ÿà∑’Ë afferent arteriole
„°≈â glomerulus „ÀâÀ≈—Ëß renin ÕÕ°¡“
¡“°¢÷Èπ renin ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å®–‰ª¬àÕ¬
‡≈◊Õ¥„À⇪ìπ angiotensin I angiotensin
converting enzyme ®–¬àÕ¬ angioten-
sin I µàÕ‰ª„À⇪ìπ angiotensin II ´÷Ëß¡’
ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑”„ÀâÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥ à«πª≈“¬À≈Õ¥
‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘ΫÀ¥µ—« §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®– Ÿß
Ú.Ú °“√§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥
‚¥¬ extracellular fluid volume ·≈–
autoregulation ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú.Ú

Arterial Pressure Falls

▲

Renal ischemia
▲

Diminished glomerular filtration

▲

Water and electrolyte retention

▲

Increased extracellular fluid volume

▲

Increased blood volume

▲

Increased right atrial pressure

▲
Increased cardiac output
▲

Increased tissue blood flow

▲ (Autoregulation)
Increased total peripheral
resistance
▲
▲

Increased Arterial Pressure

▲

Relief of renal ischemia

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú.Ú

√–∫∫§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥„π§πª√°µ‘
646
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥µË”≈ß®–∑”„Àâ
‡≈◊Õ¥‰ª‰µπâÕ¬≈߇°‘¥ renal ischemia
∑”„Àâ°“√°√ÕߢÕ߇≈◊Õ¥∑’˺à“π glo-
merulus ≈¥≈ß πÈ”·≈–‡°≈◊Õ·√à®–§—Ëß
¡’º≈∑”„Àâ®”π«π¢Õ߇À≈«πÕ°‡´≈≈å
¡“°¢÷Èπ ª√‘¡“≥‡≈◊Õ¥°Á®–¡“°¢÷Èπ¥â«¬
´÷Ë ß ®–‰ª‡æ‘Ë ¡ ·√ߥ— π „πÀâ Õ ßÀ— « „®¥â “ π
¢«“∫π ¥—ßπ—Èπ ª√‘¡“µ√‡≈◊Õ¥ àßÕÕ°
®“°À—«„®µàÕπ“∑’¡“°¢÷Èπ®–‡æ‘Ë¡‡≈◊Õ¥
‰ª‡≈’¬È ߇π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ÕË µà“ß Ê ¡“°¢÷Èπ ·√ßµâ“π
 à«πª≈“¬¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ∑”„Àâ
§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ‡≈◊Õ¥‰ª‰µ¡“°¢÷Èπ
renal ischemia °Á®–À¡¥‰ªÛ
Û. §«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥‚¥¬
µàÕ¡‰√â∑àÕ (Endocrine gland)
Û.Ò §«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß
aldosterone ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Û.Ò

The Aldosterone Mechanism

▲

▲
B.P. ▲ Renin
▲

Angiotensinogen
▲

Angiotensin I
ACE
▲
Angiotensin II
▲
▲ ▲
Kidney reabsorb salt Aldosterone (Adrenal gland)
▲

and fluid
▲
▲ ▲
▲

Body fluid volume B.P. (to normal)

√Ÿª∑’Ë Û.Ò

‡¡◊ËÕ§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥≈¥≈ß ‡≈◊Õ¥‰ª aldosterone ®–∑”„Àâ ¡’ ° “√ adrenaline ·≈– noradrenaline ‡¡◊ËÕ

‰µπâÕ¬≈ß ®–°√–µÿâπ„Àâ¡’°“√À≈—Ëß renin
¡“°¢÷Èπ º≈∑”„Àâ angiotensin II  Ÿß¢÷Èπ
angiotensin II ∑’Ë  Ÿ ß ¢÷È π ®–‰ª°√–µÿâ π
zone ·√°¢ÕßµàÕ¡À¡«°‰µ à«ππÕ°
(adrenal cortex) „ÀâÀ≈—Ëß aldosterone
¥Ÿ ¥ °≈— ∫ ¢Õß‚´‡¥’ ¬ ¡·≈–πÈ” ¡“°¢÷È π
ª√‘¡“≥‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑—Èß„πÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥
·≈– “√πÈ”„π extracellular °Á‡æ‘Ë¡¥â«¬
®÷ß∑”„À⧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ‰¥âÙ
Û.Ú §«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬
¡’Õ“√¡≥凧√’¬¥§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ
‰¥â‚¥¬°“√À≈—ËߢÕß noradrenaline ®“°
µàÕ¡À¡«°‰µ à«π„π (adrenal medulla)
‰¥â ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Û.Ú

π‘¿“ ®√Ÿ≠‡« ¡å
647
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Stimulates ▲

▲
Emotional stress Generalised sympathetic activity

Stimulates
▲

Adrenal medulla
▲
Noradrenaline and
other catecholamines
▲
Arterioles constricted
▲
▲
B.P.

√Ÿª∑’Ë Û.Ú

Õ“√¡≥å ‡ §√’ ¬ ¥∑’Ë ‡ °‘ ¥ ¢÷È π ®–‰ª À¡«°‰µ à«π„π„ÀâÀ≈—Ëß noradrenaline µ—« ∑”„Àâ·√ßµâ“π à«πª≈“¬¢ÕßÀ≈Õ¥

°√–µÿâπª√– “∑´‘¡æ“‡∑µ‘°„Àâ∑”ß“π ·≈– catecholamines Õ◊Ëπ Ê  “√∑’ËÀ≈—Ëß ‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘Ϋ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—È𠧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥
¡“°¢÷Èπ ª√– “∑π’È®–‰ª°√–µÿâπµàÕ¡ ÕÕ°¡“π’È®–∑”„ÀâÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥·¥ß®‘ΫÀ¥ ®– Ÿß¢÷Èπı ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Û.Ú

√Ÿª∑’Ë Û.Û

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‡¡◊ÕË À¬ÿ¥æŸ¥·≈⫧«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥®–§àÕ¬ Ê
≈¥≈ߥ—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª · ¥ß«à“§«“¡‡§√’¬¥
¡’º≈∑”„À⧫“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ß√Ÿª
∑’Ë Û.Û
 √ÿª °“√§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥
„π§πª√°µ‘‰¡à„Àâ ŸßÀ√◊յ˔§ß∑’Ë∑”‰¥â
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¥—ß°≈à“«·≈â«
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
Ò. Arthur C Guyton. Basic Principles of ar-
terial pressure regulation. Textbook of
Medical Physiology : 3rd W.B. Saunders
company, 1966. P.355-357.
Ú. J.H. Green. Baroreceptor and vasomotor
centre activity. An Introduction to Human
Physiology : Oxford University Press, 1966.
P.28-30.
Û. Arthur C Guyton. Renal Regulation of
arterial Pressure. Textbook of Medical
Physiology : 3rd ed. W.B. Saunders com-
pany, 1966. P.358-360.
Ù. Arthur C Guyton. Endocrine Factors in.
Regulation of Arterial Pressure. Textbook
of Medical Physiology 3rd ed. W.B.
Saunders company, 1966. P.361-362.
ı. J.H. Green. The Heart and Circulation :
The Circulation. An Introduction to
Human Physiology : Oxford University
Press, 1966. P.30.

Abstract Blood Pressure Regulation in Normal Human

Nibha Jaroonvesama
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Thailand

The blood pressure in normal human is usually not steady. It is changed to be high and low blood
pressure by environmental factors such as mental stress, pain, hot and cold weather etc, but it can spon-
taneously return to normal again under body regulation. The regulation of blood pressure to normal is
regulated by (1) nervous system (2) encompasses kidney and (3) endocrine gland. Regulation by nervous
system (1) sympathetic nerve (2) baroreceptor reflex and vasomotor centre (3) central nervous system
ischemic response. The regulation by kidney is done by renin-angiotensin vasoconstrictor mechanism
and by extracellular fluid volume and autoregulation. Endocrine gland regulates blood pressure by
the cortex of adrenal gland which secretes aldosterone and by adrenal medulla which secretes norepine-
phrine and other catecholamines.

Key words : blood pressure, regulation

π‘¿“ ®√Ÿ≠‡« ¡å
649
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’ - °√ÿ≥’ ¢«—≠∫ÿ≠®—π*

ª≥µ ¡‘§–‡ π
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À—« „®‚§‚√π“√’Ù Õߧ尓√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈°
√“¬ß“π«à“ ®“° æ.». ÚıÛ¯ ∂÷ß æ.».
ÚıÙÛ ¡’§π‡°‘¥¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π‡æ‘Ë¡®“°
Ú ≈â“π§π‡ªìπ Û ≈â“π§π ªí®®ÿ∫—π
¿“«–Õâ « π‡°‘ π ‰¡à ‰ ¥â ‡ °‘ ¥ ‡©æ“–„π
ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ·µà¡’Õÿ∫—µ‘°“√≥å
‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¡“°¢÷È π „πª√–‡∑»∑’Ë °”≈— ß æ— ≤ π“
‡™àπ°—π ‡æ√“–¡’§π„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ë°”≈—ß
æ—≤π“¡“°°«à“ ÒÒı ≈â“π§π ∑’ˇ®Á∫
ªÉ«¬¥â«¬‚√§∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å°—∫¿“«–
Õâ«π‡°‘π ´÷Ë߇ªìπªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߰“√‡°‘¥‚√§
‡∫“À«“π ‚√§À—«„® ‚√§§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ
 Ÿ ß ‚√§≈¡ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π (‚√§À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥
 ¡Õß) ·≈–¡–‡√Áß∫“ß™π‘¥ ‚√§π’È∫—Ëπ
∑Õπ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ¢Õߧπ Õÿ∫—µ‘°“√≥å
¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èππ’ȇªìπº≈®“°°“√
‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈ߥâ“π‡»√…∞ —ߧ¡¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
‡ª≈’ˬπ惵‘°√√¡°“√°‘πÕ“À“√ √«¡
∂÷ ß√Ÿª·∫∫Õ“À“√∑’ˇª≈’Ë¬π‰ª „π¢≥–
∑’Ëæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡°Á¡’ à«π ”§—≠µàÕ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡
¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—° ·≈– ¡¥ÿ≈¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°µàÕ
°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß·µà≈–§π¥â«¬ ¥—ßπ—Èπ
®÷߇ªìπ∑’˵√–Àπ—°«à“ —ߧ¡¡πÿ…¬å∑’Ë·ª√
‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª‡ªìπªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡§«“¡
™ÿ°¢Õß¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π ®“°‡»√…∞°‘®∑’Ë
‡µ‘∫‚µ¢÷È𠧫“¡‡®√‘≠∑—π ¡—¬ (§«“¡
»‘«‘‰≈´å)  —ߧ¡∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ‡ªìπ —ߧ¡‡¡◊Õß
·≈–µ≈“¥°“√§â “ Õ“À“√‚≈°¡’  à « π„π
°“√™à«¬º≈—°¥—π„Àâªí≠À“¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π
¥—™π’¡«≈°“¬ (∫’‡ÕÁ¡‰Õ)
ºŸâ ∑’Ë ¡’ ¥— ™ π’ ¡ «≈°“¬ Ÿ ß °«à “ Úı
‡ªìπºŸâ∑’Ë¡’πÈ”Àπ—°µ—«‡°‘π ·≈–ºŸâ∑’Ë¡’¥—™π’
¡«≈°“¬ Ÿß°«à“ Û ‡ªìπºŸâ∑’ˇªìπ¿“«–
Õâ«π‡°‘π ®“°°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“§à“‡©≈’ˬ
¥—™π’¡«≈°“¬¢Õߧπ„π∑«’ª‡Õ‡™’¬·≈–
·Õø√‘°“Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß ÚÚ-ÚÛ ·≈–§π
„πÕ‡¡√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ ¬ÿ‚√ª ª√–‡∑»≈“µ‘π
Õ‡¡√‘°“∫“ߪ√–‡∑» ·Õø√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ ·≈–
µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò ¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π®”·π°√–¥—∫‚¥¬„™â¥—™π’¡«≈°“¬¯
√–¥—∫ √âÕ¬≈–¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°ª√°µ‘
Õâ«π‡°‘π¡“° (super obesity)
Õâ«π‡°‘π∑’ËÕ“®∂÷ßµ“¬ (morbid obesity)
Õâ«π‡°‘π¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å
(medically significant obesity)
¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π (obesity)
πÈ”Àπ—°µ—«‡°‘π (overweight)
πÈ”Àπ—°µ—«ª√°µ‘
¢¬“¬ÕÕ°‰ª∑—Ë«‚≈° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π‡¥Á°
„πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‡¥Á°¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘πÕ“¬ÿµË”
°«à“ ı ¢«∫∑—Ë«‚≈°∂÷ß Ò˜.ˆ ≈â“π§π
Õÿ∫—µ‘°“√≥å„π«—¬√ÿàπÕ“¬ÿ ˆ-ÒÒ ªï‡æ‘Ë¡
¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ Ú ‡∑à“®“° æ.». ÚıÛ ∂÷ß
æ.». ÚıÚÛ ·≈–„π™à«ß æ.». Úı˘-
ÚıÒÛ ·≈–∂÷ß æ.». ÚıÛÒ-ÚıÛÙ
¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π„π‡¬“«™πÕ‡¡√‘°—πÕ“¬ÿ
ÒÚ-Ò˜ ªï§àÕ¬ Ê ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°√âÕ¬≈–
ı ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– ÒÛ „π‡¥Á°ºŸâ™“¬ ·≈–
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°√âÕ¬≈– ı ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– ˘ „π
‡¥Á°ºŸâÀ≠‘ß „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ªí≠À“¿“«–
πÈ”Àπ—°µ—« (°°.)
=
 à«π Ÿß (¡.Ú)
ª√–‡∑»„πÀ¡Ÿà‡°“–·ª´‘øî° Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß
Úı-Ú˜ ®÷߇ªìπ¢âÕ∂°‡∂’¬ß°—πÕ¬Ÿà«à“
‡°≥±å ° “√µ— ¥  ‘ π  ”À√— ∫ §π„π∑«’ ª
‡Õ‡™’¬·≈–·Õø√‘°“§«√®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ
·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à „πª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“
π—È π ¡’ § «“¡™ÿ ° ¢Õß¿“«–Õâ « π‡°‘ π ¡“°
¢÷Èπ Õ’°∑—Èߪí≠À“¥â“π‚¿™π“°“√¢“¥
°Á¬—ߧßÕ¬Ÿà ´÷Ëß°“√»÷°…“„À¡à Ê æ∫«à“
™“¬
∫’‡ÕÁ¡‰Õ
ÚÚı >ı
Ú Ùı
Òˆ Ûı
ÒÛı Û
ÒÒ Úı
Ò Ú-Úı
652
Õâ«π‡°‘π„π‡¥Á°«—¬ ı-ÒÚ ªï‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
®“°√âÕ¬≈– ÒÚ.Ú ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– Òı-Òˆ
¿“¬„π‡«≈“ Ú ªïı-˜
‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª‡°≥±å°“√æ‘®“√≥“°“√
‡°‘ ¥ πÈ” Àπ— ° µ— « ‡°‘ π ·≈–¿“«–Õâ « π‡°‘ π
¬—ß„™â¥—™π’¡«≈°“¬ (body mass index,
BMI) ´÷Ëߧ”π«≥‚¥¬À“√§à“πÈ”Àπ—°µ—«
‡ªìπ°‘‚≈°√—¡ ¥â«¬ à«π Ÿß‡ªìπ‡¡µ√¬°
°”≈—ß Ú µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò · ¥ß∂÷ß¿“«–Õâ«π
‡°‘π„π√–¥—∫µà“ß Ê
ºŸâ ∑’Ë ¡’ ‚ ¿™π“°“√¢“¥„π«— ¬ ‡¥Á ° ·≈–
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ªìπ‚¿™π“°“√‡°‘π„π«—¬
ºŸâ„À≠àπ—Èπ¡’·π«‚πâ¡∑’Ë®–æ—≤𓉪‡ªìπ
‚√§§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß ‚√§À—«„® ·≈–
‚√§‡∫“À«“π „π√Ÿª·∫∫∑’Ë√ÿπ·√ß°«à“
ºŸâ∑’ˉ¡à‡§¬¡’ªí≠À“‚¿™π“°“√¢“¥‡≈¬
˭ԧ
√âÕ¬≈–¢ÕßπÈ”Àπ—°ª√°µ‘ ∫’‡ÕÁ¡‰Õ
ÚÙı >ı
ÚÚ Ùı
Ò˜ Ûı
ÒÙı Û
ÒÚ Úı
Ò Ú-Úı
‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’ - ‚√§‡Àµÿ§«“¡»‘«‘‰≈´å

√Ÿ ª ·∫∫¢Õß°“√°√–®“¬¢Õß
‰¢¡— π  – ¡„π√à “ ß°“¬¢ÕߧπÕâ « π
§«∫§ÿ¡‚¥¬≈—°…≥–∑“ßæ—π∏ÿ°√√¡´÷Ëß
®–·µ°µà“ß°—π„π√–À«à“ßÀ≠‘ß·≈–™“¬
°“√°√–®“¬¢Õ߉¢¡— π ·∫∫‰°πÕ¬¥å
(Gynoid type) À√◊Õ√Ÿªº≈ “≈’Ë (pear
shape) ‡ªìπ≈—°…≥–∑—Ë« Ê ‰ª ”À√—∫
ºŸâÀ≠‘ß¡’≈—°…≥–‡À¡◊Õπº≈ “≈’Ë ®–¡’
‰¢¡—π – ¡¡“°√Õ∫µâπ¢“·≈– –‚æ°
°“√ – ¡‰¢¡—π„π∫√‘‡«≥π’È¢ÕߺŸâÀ≠‘ß
¥—™π’§«“¡Õâ«π
(§à“ª√°µ‘¢ÕߺŸâ™“¬ = Ò ·≈–¢ÕߺŸâÀ≠‘ß = .¯)
·∫∫·Õπ¥√Õ¬¥å
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò ≈—°…≥–°“√°√–®“¬ – ¡‰¢¡—π√Ÿª·∫∫¢ÕߺŸâ™“¬·≈–¢ÕߺŸâÀ≠‘ß
ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߂√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’Õ◊Ëπ
πÕ°®“°¿“«–Õâ«π‡°‘π ‰¥â·°à æ—π∏ÿ°√√¡
°“√ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’ªË √–®” ‚√§§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß
·≈–‚√§‡∫“À«“π
°√ÿ≥’ ¢«—≠∫ÿ≠®—π, ª≥µ ¡‘§–‡ π
‡æ◊ËÕ‡°Á∫æ≈—ßß“π‰«â ”À√—∫°“√µ—Èߧ√√¿å
·≈–„Àâπ¡∫ÿµ√ À≠‘ßÕâ«π·∫∫‰°πÕ¬¥å
®–‰¡à¡’‡¡·∑∫Õ≈‘´÷¡¢Õß°≈Ÿ‚§ ‰ª„π
∑“ß≈∫‡À¡◊Õπæ∫„𙓬Õâ«π ´÷Ëß¡’°“√
°√–®“¬¢Õ߉¢¡— π ·∫∫·Õπ¥√Õ¬¥å
(Android type) À√◊Õ√Ÿªº≈·Õª‡ªî≈
(apple shape) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–
¢ÕߺŸâ ™ “¬∑’Ë ¡’ ‰ ¢¡— π  – ¡√Õ∫ Ê ‡Õ«
·≈–„µâÕ°‡À¡◊Õπ≈Ÿ°·Õª‡ªî≈ (abdomi-
nal obesity) (√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò) ≈—°…≥–°“√
§«“¡¬“«√Õ∫‡Õ«
=
§«“¡¬“«√Õ∫ –‚æ°
·∫∫‰°πÕ¬¥å
°≈«‘∏“π°“√‡°‘¥‚√§®“°¿“«–
‡§√’¬¥‡Àµÿ‡µ‘¡ÕÕ°´‘‡®π (oxidative
stress) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ ¿“«°“√≥å∑’Ë°≈ÿà¡™π‘¥
√’·Õ°∑‘øÕÕ°´‘‡®π (reactive oxygen
653
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
 – ¡‰¢¡—π·∫∫π’È®–¡’°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬
¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡—πÕ‘ √–Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«·≈–
 —¡æ—π∏åÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß°—∫§«“¡‡ ’ˬß∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥
‚√§§«“¡¥—π‚≈À‘µ Ÿß ‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’
·≈–‚√§‡∫“À«“π ºŸâ À ≠‘ ß Õâ « πÕ“®¡’
√Ÿª·∫∫°“√°√–®“¬ – ¡¢Õ߉¢¡—π∑—Èß
Ú ·∫∫º ¡°—π‰¥â °“√«—¥√Õ∫‡Õ«·≈–
√Õ∫ –‚æ°®÷ ß π”¡“„™â ‡ ªì π ¥— ™ π’ Õ’ °
Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß ”À√—∫§πÕâ«π ‚¥¬§”π«≥
‡ªìπÕ—µ√“ à«π¥—ßπ’È
species, ROS) ‰ª∑”≈“¬‡´≈≈å ‡π◊ÕÈ ‡¬◊ÕË
À√◊ÕÕ«—¬«–¢Õß√à“ß°“¬ °≈ÿà¡¢Õß√’·Õ°-
∑‘øÕÕ°´‘‡®πÀ√◊ÕÕ“√å‚Õ‡Õ π’È ‰¥â·°à
Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–·≈–‡æÕ√åÕÕ°‰´¥å ∑’ˇªìπº≈
¡“®“°‡¡·∑∫Õ≈‘ ´÷ ¡ ¢ÕßÕÕ°´‘ ‡ ®π
µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘µ∑’˵âÕßæ÷Ëßæ“
ÕÕ°´‘‡®π ·À≈àß∑’ËÕ“√å‚Õ‡Õ ¡’∑—Èß®“°
¿“¬„π·≈–¿“¬πÕ°√à“ß°“¬ Õ“√å‚Õ‡Õ 
 à « π„À≠à ® “°¿“¬„π√à “ ß°“¬¡“®“°
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’ˇ°‘¥‡æ‘Ë¡®“°‡¡·∑∫Õ≈‘´÷¡
¢Õß√à“ß°“¬ ‰¥â·°à °“√ √â“ßæ≈—ßß“π
¢Õ߉¡‚∑§Õπ‡¥√’¬ °“√∑”≈“¬ “√æ‘…
‚¥¬√–∫∫‰´‚∑‚§√¡æ’ Ùı ªí®®—¬¿“¬
πÕ° ‰¥â · °à §«— π ∫ÿ À √’Ë ¡≈æ‘ … ®“°
 ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ®“°√∂¬πµå À√◊Õ‚√ßß“π
Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√¥◊Ë¡ ÿ√“∑’Ë¡“°‡°‘π‰ª
 “√„¬·°â« √—ß ’µà“ß Ê √«¡‰ª∂÷ß°“√
µ‘¥‡™◊ÈÕ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‡™◊ÈÕ√“·≈–‰«√—  ¥—ß
·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘„π√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

·Õπµ‘ÕÕ°´‘·¥πµå °√–∫«π°“√´àÕ¡·´¡

°“√‡°‘¥ÕÕ°´‘‡¥∑‘ø °“√°”®—¥‡´≈≈å
➝ ➝
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 ‡µ√  À√◊Õ ¿“«–∑’Ë À√◊Õ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ à«π∑’Ë
Õ“√å‚Õ‡Õ 
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➝
„ à‡¢â“‰ª º≈≈—æ∏å

°“√‡√‘Ë¡º‘¥ª√°µ‘
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√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú ·ºπ¿Ÿ¡‘°“√‡°‘¥ÕÕ°´‘‡¥∑‘ø ‡µ√ ·≈–º≈∑’ˉ¥â

‡ªÑ“À¡“¬°“√∑”≈“¬¢ÕßÕ“√å‚Õ‡Õ  ¡πÿ…¬å‡°‘¥‚√§¢÷Èπ Õ’°∑—Èߧ«“¡‡§√’¬¥„𠇵Õ√Õ≈ Ÿß„π‡≈◊Õ¥  ¡“§¡‚√§À—«„®

π—Èπ ‰¥â·°à ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢Õ߉¢¡—𠂪√µ’π
·≈–¥’ ‡ ÕÁ π ‡Õ„π‡´≈≈å ¥— ß π—È π °“√‡°‘ ¥
ÕÕ°´‘‡¥∑‘ø ‡µ√ ®÷ßπ”¡“´÷ßË ‚√§µà“ß Ê
Õ—π‰¥â·°à °“√∫«¡ ‚√§ÕÕ‚µÕ‘¡¡Ÿπ ‚√§
¡–‡√Áß °“√∑”≈“¬√–∫∫ª√– “∑ ‚√§
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·Õ≈¥’ · Õ≈·≈–°“√‡°‘ ¥ ÕÕ°´‘ ‡ ¥∑‘ ø -
 ‡µ√  ¡’ à«π„π°√–∫«π°“√‡°‘¥‚√§
À— « „®À≈Õ¥‡≈◊ Õ ¥∑—È ß ™à « ߇√‘Ë ¡ µâ π ·≈–
™à«ß∑’Ë‚√§≈ÿ°≈“¡ °“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß
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 ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡ √∂¬πµå
≈â«π™à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¡“°¢÷Èπ „Àâ
¡“ √â“ßÕÕ°´‘‡¥∑‘ø ‡µ√ „Àâ·°à¡πÿ…¬å
‡¡◊Ë Õ √–∫∫°“√´à Õ ¡·´¡¢Õß¡πÿ … ¬å ‰ ¡à
 “¡“√∂µÕ∫ πÕß„Àâ∑—π ∑”„Àâ√à“ß°“¬
 — ß §¡»‘ «‘ ‰ ≈´å ´÷Ë ß ¡’ ¡ “°¢÷È π ®“°ªí ≠ À“
 —ߧ¡ °“√ß“πÕ“™’æ °“√·¢àߢ—π™‘ߥ’
™‘߇¥àπ °“√¥‘Èπ√π‡æ◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà√Õ¥∑”„Àâ‚√§
æ—≤𓉪¡“°¢÷Èπ˘
°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–‡≈◊Õ°°‘πÕ“À“√‡æ◊ËÕ
ªÑÕß°—π°“√‡°‘¥‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’
®“°°“√∑’Ë ‰ ¥â ∑ √“∫ “‡Àµÿ ·≈–
ªí®®—¬‡ ’ˬ߰“√‡°‘¥‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’
·≈â « °“√§«∫§ÿ ¡ Õ“À“√®÷ ß ‡ªì π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß
 ”§—≠ à«πÀπ÷Ëß„π¥â“π°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§
Õ“À“√ª√–‡¿∑‰¢¡—π∑’Ë¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠
·µà≈–™π‘¥¡’∫∑∫“∑∑’Ë·µ°µà“ß°—π ¥—ß
µàÕ‰ªπ’È
- ‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—« (saturated fat)
‡ªìπ‰¢¡—π∑’ˉ¡à¡’·¢π§Ÿà„π‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ ‡ªìπ
‰¢¡— π µ— «  ”§— ≠ ∑’Ë ∑”„Àâ √ –¥— ∫ §Õ‡≈ -
·Ààß À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“·π–π”„Àâ°‘π‰¢¡—π
Õ‘Ë¡µ—«‰¡à‡°‘π√âÕ¬≈– ˜-Ò ¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥
·§≈Õ√’¢ÕßÕ“À“√∑’Ë°‘π„π·µà≈–«—πÀ√◊Õ
πâÕ¬°«à“ ∂Ⓡªìπ‚√§À—«„®Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« §π∑’Ë
πÈ”Àπ—°‡°‘π §πÕâ«π§«√®”°—¥Õ“À“√
‰¢¡—π∑ÿ°™π‘¥‰¡à‡°‘π√âÕ¬≈– Û ¢Õß
ª√‘¡“≥·§≈Õ√’¢ÕßÕ“À“√∑’Ë°‘πµàÕ«—π
·≈–‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—«πâÕ¬°«à“√âÕ¬≈– ˜-Ò
¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥·§≈Õ√’¢ÕßÕ“À“√∑’Ë°‘πµàÕ
«— π Õ’ ° ∑—È ß ª√‘ ¡ “≥§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈„π
Õ“À“√„ÀâπâÕ¬°«à“ Ú ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡µàÕ
«—π ‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—«π—Èπ¡’„πÕ“À“√‰¢¡—π
∑’Ë¡“®“° —µ«å ·≈–æ◊™∫“ß™π‘¥ ‰¢¡—π
∑’Ë¡“®“° —µ«å ‰¥â·°à ‡π◊ÈÕÀ¡Ÿ «—« ‡ªì¥ ‰°à
πÈ”¡—πÀ¡Ÿ ‡π¬ ‡π¬·¢Áß §√’¡ π¡ Õ“À“√
‡À≈à “ π’È °Á ¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈ Ÿ ß
‡™àπ°—π æ◊™™π‘¥∑’Ë¡’‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—«¡“°

‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’ - ‚√§‡Àµÿ§«“¡»‘«‘‰≈´å
654

‰¥â·°à ¡–æ√â“« ·≈–ª“≈å¡
- ‰¢¡—π‰¡àÕ‘Ë¡µ—« (unsaturated
fat) ‡ªìπ‰¢¡—π∑’Ë¡’·¢π§Ÿà„π‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ ´÷Ëß
¡’∑—Èß™π‘¥¡’·¢π§Ÿà‡¥’ˬ« (monounsatu-
rated fat) ·≈–·¢π§ŸàÀ≈“¬§Ÿà (polyun-
saturated fat) ‰¢¡—π‰¡àÕ‘Ë¡µ—«∑—Èß Ú
™π‘¥π’È®–™à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈
„π‡≈◊Õ¥‰¥â ∂â“°‘π„πª√‘¡“≥∑’ËæÕ‡À¡“–
∑¥·∑π‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—« ·µà∑’Ë ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥
§◊Õ ‰¡à§«√°‘πÕ“À“√‰¢¡—π∑ÿ°™π‘¥„π
ª√‘¡“≥¡“° ‰¢¡—π‰¡àÕ‘Ë¡µ—«„πÕ“À“√
∑’Ë¡“®“°æ◊™ ™π‘¥·¢π§ŸàÀ≈“¬§Ÿà æ∫„π
‡¡≈Á¥∑“πµ–«—π ß“ ¢â“«‚æ¥ ∂—Ë«‡À≈◊Õß
∂—«Ë ‡¡≈Á¥·Àâßµà“ß Ê  à«π™π‘¥·¢π§Ÿ‡à ¥’¬Ë «
æ∫„ππÈ”¡—π¡–°Õ° ∂—Ë«≈‘ ß·≈–Õ–‚«-
§“‚¥
- ‰¢¡—π‰Œ‚¥√‡®‡π‡∑¥ (hydro-
genated fats) ‡ªì π ‰¢¡— π ∑’Ë ºà “ π
°√–∫«π°“√·ª√√Ÿª∑“߇§¡’ ‚¥¬°“√
‡µ‘¡‰Œ‚¥√‡®π ‰¥â·°à ‡π¬‡∑’¬¡ °√–∫«π
°“√·ª√√Ÿªπ’È∑”„À≢¡—π‰Œ‚¥√‡®‡π‡∑¥
‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª¢Õß·¢π§Ÿà®“°·∫∫´‘  (cis
form) ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ ¬Ÿà µ “¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡ªìπ·∫∫
∑√“π å (trans form) ‡√’¬°«à“°√¥‰¢¡—π
™π‘¥∑√“π å (trans-fatty acids, TFA)
´÷Ëß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—µ‘‡À¡◊Õπ‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—« °√¥
‰¢¡—π™π‘¥∑√“π åπÕ°®“°®–‡°‘¥®“°
°√–∫«π°“√‰Œ‚¥√‡®‡π‡∑¥·≈⫬—ßæ∫
„πÕ“À“√®”æ«°‡π◊ÈÕ·≈–‰¢¡—π®“° —µ«å
¥â«¬ ‰¢¡—π‰Œ‚¥√‡®‡π‡∑¥¡’ ¡∫—µ‘∑”
„Àâ√–¥—∫§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß‡™àπ
‡¥’¬«°—∫‰¢¡—πÕ‘Ë¡µ—«À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“ ‡π◊ËÕß
®“°°√¥‰¢¡— π ™π‘ ¥ ∑√“π å ‰ª∑”„Àâ
¢—ÈπµÕπ·√°¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√ √â“ß°√¥
πÈ”¥’®“°§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈‡ ’¬‰ª §Õ‡≈ -
°√ÿ≥’ ¢«—≠∫ÿ≠®—π, ª≥µ ¡‘§–‡ π
‡µÕ√Õ≈®÷ߧ—ËßÕ¬Ÿà„π‡≈◊Õ¥ ∑”„Àâ√–¥—∫
·Õ≈¥’·Õ≈ Ÿß¢÷Èπ ·≈–√–¥—∫‡Õ™¥’·Õ≈
≈¥≈ß πÈ”¡—πæ◊™∑’ˉ¡à‡ªìπ‰¢¡—π‰Œ‚¥√-
‡®‡π‡∑¥ ‰¥â · °à πÈ” ¡— π ¡–°Õ° ·≈–
πÈ”¡—𧓂π≈“  à«πµ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’
°√¥‰¢¡—π™π‘¥∑√“π å Ÿß ‰¥â·°à ¡—πΩ√—Ëß
∑Õ¥ ‚¥π—µ §ÿ°°’È ·≈–¢π¡·§√°‡°Õ√å
‰¢¡— π π—È π ‡ªì π  “√Õ“À“√„Àâ æ ≈— ß
ß“π∑’Ë¡’ª√–‚¬™πå √à“ß°“¬®”‡ªìπµâÕß
‰¥â√—∫ “√Õ“À“√™π‘¥π’È„πª√‘¡“≥‡æ’¬ß
æÕ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°√¥‰¢¡—𮔇ªìπ∑’Ë√à“ß
°“¬ √â “ ߢ÷È π ‡Õ߉¡à ‰ ¥â µâ Õ ß‰¥â √— ∫ ®“°
Õ“À“√ °√¥‰¢¡— π ‰¡à Õ‘Ë ¡ µ— « ∑’Ë ¡’ ° √¥
‰¢¡—π‡ªìπ “√µ—Èßµâπ¡’Õ¬Ÿà Ú ™π‘¥ ‰¥â·°à
- °√¥≈‘‚π‡≈Õ‘° (linoleic acid,
LA) §◊ Õ °√¥‰¢¡— π ∑’Ë ¡’ § “√å ∫ Õπ Ò¯
Õ–µÕ¡ Õ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿࡇÕÁπ-ˆ À√◊Õ ‚Õ‡¡°“
ˆ (ωˆ) ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’·¢π§Ÿà §Ÿà·√°Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë
n-6
°√¥≈‘‚π‡≈Õ‘°
(Linoleic acid, LA)
➝
°√¥·°¡¡“≈‘‚π‡≈π‘°
(γ-linolenic acid)
➝
°√¥‰¥‚Œ‚¡-·°¡¡“≈‘‚π‡≈π‘°
(Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid)
➝
°√¥Õ“·√°™‘‚𥑰
(Arachinodic acid, AA)
√Ÿª∑’Ë Û °√¥‰¢¡—𮔇ªìπ·≈–Õπÿæ—π∏å
655
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
§“√å∫Õπµ”·Àπàß∑’Ë ˆ ·≈–¡’·¢π§Ÿà Ú §Ÿà
- °√¥·Õ≈ø“≈‘‚π‡≈π‘° (alpha-
linolenic acid, ALA) §◊Õ°√¥‰¢¡—π
∑’Ë¡’§“√å∫Õπ Ò¯ Õ–µÕ¡ Õ¬Ÿà„π°≈ÿà¡
‡ÕÁπ-Û À√◊Õ‚Õ‡¡°“ Û (ωÛ) ‡π◊ÕË ß®“°
¡’·¢π§Ÿà §Ÿà·√°Õ¬Ÿà∑’˧“√å∫Õπµ”·Àπàß∑’Ë
Û ·≈–¡’·¢π§Ÿà Û §Ÿà
°√¥≈‘ ‚ π‡≈Õ‘ ° (LA) ®“°°≈ÿà ¡
‡ÕÁπ-ˆ æ∫¡“°„ππÈ”¡—π®“°‡¡≈Á¥∑“π
µ–«—π ¢â“«‚æ¥ ∂—Ë«‡À≈◊Õß °√¥·Õ≈ø“-
≈‘‚π‡≈π‘° (ALA) ®“°°≈ÿà¡ ‡ÕÁπ-Û æ∫
¡“°„ππÈ”¡—𧓂π≈“ ∂—Ë«‡À≈◊Õß ‡¡≈Á¥
≈‘ππå ‡¡≈Á¥·ø≈°´å °√¥‰¢¡—π∑—Èß Ú
°≈ÿà ¡ ‡ªì π µ— « µ—È ß µâ π ¢Õß°√¥‰¢¡— π ∑’Ë ¡’
§«“¡ ”§—≠µ—«Õ◊Ëπ ‰¥â·°à °√¥Õ“·√°-
™‘‚𥑰 (AA) °√¥‰Õ‚§´“‡æπµ“Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(EPA) ·≈–°√¥‚¥‚§´“‡Œ°´“Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(DHA) ¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Û
n-3
°√¥·Õ≈ø“≈‘‚π‡≈π‘°
(Alpha-linolenic acid, ALA)
°√¥ÕÕ°µ“‡¥§“‡∑∑√–Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(Octadecatetraenoic acid)
°√¥‰Õ‚§´“‡∑∑√–Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(Eicosatetraenoic acid)
°√¥‰Õ‚§´“‡æπµ“Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(Eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)
➝
°√¥‚¥‚§´“‡æπµ“Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(Docosapentaenoic acid)
➝
°√¥‚¥‚§´“‡Œ°´“Õ’‚πÕ‘°
(Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
‡π◊ËÕß®“° “√Õ“À“√‰¢¡—π¡’§«“¡
 ”§—≠µàÕ√à“ß°“¬¡πÿ…¬å∑—È߇™‘ß∫«°·≈–
‡™‘ß≈∫ π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å®÷ß∑”°“√§âπ
§«â“«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕ‰¢¢âÕ¢âÕß„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√
∫√‘‚¿§‰¢¡—π„ÀâæÕ‡À¡“– ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ¡πÿ…¬å
¥”√ß ÿ¢¿“æ∑’Ë¥’ „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√
«‘®—¬∑’Ë· ¥ß«à“πÕ°®“°§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈
·≈â« ª√‘¡“≥‰µ√°≈’‡´Õ‰√¥å„π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß
°Á¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åµàÕ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§À—«„®
‡™àπ°—π ‡æ√“–‡¡◊ËÕ‡≈◊Õ¥¡’√–¥—∫‰µ√°≈’-
‡´Õ‰√¥å Ÿß¢÷Èπ ®–∑”„Àâ√–¥—∫‡Õ™¥’·Õ≈
≈¥≈ß °“√»÷ ° …“∑’Ë æ ∫«à “ ™“«‡Õ °‘ ‚ ¡
¡’Õ—µ√“™ÿ°‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’µË” ·≈–§π
°‘ π ª≈“¡’ Õ— µ √“°“√µ“¬¥â « ¬‚√§À— « „®
‚§‚√π“√’µË” ‰¥â𔉪 Ÿà§«“¡ π„®„π
‡√◊ËÕßπÈ”¡—πª≈“·≈–°√¥‰¢¡—π‚Õ‡¡°“
Û ∑”„À⇪ìπ∑’Ë∑√“∫°—π„πªí®®ÿ∫—π«à“
 “√∑’ËÕÕ°ƒ∑∏‘Ï ”§—≠„ππÈ”¡—πª≈“ §◊Õ
Õ’æ’‡Õ ·≈–¥’‡Õ™‡Õ ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂≈¥°“√
 √â “ ß«’ · Õ≈¥’ · Õ≈ ·≈–‰§‚≈‰¡§√Õπ
 àߺ≈„À≵√°≈’‡´Õ‰√¥å≈¥≈ß πÕ°®“°
π—Èπ °√¥‰¢¡—π‚Õ‡¡°“ Û ¬—ߙ૬≈¥
°“√®—∫µ—«¢Õ߇°≈Á¥‡≈◊Õ¥ ™à«¬≈¥§«“¡
Àπ◊¥·≈–·√ߥ—π‡≈◊Õ¥ ®÷ß¡’°“√ à߇ √‘¡
„Àâ°‘πª≈“¡“°¢÷Èπ °√¥‰¢¡—π‚Õ‡¡°“ Û
æ∫¡“°„πª≈“∑–‡≈·≈–ª≈“πÈ” ®◊ ¥
∫“ß™π‘¥ ‡™àπ ª≈“Õ‘π∑√’ (·¡°‡§Õ‡√≈)
ª≈“‡ŒÕ√å√‘ß ª≈“´“√奒π ª≈“™àÕπ ª≈“
π«≈®—π∑√å ª≈“∫Ÿà °√¥‰¢¡—π‚Õ‡¡°“ ˆ
„πÕ“À“√°Á¡’√“¬ß“π™à«¬≈¥§«“¡‡ ’ˬß
°“√‡°‘¥‚√§À—«„®‡™àπ°—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’º≈
™à«¬≈¥ª√‘¡“≥§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥
æ◊™∑’¡Ë ª’ √‘¡“≥°√¥‰¢¡—π‚Õ‡¡°“ ˆ ¡“°
‰¥â·°à ·ø≈°´å «Õ≈π—µ ·≈– (πÈ”¡—π)
¡–°Õ°Ò-Òˆ
„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’
π—Èπ πÕ°®“°°“√§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–‡≈◊Õ°°‘π
Õ“À“√ª√–‡¿∑‰¢¡— π ·≈â « §«√‡≈◊ Õ °
°‘πÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡’ “√µâ“πÕπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–¥â«¬
Õ—π‰¥â·°à «‘µ“¡‘πÕ’ «‘µ“¡‘π´’ ·≈–‡∫µ“
·§‚√∑’ π ´÷Ë ß ¡’ ¡ “°„πº— ° ·≈–º≈‰¡â
®÷ ß §«√°‘ π º— ° ·≈–º≈‰¡â   ¥„Àâ ¡ “°¢÷È π
°‘ π º— °  ¥ Ê ®–‰¥â ª √–‚¬™πå ¬‘Ë ß ¢÷È π
‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°«‘ µ “¡‘ π ´’ ® –‰¡à ∂Ÿ ° ∑”≈“¬‰ª
¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ ·≈–º—°·≈–º≈‰¡â°Á¬—ß¡’
 “√惰…‡§¡’Õ’°À≈“¬™π‘¥ (phyto-
chemicals) ´÷Ëß„Àâº≈„π°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚√§
πÕ°®“°π—È π §«√‡æ‘Ë ¡ ª√‘ ¡ “≥Õ“À“√
ª√–‡¿∑§“√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ‡™‘ß´âÕπ Õ—π‰¥â
·°à ¢â“«°≈âÕß ·≈–¢â“«‚Õäµ ‡æ◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡
ª√‘¡“≥Õ“À“√ª√–‡¿∑§“√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ
‡™‘ß´âÕπ ´÷Ëß®–∑”„ÀâÕ‘Ë¡ßà“¬ ™à«¬≈¥
°“√°‘ π ‰¢¡— π ·≈–‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°Õ“À“√
§“√å‚∫‰Œ‡¥√µ¡’„¬Õ“À“√¡“° ‰ª™à«¬
≈¥ª√‘¡“≥§Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈‰¥â¥â«¬Ò˜
°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬
°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬‡ªìπª√–®”®–
™à«¬≈¥‰¢¡—π∑’Ë – ¡µ“¡√à“ß°“¬ ·≈–
™à « ¬≈¥√–¥— ∫ §Õ‡≈ ‡µÕ√Õ≈≈ߥ⠫ ¬
°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬µ‘¥µàÕ°—π Ú-ı
π“∑’ Û-ı §√—Èß„πÀπ÷Ëß —ª¥“Àå À√◊Õ
ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬ – ¡√«¡°—πÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬
«—π≈– Û π“∑’ ‡ªìπª√–®”®–™à«¬≈¥
§«“¡‡ ’ˬ߰“√‡°‘¥‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’
πÕ°®“°π—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬
√à“ß°“¬®–À≈—ËߌÕ√å‚¡π‡Õπ¥Õ√åøîπ ´÷Ëß
∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°æ÷ßæÕ„® Õ“√¡≥å
·®à¡„  ≈¥§«“¡‡§√’¬¥ §«“¡‡®Á∫ª«¥
∑—Èß√à“ß°“¬·≈–®‘µ„® ·≈–¬—ߙ૬„Àâ¡’
656
°“√À≈—ËߌÕ√å‚¡π°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ ´÷Ëß
‚¥¬ª√°µ‘ Œ Õ√å ‚ ¡ππ’È ® –≈¥≈߇¡◊Ë Õ §π
¡’Õ“¬ÿ¡“°¢÷Èπ ∂÷ß·¡â¬—߉¡àæ∫À≈—°∞“π
«à“ŒÕ√å‚¡π°“√‡®√‘≠‡µ‘∫‚µ™à«¬™–≈Õ
§«“¡·°à ·µà °Á æ ∫«à “ ŒÕ√å ‚ ¡ππ’È ™à « ¬
‡ √‘¡ √â“ß°≈â“¡‡π◊ÕÈ ·≈–™à«¬°”®—¥‰¢¡—π
ªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â¡’°“√»÷°…“ŒÕ√å‚¡π‡≈ª∑‘π
∑’Ë ‡ ªì π  “√§«∫§ÿ ¡ °“√ √â “ ߉¢¡— π ¢Õß
√à“ß°“¬ · ¥ß«à“°“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬™à«¬
≈¥ª√‘¡“≥‡≈ª∑‘π≈ßÒ¯-ÚÚ
 √ÿª
§«“¡»‘«‘‰≈´å∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ
·ª≈ß∑“ß —ߧ¡‚≈°¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ∑”„Àâ
惵‘ ° √√¡¢Õß¡πÿ … ¬å · ª√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π‰ª
‡ªìπªí®®—¬°àÕ‚√§‡√◊ÈÕ√—߉¡àµ‘¥µàÕ ‚¥¬
‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß‚√§À—«„®‚§‚√π“√’ ´÷Ëß„π
ªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¡à‡æ’¬ß‡ªìπªí≠À“ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Abstract Coronary Heart Disease – A Disease of Civilization

Karunee Kwanbunjan *
Panata Migasena
Fellow of the Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Civilization has led to the enormous change in human societies, not only on the physical aspects,
but more importantly on their behavior and lifestyles, altogether of which have adversely created
certain health problems to the people in developed countries and subsequently affected the people in
the developing countries alike. Dramatic increase in the prevalence of the coronary heart disease
in Thailand is the obvious example undeniable as the result of civilization. Advice toward the
achievement in recuperating the deteriorating situation includes the correction of the consumerism
habit and adopt more daily physical activity and exercise.

Key words : civilization, coronary heart disease

* Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rachawithi road, Bangkok 10400

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661
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ù ‚§√ß°“√‚√߉øøÑ“æ≈—ßπÈ”¢π“¥‡≈Á° ®”π«π ÚÙ ‚§√ß°“√ ¢Õß ææ.ÛÛ

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

æ‘¿æ∑’Ë¡’πÈ”‡ªìπ à«π„À≠à ®“°»—°¬¿“æ ¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–¡“≥ Úı-Û Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ∑—ßÈ Û √–∫∫®–¡’ «à πª√–°Õ∫∑’ Ë ”§—≠Õ¬Ÿà

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‡ ¡◊Õπµ—«‡°Á∫√—ß ’Õ“∑‘µ¬å (solar collec-
tor) ¢π“¥„À≠à °“√º≈‘µ‰øøÑ“¥â«¬§«“¡
√âÕπ®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ®–Õ“»—¬§«“¡·µ°
µà“ß√–À«à“ßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘πÈ”∑–‡≈ à«π∫π∑’Ë
¡’§«“¡≈÷°‰¡à‡°‘π ı ‡¡µ√ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ à«π
∑’ Ë – ¡æ≈—ßß“π®“°· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ¡’Õ≥ ÿ À-
µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˜ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈„π∫√‘‡«≥Õà“«‰∑¬
°— ∫ Õÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ ¢ ÕßπÈ” ∑–‡≈ à « π≈à “ ß∑’Ë ¡’
§«“¡≈÷°ª√–¡“≥ Ò, ‡¡µ√ ¡’Õ≥ ÿ À-
¿Ÿ¡‘ª√–¡“≥ ı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ‰ÕπÈ”·≈–‡§√◊ËÕß°”‡π‘¥‰øøÑ“ (turbine
∫√‘‡«≥∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ „π°“√
æ—≤π“√–∫∫ OTECıÙ ‰¥â·°à
Ò. ™“¬Ωíòß∑’Ë¡’§«“¡≈“¥™—π
 Ÿß
Ú. ∑âÕß¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√≈÷°¡“°
°«à“ Ò, ‡¡µ√ ·≈–Õ¬Ÿà„°≈♓¬Ωíòß
Û. √–¬–Àà“ß®“°∑’˵—Èß™“¬
Ωíòß∂÷ß∑’˵—Èß‚√߉øøÑ“·∫∫≈Õ¬πÈ” ‰¡à§«√
‡°‘π Ù °‘‚≈‡¡µ√
πÕ°®“°π’È °√–· ≈¡·≈–
°√–· πÈ”°Á¡’Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈µàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¥â«¬
°≈à“«§◊Õ °√–· πÈ”∑’¡Ë §’ «“¡‡√Á«¡“°°«à“
Ò.˘Ú °‘‚≈‡¡µ√µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß À√◊Õ∫√‘‡«≥
∑’Ë¡’°√–· ≈¡∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡√Á« Ÿß°«à“ Ùˆ.Ù
°‘‚≈‡¡µ√µàÕ™—Ë«‚¡ß ®–‰¡à‡À¡“– ¡µàÕ
°“√µ‘¥µ—Èß‚√߉øøÑ“ OTEC
°“√º≈‘µ‰øøÑ“®“°æ≈—ßß“π
§«“¡√âÕπ®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ (OTEC) ¡’
«—Ø®—°√°“√∑”ß“π ·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ Û
√–∫∫ §◊ÕıÛ √–∫∫«—Ø®—°√‡ªî¥ (open
cycle) √–∫∫«—Ø®—°√ªî¥ (closed cycle)
·≈–·∫∫≈Ÿ°º ¡ (hybrid system) ´÷Ëß
Û  à«π §◊Õ ‡§√◊ËÕß√–‡À¬ (evaporator)
‡§√◊ËÕߧ«∫·πàπ (condenser) °—ßÀ—π
and generator)
°“√∑”ß“π¢Õß√–∫∫º≈‘µ
‰øøÑ “ ¥â « ¬§«“¡√â Õ π®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ ∑ √
(OTEC) ®–§≈⓬§≈÷ß°—∫‚√߉øøÑ“∑—«Ë ‰ª
·µàµà“ß°—π∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß
‡π◊ËÕß®“°„™â§«“¡√âÕπ®“°πÈ”¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√
 à«π∫π‡ªìπµâ𰔇π‘¥æ≈—ßß“π ®÷߉¡à¡’
µâπ∑ÿπ¢Õß§à“‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß ‚√߉øøÑ“·∫∫π’È
®–„™âº≈‘µ‰øøÑ“„π™à«ß¿“√–∞“π (base
load) ·µàª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß√–∫∫°“√
º≈‘µ®–µË” ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– ˆ.¯-˘.
´÷Ëߢ÷Èπ°—∫§à“§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘
¢ÕßπÈ”∑’Ë„™â„π√–∫∫ ªí®®ÿ∫—π°“√ÕÕ°
·∫∫‚√߉øøÑ“¡’ Ú ≈—°…≥– §◊Õ ·∫∫∑’Ë
µ—Èß∫𙓬Ωíòß (shore base type) ·≈–
·∫∫≈Õ¬πÈ” (floating type of ship
type)
®“°¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ¢Õß°√¡Õÿ ∑ °-
»“ µ√å °Õß∑—æ‡√◊Õ „π¥â“π¢ÕßÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘
¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈∑’Ë√–¥—∫º‘«πÈ” ·≈–∑’˧«“¡
≈÷°„π√–¥—∫µà“ß Ê  “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â¥—ß
µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˜

Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ (Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ )
™à«ß‡«≈“
º‘« ≈÷° Û ¡. ≈÷° ı ¡.
¡’π“§¡ - ‡¡…“¬π Ú˘. Ú¯.Ò˜ Ú˜.˘Ù
情¿“§¡ - °—𬓬π Û.Ù Ú˘.Ù¯ Ú¯.ıÙ
惻®‘°“¬π - °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å Ú¯.Ûı Ú¯.ÚÙ Ú˜.˘ˆ
∑’Ë¡“ : ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ»—°¬¿“æ·≈–§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡„π°“√æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π®“°∑–‡≈ıı

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672
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ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

æ◊È π ∑â Õ ß∑–‡≈Õà “ «‰∑¬¡’ ≈— ° …≥– ¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√¡’§«“¡≈÷°„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë “¡“√∂ °“√º≈‘ µ ‰øøÑ “ ®“°§«“¡ Ÿ ß ¢Õß

§≈⓬·ÕàßπÈ”  à«π∑’Ë≈÷° ÿ¥Õ¬Ÿàµ√ß°≈“ß π”¡“„™âª√–‚¬™π剥â √–¥—∫πÈ”∑’·Ë µ°µà“ß°—π ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬≈—°…≥–
·≈–¡’§«“¡≈÷°ª√–¡“≥ ¯Û ‡¡µ√ ‡¡◊ËÕ ı.Ú æ≈—ßß“π®“°πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß ∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß™“¬Ωíòß æ∫«à“∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë
πÈ”≈ߵ˔ ÿ¥ §«“¡≈÷°‡©≈’ˬ¢ÕßÕà“«µÕπ (Tidal Energy) ‡À¡“– ¡„π°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫æ≈—ßß“π
°≈“ß·≈–µÕπ≈à“ß ª√–¡“≥ ı ‡¡µ√ πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß (tides) ‡ªìπ πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ßıı §◊Õ
∫√‘‡«≥ª“°Õà“«‰∑¬∑’˵àÕ°—∫∑–‡≈®’π„µâ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËߢÕß - ≈— ° …≥–¢Õß¿Ÿ ¡‘ ª √–‡∑»∑’Ë
≈÷°ª√–¡“≥ Ù ‡¡µ√ıˆ ·≈–¥â“πΩíòß ‚≈° ´÷Ëß°“√‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ·≈–≈¥ ‡À¡“– ¡°— ∫ °“√º≈‘ µ æ≈— ß ß“π‰øøÑ “
∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π æ∫«à“„π√–¥—∫§«“¡≈÷° ≈ߢÕß√–¥— ∫ πÈ”ı˜ ‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°“√ ®“°°“√¢÷Èπ·≈–≈ߢÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈π—Èπ ®–
Ò, ‡¡µ√ Õ¬ŸÀà “à ß™“¬Ωíßò ÚÚ-ÛÚ ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚¥¬·√ߥ÷ߥŸ¥ (gravita- Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë·π«‡ âπ√ÿâß∑’Ë ı-ˆ Õß»“
°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ ´÷Ë ß Õ¬Ÿà „ π‡¢µπà “ ππÈ”  “°≈ tional force) ·≈–·√ß®≈πå (kinetic - ≈— ° …≥–¢Õß™“¬Ωíò ß ∑–‡≈
·≈–Õ¬ŸàÀà“ß®“°™“¬Ωíòß¡“° force) ¢Õߥ«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ¥«ß®—π∑√å·≈– ∫√‘‡«≥ª“°Õà“« §«√¡’§«“¡≈“¥™—π Ÿß
‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π ‚≈°‡ª≈’¬Ë π‰ª‡¡◊ÕË ‚§®√¡“Õ¬Ÿ„à πµ”·Àπàß ‡æ◊ËÕ “¡“√∂ √â“߇ªìπÕà“߇°Á∫πÈ”‰¥â
§«“¡√â Õ π®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ ∑ √¥— ß · ¥ß„π µà“ß Ê °—π ‚¥¬‡¡◊ËÕ¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–¥«ß - §«“¡·µ°µà “ ߢÕß√–¥— ∫ πÈ”
µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˜ ®–æ∫«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¡à¡’ ®—π∑√凢Ⓞ°≈â‚≈°·≈–‚§®√Õ¬Ÿà„π·π« ¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß ¡’§à“ ı-ÒÒ ‡¡µ√
»—°¬¿“æ‡æ’¬ßæÕ„π°“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫ ‡¥’¬«°—π®–∑”„À⇰‘¥πÈ”¢÷Èπ ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ·√ß - æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¢ÕßÕà“߇°Á∫πÈ”ª√–¡“≥
æ≈—ßß“π§«“¡√âÕπ®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ∑—Èß ¥÷ߥŸ¥¢Õߥ«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈–¥«ß®—π∑√å∑” Úı µ“√“߇¡µ√
„π¥â “ 𧫓¡‡À¡“– ¡¢ÕßÕÿ ≥ À¿Ÿ ¡‘ ¡ÿ¡ ˘ Õß»“ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫‚≈° ®“°¢â Õ ¡Ÿ ≈ ¢Õß°√¡Õÿ ∑ °»“ µ√å
√–À«à“ߺ‘«πÈ” ·≈–Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘„µâº‘«πÈ”∑’Ë ®–∑”„À⇰‘¥πÈ”≈ß „π æ.». ÚıÚı-ÚıÛˆ  “¡“√∂ √ÿª
§«“¡≈÷ ° ¢Õß∑â Õ ß¡À“ ¡ÿ ∑ √ √«¡∂÷ ß ‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß Ÿß ÿ¥
≈—°…≥–™“¬ΩíòߢÕߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬∑’ˉ¡à¡’ °“√ª√–‡¡‘ π §à “ æ≈— ß ß“π∑’Ë ‰ ¥â ® “° ·≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-≈ߵ˔ ÿ¥‰¥â
§«“¡≈“¥™—π∑’ˇ撬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ∑âÕß æ≈—ßß“ππÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß ¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë ¯
µ“√“ß∑’Ë ¯ §«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ߢÕß∑–‡≈
§«“¡·µ°µà“ß §«“¡·µ°µà“ß
™à«ß‡«≈“ ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß  Ÿß ÿ¥ ¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß µË” ÿ¥
§«“¡·µ°µà“ß §«“¡·µ°µà“ß
 ∂“π’  ∂“π’
(‡¡µ√) (‡¡µ√)
Õà“«‰∑¬
¡’π“§¡ - ‡¡…“¬π ¡À“™—¬ Ú.ı¯  ß¢≈“ .¯Ù
情¿“§¡ - °—𬓬π ¡À“™—¬ Ú.˜ˆ  ß¢≈“ .¯ı
惻®‘°“¬π- °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å À—«À‘π Ú.˜Ù  ß¢≈“ Ò.Ú
∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π
¡’π“§¡ - ‡¡…“¬π ‡°“–µ–‡¿“πâÕ¬ Ú.˘˜ ∑—∫≈–¡ÿ Ú.˜˜
情¿“§¡ -°—𬓬𠇰“–µ–√ÿ‡µ“ Ú.˘Ò ∑—∫≈–¡ÿ Ú.ˆı
惻®‘°“¬π- °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å °“–µ–√ÿ‡µ“ Ú.˘Û ‡°“–µ–‡¿“πâÕ¬ Ú.ÙÒ
∑’Ë¡“ : ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ»—°¬¿“æ·≈–§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡„π°“√æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π®“°∑–‡≈ıı

«“√ÿ≥’ ‡µ’¬ ·≈–§≥–

673
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-
πÈ”≈ß ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“§à“§«“¡·µ°µà“ߢÕß
√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß ¬—߉¡àÕ¬Ÿà„π‡°≥±å∑’Ë
‡À¡“– ¡ ‚¥¬§à “ ¢Õߧ«“¡·µ°µà “ ß
¢Õß√–¥—∫πÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß ∑—Èß„π∫√‘‡«≥
Õà“«‰∑¬ ·≈–Ωíòß∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—ππ—ÈπÕ¬Ÿà„π
‡°≥±åµË”·≈– ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡ª‘ √–‡∑»¢Õ߉∑¬
„π∫√‘ ‡ «≥ª“°·¡à πÈ” ®–¡’ ≈— ° …≥–√“∫
‡√’¬∫ ‰¡à‡Õ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬„π°“√ √â“ßÕà“߇°Á∫
πÈ”‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß √ÿª‰¥â«à“ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
‰¡à ¡’ »— ° ¬¿“æ‡æ’ ¬ ßæÕ„π°“√æ— ≤ π“
√–∫∫æ≈—ßß“ππÈ”¢÷Èπ-πÈ”≈ß
ı.Û æ≈—ßß“π®“°§≈◊Ëπ
µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˘ √–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ·≈–§“∫§≈◊Ëπ
™à«ß‡«≈“
Õà“«‰∑¬
¡’π“§¡ - ‡¡…“¬π
情¿“§¡ - °—𬓬π
惻®‘°“¬π - °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å
∑–‡≈Õ—π¥“¡—π
情¿“§¡ - °—𬓬π
惻®‘°“¬π - °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å
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·≈–§“∫§≈◊Ëπ √«¡∂÷߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë®–π”
¡“º≈‘ µ æ≈— ß ß“π®“°§≈◊Ë π ‚¥¬Ωíò ß Õà “ «
‰∑¬¡’§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ‰¡à‡°‘π Ú ‡¡µ√
·≈–Ωíò ß ∑–‡≈Õ— 𠥓¡— π ¡’ § «“¡ Ÿ ß ¢Õß
§≈◊Ëπ‰¡à‡°‘π ı ‡¡µ√ ´÷Ë߉¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ·°à
°“√π”¡“„™âª√–‚¬™πå ·≈–®“° ∂“π-
¿“æ¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’„π°“√π”æ≈—ßß“π
§≈◊Ëπ¡“º≈‘µ‡ªìπ‰øøÑ“ ¬—߉¡à¡’‡∑§‚π-
§≈◊Ë π ‡ªì π ª√“°Ø°“√≥å
∏√√¡™“µ‘„π∑–‡≈∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“
‚¥¬§≈◊Ëπ‡°‘¥®“°≈¡∑’Ëæ— ¥ºà“πº‘«¡À“
 ¡ÿ∑√·≈–∑–‡≈ ¢π“¥¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ®–„À≠à
À√◊Õ‡≈Á° ®–¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡ ·≈–
√–¬–∑“ߢÕß≈¡∑’Ëæ—¥ºà“π‡Àπ◊Õº‘«πÈ”
°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§à“æ≈—ßß“π∑’‰Ë ¥â®“°
æ≈—ßß“π§≈◊Ëπ∑–‡≈
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’°“√·ª≈ßæ≈—ßß“π®“°
§≈◊Ëπ∑–‡≈‡æ◊ËÕº≈‘µæ≈—ßß“ππ—Èπ „™âÀ≈—°
°“√·ª≈ßæ≈—ßß“π®≈πå (kinetic energy)
¢Õߧ≈◊Ë π ∑–‡≈‡æ◊Ë Õ º≈‘ µ æ≈— ß ß“π ıı
§«“¡ Ÿß§≈◊Ëπ (‡¡µ√)
.Ò - .˜
.Ò - Ò.Ú
.Ò - Ò.˜
.Ò - .Û
.ı - Ù.ı
‚≈¬’∑’Ë√Õß√—∫°“√º≈‘µæ≈—ßß“π®“°§«“¡
 Ÿß§≈◊Ëπ‡æ’¬ß Ú-ı ‡¡µ√
 √ÿª
¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å æ∫«à“
¡’°“√∑”ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“ππ’È¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π
·µà¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õß°“√„™âß“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°
¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æµË”·≈–§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ
§«“¡‰¡à ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ¢Õßæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
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674
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»—°¬å ·≈–æ≈—ßß“π®≈πå æ≈—ßß“π»—°¬å
®–‡ªì π æ≈— ß ß“π‡°’Ë ¬ «¢â Õ ß°— ∫ √Ÿ ª ·∫∫
¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ À√◊Õ§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ  à«π
æ≈—ßß“π®≈πå®–‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß
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¢ÕßπÈ”∑–‡≈∑’˪√–°Õ∫°—π‡ªìπ§≈◊Ëπ
®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß°√¡Õÿ∑°»“ µ√å„π
æ.». ÚıÚı-ÚıÛˆ  “¡“√∂ √ÿª‡ªìπ
¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß√–¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß¢Õߧ≈◊Ëπ ·≈–
§“∫§≈◊Ëπ¢ÕßΩíòßÕà“«‰∑¬ ·≈–Ωíòß∑–‡≈
Õ—π¥“¡—π‰¥â¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë ˘
§“∫§≈◊Ëπ («‘π“∑’)
Ú-Ù
Ú-ˆ
Ú-ˆ
Ú-ı
Ù-˜
∑’Ë®–π”¡“„™âª√–‚¬™π剥⠥—ßπ—È𠧫√¡’
«‘®—¬¥â“π‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ  ¡√√∂π–
°“√„™âß“π‰¥âÕ¬à“ß ¡Ë”‡ ¡Õ·≈–À“·π«
∑“ß≈¥µâπ∑ÿπ¢Õß√–∫∫/Õÿª°√≥å∑’Ë„™â
æ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å §«√¡’ß“π«‘®—¬∑—Èß
∑“ߥâ“π‡∑§π‘§·≈–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å ‡æ◊ËÕ
¢¬“¬‚Õ°“ ∑’®Ë –æ—≤π“Õÿª°√≥å·≈–°“√
ª√–¬ÿ°µå„™â„πß“π„À¡à Ê µà“ß Ê ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß
‡À¡“– ¡„Àâ ‰ ¥â ° «â “ ߢ«“ß¡“°¬‘Ë ß ¢÷È π

‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡ß◊ÕË π‰¢∑’‡Ë À¡“– ¡·≈–§«“¡
§ÿâ¡§à“¢Õß°“√„™â‡´≈≈å· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å πÕ°
®“°π’È §«√¡’ß“π«‘®—¬‡™‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬·≈–
¡“µ√°“√µà“ß Ê ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑’˪√– ∫
§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å
‡™à π ¡“µ√°“√¿“…’  ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡¥â “ π
µà“ß Ê ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¿“…’·°ä §“√å∫Õπ-
‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å
¥â“π‰øøÑ“æ≈—ßπÈ” æ∫«à“ °“√ √â“ß
‡¢◊ËÕπ¢π“¥„À≠à‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â¬“° §«√‡πâπ
æ≈—ßπÈ”¢π“¥‡≈Á° πÕ°®“°π’È §«√¡’ß“π
«‘ ®— ¬ ‡™‘ ß π‚¬∫“¬„𧫓¡√à « ¡¡◊ Õ °— ∫
ª√–‡∑»‡æ◊ËÕπ∫â“π
¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π≈¡ æ∫«à“ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“π
§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡∑’√Ë –¥—∫§«“¡ Ÿß¡“°°«à“ ı
‡¡µ√®“°æ◊Èπ¥‘π¬—߉¡à¡’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ߧ«√
 π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ¡’°“√»÷°…“∑’Ë√–¥—∫§«“¡
 Ÿ ß π’È √«¡∂÷ß°“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â
∑“߇∑§π‘§·≈–‡»√…∞»“ µ√å  ”À√— ∫
°“√µ‘¥µ—Èß°—ßÀ—π≈¡„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡√Á«
≈¡ Ÿß √«¡∑—ÈßÀ“·π«∑“ß≈¥µâπ∑ÿπ¢Õß
√–∫∫/Õÿª°√≥å πÕ°®“°π’È §«√¡’ß“π
«‘ ®— ¬ ‡™‘ ß π‚¬∫“¬¥â “ π¡“µ√°“√®Ÿ ß „®
·≈– à ß ‡ √‘ ¡ °“√º≈‘ µ ·≈–µ‘ ¥ µ—È ß °— ß À— π
‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ Ÿ∫πÈ”·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ°“√º≈‘µ‰øøÑ“
æ≈— ß ß“π§«“¡√â Õ π„µâ æ‘ ¿ æ„π
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’»—°¬¿“æµË”  à«πæ≈—ß
ß“π®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√‰¡àπà“®–¡’»—°¬¿“æ
°‘µµ‘°√√¡ª√–°“»
ºŸâ‡¢’¬π„§√à¢Õ∫§ÿ≥ ”π—°ß“π°Õß
∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬∑’Ë„Àâ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ
∑ÿπ«‘®—¬
«“√ÿ≥’ ‡µ’¬ ·≈–§≥–
‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß
Ò. π‘√π“¡ ÚıÙ˜  ∂“π¿“æªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–¢âÕ
‡ πÕ ŸàÕ𓧵 ¥â“π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß Àπâ“ Ù.
Ú. ‡ √‘¡ ®—π∑√å≈“¬ ·≈–®√ÿß· ß ≈—°…≥∫ÿ≠ àß,
·ºπ∑’»Ë °— ¬¿“ææ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈
¥“«‡∑’¬¡ ”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬, °√¡æ—≤π“
·≈– à߇ √‘¡æ≈—ßß“π√à«¡°—∫¿“§«‘™“øî ‘° å
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»‘≈ª“°√, Àπâ“
¯Ú-¯˘.
Û. √“¬ß“πæ≈— ß ß“π∑¥·∑π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
ÚıÙˆ, °√¡æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π ·≈–
Õπÿ√°— …åæ≈—ßß“π °√–∑√«ßæ≈—ßß“π, °√ÿ߇∑æœ.
Ù. http://www.nepo.go.th/vrs/VRS44-07-
Solar.html, 2001
ı. http://www.egat.or.th/rdo/energy/phuket.
html, 2005.
ˆ. http://www.egat.co.th/information/power
plant/solarcell.htm, 2005.
˜. §≥–∑”ß“πæ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å„π√Ÿª§«“¡
√â Õ π, ÚıÙ, √“¬ß“π°“√ª√–™ÿ ¡ §≥–
∑”ß“πæ≈—ßß“π· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å„π√Ÿª§«“¡√âÕπ,
§≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√ª√– “πß“π°“√«‘®—¬·≈–
æ— ≤ π“æ≈— ß ß“π∑¥·∑π,  ”π— ° ß“π§≥–
°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘, Àπâ“ Ú-Ù.
¯.  ÿ√ ‘∑∏‘Ï ª√– “√ª√“π, ÚıÛ, √–∫∫∑”
πÈ” √â Õ π¥â « ¬· ßÕ“∑‘ µ ¬å ∑’Ë ¡’ µ— « √— ∫ √— ß  ’ · ∫∫
Œ’∑‰ªªá-‡∏Õ√å¡≈— ‰¥‚Õ¥, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“
«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ  ∂“∫—π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’
˘.  ÿ§π∏å Õ“®ƒ∑∏‘,Ï ÚıÚÙ, µ—«√—∫· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å
·ºàπ√“∫·∫∫‡æ‘Ë¡º‘«‚§âß –∑âÕπ· ß, «‘∑¬“
π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ,
 ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ˘Û
Àπâ“.
Ò. ª√–«‘∑¬å ∂’∂–·°â«, ÚıÚı,  ¡√√∂¿“æ
¢Õß√–∫∫∑”πÈ”√âÕπ¥â«¬· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’Ë„™â™ÿ¥
√—∫√—ß ’·ºàπ√“∫°√–®° Ú ™—Èπ, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å
ª√‘≠≠“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“‡∑§‚π
‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ,  ∂“∫—π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ÒÙ Àπâ“.
ÒÒ.  ¡π÷° ∫ÿ≠≠»“ µ√åæ—π∏ÿå, ÚıÚ˜, √–∫∫
∑”πÈ”√âÕπ¥â«¬· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ÿß¥â«¬
µ—«√—∫√—ß ’·∫∫·ºàπ‡√’¬∫, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“
675
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ,  ∂“∫—π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ˜Ù Àπâ“.
ÒÚ.  ÿ¢ƒ¥’  ÿ¢„®, ÚıÛı,  ¡√√∂π–¢Õß
‡§√◊ÕË ßÕ∫·Àâß°≈⫬πÈ”«â“¥â«¬· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·∫∫
À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π·≈–·∫∫µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å
ª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ,
 ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√,’ Ò¯Ù
Àπâ“.
ÒÛ. «√«‘∑¬å √ÿßà ®‘«“√—°…å, ÚıÛ¯, °“√»÷°…“√–∫∫
Õ∫·Àâ ß °≈â « ¬πÈ” «â “ ¥â « ¬· ßÕ“∑‘ µ ¬å ¢ π“¥
Õÿµ “À°√√¡, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡-
»“ µ√¡À“∫— ≥ ±‘ µ  “¢“«‘ ™ “‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ  ∂“∫—π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, Ò¯Ù Àπâ“.
ÒÙ. ≥— ∞ «ÿ ≤‘ ¥ÿ … Æ’ , ÚıÛÙ, °“√æ—≤π“√–∫∫
Õ∫·Àâ ß º≈‰¡â ‚ ¥¬„™â æ ≈— ß ß“π· ßÕ“∑‘ µ ¬å
‡ªì π æ≈— ß ß“π‡ √‘ ¡ , «‘ ∑ ¬“π‘ æ π∏å ª √‘ ≠ ≠“
«‘ » «°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“∫— ≥ ±‘ µ  “¢“«‘ ™ “
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ
 ∂“∫— π ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ æ √–®Õ¡‡°≈â “ ∏π∫ÿ √’ ,
Ò˜ Àπâ“.
Òı. æ®π“ «ß…å »‘ √‘ , ÚıÚ¯, °“√Õ∫·Àâ ß
º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ“À“√‚¥¬„™â‡§√◊ËÕßÕ∫·Àâß· ß
Õ“∑‘ µ ¬å · ∫∫¡’ µ— « √— ∫ √— ß  ’ , «‘ ∑ ¬“π‘ æ π∏å
ª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“
«‘™“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–
«— ¥ÿ  ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’,
˜˘ Àπâ“.
Òˆ. Õ“ππ∑å ‚æ∏‘ÏÀÕ¡, ÚıÚ, ‡§√◊ËÕß°≈—ËππÈ”
¥â«¬· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å, ‚§√ß°“√ª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡-
»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ ¿“§«‘™“«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß
°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å  ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ˘¯ Àπâ“.
Ò˜. ∑π߇°’¬√µ‘ ‡°’¬√µ‘»‘√‘‚√®πå, ÚıÚÛ, °“√
»÷°…“‡§√◊ËÕß°≈—ËππÈ”· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·∫∫√’‡®π-
‡π‡√∑‘ø, «“√ “√«‘®¬— ·≈–æ—≤π“  ®∏., ©∫—∫
∑’Ë Ù, ‡≈à¡∑’Ë Ú, Àπâ“ Ò-¯.
Ò¯. »‘√‘™—¬ ‡∑æ“, ÚıÛÚ, ‡§√◊ËÕß°≈—ËππÈ”º‘«µ—Èß
Ω“§√Õ∫Õ§√‘≈§‘ , «“√ “√«‘®¬— ·≈–æ—≤π“  ®∏.,
©∫—∫∑’Ë ÒÚ, ‡≈à¡∑’Ë Ò, Àπâ“ Òˆ-Û˘.
Ò˘. Õ“ππ∑å ‚æ∏‘ÏÀÕ¡, ÚıÚÒ, ‡§√◊ËÕß°≈—ËππÈ”
¥â«¬· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·∫∫Õ¬Ÿà°—∫∑’Ë, Seminar on
Solar Energy and Applications, Technologi-
cal Promotion Association (Thai-Japan) and
King Mongkutûs Institute of Technology,
Thailand, Àπâ“ ˜.
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Ú.  ¡™“¬ ‚ ¿≥»‘√°‘ ≈ÿ , ÚıÙÛ, °“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß
 ¡√√∂π–¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß°≈—ËππÈ”, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å
ª√‘≠≠“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ
 ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√,’ Ò˘
Àπâ“.
ÚÒ. ¡“π– §ß¥’®—π∑√å, ÚıÛÙ, °“√°≈—Ëπ‡Õ∏“-
πÕ≈®“°«— µ ∂ÿ ¥‘ ∫ °“√‡°…µ√‚¥¬æ≈— ß ß“π
· ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å, «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏åª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡-
»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ  ∂“∫—π
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ÒÒ Àπâ“.
ÚÚ. ®’√»—°¥‘Ï ®‘√–«“√’ ·≈–«’√–™—¬ ·°àπ∑√—æ¬å,
ÚıÚÛ, °“√°≈—Ëπ·Õ≈°ÕŒÕ≈å¥â«¬µ—«√—∫√—ß ’
·ºàπ√“∫, ‚§√ßß“πª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√
∫—≥±‘µ ¿“§«‘™“«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß°≈ §≥–
«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å  ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡
‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ¯Ù Àπâ“.
ÚÛ. ≥—∞ «√¬», ÚıÙÙ, °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª
‰¥â„π°“√°≈—Ëπ‡Õ∑∏“πÕ≈¥â«¬æ≈—ßß“π· ß
Õ“∑‘µ¬å, ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√ —¡¡π“‡√◊ËÕß
»—°¬¿“æ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬„π°“√º≈‘µ‡Õ∑∏“-
πÕ≈‡æ◊ËÕ∑¥·∑π°“√π”‡¢â“, °≈ÿà¡ß“π‡°…µ√
·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡‡°…µ√ °Õß‚§√ß°“√·≈–
ª√– “πß“π«‘®—¬  ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√
«‘®—¬·Ààß™“µ‘, Àπâ“ E-1-E-6.
ÚÙ. ∑«’»—°¥‘Ï »√’¿Ÿ ‘µ‚µ ·≈–§≥–, ÚıÛÒ,
Solar Adsorption Refrigeration, ‚§√ßß“π
ª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√∫—≥±‘µ ¿“§«‘™“
«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å
 ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ˜ı
Àπâ“.
Úı. æ‘∑¬“ °‘Ëß™¡ ·≈–§≥–, ÚıÛÚ, °“√»÷°…“
‡§√◊ËÕß∑”§«“¡‡¬Áπ·∫∫¥Ÿ¥‡°“–, ‚§√ßß“π
ª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“∫—≥±‘µ  “¬
«‘™“«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ÕË ß°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å
 ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ˆˆ
Àπâ“.
Úˆ. ∑π߇°’¬√µ‘ ‡°’¬√µ‘»‘√‘‚√®πå, ÚıÛı, °“√
»÷°…“ ¡√√∂π–¢Õß√–∫∫∑”§«“¡‡¬Áπ· ß
Õ“∑‘µ¬å∑’Ë„™â∂à“π°—¡¡—πµå-‡¡∏“πÕ≈‡ªìπ “√
§Ÿà∑”ß“π, «‘»«°√√¡ “√©∫—∫«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“,
©∫—∫∑’Ë Û, ‡≈à¡∑’Ë Ò, Àπâ“ ˆÒ-ˆ˘.
Ú˜. Boonbumroong, U., et al., Suwannakum,
T., Pongchawee, D., Pengma, S., Kitikara,
K., and Sripadungtum, P., 2004, Paramet-
ric Study of a PV/Wind/Diesel Hybrid
System for Kohjik Island, 14th International
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
Conference, 26-30 January, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, pp.841, 842.
Ú¯. Somsak, T., Boonbumroong, U., Tanchareon,
S., Jeenkaokam, N., and Jivacate, C., 2004,
PV-Diesel Stand Alone Hybrid System at
Royal Project Research Station : Observa-
tions on Power Quality, 14th International
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
Conference, 26-30 January, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, pp.843, 846.
Ú˘. Thianphu, A., 2004, Management of PV
Water Pumping system, 14th International
Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
Conference, 26-30 January, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok, pp.889, 890.
Û. Sangpanich, U., Thongpron, J., Kitikara,
K., and Jivacate, C., 2004, Power Quality
of Four Rooftop Grid-Connected Photo-
voltaic System in Thailand, 14th Interna-
tional Photovoltaic Science and Engineer-
ing Conference, 26-30 January, Chula-
longkorn University, Bangkok, pp.139,
140.
ÛÒ. Buranasajja, S. and Seingsanor, S., 2004,
Photovoltaic Battery Charging System in
Thailand : a Case Study of Ban Bon Khao
Kangriang, 14th International Photovoltaic
Science and Engineering Conference, 26-
30 January, Chulalongkorn University,
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ÛÚ. §≥–Õπÿ ° √√¡°“√ à ß ‡ √‘ ¡ °“√„™â æ ≈— ß ß“π
À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π, ÚıÙÙ, ‡Õ° “√ª√–°Õ∫°“√
ª√–™ÿ¡ ‡√◊ËÕß·ºπæ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
„π™à«ßªï ÚıÙı-ÚıÙ˘,  ”π—°ß“π§≥–
°√√¡°“√π‚¬∫“¬·Ààß™“µ‘.
ÛÛ. √“¬ß“π‰øøÑ“¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ÚıÙˆ, °√¡
æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π
°√–∑√«ßæ≈—ßß“π, °√ÿ߇∑æœ.
ÛÙ. √“¬ß“π°“√„™â æ ≈— ß ß“π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
ÚıÙˆ, °√¡æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π ·≈–
Õπÿ√°— …åæ≈—ßß“π °√–∑√«ßæ≈—ßß“π, °√ÿ߇∑æœ.
Ûı. ·ºπªØ‘∫µ— °‘ “√‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰øøÑ“æ≈—ßπÈ”¢π“¥
‡≈Á ° ı ªï (ÚıÙı-ÚıÙ˘) °√¡æ— ≤ π“
æ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π.
Ûˆ. ∑«’ª ™—¬ ¡¿æ ·≈–®—°√’ §ÿªµåÕ—§√¿‘≠‚≠,
ÚıÙˆ, ç°“√ª√–‡¡‘π‡™‘ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’¢Õß
‚§√ß°“√æ—≤π“æ≈—ßπÈ”¢π“¥‡≈Á°„πª√–‡∑»
 ∂“π¿“æ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬æ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬
676
∑’Ë°”≈—ßæ—≤π“·≈–„πª√–‡∑»∑’Ëæ—≤π“·≈â«é,
°“√ —¡¡π“‡º¬·æ√àº≈ß“π«‘®—¬¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π
∑¥·∑π, «—π∑’Ë Úı °—𬓬π ÚıÙˆ, ‚√ß·√¡
√“¡“°“√凥π å, Àπâ“ ÒÛ¯-ÒÙ˜.
Û˜. ∏π– ∫ÿ≠≠ ‘√‘°Ÿ≈, ÚıÙÙ, ç°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫
π‚¬∫“¬®—¥ √√πÈ”‡æ◊ÕË ª√–‚¬™πå ßŸ  ÿ¥„π°“√
®—¥°“√Õà“߇°Á∫πÈ”é, °“√ª√–™ÿ¡ —¡¡π“«‘™“
°“√·≈–π‘∑√√»°“√¥â“πæ≈—ßπÈ”, §√—Èß∑’Ë Ò,
«—π∑’Ë ˆ-˜ °ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å ÚıÙÙ, °“√‰øøÑ“
ΩÉ“¬º≈‘µ·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬, Àπâ“ Û-ÒÛ, Û-Ò˘.
Û¯. °√¡æ—≤π“ à߇ √‘¡æ≈—ßß“π, ÚıÙÙ, ‡Õ° “√
‚§√ß°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ë»—°¬¿“ææ≈—ßß“π≈¡
„πª√–‡∑».
Û˘. §≥–∑”ß“πæ≈—ßß“π≈¡, ÚıÙÒ, π‚¬∫“¬
·ºπ·≈–·π«∑“ß°“√«‘®¬— ·≈–æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π
∑¥·∑π : æ≈—ßß“π≈¡, §≥–Õπÿ°√√¡°“√
ª√– “πß“π°“√«‘ ®— ¬ ·≈–æ— ≤ π“æ≈— ß ß“π
∑¥·∑π,  ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬·Ààß
™“µ‘, Òı Àπâ“.
Ù. ÕßÕ“® §ßƒ∑∏‘Ï ·≈–§≥–, ÚıÚı, °“√π”
Õÿ‚¡ß§å¡“∑¥ Õ∫°—ßÀ—π≈¡ ¯ „∫, ‚§√ßß“π
ª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√∫—≥±‘µ ¿“§«‘™“
«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å
 ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ÙÚ
Àπâ“.
ÙÒ. ª√–®—≠ ‡æ™√‰«°Ÿ≥∞å, ÚıÛ, °“√»÷°…“
§«“¡‡§âπ„π„∫¢Õß°—ßÀ—π≈¡·°πÀ¡ÿπ·π«
¥‘Ëß, «‘∑¬“π‘æ∏åª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“
∫—≥±‘µ  “¢“«‘™“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ≈—ßß“π §≥–
æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ  ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–
®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’, ÒÛ˘ Àπâ“.
ÙÚ.  ¡™“¬ ™Ÿ™’æ°ÿ≈, ÚıÛÛ, ·∫∫®”≈Õ߉ø
‰π∑å ‡ Õ‡≈‡¡π∑å ¢ Õß„∫æ— ¥ °— ß À— π ≈¡·∫∫
¥“√å‡√’¬ , ç«“√ “√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“  ®∏.,é
©∫—∫∑’Ë ÒÛ, ‡≈à¡∑’Ë Ú, Àπâ“ Ò-Òˆ.
ÙÛ.  ÿ°ƒ…≥å ‚√®π«‘‰≈°ÿ≈  ÿ∑∏‘™—¬ »‘√‘æ√Õ¥ÿ≈
»‘≈ªá ·≈–‡Õ°¿æ ®—π∑√å»ÿ¿¡ß§≈, ÚıÙÚ,
°“√»÷°…“ Laminar Separation Brbble ∫π
„∫æ— ¥ ¢Õß°— ß À— π ≈¡, ‚§√ßß“πª√‘≠ ≠“
«‘ » «°√√¡»“ µ√¡À“∫— ≥ ±‘ µ ¿“§«‘ ™ “
«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’,
ÒıÒ Àπâ“.
ÙÙ. ‡°√’ ¬ ß»— ° ¥‘Ï ¢ÿ 𠉙¬, ÚıÚ˜, √–∫∫
º≈‘µ‰øøÑ“®“°°—ßÀ—π≈¡·∫∫‰®‚√-‚√‡µÕ√å
(√–¬– Ú), «‘ ∑ ¬“π‘ æ π∏å ª √‘ ≠ ≠“«‘ ∑ ¬“-
»“ µ√¡À“∫— ≥ ±‘ µ  “¢“«‘ ™ “‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
æ≈—ßß“π §≥–æ≈—ßß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ  ∂“∫—π
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√,’ ÒıÚ Àπâ“.
Ùı. ¡π™—¬ ‡À≈◊Õß«—≤𫑉≈ ·≈–§≥–, ÚıÛÙ,
°—ßÀ—π≈¡º≈‘µ°√–· ‰øøÑ“·∫∫¥“√å‡√’¬ ,
‚§√ßß“πª√‘≠≠“«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√∫—≥±‘µ
¿“§«‘™“«‘»«°√√¡‡§√◊ËÕß°≈ §≥–«‘»«°√√¡-
»“ µ√å  ∂“∫—π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“
∏π∫ÿ√’, ıÙ Àπâ“.
Ùˆ. Õπÿ«—µµå ®“ß«π‘™‡≈‘» ·≈–ª√–¿“… ‰æ√-
 ÿ«√√≥, ÚıÛ˘, °“√æ—≤𓇧√◊ËÕß°”‡π‘¥
°√–· ‰øøÑ“¥â«¬æ≈—ßß“π≈¡, æ≈—ßß“π≈¡
‡§√◊ËÕß°”‡π‘¥°√–· ‰øøÑ“ ‰øøÑ“√∂¬πµå
Electric generators, °“√ª√–™ÿ¡«‘™“°“√∑“ß
«‘»«°√√¡‰øøÑ“ §√—Èß∑’Ë Ú ‡≈à¡ Û, Àπâ“
Û¯ˆ-Û˘Ò.
Ù˜. Õπÿ«—µπå ®“ß«π‘™‡≈‘» ·≈–ª√–¿“… ‰æ√-
 ÿ«√√≥, ÚıÙÒ, ç√–∫∫º≈‘µ·≈– ”√Õß
°√–· ‰øøÑ“ ¥â « ¬æ≈—ß ß“π≈¡é, «‘ » « “√
≈“¥°√–∫—ß, ªï∑’Ë ÒÙ, ©∫—∫∑’Ë Ò, Àπâ“ Ò-¯.
Ù¯. °Õßæ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π∑¥·∑π,  ”π—°ß“π«‘®—¬
·≈–æ—≤π“ °“√‰øøÑ“ΩÉ“¬º≈‘µ, ÚıÙÚ,
°“√º≈‘µ‰øøÑ“®“°°—ßÀ—π≈¡, ç«“√ “√ª√–-
 ‘∑∏‘¿“ææ≈—ßß“π,é ©∫—∫∑’Ë Ùˆ, Àπâ“ ÛÛ,
ÛÙ.
Ù˘. °Õßæ— ≤ π“æ≈— ß ß“π∑¥·∑π, ÚıÙÚ,
çæ≈— ß ß“π§«“¡√â Õ π„µâ æ‘ ¿ æé, æ≈— ß ß“π
§«“¡√âÕπ„µâæ‘¿æ, °“√‰øøÑ“ΩÉ“¬º≈‘µ·Ààß
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬.
ı. http://www.dmr.go.th/HOTSPING/
THAIHOTSP.htm, 2002.
ıÒ. http://www.egat.or.th/rdo/energy/
gerohermal_plant.htm, 2002.
ıÚ. ¡“πæ √—°…“ °ÿ≈«ß»å ·≈–»‘√æ‘ √  Ÿßª“π‡¢“,
ÚıÙı, çæ≈— ß ß“π§«“¡√â Õ π„µâ æ‘ ¿ æé,
¢à“« “√°“√∏√≥’, ªï∑’Ë Ù˜, ©∫—∫∑’Ë Ú, Àπâ“
ÙÒ-Ù˘.
ıÛ. http://www.nrel.gov/clean_energy/ocean.
html, 2005
ıÙ.  ÿ√™—¬ ª√–‡ √‘∞«‘°—¬, ÚıÙ, çæ≈—ßß“π
§«“¡√â Õ π®“°¡À“ ¡ÿ ∑ √... ”§— ≠ ∑’Ë º ≈
æ≈Õ¬‰¥â é , «“√ “√°“√‰øøÑ “ ΩÉ “ ¬º≈‘ µ ,
ªï∑’Ë ˆ, ‡≈à¡∑’Ë Û, Àπâ“ Û¯-ÙÙ.
ıı. §≥–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡™’¬ß„À¡à,
ÚıÙÒ, √“¬ß“π©∫—∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“
‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ »—°¬¿“æ·≈–§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡„π°“√
æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π®“°∑–‡≈, °√¡æ—≤π“æ≈—ßß“π
∑¥·∑π·≈–Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π, ˆÚ Àπâ“.
ıˆ. ¡πÿ«¥’ À—ߠ惰…å, ÚıÙÛ, ç ¡ÿ∑√»“ µ√å
°“¬¿“æ¢ÕßÕà“«‰∑¬é, «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬-
 ∂“π, ªï∑’Ë Úı, Àπâ“ Òˆ¯-Ò˜˘.
ı˜. ª√–«‘∑¬å ∂’µ–·°â«, ÚıÚÚ, çæ≈—ßß“ππÈ”
¢÷ÈππÈ”≈ßé, æ≈—ßß“π, Àπâ“ ÚıÛ-ÚˆÒ.

Abstract Status and Research Trends on Renewable Energy in Thailand

Warunee Tia
Pimporn Jangploy
Kangsadan Sakunpongmalee
Somchart Soponronnarit
Fellow of the Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Thailand

The development and expansion of the utilization on renewable energy are the sustainable way of
energy development of oil imported country as Thailand. Thus this paper presents the potential, status
and research trends on renewable energy in Thailand, namely solar, wind, small-hydro, geothermal, and
ocean energy, except biomass which had already been reported in the our previous publication. The
main limitations of using renewable energy were unreliable of resource and inefficient conversion.
These appeared to be perceived poor economics of renewable energy compared to commercial energy.
The research on system-efficiency and reliability improvement, cost reduction, and policy research
such as pricing structure of fuel with environmental taxes should be conducted.

Key words : research trend, solar energy, wind energy, small-hydro power, geothermal energy,
ocean energy, Thailand

«“√ÿ≥’ ‡µ’¬ ·≈–§≥–

677
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å 碑¡À≈Õ¥é* ™π°  “§√‘°

¿“§’ ¡“™‘°  ”π—°»‘≈ª°√√¡
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§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢Õߢ‘¡  ¡—¬‚∫√“≥ (Ancient Persian Empire) Chin) ´÷Ëß·ª≈«à“ 燧√◊ËÕߥπµ√’¢Õß™“«

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dulcimer) ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ÕË ß¥πµ√’´ß÷Ë ¡’§ππ‘¬¡
∫√√‡≈ß°—π¡“° ∑—Èßπ’È Õ“®®–‡ªìπ‡æ√“–
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∑“ß “¬‰À¡ (Silk Road) ª√–‡∑»®’π
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µà“ß™“µ‘é ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬π—Èπ‰¥â·∫∫Õ¬à“ß
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* ∫√√¬“¬„π°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ ”π—°»‘≈ª°√√¡ √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π ‡¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë ı °√°Æ“§¡ æ.». ÚıÙ¯

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À≈“¬∑—Ë«‰ª®π°≈“¬‡ªìπ ‘π§â“π”‡¢â“
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§≈⓬°—∫„∫‡ ¡“·∂«≈– ˜ „∫ ‡√’¬°«à“
çÀ¬àÕßé (fret) À¬àÕß∑’§Ë ≈⓬°—∫„∫‡ ¡“
π’È  à « π¡“°π‘ ¬ ¡∑”¥â « ¬ß“À√◊ Õ °√–¥Ÿ °
 —µ«å∑’ËøÕ°¢“«‡æ√“–·¢Áß·√ß∑π∑“π
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·∂« ·∂«≈– ˜ µ”·Àπàß ¥—ßπ—Èπ ¢‘¡ Ò
µ— « ®÷ ß ¡’   “¬∑—È ß À¡¥ ÙÚ ‡ â π  ”À√— ∫
‰¡âµ’¢‘¡¢Õß®’ππ—Èπ∑”¥â«¬‰¡â‰ºà´÷Ë߇À≈“
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≈߉ª∫𠓬∑Õ߇À≈◊Õß®÷߇°‘¥‡ ’¬ß¥—ß
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

π‘¬¡Àÿ⡪≈“¬¥â«¬«— ¥ÿÕàÕππÿࡇ™àπÀπ—ß
Ú ı
À√◊Õ —°À≈“¥ ‡«≈“µ’ “¬¢‘¡‡ ’¬ß®–øíß
πÿà¡π«≈°«à“ πÕ°®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ≈«¥
≈“¬∫πΩ“¢‘¡·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß«— ¥ÿ∑’Ë„™âÀÿâ¡
Û
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®÷߇√‘Ë¡¥—¥·ª≈ß≈—°…≥–µ—«¢‘¡¢÷Èπ¡“„À¡à ˜
‡ªì π ·∫∫©∫— ∫ ¢Õßµπ‡Õß·≈–‰¥â √— ∫
§«“¡π‘¬¡µàÕ¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π
¯
°”‡π‘¥¢‘¡·ºàπ Ò ˆ
(Metal Hammered Dulcimer)
¡’¢‘¡Õ’°™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß´÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–·≈– Ù
√Ÿª·∫∫°“√‡√’¬ß‡ ’¬ß‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫¢‘¡∑’Ë„™â
 “¬≈«¥∑Õ߇À≈◊Õß·µà„™â«— ¥ÿ´÷Ë߇ªìπ °—∫°√–‡ªÜ“‡¥‘π∑“߇æ◊ÕË „Àâ –¥«°„π°“√ ‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈ß«‘ ∏’ ° “√º≈‘ µ ¢‘ ¡ ∑’Ë  ”§— ≠
‚≈À–¡“‡ªìπµâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß ¢‘¡™π‘¥π’È π”‰ª∫√√‡≈߬—ß ∂“π∑’µË “à ß Ê πÕ°®“° Õ’ ° ¢—È π Àπ÷Ë ß ´÷Ë ß ¡’ º ≈æ«ß∑’Ë µ “¡¡“§◊ Õ
‡¥‘¡‡√’¬°°—πÀ≈“¬™◊ËÕµ“¡«— ¥ÿ∑’Ëπ”¡“ π—Èπ¬—߇ª≈’ˬπ çÀ¡ÿ¥¬÷¥ “¬¢‘¡é (pin) Õÿ ª °√≥å ∑’Ë „ ™â ª √— ∫ ‡∑’ ¬ ∫ “¬¢‘ ¡ ´÷Ë ß ·µà
„™â·∑𠓬¢‘¡ ‡™àπ ¢‘¡‡À≈Á° (iron ®“°À¡ÿ¥µÕ° (normal pin) ‰ª‡ªì𠇥‘¡‡ªìπ§âÕπ∑Õ߇À≈◊ÕßÕ—π‡≈Á° Ê ‰¥â
hammered dulcimer) ¢‘¡∑Õ߇À≈◊Õß À¡ÿ¥‡°≈’¬« (screw pin) ´÷Ëß “¡“√∂ °≈“¬¡“‡ªìπ°√–∫Õ°∑Õ߇À≈◊Õß¡’°â“π
(brass hammered dulcimer) µàÕ¡“ ¬÷¥µ√÷ß “¬¢‘¡‰¥â·πàπ°«à“ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π ®— ∫  ”À√— ∫ À¡ÿ π ª√— ∫ ·µà ß  “¬¢‘ ¡ ·∑π
π‘¬¡‡√’¬°°—π√«¡ Ê «à“ 碑¡·ºàπé ¢‘¡ √–∫∫‡∑’ ¬ ∫‡ ’ ¬ ߢ‘ ¡ ®“°À¡ÿ ¥ µÕ°¡“ (À¡“¬‡≈¢ ¯ „π¿“æ≈à“ß)
·ºàππ’È·¡â«à“®–‡√’¬ß‡ ’¬ß‡À¡◊Õ𠓬¢‘¡ ‡ªì π À¡ÿ ¥ ‡°≈’ ¬ «π’È ∂◊ Õ ‰¥â «à “ ‡ªì π °“√
∑—Ë « ‰ª·µà ‰ ¡â µ’ π—È π ¡’ ≈— ° …≥–·µ°µà “ ß
ÕÕ°‰ª §◊Õ à«πª≈“¬‰¡â∑”¥â«¬µÿ⡬“ß
°≈¡ Ê ‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ¡’ ‡  ’ ¬ ßπÿà ¡ π«≈πà “ øí ß
 à«π¥â“¡‰¡â„™â‡ âπÀ«“¬À√◊Õ‰¡â‰ºà‡À≈“ Ú ˆ
‡ªìπ°â“π°≈¡¬“«æÕ‡À¡“–¡◊Õ ≈—°…≥– Û Ù
°“√∫√√‡≈ߢ‘¡·ºàπ®–‰¡à‡À¡◊Õπ°—∫°“√
¯ ˘
∫√√‡≈ߢ‘ ¡  “¬·µà ® –§≈â “ ¬°— ∫ °“√µ’ ÒÛ
¶âÕß«ß¡“°°«à“
ı ÒÚ
°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å 碑¡°√–‡ªÜ“é (Compact
Case Hammered Dulcimer) Ò
æ—≤π“°“√„π°“√ª√–¥‘…∞墑¡‰∑¬
ÒÒ ˜
∑’Ëπà“ π„®Õ’°ª√–°“√Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ °“√ÕÕ° Ò
·∫∫√Ÿª√à“ߢÕߢ‘¡„Àâ¡’≈—°…≥–§≈⓬

°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å 碑¡À≈Õ¥é
680

ºŸâ ∑’Ë √‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ §‘ ¥ ª√–¥‘ … ∞å ¢‘ ¡ °√–‡ªÜ “
¢÷Èπ¡“‡ªìπ§π·√°§◊Õ π“¬·æ∑¬å ¡™“¬
°“≠®π ÿµ (Dr.Somchai Kanchana-
sut) ªí®®ÿ∫π— ¥”√ßµ”·ÀπàߺŸÕâ ”π«¬°“√
统π¬åπ‡√π∑√ ‚√ß欓∫“≈√“™«‘∂’é
°“√ª√–¥‘…∞å 碑¡°√–‡ªÜ“·∫∫·¬°
 à«πé
·¡â «à “ ¢‘ ¡ °√–‡ªÜ “ ®–‰¥â √— ∫ §«“¡
π‘¬¡®“°π—°¥πµ√’‰∑¬‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°
‡æ√“–§ÿ≥¿“懠’¬ß‰æ‡√“– ª√—∫‡∑’¬∫
‡ ’¬ßßà“¬¢÷Èπ ·≈– –¥«°„π°“√𔉪
∫√√‡≈߬—ß∑’˵à“ß Ê ·µà°Á¡’π—°¥πµ√’∫“ß
°≈ÿà¡∑’ˬ—ß™◊Ëπ™Õ∫√Ÿª≈—°…≥墑¡µ“¡·∫∫
¥—È߇¥‘¡¡“°°«à“ 𓬷æ∑¬å ¡™“¬®÷ß
§‘¥ÕÕ°·∫∫¢‘¡°√–‡ªÜ“·∫∫·¬° à«π¢÷πÈ
∑’ˇ√’¬°«à“¢‘¡·¬° à«ππ—Èπ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢‘¡
™π‘¥π’·È ¬°ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ Û  à«π„À≠à Ê §◊Õ
µ—«¢‘¡ Ω“¢‘¡¥â“π∫π ·≈–Ω“¢‘¡¥â“π≈à“ß
¢≥–∑’ˬ—߉¡à„™â∫√√‡≈ß∑ÿ°™‘Èπ “¡“√∂
ª√–°Õ∫√«¡°—π‡¢â“‡ªìπ™‘Èπ‡¥’¬«Õ¬Ÿà„π
√Ÿª·∫∫°√–‡ªÜ“‡¥‘π∑“ߥ⫬ ≈—°¬÷¥∑’Ë
ÕÕ°·∫∫¡“‡ªìπ摇»… ®÷ß “¡“√∂¢π
¬â “ ¬π”‰ª¬— ß ∑’Ë µà “ ß Ê ‰¥â –¥«°‡™àπ
‡¥’¬«°—∫¢‘¡°√–‡ªÜ“ ‡«≈“®–∫√√‡≈ß°Á
 “¡“√∂ª≈¥·¬°™‘Èπ à«πµà“ß Ê ÕÕ°
‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á« ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ·≈¥Ÿ «¬ß“¡
¢≥–∑’Ë∫√√‡≈ßµ—«¢‘¡®–¡’∑’Ë«“ß摇»…´÷Ëß
∑”¥â«¬‰¡â·∫π Ê Û ·ºàπª√–°Õ∫‡¢â“
¥â«¬°—π (À¡“¬‡≈¢ ˜ „π¿“æ) ®÷߉¡à
®”‡ªìπµâÕßÕ“»—¬«“ß∫πΩ“¢‘¡Õ’°µàÕ‰ª
∑”„Àâ·≈¥Ÿ‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕߥπµ√’¡“°¢÷Èπ
µàÕ¡“ ¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß∑’Ë∂◊Õ‰¥â
«à “ ‡ªì π °â “ «°√–‚¥¥§√—È ß ·√°·≈–§√—È ß
 ”§—≠„π°“√º≈‘µ¢‘¡§◊Õ °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫
™π°  “§√‘°
Û ı
Ò
Ú ˆ
Ù
˜
º≈‘µ¢‘¡™π‘¥ ˘ À¬àÕߢ÷Èπ¡“·∑π¢‘¡ ˜
À¬àÕß
§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢Õߢ‘¡ ˘ À¬àÕß
(9 frets Hammered Dulcimer)
 “‡Àµÿ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√ª√—∫
‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª·∫∫≈—°…≥–¢Õßµ—«¢‘¡·∫∫
°â“«°√–‚¥¥π’È¡’Õ¬Ÿà¥â«¬°—π Ú ¢âÕ„À≠à Ê
§◊Õ
Ò.  “¬¢‘¡´÷Ëß∑”¥â«¬∑Õ߇À≈◊Õß
π—Èπ¢“¥·≈–¬◊¥À¥µ—«ßà“¬∑”„À⇠’¬ß¢‘¡
‰¡à§àÕ¬§ß∑’Ë
Ú. §ÿ≥¿“懠’¬ß∑’ˇ°‘¥®“° “¬
∑Õ߇À≈◊Õ߉¡à§àÕ¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ÕàÕπª√–≥’µ
‡∑à“„¥π—°
 “‡Àµÿ∑—Èß Ú ¢âÕ¥—ß°≈à“« ∑”„Àâ
𓬷æ∑¬å ¡™“¬ °“≠®π ÿµ ´÷ËßπÕ°
®“°®–‡ªìπ·æ∑¬å ‡ªìππ—°¥πµ√’‰∑¬
 ¡— § √‡≈à π ·≈â « ¬— ß  π„®∑“ßß“π™à “ ß
‡§√◊ËÕߥπµ√’¥â«¬ 𓬷æ∑¬åπ—°¥πµ√’
∑à“ππ’È®÷߉¥â§‘¥À“«‘∏’·°â‰¢¢âÕ∫°æ√àÕß
¥— ß °≈à “ «‚¥¬‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π¡“„™â   “¬≈«¥
681
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
‡À≈Á°°≈Ⓣ¡à‡ªìπ π‘¡ (stainless steel)
¢÷ß·∑𠓬≈«¥∑Õ߇À≈◊Õß´÷Ëß®”‡ªìπ
µâÕßÕÕ°·∫∫µ—«¢‘¡„À¡à∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ º≈®“°
°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ßµ—«¢‘¡§√—Èßπ’È∑”„À⢑¡
¡’√–¥—∫‡ ’¬ß§ß∑’¡Ë “°¢÷πÈ (‡ ’¬ß‰¡à‡æ’¬È π
ßà“¬) ·≈–¡’°√–· ‡ ’¬ß∑’‰Ë æ‡√“–≈–‡Õ’¬¥
Õà Õ π¡“°°«à “ ‡ ’ ¬ ß∑’Ë „ ™â   “¬≈«¥∑Õß
‡À≈◊Õß πÕ°®“°π—È𠓬¢‘¡¬—ß¡’§«“¡
§ß∑π¡“°°«à“ “¬∑Õ߇À≈◊Õߥ⫬
·µà ° “√„™â   “¬≈«¥‡À≈Á ° °≈â “ ‰¡à
‡ªìπ π‘¡¡“‡ªì𠓬¢‘¡π—È𮔇ªìπµâÕß
‡æ‘Ë ¡ ™à « ߬“«¢Õߢ‘ ¡ „Àâ ¡ “°¢÷È π ∑—È ß π’È
‡æ√“– “¬≈«¥‡À≈Á°™π‘¥π’È¡’®ÿ¥µ÷ßµ—«
 Ÿß§◊Õ ¬‘Ëßµ÷ß¡“°‡ ’¬ß¬‘Ëß„ °—ß«“π À“°
„™â § «“¡¬“«¢‘ ¡ ·∫∫‡¥‘ ¡ ·≈â « ‡«≈“¢÷ ß
 “¬„Àâµ÷ߢ‘¡µ—«π—Èπ®–¡’√–¥—∫‡ ’¬ß Ÿß
°«à“ 燠’¬ß‡æ’¬ßÕÕé (peang-au tone)
´÷Ë߇ªìπ√–∫∫‡ ’¬ß∑’Ë¥πµ√’‰∑¬π‘¬¡„™â
∫√√‡≈ß ‡æ◊ËÕ·°âªí≠À“π’È𓬷æ∑¬å
 ¡™“¬®÷߇æ‘Ë¡™à«ß¬“«¢Õߢ‘¡¢÷Èπ·≈–
‡æ◊ËÕ „Àâ ¥Ÿ   ¡ à« π®÷ß µâÕ ß‡æ‘Ë¡ ™à « ß°«â “ ß
ÕÕ°‰ª¥â«¬∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂‡æ‘Ë¡®”π«π
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Ú (Tiny Hammered Dulcimer)
Ò ¥πµ√’ ∫ “ß∑à “ π´÷Ë ß ¬à Õ ∑ÿ °  à « π¢Õߢ‘ ¡
Û „Àâ ¡’ ¢ 𓥇≈Á ° ≈ßÕ¬à “ ߉¥â  — ¥  à « π®π
À¬àÕ߉¥âÕ’° Ú À¬àÕß √«¡‡ªìπ ˘ À¬àÕß
¥â«¬°—π ‡∑à“°—∫‡æ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’Ë„π°“√µ’ “¬
¢‘¡‰ª¥â«¬„πµ—« ·≈– ‘Ëß∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ‰ªÕ’°
Õ¬à “ ßÀπ÷Ë ß °Á §◊ Õ ç√Ÿ™àÕ߇ ’¬ßé (loud
speaker hole) ´÷Ëß¡’≈—°…≥–‡ªìπ«ß°≈¡
Ú √Ÿ∑’ˇÀÁπª√“°ØÕ¬Ÿà∫πæ◊ÈπÀπâ“¢‘¡√ÿàπ
°àÕππ—Èπ®–À“¬‰ª ‚¥¬ÕÕ°·∫∫‡ªìπ
√àÕ߇ ’¬ß¬“« Ê ´àÕπ‰«â¢â“ß„µâµ—«¢‘¡∑—Èß
Ú ¢â“ß·∑π (À¡“¬‡≈¢ Ù „π¿“æ) º‘«
Àπâ“¢Õߢ‘¡ ˘ À¬àÕß®÷ß·≈¥Ÿ√“∫‡√’¬∫
‡ªìπ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¥’¬«°—π ¢‘¡™π‘¥π’Èªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â
√—∫§«“¡π‘¬¡ Ÿß ÿ¥„πÀ¡Ÿàπ—°µ’¢‘¡∑—Ë«‰ª
°“√§‘¥ª√–¥‘…∞墑¡ ÒÒ À¬àÕß
(11 frets Hammered Dulcimer)
¢‘ ¡ ™π‘ ¥ π’È §‘ ¥ ª√–¥‘ … ∞å ‚ ¥¬π“¬
·æ∑¬å ¡™“¬ °“≠®π ÿµ ‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π
‚¥¬¡’®ÿ¥ª√– ß§å∑’Ë®–√«¡‡Õ“¢‘¡ Ú µ—«
´âÕπ‡¢â“‰«â„πµ—«‡¥’¬«°—π§◊Õ  à«π∫π
‡ªìπ‡À¡◊Õπ¢‘¡∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫‡ ’¬ß Ÿß¢÷Èπ‰ª
Õ’ ° √–¥— ∫ Àπ÷Ë ß  à « π≈à “ ß¡’ √ –¥— ∫ ‡ ’ ¬ ß
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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Abstract A New Invention of a Thai Hammered Dulcimer

Chanok Sagarik
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Arts, The Royal Institute, Thailand

“Khim” (dulcimer) is a string instrument originating from Persia. It was brought to Asia through
the famous trade route-the Silk Road. The same instrument can also be found in Europe, known as a
“Hammered Dulcimer”; or in India as a “Santoor”; or in China, as a “Yang Chin”. However, the most
impressive name ever used for this instrument is the “Butterfly Harp”. The name is derived by the
special physical characteristics when the cover is placed next to the base forming a butterfly shape.
The Butterfly Harp traveled through China and into Thailand during the early Rattanakosin
Period. Since then several adaptations and improvements have been applied until the instrument,
now known as “Khim”, could truly express the Thainess in its sound. While Khim possessed many
positive qualities, one still cannot overlook the disadvantages. Due to the tropical climate and tempera-
ture of Thailand, the strings need to be retuned rather often. Nowadays, a new invention-Khim Lot-
retains the sound of the original without the need for constant retune.

Key words : Khim, Khim Lot, dulcimer, tube-dulcimer

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„π “¢“ ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
„π™à«ßπ—Èπ‰¥â®ÿ¥ª√–°“¬„Àâ·°à ∂“ªπ‘°
À≈“¬§π∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà „ π«ß°“√∑À“√‡√◊ Õ ·≈–
∑à“‡√◊Õæ“≥‘™¬å ∑’Ë欓¬“¡®– “πµàÕ
‡®µπ“√¡≥å„À⇰‘¥«‘™“π’ȇªìπª√–‚¬™πå
µàÕ‰ª µàÕ¡“«‘™“π’È°Áª√“°ØÕ¬Ÿà„π«ß°“√
»÷°…“‰∑¬„π‚√߇√’¬π𓬇√◊Õ ·≈–§≥–
«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ß¢≈“

* ¿“§«‘™“°“√«“ß·ºπ¿“§·≈–‡¡◊Õß §≥– ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬

√–À—µ√ ‚√®πª√–¥‘…∞å
701
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
π§√‘π∑√å À√◊Õ∫“ß à«π„π‚√߇√’¬π‡∑§-
‚π‚≈¬’°“√µàÕ‡√◊Õ (æ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“)
‡π◊ÈÕÀ“«‘™“ §◊Õ π“«“ ∂“ªíµ¬å (Naval
Architecture) ‡ªìπ«‘™“«à“¥â«¬™π‘¥·≈–
≈—°…≥–∑—«Ë ‰ª¢Õ߇√◊Õ ‡√¢“§≥‘µ¢Õ߇√◊Õ
≈“¬‡ âπ‡√◊Õ °“√§”π«≥‡ âπ‚§â߉Œ‚¥√-
 ·µµ‘° °“√≈Õ¬·≈–°“√∑√ßµ—« §«“¡
µâ“π∑“π °”≈—ߢ—∫‡§≈◊ËÕπ‡√◊Õ °“√„™â
·∫∫®”≈Õß„∫®—°√ ·≈–°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫
„∫®—°√ À“߇ ◊Õ‡√◊Õ ‡ªìπµâπ ·≈–‡ªìπ«‘™“
∑“ߥâ“π™à“ß°≈‡√◊Õ·≈–«‘»«°√√¡»“ µ√å
∑—Èß ‘Èπ
„π¥â“π°“√«“ߺ—ß∑à“‡√◊Õ‡¥‘π ¡ÿ∑√
°Á¡’§«“¡æ¬“¬“¡∑’Ë®–§âπ§«â“«‘™“π’È „π
ª√–‡∑»Õ— ß °ƒ…æ∫«à “ π“«“ ∂“-
ªíµ¬°√√¡ (Naval Architecture) §◊Õ
°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫‡√◊ Õ ∑—È ß ∑“ß∑À“√ ·≈–
æ≈‡√◊Õπ ‡æ√“– ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡ (archi-
tecture) „π∑’Ëπ’È¡‘‰¥â‡ªìπ°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫
Õ“§“√ ·µà¡“¢¬“¬§”«à“ π“«“ (naval)
‡™à π °— 𠧫∫§Ÿà ‰ ª°— ∫ «‘ ™ “«‘ » «°√√¡
 ¡ÿ∑√»“ µ√å (Ocean Engineering)
‡™àπ ÕŸàµàÕ‡√◊Õ√∫∑’˪√–‡∑» ‡ªπ ª√–‡∑»
Õ—ß°ƒ… ·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ À√◊ÕÕŸàµàÕ‡√◊Õ
‡¥‘π ¡ÿ∑√ ‡™àπ∑’ªË √–‡∑»Ω√—ßË ‡»  ª√–‡∑»
‡¬Õ√¡π’ ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ ´÷Ëߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬
¡‘„™àª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡Àπ—° ∑”„Àâ
°“√ Õππ— ° »÷ ° …“„π«‘ ™ “°“√ √â “ ß
‡√◊ Õ √∫‡√◊ Õ ‡¥‘ π  ¡ÿ ∑ √¢π“¥„À≠à ‡ ™à π π’È
‰¡à   “¡“√∂∑”‰¥â ·≈–‡ªì π «‘ ™ “∑“ß
«‘»«°√√¡Õÿµ “À°“√ ¬“°∑’˧≥“®“√¬å
¥â“π ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡®–∑”°“√ Õπ‰¥â
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ®“°°“√§âπ§«â“Õ¬à“ß
µàÕ‡π◊ËÕßæ∫«à“ „π«ß°“√ ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡
·≈–º—߇¡◊Õßπ—πÈ  “¡“√∂ √â“ßπ«—µ°√√¡
«‘ ™ “°“√¥â “ π ∂“ªí µ ¬°√√¡º— ß ‡¡◊ Õ ß∑’Ë
‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫æ“≥‘™¬π“«’·≈–º—߇¡◊Õß
™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈ (¢Õ≈–‡«âπ°√≥’∑àÕ߇∑’ˬ«
™“¬∑–‡≈‰«â »÷ ° …“„π‚Õ°“ µà Õ ‰ª)
‡æ√“–ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¡’ √ “¬‰¥â ¡ À“»“≈
®“°‡√◊ Õ ‡¥‘ π  ¡ÿ ∑ √ ·≈–°“√¡’ ™ “¬Ωíò ß
∑–‡≈¬“«°«à“ Û, °‘‚≈‡¡µ√ °Á∑”
„À⇡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈¡’§ÿ≥§à“¡“°‡æ’¬ßæÕ
„π°“√®–æ—≤π“∑—Èߥâ“π ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡
·≈–º—߇¡◊Õß „Àâ à߇ √‘¡æ“≥‘™¬π“«’
®π “¡“√∂·¢àߢ—π°—∫µà“ß™“µ‘‰¥â
§«“¡‡ªìπ¡“¢Õß«‘™“π“«“
 ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡º—߇¡◊Õß
(Naval Urban Architecture)
„π°√–∫«π°“√π”Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ·≈–
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’™—Èπ Ÿß®“°µà“ß™“µ‘¡“æ—≤π“
ª√–‡∑»π—Èπ °“√«“ß·ºπ‚§√ß°“√∑“ß
°“√§¡π“§¡√–¥—∫™“µ‘°Á‡ªìπª√–°“√
Àπ÷Ëß∑’ˬ—ߧߡ’∑—»π§µ‘∑’Ë®–æ÷Ëß擵à“ß™“µ‘
‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√§¡π“§¡∑“ß∑–‡≈‡ªìπ
°√≥’∑’Ëπà“«‘‡§√“–Àå ‡æ√“–°“√«“ß·ºπ
æ“≥‘ ™ ¬π“«’ · ≈–°“√ √â “ ß∑à “ ‡√◊ Õ
√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»π—Èπ¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠‡ªìπ
Õ¬à“߬‘Ëߥ⫬√“¬‰¥â¡À“»“≈¢Õß∑à“‡√◊Õ
‡¥‘π ¡ÿ∑√ “¡“√∂°àÕ„À⇰‘¥‡¡◊Õß„À≠à
·≈–‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß ‡™àπ 𑫬Õ√å° Œ—¡∫Ÿ√å°
≈Õπ¥Õπ  ‘ß§‚ª√å °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√
¡’¢âÕ —߇°µ¢Õßπ—°«“ß·ºπ∑à“‡√◊Õ
¢Õ߉∑¬«à“ °√≥’°“√«“ß·ºπ·≈–º—ß
∑à“‡√◊Õ°√ÿ߇∑æ¢ÕߺŸ‡â ™’¬Ë «™“≠«‘»«°√√¡
™“«‡¬Õ√¡— π ®“°§«“¡™à « ¬‡À≈◊ Õ ¢Õß
 —ππ‘∫“µ™“µ‘‡¡◊ËÕ §.». Ò˘Ùı π—Èπ‡ªìπ
°“√«“ß·ºπ®“°µà“ß™“µ‘∑’Ë¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘-
¿“æ∑’Ë ÿ¥ ‡æ√“–™à«ßπ—Èπ‡ªìπ™à«ßÀ≈—ß
702
 ß§√“¡‚≈°§√—Èß∑’Ë Ú ∑’Ë ∑à “ ‡√◊ Õ  ‘ π §â “
√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»§«√®–Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥™“π
‡¡◊ÕßÀ≈«ß∑’Ë¡’°“√æ—≤π“ Ÿß ‚¥¬¡’¢π“¥
¢Õ߇√◊ Õ ª“π°≈“ß·≈–‡∑§π‘ § °“√¢π
∂à“¬ ‘π§â“°Á –¥«°„™â„π·¡àπÈ”‡®â“æ√–¬“
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ °“√«“ß·ºπº—ߢÕß∑à“‡√◊Õ
Õ◊Ë π À≈— ß ®“°π—È π Õß§å ° √µà “ ß™“µ‘ Õ “®
∂à“¬‡∑Õߧ姫“¡√Ÿ∑â ∫’Ë ¥‘ ‡∫◊Õπ∫“ߪ√–°“√
‡æ√“–∑à“‡√◊Õ‡¥‘π ¡ÿ∑√∑’ Ë ”§—≠¢Õß™“µ‘
À≈“¬·Àà ß ¥â “ πÕà “ «‰∑¬∑’Ë Õ ¬Ÿà π Õ°·π«
‡ âπ∑“߇¥‘π‡√◊Õ‚≈°∑“ߥâ“π∑–‡≈Õ—π-
¥“¡—π∑—ßÈ  ‘πÈ ∑”„Àâ∑“à ‡√◊Õ‰∑¬‰¡à “¡“√∂
™à«ß™‘ߺ≈ª√–‚¬™πå¡À“»“≈∑“ß∑–‡≈
°≈—∫®–‡ªìπ√Õߪ√–‡∑»§Ÿà·¢àß∑“ß∑–‡≈
∑’Ë ¡’ ∑à “ ‡√◊ Õ √Õ√— ∫  ‘ π §â “ „π‡ â π ∑“ßÀ≈— °
·≈– à ß µà Õ ‡»… à « π∑’Ë ‡ À≈◊ Õ „Àâ ª √–‡∑»
‰∑¬ „πÕ𓧵‡√“§ß®–‰¡àÕ¬“°„À⇰‘¥
≈—°…≥–‡™àππ’ȵ≈Õ¥‰ª „π §.». Ò˘˘Ù
ºŸâ∫√‘À“√™—Èπ Ÿß¢Õß°“√∑à“‡√◊Õ·Ààߪ√–-
‡∑»‰∑¬‡§¬°≈à“««à“ „π°“√Õ∫√¡ ¡“
æ—π∏å∑à“‡√◊ÕÕ“‡´’¬ππ—Èπ ∑ÿ°ª√–‡∑»°Á
欓¬“¡· «ßÀ“º≈ª√–‚¬™π凢⓪√–-
‡∑»¢Õßµπ∑—È ß  ‘È π ‚¥¬‡©æ“– ‘ ß §‚ª√å
·≈–ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‡√“¬—ߢ“¥§«“¡√Ÿâ∑“ß
∑à“‡√◊ÕÕ’°¡“° §ß®–‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåÀ“°
¡’°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„π«‘™“·¢πßπ’È
„π°“√æ—≤π“«‘™“ π“«“ ∂“ªíµ¬-
°√√¡º—߇¡◊ÕßÕ¬à “ ßµà Õ ‡π◊Ë Õ ßπ’È ®”‡ªì π
µâÕ߇ πÕÀ≈—°∞“πÕâ“ßÕ‘ßæÕ —߇¢ª‡æ◊ËÕ
· ¥ß«à“ °“√æ—≤𓇪ìπ‰ªµ“¡¢—ÈπµÕπ
·≈–À≈—°°“√∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕß„π¥â“π«‘™“°“√
‚¥¬¡‘ ‰ ¥â   √ÿ ª √«∫√— ¥ ‚¥¬‰¡à ∑”°“√
∑¥ Õ∫ À√◊Õ°“√ √â“ß ‘Ëß·ª≈°ª≈Õ¡
∑“ß«‘™“°“√‡æ◊ËÕº≈ª√–‚¬™πå à«πµπ
·µàµâÕß°“√®–‡ªî¥ª√–‡¥Áπ«‘™“µâπ·∫∫
π“«“ ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡º—߇¡◊Õß
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

ë 1994-1995 Training of Port Planning

„πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ Port Planning Training ¢Õß ¡“æ—π∏å
∑à“‡√◊ÕÕ“‡´’¬π §.». Ò˘˘Ù ·≈– Ò˘˘ı ¢Õß Port of Singapore
Authority (PSA) æ∫«à“ °“√Õ∫√¡∑ÿ°À≈—° Ÿµ√‡°’ˬ«°—∫∑à“‡√◊Õ
∑—Èß∑“ߥâ“𰓬¿“æ·≈–°“√®—¥°“√  à«π°“√«“ߺ—߇¡◊Õß (Town
Planning) ®–‡πâ π º≈°√–∑∫¢Õ߇¡◊ Õ ß·≈–°“√øóô π øŸ ‡ ¡◊ Õ ß
(Urban Renewal Authority, URA) ¡“°°«à“°“√ √â“ß
√Ÿª·∫∫摇»…¢Õß°“√«“ß·ºπº—ß·¡à∫∑‡¡◊Õß∑à“™“¬∑–‡≈ ·≈–¬—ß
‰¡à¡’À≈—° Ÿµ√‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫«“ߺ—߇¡◊Õß∑à“‡√◊Õ™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈
(Port City Planning)

ë 2004 Lecture and Training in Tokyo, Japan

∑¥≈Õß°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ√à«¡°—∫¿“§«‘™“ Transport
Engineering Department, Tokyo University of Marine
Science and Technology, Japan „πÀ—«¢âÕ Port City
Planning °√≥’»÷°…“ Laem Chabang Port and Kra Canal
·≈–√à«¡ —¡¡π“°≈ÿ࡬àÕ¬°—∫π—°»÷°…“ª√‘≠≠“‚∑·≈–ª√‘≠≠“‡Õ°
∑“ß«‘»«°√√¡¢Õß¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‚µ‡°’¬« ( “¢“°“√¢π àß∑“ß∑–‡≈)

„Àâ ¡’ ° “√æ— ≤ π“µà Õ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß‚¥¬π— ° «‘ ™ “-
°“√ “¢“µà“ß Ê ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥ª√–‚¬™πå·°à
ª√–‡∑»™“µ‘µàÕ‰ª
 √ÿ ª ‡π◊È Õ À“¢Õß°“√‡√’ ¬ π°“√
 Õπ
Ò. «‘™“√–¥—∫ : ª√‘≠≠“‚∑
Ú. ®” π « π ™—Ë « ‚ ¡ ß ∑’Ë   Õ π /
 —ª¥“Àå : ∫√√¬“¬ Û ™—Ë«‚¡ß/ —ª¥“Àå
Û. ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“¢Õß«‘™“ : °“√»÷°…“
√Ÿ ª ·∫∫¢Õß ∂“ªí µ ¬°√√¡‡¡◊ Õ ß™“¬
∑–‡≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡
·≈–™ÿ ¡ ™π‡¡◊ Õ ß °“√«“ß·ºπ·≈–º— ß
¢Õß‚§√ß°“√  ¿“æ™ÿ ¡ ™π‡¡◊ Õ ß™“¬
∑–‡≈ ∑—È ß ¥â “ πæ“≥‘ ™ ¬π“«’ · ≈–∑À“√
‡√◊Õ °“√‡ πÕ‚§√ß°“√¥â“𰓬¿“æ
∑ƒ…Æ’ ·π«§‘¥ ·≈–‡∑§π‘§™—Èπ Ÿß„π
°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå »—°¬¿“æ·≈–·π«‚πâ¡
°“√æ—≤π“„πÕ𓧵
Environment and urban ar-
chitecture planning of naval and
coastal cities; project planning and
designing by government and private
sectors : project proposal in physical
aspects; theories, concepts and
advanced techniques for analysing
development potential and future
trends.
Ù. ª√–¡«≈√“¬«‘™“ : (Course
Outline)
Ù.Ò «—µ∂ÿª√– ß§å‡™‘ß惵‘-
°√√¡
‡¡◊ Õ ß™“¬∑–‡≈°”≈— ß ‡ªì π ∑’Ë
 π„®¢Õß¿“§√—∞∫“≈·≈–‡Õ°™π ·≈–
¡’ § «“¡µâ Õ ß°“√∫ÿ § ≈“°√∑“ߺ— ß ‡¡◊ Õ ß
∑’Ë«“ß·ºπ·≈–º—ߢÕß‚§√ß°“√„π‡¡◊Õß
™“¬∑–‡≈Õ¬à “ ß¡’ ª √– ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ¿ “æ ¿“§
«‘ ™ “®÷ ß ¡ÿà ß À«— ß ®–º≈‘ µ ºŸâ ™”π“≠°“√∑’Ë
‡™’ˬ«™“≠¥â“π°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß ¿“æ¢Õß
™ÿ¡™π‡¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈„Àⷰࠗߧ¡ ‡¡◊ËÕ
 ”‡√Á ® À≈— °  Ÿ µ √·≈â « π‘  ‘ µ ®–¡’ § «“¡
 “¡“√∂·≈–∑—°…–„π°“√

√–À—µ√ ‚√®πª√–¥‘…∞å
703
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Ò. Õ ∏‘ ∫ “ ¬ À ≈— ° ° “ √ · ≈ –
°√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√ª√— ∫ ª√ÿ ß  ¿“æ
™ÿ¡™π‡¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈
Ú. «‘ ‡ §√“–Àå · ≈–‡¢’ ¬ π¢â Õ
‡ πÕ‚§√ß°“√‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ
Û. «“ß·ºπ·≈–º—ߢÕß‚§√ß
°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿß ¿“懡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈„π¢—Èπ
·∫∫√à“߇∫◊ÈÕßµâπ
√«¡∑—È ß ¡’ § «“¡√à « ¡¡◊ Õ °— ∫
Àπà « ¬ß“πÕ◊Ë π ‰¥â · °à  à « π√“™°“√
√— ∞ «‘   “À°‘ ® ·≈–Õß§å ° √‡Õ°™π∑’Ë ‡ °’Ë ¬ «
¢âÕß°—∫°“√‡¥‘π‡√◊Õæ“≥‘™¬å·≈–∑À“√
‡√◊Õ °“√¢π àß∑“ß∑–‡≈·≈–°“√æ—≤π“
∑√— æ ¬“°√™“¬∑–‡≈ ‚¥¬√à « ¡¡◊ Õ „π
≈— ° …≥–°“√ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ ß “π¿“§ π“¡
¥Ÿß“π ·≈–°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥ª√– ∫°“√≥å
‚¥¬°“√‡¢â “ √à « ¡‡ªì π «‘ ∑ ¬“°√„π√“¬
«‘™“∫√√¬“¬
Ù.Ú ‡π◊ÈÕÀ“√“¬«‘™“ ·∫àß
‡ªìπ°≈ÿࡧ«“¡√Ÿâ¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
Ò. À≈— ° °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫‡¡◊ Õ ß
™“¬∑–‡≈ : À≈—°°“√·≈–·π«§«“¡§‘¥
„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ‘Ë ß ·«¥≈â Õ ¡‚¥¬°“√
 √â “ ß √√§å ¢ Õß¡πÿ … ¬å ¿ “¬„µâ ‡ ß◊Ë Õ π‰¢
∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘®·≈– —ߧ¡ ·≈–§«“¡
 —¡æ—π∏å°—∫∑√—欓°√‡¡◊Õß·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥
≈âÕ¡∑“ß∑–‡≈
ë Naval Urban Design
Principles : Principles and concepts
of naval urban design under socio-
economic consideration and relation-
ship with urban resources and coastal
environments.
Ú. °“√æ— ≤ π“æ◊È π ∑’Ë ‡ ¡◊ Õ ß
™“¬∑–‡≈ : ·π«§«“¡§‘¥·≈–«‘∏’°“√„π
°“√«“ߺ— ß æ— ≤ π“‡¡◊ Õ ß °“√«“ߺ— ß
‚§√ß°“√®—¥ √√∑’Ë¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕ‡ªìπ∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬
æ“≥‘™¬°√√¡ ·≈–Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °“√
«“ߺ—ß‚§√ß¢à“¬∂ππ  “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§
·≈– “∏“√≥Ÿª°“√
ë Naval City Development :
Concepts and methods of urban
development planning; land-subdiv-
ision project planning for residential,
commercial, and industrial purposes;
planning of road network, public util-
ities, and facilities.
Û. °“√æ— ≤ π“øóô π øŸ ‡ ¡◊ Õ ß
™“¬∑–‡≈ : ·π«§«“¡§‘¥·≈–«‘∏’°“√
„π°“√æ—≤π“øóôπøŸ‡¡◊Õß °“√°”Àπ¥
æ◊Èπ∑’Ë °“√ÕÕ°·∫∫·≈–«“ߺ—ß‚§√ß°“√
æ—≤π“øóôπøŸ‡¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈
ë Naval Urban Redevel-
opment : Concepts and methods of
urban redevelopment; site selection;
naval urban redevelopment project
design and planning; and project
pre-feasibility analysis.
Ù. ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’   “√ π‡∑»
¿Ÿ ¡‘ » “ µ√å ¢ Õßπ“«“ ∂“ªí µ ¬°√√¡
º—߇¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈ : °“√„™â‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
 “√ π‡∑»¿Ÿ ¡‘ » “ µ√å „ π°“√ ”√«®
·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå ¿“æ∑“ß°“¬¿“æ¢Õß
æ◊È π ∑’Ë „ πß“π ∂“ªí µ ¬°√√¡‡¡◊ Õ ß™“¬
∑–‡≈
ë Geographical Informa-
tion Technology in Naval Urban
Architecture use for physical survey
and analysis.
ı. °“√«“ߺ—ß°“√¢π à߇¡◊Õß
704
™“¬∑–‡≈ : √–∫∫°“√¢π àß·≈–§«“¡
 — ¡ æ— π ∏å °— ∫ °“√„™â ª √–‚¬™πå ∑’Ë ¥‘ π ¢Õß
‡¡◊Õß °“√§“¥ª√–¡“≥Õÿª ß§å¢Õß°“√
¢π àß À≈—°°“√ ·π«§«“¡§‘¥ ·≈–«‘ ∏’
°“√„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫·≈–«“ߺ—ß°“√¢π
 àߢÕ߇¡◊Õß
ë Naval Urban Transpor-
tation Planning : Transportation sys-
tems and relationships with urban land
uses; estimation of transportation
demand; principles, concepts, and
methods of naval urban transporta-
tion design and planning.
ˆ. °“√«“ߺ—ß‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ
∞“π‡¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈ : À≈—°°“√ ·π«
§«“¡§‘¥ ·≈–«‘∏’°“√„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫
°“√«“ߺ— ß √–∫∫ “∏“√≥Ÿ ª ‚¿§·≈–
 “∏“√≥Ÿª°“√¢Õ߇¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈‚¥¬
§ « “ ¡  — ¡ æ— π ∏å °— ∫ √Ÿ ª · ∫ ∫ ° “ √ „ ™â
ª√–‚¬™πå ∑’Ë ¥‘ π ·≈–≈”¥— ∫ °“√æ— ≤ π“
¢Õ߇¡◊Õß™“¬Ωíòß∑–‡≈
ë Naval Urban Infrastruc-
ture Planning : Principles, concepts,
and methods of urban infrastructure
design and planning relating land use
patterns and urban development
phasing.
˜. °“√∫√‘ À “√®— ¥ °“√‡¡◊ Õ ß
™“¬∑–‡≈ : °“√ √â“ß≈”¥—∫°“√æ—≤π“
‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—∫°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√¥â“π
 “∏“√≥Ÿ ª ‚¿§·≈– “∏“√≥Ÿ ª °“√
°“√«“ß·ºπ·≈–®—¥∑”ß∫ª√–¡“≥°“√
‡ √‘¡ √â“ߪ√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢ÕßÕߧå°√‡æ◊ËÕ
°“√æ—≤π“‡¡◊Õß·≈–°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õß
ª√–™“™π
π“«“ ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡º—߇¡◊Õß
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

ë Naval Urban Manage-  √â “ ߢÕ߇¡◊ Õ ß™“¬∑–‡≈ÕÕ°‡ªì π Û Ú.Ò.Ò º≈ª√–‚¬™πå ¢ Õß

ment : Development phasing relating √–¥—∫¥—ßπ’È §◊Õ ∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ
to provision of public utilities and fa- ë √–¥—∫¿Ÿ¡‘¿“§´÷Ë߇ªìπ√–¥—∫∑’Ë Ú.Ò.Ú ®ÿ¥ÕàÕπ∫“ߪ√–°“√
cilities, budget planning, improvement ‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫π“π“™“µ‘ „π°“√∑”ª√–™“æ‘®“√≥å
of capacity of urban development ë √–¥—∫¡À¿“§ ‡ªìπ‚§√ß √â“ß Ú.Ò.Û ¢—ÈπµÕπµà“ß Ê ¢Õß
corperation, and public participation. ∑—Ë«∑—È߇¡◊Õß °“√æ—≤π“∑à“‡√◊Õ
ı.  √ÿª√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥ ë √–¥—∫®ÿ≈¿“§ ‡ªìπ‚§√ß √â“ß Ú.Ú §«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ßÀπ૬
„π¢—È π ·√°®–‡ªì π °“√ √ÿ ª ‡©æ“–®ÿ¥¿“¬„π‡¡◊Õß ß“πµà“ß Ê
ªí≠À“¢Õ߇¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈ ´÷Ëß¡’¡“°¡“¬ ®ÿ ¥  ”§— ≠ ®–‡πâ π √–¥— ∫ ¡À¿“§ Ú.Ú.Ò √–¥— ∫ ¡À¿“§·≈–
À≈“¬Õߧåª√–°Õ∫„π≈—°…≥–¢Õß™ÿ¡ ‡ªìπÀ≈—°  à«π√–¥—∫Õ◊Ëπ Ê π—Èπ ®–π”¡“ ®ÿ≈¿“§
™π‡¡◊Õß ‚¥¬„™â°√–∫«π°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß ¢¬“¬√–¥— ∫ ‚§√ß √â “ ß¡À¿“§‡∑à “ π—È π Ú.Ú.Ú √–¥— ∫ √— ∞ ∫“≈·≈–
À≈“¬«‘™“™’懢ⓡ“ª√–°Õ∫°—π ‚¥¬®– §«“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å · ≈–°“√°√–∑∫°√–∑—Ë ß ‡Õ°™π
„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ¿“ææ®πå ∑’Ë ™— ¥ ‡®π°√–®à “ ß„π „π·µà ≈ –√–¥— ∫ ®–· ¥ß„π°√≥’ »÷ ° …“ Ú.Ú.Û ∑à“‡√◊Õ Õÿµ “À°√√¡
ªí≠À“·≈–«‘∏’·°â‰¢ªí≠À“π—Èπ °√–∫«π ‡¡◊ Õ ß™“¬∑–‡≈ ·≈–‡π◊È Õ À“¢Õß·∫∫ ·≈–°“√ª°§√Õß∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ
°“√¢Õß°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫™ÿ ¡ ™π‡¡◊ Õ ß®– ·ºπ·≈–°Æ‡°≥±å ∑’Ë ® –»÷ ° …“„π‡¡◊ Õ ß Ú.Ú.Ù √–∫∫°“√∫√‘ À “√
‡ªìπÀ≈—°„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå º ¡º “π °“√»÷ ° …“®–«“ß‚§√ß√à “ ߢÕß∑ƒ…Æ’ ‚¥¬Õ‘ √–
¥â « ¬°“√«“ß·ºπ∑“ß°“√§¡π“§¡ ·≈–„™â ° Ƈ°≥±å ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ ¬Ÿà ¢ Õß∑â Õ ß∂‘Ë π Ú.Ú.ı ° Æ À ¡ “ ¬ · ≈ – ¢â Õ
·≈–∫“ß à«π¢Õß°“√«“ߺ—߇¡◊Õß ∑—È ß π’È ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ·≈–§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ∫—ߧ—∫摇»… ”À√—∫‡¡◊Õß∑à“‡√◊Õ
‡æ√“–‚¥¬ª√°µ‘ · ≈â « °“√«“ß·ºπ ¢Õߪ√–™“™π‡ªìπÀ≈—° º ¡°—∫√–∫∫ µÕπ∑’Ë Û
 “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§ ”§—≠¢Õß√—∞®–«“ß·ºπ °“√‡¡◊Õ߇æ◊ËÕÀ“√–¥—∫§«“¡ ”§—≠¢Õß Û.Ò §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“߇§√◊Õ
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§«√®–„Àâ ª √–™“™π„π∑â Õ ß∂‘Ë π ¡’  à « 𠧫“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õßæ«°‡¢“ ª√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠ Û.Ú §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß‚§√ß
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¢Õßπ— ° «“ߺ— ß ‡¡◊ Õß ‚¥¬®–·∫àß‚§√ß Ú.Ò °“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π ‡¡◊Õß™“¬∑–‡≈

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705
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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Abstract Naval Urban Architecture

Rahuth Rodjanapradied

In Thailand, developing procession on high technology and knowledge is always established from
developed countries. Transportation projects, especially marine transportation, depend on Western
knowledge. Enormous profits from maritime transportation have created many big port cities such as
Boston, Hamburg, Rotterdam, or capital cites like London, Amsterdam, Bangkok and even a state/country
such as Singapore.
Port planning experts noticed that the Bangkok port, planned and designed in 1945 by a German
engineer group with the assistance of the United Nation Organization, is the most perfect. Afterwards,
experts have remarked that there might have been some distorsions on the construction of other deep
sea ports such as Laem Chabang, Maptaphut and Songkhla which are located in Thai Gulf; all are in the
rear of Global liner routes in Andaman Sea. Thai marine commerce is therefore at a disadvantage
compared to Malaysia and Singapore. Thai academics attempted then to combine the knowledge of
marine transportation and urban architecture to be a new subject of “Naval Urban Architecture” which
represents an innovation produced by Thai experts. The details of the curriculum are described in
this article.

Key word : Naval Urban Architecture

√–À—µ√ ‚√®πª√–¥‘…∞å
707
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

 ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“° Õπ—πµå™—¬ ‡≈“À–æ—π∏ÿ*

(§.». Òı˘¯-ÒˆÒÛ) ·≈–°“√ ∂“ªπ“

√“™«ß»å‚√¡“πÕø

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708
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
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À≈—ß®“°´“√åÕ«’ “π∑’Ë Ù ºŸ‚â À¥‡À’¬È ¡ ∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø cow) ·≈– “¡“√∂∑Ÿ≈‡™‘≠æ√– —߶√“™

(Ivan IV the Terrible §.». ÒıÛÛ-
Òı¯Ù) ‡ ¥Á® «√√§µ„π §.». Òı¯Ù
´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò (Feodor I §.».
Òı¯Ù-Òı˘¯) æ√–√“™‚Õ√ Õߧå√Õß
∑’ªË √– Ÿµ®‘ “°´“√’π“Õ–π— µ“‡´’¬ ‚√¡“-
πÕø (Anastasia Romanov) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
™“¬Àπÿà¡∑’ËÕàÕπ·Õ∑—Èß√à“ß°“¬·≈–®‘µ„®
°Á‰¥â∑√ß ◊∫√“™∫—≈≈—ß°åÒ ´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å
∑’Ë Ò ∑√ß¡’æ√– µ‘ªí≠≠“Õ¬Ÿà„π‡°≥±å
µË”°«à“ª√°µ‘ (retarded)  ‘Ëß∑’Ëæ√–Õߧå
∑√ß ”√“≠æ√–√“™Àƒ∑—¬‡ªìπ∑’Ë ÿ¥‰¥â
·°à°“√‡≈àπ —πË °√–¥‘ßË ·≈–∑Õ¥æ√–‡πµ√
§π Ÿâ°—∫À¡’ °àÕπ∑’Ë´“√åÕ’«“πºŸâ‚À¥‡À’Ȭ¡
®– «√√§µ‰¥â∑√ß∑”æ√–√“™æ‘π—¬°√√¡
„Àâ·µàßµ—ßÈ  ¿“ºŸ â ”‡√Á®√“™°“√´÷ßË  ¡“™‘°
ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§≥–∫ÿ§§≈„π√“™ ”π—°
ı §π ∑—Èßπ’È‚¥¬¡’π’§’µ“ ‚√¡“πÕø (Nikita
Romanov) æ√–ªîµ≈ÿ “¢Õß´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å
∑’Ë Ò ‡ªìπÀ—«Àπⓧ≥–ºŸâ ”‡√Á®√“™°“√
·µàπ’§’µ“ ‚√¡“πÕøÕ¬Ÿà„πµ”·Àπà߉¥â
‡æ’¬ß Ú ªï°Á∂÷ß·°àÕ —≠°√√¡ µ”·Àπàß
ºŸâ ”‡√Á®√“™°“√§π∑’Ë Ò ®÷ßµ°‡ªìπ¢Õß
∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø (Boris Godunov) ´÷Ëß
‡ªìπæ√–‡™…∞“¢Õß´“√’π“Õ’√’π“ (Irina)
æ√–¡‡À ’„π´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò ¥—ßπ—Èπ
π—∫·µà §.». Òı¯¯ ‡ªìπµâπ¡“ ‡¢“®÷ß
‡ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë¡’Õ”π“® Ÿß ÿ¥„π√— ‡´’¬
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‚°¥ŸπÕø ◊∫‡™◊ÕÈ  “¬¡“®“°‡®â“™“¬µ“√å-
µ“√å (Tartar) À√◊Õ¡Õß‚°≈∑’Ë„π§√‘ µå
»µ«√√…∑’Ë ÒÙ ‰¥âÀ—π‡¢â“¡“√—∫√“™°“√
„π¡Õ ‚° ¡—¬¬—߇ªìπ√“™√—∞ (grand-
duchy)  à«π∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø‡Õßπ—Èπ‰¥â
°â“«¢÷Èπ¡“¡’Õ”π“®·≈–∫∑∫“∑„π ç ¡—¬
‚Õª√‘™π’π“é (Oprichnina period) ∑’Ë
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¶à“»—µ√Ÿ¥â«¬°≈ÿà¡∑À“√¡â“ ’¥”‚Õª√‘™π’°’
(Oprichniki) „π §.». Òı¯Û ‡¢“‰¥â
√—∫°“√‡≈◊ËÕπ∞“π—π¥√»—°¥‘χªìπ¢ÿππ“ß
√–¥—∫ Ÿß À√◊Õ ‚∫¬“√å (boyar) ·≈–‡ªìπ
∑’˪√÷°…“∑’Ë´“√åÕ’«“πºŸâ‚À¥‡À’Ȭ¡∑√߉«â
«“ßæ√–√“™Àƒ∑—¬‡ªìπÕ¬à“߬‘Ëß „π‡«≈“
‡¥’¬«°—π ‡¢“°Á “¡“√∂®—¥°“√„ÀâÕ’√’π“
ºŸâ‡ªìππâÕß “«‰¥âÕ¿‘‡…° ¡√ °—∫´“√å
‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å ∑’Ë Ò ¢≥–∑√ߥ”√ßæ√–¬»
·°√π¥å¥ÿä°
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√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø¡’Õ”π“®„π∞“π–ºŸâ ”‡√Á®
√“™°“√π—Èπ √— ‡´’¬ “¡“√∂·¬° ∂“∫—π
§√‘ µå»“ π“°√’°ÕÕ√å∑Õ¥Õ°´åÕÕ°®“°
°“√ª°§√ÕߢÕß°√ÿߧÕ𠷵𵑂π‡ªî≈
‚¥¬„π §.». Òı¯ ‡¢“‰¥â·µàßµ—Èß≈Õø
(Lov) À√◊Õ¬ÁÕ∫ (Job) ‡ªìπÕ—§√¡ÿ¢π“¬°
·Ààß°√ÿß¡Õ ‚° (Metropolitan of Mos-
of Constantinople) ª√–¡ÿ¢¢Õߧ√‘ µå
»“ π®—°√°√’°ÕÕ√å∑Õ¥Õ°´å´÷Ëߢ≥–π—Èπ
‰¥âÀ¡¥∫∑∫“∑≈߇ªìπÕ—π¡“° ‡æ√“–°√ÿß
§Õ𠷵𵑠‚ π‡ªî ≈ ∂Ÿ ° æ«°‡µ‘ √å ° ‡¢â “
§«∫§ÿ¡·≈–ª°§√Õß (®—°√«√√¥‘‰∫‡´π-
‰∑πå≈à¡ ≈“¬·≈–∂Ÿ°æ«°‡µ‘√å°‡¢â“ª°
§√Õßπ—∫·µà §.». ÒÙıÛ) „À⇠¥Á®¡“
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Àπ૬ª°§√ÕßÕ‘ √–¢Õßæ√– —߶√“™
·Ààß°√ÿß¡Õ ‚° (Patriarch of Moscow)
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 “¡“√∂µ—¥«ß®√Õ”π“®∑“ß»“ π“®“°
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¿“¬„π®—°√«√√¥‘‰¥â Õ’°∑—È߬—߇ªìπ°“√
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°“√‡ªî¥‚Õ°“ „Àâ ∂“∫—π´“√å “¡“√∂
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À√◊ÕÕ’°π—¬Àπ÷ßË ‡ªìπºŸ·â ∑πµà“ßæ√–‡πµ√
æ√–°√√≥¢Õß´“√å„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈¥‘π·¥π
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÀà“߉°≈ ´÷Ëß¡’º≈¥’µàÕ∑—Èß„π¥â“π

Ò
´“√åÕ«’ “π∑’Ë Ù ∑√߉¥â√∫—  ¡≠“π“¡«à“ çºŸ‡â À’¬È ¡‚À¥é ®“°æƒµ‘°√√¡‚À¥√⓬∑“√ÿ≥´÷ßË ¡’∑ß—È °“√∑“√ÿ≥‡™àπ ¶à“ºŸ∫â √‘ ∑ÿ ∏‘®Ï ”π«ππ—∫À¡◊πË §π √«¡∑—ßÈ ·°√π¥å¥°ÿä
Õ’«“π æ√–√“™‚Õ√ Õߧ債 ·≈–√—™∑“¬“∑ „π §.». Òı¯Ò ‡¡◊ËÕ·°√π¥å¥ÿä°Õ’«“π∑√ß欓¬“¡‡¢â“™à«¬æ√–™“¬“¢≥–∑√ßæ√–§√√¿å´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°´“√åÕ’«“πºŸâ‡À’Ȭ¡‚À¥
∑ÿ∫µ’Õ¬à“ß∑“√ÿ≥‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡àæÕ„®∑’Ëæ√– ÿ≥‘ “·µàßæ√–Õߧ剡à∂Ÿ°µâÕßµ“¡∏√√¡‡π’¬¡ ´“√åÕ’«“πºŸâ‚À¥‡À’Ȭ¡°Á‰¡à∑√ß≈—߇≈æ√–∑—¬∑’Ë®–≈ß∑—≥±åæ√–√“™‚Õ√ 
¥â«¬∏“√æ√–°√‡À≈Á°∑’Ë∑√ß∂◊Õµ‘¥æ√–À—µ∂åµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ®π∑√߉¥â√—∫∫“¥‡®Á∫ “À— ·≈– ‘Èπæ√–™π¡å„π‡«≈“µàÕ¡“
Ú
Peter Neville, Russia The USSR, the CIS and the Independent States (London : A Windrush Press Book, 2003), 41.

Õπ—πµå™—¬ ‡≈“À–æ—π∏ÿ
709
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
»“ π“·≈–¥â“π°“√‡¡◊Õß°“√ª°§√Õß
¿“¬„πª√–‡∑» πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’°“√ÕÕ°
°ÆÀ¡“¬Õ’ ° À≈“¬©∫— ∫ ‡æ◊Ë Õ §«∫§ÿ ¡
 —ߧ¡ ‰¥â·°à °“√Àâ“¡™“«π“‡§≈◊ÕË π¬â“¬
∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ ·≈–°“√≈ß‚∑…‡®â“¢Õß∑’Ë¥‘π
√“¬„À≠à∑’Ë≈—°æ“µ—«™“«π“®“°‡®â“∑’Ë¥‘π
√“¬¬àÕ¬ ‡ªìπµâπ
∫Õ√‘   ‚°¥Ÿ π Õø¬— ß ‰¥â ¥”‡π‘ π
π‚¬∫“¬¢¬“¬¥‘π·¥π·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß
√—  ‡´’¬ √–À«à“ß §.». Òı˘-Òı˘ı
√—   ‡´’ ¬ ‡¢â “  Ÿà   ߧ√“¡√—   ‡´’ ¬  «’ ‡ ¥π
(Russo-Swedish War) ·≈– “¡“√∂
¬÷ ¥ §√Õߥ‘ π ·¥π·∂∫™“¬Ωíò ß ¢ÕßÕà “ «
øîπ·≈π¥å·≈–æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∫“ß à«π¢Õ߇¡◊Õß
§“‡√‡≈’¬ (Karelia) Õ’°∑—È߬—ß “¡“√∂
‡Õ“™π–æ«°µ“√å µ “√å „ π‰´∫’ ‡ √’ ¬ ·≈–
 àß∑À“√‡¢â“‰ª¬÷¥§√Õ߉¥âÕ¬à“ß∂“«√
Õ’°¥â«¬
 ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿßà ¬“° (§.». Òı˘¯-
ÒˆÒÛ) : 祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é
„π §.». Òı¯¯ ´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò
∑√ߪ√–™«√·≈– «√√§µ‚¥¬ª√“»®“°
Õߧå√—™∑“¬“∑ π—∫‡ªìπ°“√ ‘Èπ ÿ¥¢Õß
‡™◊ÈÕ “¬¢Õß√Ÿ√‘§ (Rurik) À—«ÀπⓇºà“
«“√—߇®’¬π (Varangian) ∑’ Ë “¡“√∂ ∂“-
ªπ“√“™«ß»å«“√—߇®’¬πÀ√◊Õ√“™«ß»å√√Ÿ §‘
¢÷πÈ ª°§√Õߥ‘π·¥π√— ‡´’¬„π §.». ¯ˆÚ
°“√ ‘È π Õߧå √— ™ ∑“¬“∑¥— ß °≈à “ «®÷ ß ‡ªî ¥
‚Õ°“ „Àâ∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø„π∞“π–æ√–
≠“µ‘ (æ√–‡™…∞“¢Õß´“√’π“) °â“«¢÷Èπ
‡ªìπ´“√å ·µà°àÕπÀπâ“π’È ∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø
Û
Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia (New York : Oxford University Press, 1963), 173-181.
°Á‰¥â∫∫’ ∫—ߧ—∫„Àâ´“√’π“Õ’√π’ “‡¢â“ ”π—°™’
·≈–‡æ◊ÕË §«“¡™Õ∫∏√√¡ ∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø
°Á„Àâæ√– —߶√“™·Ààß¡Õ ‚° π—∫ πÿπ
„Àâ ¿“´‘¡ °’´Õ∫Õ√å À√◊Õ ¿“·ºàπ¥‘π
(Zemskii Sobor - Land Assembly)
·≈– ¿“‚∫¬“√å (Boyars Council)
ç‡≈◊Õ°é ‡¢“‡ªìπ´“√å ´÷Ëßπ—∫‡ªìπ§√—Èß
·√°∑’Ë√— ‡´’¬‰¥â¥”‡π‘π°“√„π°“√‡≈◊Õ°
´“√å¥â«¬«‘∏’¥—ß°≈à“«π’È
Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ °“√‡∂≈‘ßÕ”π“®‡ªìπ
´“√å¢Õß∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø„π §.». Òı˘¯
π— ∫ ‡ªì π ®ÿ ¥ ‡√‘Ë ¡ µâ π ¢Õß ¡— ¬ ·Àà ß §«“¡
¬ÿà߬“° (Smutnoe Vremia - Time of
Troubles) §√—Èß∑’Ë ÒÛ „πª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√å
√—   ‡´’ ¬ ∑—È ß π’È ‡æ√“–‰¥â ¡’ ºŸâ Õâ “ ß ‘ ∑ ∏‘Ï
„π√“™∫—≈≈—ß°å¢÷Èπ¡“°¡“¬ ´÷Ëß√«¡∑—Èß
µ√–°Ÿ≈‚√¡“πÕø∑’ˇªìπ√“™‘π‘°Ÿ≈„𠓬
´“√’ π “Õ–π—   µ“‡´’ ¬ æ√–√“™¡“√¥“
¢Õß´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò ¥â«¬ ·µà∑’Ë ”§—≠
§◊Õ°“√Õâ“ß ‘∑∏‘Ï¢Õß ç¥‘¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é
(False Dmitry À√◊Õ Pseudo Dmitry) ´÷ßË
‡ªìπ ¡≠“π“¡¢Õß°√’°Õ√’ ‚Õ‡µ√ª‡¬ø
(Grigory Otrepyev) ∑’ËÕâ“ßµ—«‡ªìπ‡®â“
™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’·ÀàßÕŸ°≈‘™ (Prince Dmitry
of Uglich) æ√–√“™‚Õ√ Õߧå‡≈Á°„π´“√å
Õ’«“π∑’Ë Ù ´÷Ëߪ√– Ÿµ‘®“°æ√–π“ß¡“‡√’¬
𓧓¬“ (Maria Nakaya) æ√–¡‡À ’Õߧå
∑’Ë ˜ ‚¥¬§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß ‡®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’
∑√ß ‘Èπæ√–™π¡å‰ª·≈â«„π §.». Òı˘Ò
¥â « ¬Õÿ ∫— µ‘ ‡ Àµÿ ∂Ÿ ° ¡’ ¥ ∑’Ë ∑ √ß∂◊ Õ Õ¬Ÿà ª “¥
æ√–»Õ¢≥–∑’Ë∑√߇ªìπ‚√§≈¡™—° ·µà§π
∑—Ë«‰ª°≈—∫‡™◊ËÕ«à“°“√ ‘Èπæ√–™π¡å¢Õß
710
æ√–Õߧå´÷Ë߇ªìπÕߧå√—™∑“¬“∑„π¢≥–
π—Èππà“®–¡’‡√◊ËÕß°“√‡¡◊ÕßÕ¬Ÿà‡∫◊ÈÕßÀ≈—ß
‚¥¬∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø‡ªìπºŸâ«“ß·ºπ°“√
·≈–∑”„Àâ√“™«ß»åµâÕß ‘Èπ ÿ¥≈ß ·µà§π
Õ’°®”π«π¡“°°Á‰¡à√¢Ÿâ Õâ ‡∑Á®®√‘߇°’¬Ë «°—∫
‡®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’‡≈¬
祑¡µ’ √’µ«— ª≈Õ¡é À√◊Õ‚Õ‡µ√ª‡¬ø
‡ªìπÕ¥’µæ√–„πæ√–Õ“√“¡™Ÿ¥Õø (Chu-
dov Monastery) ∑’Ë∫√‘‡«≥æ√–√“™∞“π
‡§√¡≈‘π„π°√ÿß¡Õ ‚° ´÷Ëß∑”„À⇢“§ÿâπ
‡§¬°— ∫ ¢π∫∏√√¡‡π’ ¬ ¡ª√–‡æ≥’ ¢ Õß
√“™ ”π—° Õ’°∑—È߬—߇™◊ËÕ°—π«à“‡¢“‡§¬
‡ªìπ§π√—∫„™âµ√–°Ÿ≈‚√¡“πÕø¡“°àÕπ
¥â«¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥§«“¡¢—¥·¬âß°—π√–À«à“ß
´“√å∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø°—∫æ«°‚√¡“πÕø
祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ®÷߇ÀÁπ‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë
®– √â“ß∑“߇≈◊Õ°„À¡à„Àâ·°à√“™∫—≈≈—ß°å
√— ‡´’¬ ‡¢“Õâ“ßµ—«‡ªìπ‡®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’
·ÀàßÕŸ°≈‘™ ·≈–„π §.». ÒˆÚ ‡¢“Àπ’
®“°°√ÿß¡Õ ‚°‰ªÕ¬Ÿà°—∫æ«°§Õ ·´Á°
(Cossack) ·≈–∑⓬∑’Ë ÿ¥À𒉪¬—ß‚ª-
·≈π¥å 祑¡µ’ √’µ«— ª≈Õ¡é ‰¥â√∫— §«“¡™à«¬
‡À≈◊Õ®“°¢ÿππ“ß‚ª≈ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡°ÕÕ√å-
‡° ¡‘ ‡´§ (George Mniszek) ¢â“À≈«ß
¡≥±≈´—π‚¥¡‘  (Sandomis) ∑’ËÀ«—ß®–
°Ÿâ∞“π–¢Õßµ√–°Ÿ≈¡‘ ‡´§·≈– —≠≠“®–
¬°¡“√’π“ (Marina) ºŸâ‡ªìπ∏‘¥“„Àâ·µàß
ß“π¥â«¬ ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π 祑¡µ’ √’µ«— ª≈Õ¡é
°Á ‰ ¥â À— 𠉪π— ∫ ∂◊ Õ §√‘   µå » “ π“π‘ ° “¬
‚√¡—π§“∑Õ≈‘°∑’ˇªìππ‘°“¬»“ π“ ”§—≠
¢Õß‚ª·≈π¥å ·≈–∑”„À⇢“‰¥â√—∫°“√
 π—∫ πÿπ®“°Õ—§√∑Ÿµ¢Õß —πµ–ª“ª“
 ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“° (§.». Òı˘¯-ÒˆÒÛ)
·≈–°“√ ∂“ªπ“√“™«ß»å‚√¡“πÕø

(Papal Nuncio) ª√–®”‚ª·≈π¥å ∑’Ë
ª√“√∂π“„Àâπ‘°“¬‚√¡—π§“∑Õ≈‘°‡¢â“‰ª
‡º¬·ºà „ π√—   ‡´’ ¬ À≈— ß ®“° Ÿ ≠ ‡ ’ ¬ ºŸâ ¡’
»√—∑∏“‰ª‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°®“°‡Àµÿ°“√≥å
°“√ªØ‘√Ÿª»“ π“ (Reformation) ∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡
µâπ„π¬ÿ‚√ªµ–«—πµ°π—∫·µà §.». ÒıÒ˜
‡ªìπµâπ¡“
¢≥–æ”π—°„π‚ª·≈π¥å 祑¡’µ√’µ—«
ª≈Õ¡é °Á  à ß ®¥À¡“¬™«π‡™◊Ë Õ ‰ª¬— ß
∫ÿ§§≈µà“ß Ê ∑—Èß„π√— ‡´’¬·≈–ª√–‡∑»
¬ÿ‚√ªÕ◊Ëπ Ê ‡æ◊ËÕ¢Õ°“√ π—∫ πÿπ«à“‡¢“
‡ªìπ‡®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’·ÀàßÕŸ°≈‘™®√‘ß·≈–¡’
 ‘∑∏‘Ï„π√“™∫—≈≈—ß°å√— ‡´’¬ ·¡â 祑¡’µ√’
µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ®–‰¡à¡À’ ≈—°∞“π¬◊π¬—π«à“‡¢“
‡ªìπ¥‘¡’µ√’®√‘ß ·µà°Á¡’§π®”π«π¡“°∑—Èß
™“«√— ‡´’¬·≈–™“µ‘Õπ◊Ë Ê µà“ß°Á π—∫ πÿπ
‡¢“Õ¬à“ß¡“° ∑—Èß∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ«à“‡ªì𧫓¡®√‘ß
·≈–‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå∑“ß°“√‡¡◊ÕߢÕßµπ
´÷ßË √«¡∑—ßÈ æ√–‡®â“´’° ‘ ¡ÿπ¥å∑’Ë Û (Sigis-
mund III) ·Ààß‚ª·≈π¥å¥â«¬
πÕ°®“° ç°√≥’¥‘¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é
®–∫—πË ∑Õ𧫓¡¡—πË §ß„π√“™∫—≈≈—ß°å¢Õß
´“√å∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø ‡æ√“–¡’æ«°‚∫¬“√å
∑’ˇªìπ»—µ√Ÿ∂◊Õ‚Õ°“ „π°“√´àÕß ÿ¡ºŸâ§π
‡æ◊ÕË µàÕµâ“πæ√–Õߧå √«¡∑—ßÈ æ«°™“«π“
·≈–∑“ µ‘¥∑’Ë¥‘π∑’Ë∂Ÿ°ª≈ÿ°√–¥¡„À⇙◊ËÕ
¥â«¬ ´“√嬗ߪ√– ∫°—∫«‘°ƒµ¿—¬∏√√¡-
™“µ‘·≈–‡Àµÿ°“√≥å∑ÿæ¿‘°¢¿—¬∑’ˇ°‘¥∑—Ë«
‰ª√–À«à“ß §.». ÒˆÒ-ÒˆÛ Õ’°¥â«¬
´÷Ëß √â“ߧ«“¡À“¬π–∑“߇»√…∞°‘®·≈–
 —ߧ¡ §π®”π«π¡“°¢“¥·§≈πÕ“À“√
·≈–≈⡵“¬‡æ√“–§«“¡Õ¥Õ¬“° ∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ
µâÕߪ√–∑—ß™’æ¥â«¬µâπ‰¡â„∫À≠â“ ‡ª≈◊Õ°
Ù
James P. Duffy & Vincent L. Ricci, Czars (New York : Barnes & Noble Books, 1995), 152.
Õπ—πµå™—¬ ‡≈“À–æ—π∏ÿ
‰¡â ´“° —µ«å ·≈–∫“ߧ√—Èß°Á´“°¡πÿ…¬å
ª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ¥Õ¬“°°«à“ Ò, §π
®÷ ß Õæ¬æÀ≈—Ë ß ‰À≈‡æ◊Ë Õ À“∑’Ë æ÷Ë ß „π°√ÿ ß
¡Õ ‚°  à«π„π‡¢µ™π∫∑°Á‡°‘¥°“√∫ÿ°
√ÿ°∫â“π‡√◊Õπ¢ÿππ“ß·≈–ª≈âπ¶à“°—π ®π
√—∞∫“≈µâÕß àß∑À“√‡¢â“ª√“∫ª√“¡ ·¡â
ª√“°Ø°“√≥å∏√√¡™“µ‘®–‡ªì𠓇Àµÿ
 ”§—≠∑’Ë √â“ߧ«“¡‡§≈◊ËÕπ‰À«·°àª√–™“
™π„π ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“°π’È ·µà´“√å
∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø°Á∂Ÿ°æ«°‡™◊ËÕ„π ‘Ë߇Àπ◊Õ
∏√√¡™“µ‘‚∑…«à“惵‘°√√¡¢Õßæ√–Õߧå
‡ªìπµâπ‡Àµÿ„Àâæ√–‡ªìπ‡®â“∑√ß≈ß‚∑…
√— ‡´’¬Ù ´÷ßË ¡’º≈„À♓«√— ‡´’¬µà“ßÀ¡¥
»√—∑∏“„πæ√–Õߧå¥â«¬
„π §.». Òˆ˜ 祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é
°Á ¬ °°Õß°”≈— ß ºŸâ   π— ∫  πÿ π ∑’Ë ª √–°Õ∫
¥â«¬∑À“√§Õ ·´Á°®”π«π Ò,ı §π
∑À“√™“«‚ª≈·≈–π—°‡º™‘≠‚™§®”π«π
Àπ÷Ëß∫ÿ°‡¢â“√— ‡´’¬ æ√âÕ¡°—∫ª√–°“»
µπ‡ªìπ´“√å ¢≥–∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ∑—扪π—Èπ
祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é °Á‰¥â√—∫°“√µâÕπ√—∫
®“°ª√–™“™π‚¥¬∑—Ë « ‰ª∑’Ë ¬◊ π ‚∫°¡◊ Õ
µâÕπ√—∫·≈–¬◊π„À⇰’¬√µ‘ „π∫“ߧ√—Èß
°Õß°”≈—ߢÕß ç¥‘¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ‰¥â∂Ÿ°
°Õß∑À“√ΩÉ“¬√—∞∫“≈µ’·µ°æà“¬ ·µà
µàÕ¡“°Á “¡“√∂√«¡µ—«°—π‰¥âÕ’° „π«—π
∑’Ë ÒÛ ‡¡…“¬π §.». Òˆı ¢≥–∑’Ë°Õß
∑À“√ΩÉ“¬√—∞∫“≈°”≈—ß¡’™—¬™π–Õ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ
´“√å ∫ Õ√‘   ‚°¥Ÿ π Õø°Á   «√√§µÕ¬à “ ß
°–∑— π À— π ¥â « ¬‡ â π æ√–‚≈À‘ µ „π ¡Õß
·µ° ´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ú (Feodor II §.».
Òˆı) æ√–√“™‚Õ√ «—¬ Òˆ æ√√…“
‰¥â ∫◊ √“™ ¡∫—µ‘ ·µà∂°Ÿ µàÕµâ“π®“°æ«°
711
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
‚∫¬“√å ´÷Ë ß ‰¡à ¬ Õ¡∂«“¬ — µ ¬å ª Ø‘ ≠ “≥
„πµâπ‡¥◊Õπ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π §.». Òˆı ‡¡◊ËÕ
°Õß°”≈—ߢÕß ç¥‘¡µ’ √’µ«— ª≈Õ¡é ‡§≈◊ÕË π
‡¢â“„°≈â°√ÿß¡Õ ‚° æ«°‚∫¬“√å®ß÷ ‡¢â“¬÷¥
Õ”π“®°“√ª°§√Õß°√ÿß¡Õ ‚°·≈–‡¢â“
®—∫°ÿ¡´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ú æ√âÕ¡æ√–√“™-
¡“√¥“ µàÕ¡“‰¥âª≈ßæ√–™π¡å„π«—π∑’Ë
Ò ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π
祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ‰¥â‡¥‘π∑—懢â“
°√ÿß¡Õ ‚°„π«—π∑’Ë Ú ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π ‚¥¬
¡’ª√–™“™π‚Àà√âÕßµâÕπ√—∫‡ªìπÕ—π¡“°
À≈“¬§π‡ÀÁπ‡ªìπ ç‡√◊ËÕߪ“Ø‘À“√‘¬åé
‡®â“™“¬«“´’≈’ ™ÿ¬ °’ (Vasily Shuisky)
´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π ¢ÿ π π“ß·≈–‡®â “ Àπâ “ ∑’Ë √ –¥— ∫  Ÿ ß
„π√“™ ”π— ° ∑’˧ √—Èß Àπ÷Ëß ‡§¬„À⪠“°§”
‡æ◊ËÕ π—∫ πÿπ°“√ ‘Èπæ√–™π¡å¢Õ߇®â“
™“¬¥‘¡µ’ √’·ÀàßÕŸ°≈‘™°Á°≈—∫§”„Àâ°“√„À¡à
«à“·∑â®√‘߇®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’Õߧå®√‘߬—ß∑√ß
¡’æ√–™π¡åÕ¬Ÿà  à«π§π∑’˵“¬‰ªπ—Èπ‡ªìπ
‡æ’¬ß‡¥Á°Õ’°§πÀπ÷Ë߇∑à“π—Èπ  à«π·¡à™’
¡“√å∑“ (Martha) À√◊ÕÕ¥’µæ√–π“ß
¡“‡√’ ¬ 𓧓¬“æ√–√“™¡“√¥“¢Õß
‡®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’·ÀàßÕŸ°≈‘™∑’Ë∂Ÿ°π”µ—«¡“
æ∫ 祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é °Á∑√ß√—∫√Õß«à“
‡¢“§◊Õæ√–√“™‚Õ√ ∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ
祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ®÷߉¥â√—∫Õ—≠‡™‘≠„Àâ
¢÷Èπ§√Õß√“™ ¡∫—µ‘ ‚¥¬°“√ π—∫ π—π
®“°∫√√¥“¢ÿππ“ß∑’˵àÕµâ“π´“√å∫Õ√‘ 
‚°¥ŸπÕø∑’˵âÕß°“√°≈—∫‡¢â“¡“¡’Õ”π“®
·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈ „π√“™ ”π—°·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß
°“√ª°§√ÕßÕ’°§√—Èß
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é À√◊Õ°√’°Õ√’ ‚Õ‡µ√ª‡¬ø (Grigory Otrepyev) ·≈–¡“√’π“ ¡‘ ‡´§
(Marina Mniszek) „π©≈Õßæ√–Õߧ崓√å·≈–´“√’π“ ¿“殓° David Warnes,
Chronicle of the Russian Tsars (London : Thames and Hudson, 1999), 51.
Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ 祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ‰¥â
§√Õß√“™ ¡∫—µ‘‡æ’¬ß Ò ªï‡∑à“π—Èπ°ÁÀ¡¥
§«“¡π‘¬¡„πÀ¡Ÿàª√–™“™π∑—Ë«‰ª ∑—Èßπ’È
‡æ√“–‡¢“¡’惵‘°√√¡∑’Ë àÕ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“®–
π”§√‘   µå » “ π“π‘ ° “¬‚√¡— 𠧓∑Õ≈‘ °
‡¢â“¡“·∑π∑’Ëπ‘°“¬°√’°ÕÕ√å∑Õ¥Õ°´å
‡™àπ ‰¡à‡¢â“√à«¡æ‘∏’°√√¡∑“ß»“ π“¢Õß
π‘°“¬°√’°ÕÕ√å∑Õ¥Õ°´å  π—∫ πÿπ·≈–
 à߇ √‘¡æ«°‡¬´ŸÕ‘µ (Jesuit) „À⇢ⓡ“
¡’∫∑∫“∑„π —ߧ¡√— ‡´’¬ ‡ ° ¡√ °—∫
 µ√’ ßŸ »—°¥‘™Ï “«‚ª≈∑’πË ∫— ∂◊Õπ‘°“¬‚√¡—π
§“∑Õ≈‘° ·≈–‚°πÀ𫥇§√“‡°≈’Ȭß
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π‘°“¬°√’°ÕÕ√å∑Õ¥Õ°´å πÕ°®“°π’È ‡¢“
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π“ß·≈⫠祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é °Á‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß
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祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ¢÷Èπ§√Õß√“™ ¡∫—µ‘
‰¥â‰¡àπ“π „πª≈“¬ §.». Òˆı ‡®â“
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„π §.». Òı˘Ò «“´’≈’ ™ÿ¬ °’®÷ß∂Ÿ° 祑¡’-
µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é  —Ëß®—∫·≈–µ—¥ ‘πª√–À“√
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°√ÿß¡Õ ‚°‰¥â Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ „π‡«≈“‰¡à™â“
«“´’≈’ ™ÿ¬ °’°Á§‘¥∑√¬»µàÕ ç¥‘¡’µ√’µ—«
ª≈Õ¡é Õ’°‚¥¬√à«¡¡◊Õ°—∫«“´’≈’ ‚°≈‘µ-
´‘π (Valisy Golitsyn) ·≈–æ«°‚∫¬“√å
Õ◊Ëπ Ê °àÕ°“√ªØ‘«—µ‘„π§◊π«—π∑’Ë Úˆ
情¿“§¡ §.». Òˆˆ ºŸâ∑’Ë π—∫ πÿπ
祑¡’µ√’µ—«ª≈Õ¡é ∑’ˇªìπ™“«√— ‡´’¬·≈–
™“«‚ª≈®”π«ππ—∫√âÕ¬ Ê §π∂Ÿ° —ßÀ“√
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¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π «“´’≈’ ™ÿ¬ °’°Á‰¥â
√—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπ„Àâ¢÷Èπ§√Õß√“™ ¡∫—µ‘
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ª≈Õ¡é ∂Ÿ°π”ÕÕ°‰ªª√–®“π∑’Ë®—µÿ√— 
·¥ß (Red Square) ·≈–∂Ÿ°‡º“®π‡ªìπ
‡∂â “ °à Õ π𔉪∫√√®ÿ ªó π „À≠à ¬‘ ß ‰ª„π
∑‘»∑“ß∑’ˇªìπ∑’˵—ÈߢÕß‚ª·≈π¥å
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∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ√–À«à“ß §.». Òı˘¯-Òˆˆ
·¡â´“√å®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ π—∫ πÿπ®“° ¿“
‚∫¬“√å ·≈–ΩŸß™π„π°√ÿß¡Õ ‚° ·µà°Á
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µ≈Õ¥√—™ ¡—¬´“√å«“´’≈’ (§.». Òˆˆ-
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°“√®≈“®≈«ÿà π «“¬‰ª∑—Ë « ∑—È ß ª√–‡∑»
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·≈– ∂“π∑’Ë√“™°“√ √«¡∑—È߉¥â√«¡µ—«
°—π¿“¬„µâ°“√π”¢ÕßÕ’«“π ‚∫≈Õµπ’-
§Õø (Ivan Bolotnikov) ∑’Ë ◊∫‡™◊ÈÕ “¬
®“°æ«°‚∫¬“√巵ଓ°®π·≈–Õ¥’µ‡§¬
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¢Õß™“«π“ ∑“ µ‘¥∑’Ë¥‘π·≈–∑“ é ¥—ß
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祑¡’µ√’é Õ’°À≈“¬§π ´÷Ëß°“√Õâ“ßπ—Èπ¡’
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´÷Ëߪ√– Ÿµ‘„π §.». Òı˘Ú À≈—ß®“°´“√å
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‚Õ°“ ‡¢â“·∑√°·´ß·≈–¬°°Õß∑—懢â“
√— ‡´’¬„π‡¥◊Õπ°√°Æ“§¡ §.». ÒˆÒ
æ«°µ√–°Ÿ ≈ ‚√¡“πÕø®÷ ß «“ß·ºπ„Àâ
°Õß∑—æ°àÕ√—∞ª√–À“√æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß∫—ߧ—∫
„Àâ´“√å«“´’≈’ÕÕ°ºπ«™·≈– àßµ—«‰ª¬—ß
‚ª·≈π¥å Õ¥’µ´“√å«“≈‘ ´’ ™ÿ¬ °’  ‘È π
æ√–™π¡å ¢ ≥–‡ªì π π— ° ‚∑…„π∑’Ë §ÿ ¡ ¢— ß
‡¡◊ËÕ‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π §.». ÒˆÒÚ
ı
David Warnes, Chronicle of the Russian Tsars (London : Thames and Hudson, 1999), 54.
Õπ—πµå™—¬ ‡≈“À–æ—π∏ÿ
√–À«à“ß §.». ÒˆÒ-ÒˆÒÛ √— -
‡´’¬µ°Õ¬Ÿà„π¿“«–∑’Ë¢“¥ºŸâπ”À√◊Õ™à«ß
«à“ß√–À«à“ß√—™°“≈ (interregnum) ·≈–
¡’∑’∑à“∑’Ë®–∂Ÿ° «’‡¥π·≈–‚ª·≈π¥å‡¢â“
¬÷¥§√Õß∑—Èߪ√–‡∑» Õ¬à“߉√°Á¥’ „πƒ¥Ÿ
„∫‰¡âº≈‘ §.». ÒˆÒÒ °Õß∑—æ·Ààß™“µ‘
∑’Ë®—¥µ—Èߢ÷Èπ„π§√—Èß Ú ‚¥¬¡’‡®â“™“¬¥‘¡’µ√’
‚∫®“√å´°’ (Dmitry Pozharzkii) ºŸ¡â §’ «“¡
 “¡“√∂‡ªìπ·¡à∑—æ ∑—Èßπ’È‚¥¬æ√– —߶-
√“™‡Œ’¬√å‚¡‡°π (Patriarch Hermogen)
·Ààß°√ÿß¡Õ ‚° ¢≥–∂Ÿ°§ÿ¡¢—߉¥â àß
Àπ—ß ◊Õ¢Õ§«“¡™à«¬‡À≈◊Õ·≈–°√–µÿâπ
„À♓«√— ‡´’¬µàÕµâ“π°Õß∑—悪≈·≈–
æ«°§“∑Õ≈‘°µà“ß™“µ‘°Á “¡“√∂√∫™π–
°Õß∑—æ «’‡¥π·≈–‚ª·≈π¥å‰¥â·≈–®—¥
µ—Èß√—∞∫“≈æ≈—¥∂‘Ëπ¢÷Èπ µàÕ¡“ „π‡¥◊Õπ
µÿ≈“§¡ §.». ÒˆÒÚ °Á “¡“√∂¬÷¥°√ÿß
¡Õ ‚°·≈–æ√–√“™«—߇§√¡≈‘π§◊π‰¥â
„π‡¥◊ Õ π¡°√“§¡ §.». ÒˆÒÛ
 ¿“·ºàπ¥‘πª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬¢ÿππ“ß æàÕ§â“
ª√–™“™π ·≈–™“«π“®÷ßæ√âÕ¡„®°—π
‡≈◊Õ°‰¡‡§‘≈ ‚√¡“πÕø √“™‘π‘°Ÿ≈´÷Ëß¡’
»—° ¥‘Ï ™—È π æ√–π—¥ ¥“¢Õß´“√’ π “Õ–π—  -
µ“‡´’¬ æ√–¡‡À ’„π´“√åÕ’«“πºŸâ‚À¥
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ª√–«— µ‘ » “ µ√å √—   ‡´’ ¬ ∑’Ë µâ Õ ß‡º™‘ ≠ °— ∫
¿“«–¬ÿà ß ‡À¬‘ ß ∑“ߥ⠓ π°“√‡¡◊ Õ ß·≈–
 —ߧ¡ µ≈Õ¥®π§«“¡ —∫ π«ÿà𫓬·≈–
°“√™—°»÷°‡¢â“∫â“π‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Òı ªï„π
 ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“°π’È®÷߇√‘Ë¡§≈’˧≈“¬
≈ß ¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°Á‡ªìπ°“√ª√–¥‘…∞“π
√“™«ß»å‚√¡“πÕø (The Romanovs)
713
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
¢÷Èπ„π√— ‡´’¬¥â«¬
∫∑∫“∑¢Õßµ√–°Ÿ ≈ ‚√¡“πÕø·≈–
°“√ ∂“ªπ“√“™«ß»å‚√¡“πÕø
µ√–°Ÿ ≈ ‚√¡“πÕø ◊ ∫ ‡™◊È Õ  “¬¡“
®“°¢ÿ π π“ß√–¥— ∫ ‚∫¬“√å · Àà ß µ√–°Ÿ ≈
§Õ™°‘π (Koshkin) ∑’Ë¡’∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…‡ªìπ
™“«‡¬Õ√¡—π´÷ËßÕæ¬æ‡¢â“¡“µ—Èß√°√“°
·≈–√—∫√“™°“√„πÕ“≥“®—°√¡— ‚§«’µ—Èß
·µà µâ π §√‘   µå » µ«√√…∑’Ë ÒÙ „π§√‘   µå
»µ«√√…∑’Ë Òˆ ºŸâπ”¢Õßµ√–°Ÿ≈§◊Õ ‚√-
¡“πÕø ¬Ÿ√’«‘™ (Romanov Yurivich) ‰¥â
π”™◊ËÕµâπ¢Õßµπ¡“„™â‡ªìπ™◊ËÕ °ÿ≈ ·≈–
„π §.». ÒıÙ˜ ´“√åÕ’«“π∑’Ë Ù À√◊Õ
´“√åÕ’«“πºŸâ‚À¥‡À’Ȭ¡‰¥âÕ¿‘‡…° ¡√ 
°— ∫ Õ–π—   µ“‡´’ ¬ ∏‘ ¥ “¢Õß‚√¡“πÕø
¬Ÿ √’ «‘ ™ °“√Õ¿‘‡…° ¡√ §√—Èßπ’È®÷߇ªî¥
‚Õ°“ „Àâ ¢ÿ π π“ßµ√–°Ÿ ≈ ‚√¡“πÕø„π
∞“π–√“™‘π‘°Ÿ≈‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑·≈–Õ‘∑∏‘-
æ≈„π√“™ ”π—°¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ „π√–¬–·√°
¢Õß ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“°∑’Ë´“√å∫Õ√‘ 
‚°¥ŸπÕø∑√ߪ°§√Õß√— ‡´’¬π—Èπ ‡ø-
‚Õ¥Õ√å ‚√¡“πÕø (Feodor Romanov)
æ√–¿“µ‘¬– (À≈“πÕ“) „π´“√’π“Õ–π— -
µ“‡´’ ¬ ·≈–¡’ »— ° ¥‘Ï ‡ ªì π ≈Ÿ ° æ’Ë ≈Ÿ ° πâ Õ ß
(first cousin) ¢Õß´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò ®÷ß
°≈“¬‡ªìπ 租·à ¢àßé ·≈– ç∫ÿ§§≈Õ—πµ√“¬é
µàÕ√“™∫—≈≈—ß°å ¢ÿππ“ß‚∫¬“√å®”π«π
¡“°∑’Ë ‰ ¡à ¬ Õ¡√— ∫ Õ”π“®·≈–°“√Õâ “ ß
 ‘∑∏‘Ï¢Õß°“√‡ªìπ∑“¬“∑∑’Ë ◊∫ “¬‚≈À‘µ
(hereditary claim) ¢Õß´“√å∫Õ√‘  ‚°-
¥ŸπÕø´÷Ëß¡’∞“𖇪ìπ‡æ’¬ßæ√–‡™…∞“
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
¢Õßæ√–¡‡À ’„π´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò ®÷ß
À—π‰ª π—∫ πÿπ‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å ‚√¡“πÕø
∑’Ë ¡’ § «“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å ‡ ªì π æ√–≠“µ‘ √à « ¡
 “¬‚≈À‘µ°—∫´“√å‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å∑’Ë Ò ¥—ßπ—Èπ
„π §.». Òˆ ‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å ‚√¡“πÕø®÷ß
∂Ÿ°°”®—¥¥â«¬¢âÕÀ“„™â¡πµ√奔 (necro-
mancy) ·≈–欓¬“¡∑’Ë®–ª≈ßæ√–™π¡å
´“√å ∫ Õ√‘   ‚°¥Ÿ π Õø ‚¥¬‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å
‚√¡“πÕøæ√âÕ¡¿√‘¬“∂Ÿ°∫—ߧ—∫„ÀâÕÕ°
∫«™∑—ßÈ §Ÿà ·≈–„À≪„™â™«’ µ‘ „πÕ“√“¡·≈–
 ”π—°™’∑’ËÕ¬ŸàÀà“߉°≈ ‡ø‚Õ¥Õ√å ‚√¡“-
πÕø ‰¥â√—∫™◊ËÕ„À¡àÀ√◊Õ»“ π©“¬“«à“
øï≈“‡√µ (Filaret)ˆ
‡¡◊ÕË ç¥‘¡µ’ √’µ«— ª≈Õ¡é ‰¥â√∫—  ∂“-
ªπ“‡ªìπ´“√å ‡¢“°Á欓¬“¡¥”‡π‘ππ‚¬-
∫“¬‡ªìπ¡‘µ√°—∫æ«°¢ÿππ“ß ‚¥¬‡©æ“–
æ«°‚∫¬“√å∑‡’Ë §¬∂Ÿ°´“√å∫Õ√‘  ‚°¥ŸπÕø
‡π√‡∑»·≈–µàÕ¡“À—π¡“‡ªìπ∞“πÕ”π“®
„Àâ·°à‡¢“ øï≈“‡√µ„π∞“π–ºŸπâ ”¢Õßµ√–-
°Ÿ≈‚√¡“πÕø°Á‰¥â√—∫‡≈◊ËÕπ ¡≥»—°¥‘Ï„Àâ
‡ªìπÕ—§√¡ÿ¢π“¬°·Ààß√Õ µÕø (Metro-
politan of Rostov) ·≈–§ßÕ¬Ÿà„πÕ”π“®
µàÕ‰ª®π∂÷ß√—™ ¡—¬¢Õß´“√å«“´’≈’‡æ√“–
´“√å « “´’ ≈’ ‡ Õß°Á ¬— ß §ßµâ Õ ß°“√‡ ’ ¬ ß
 π—∫ πÿπ®“°æ«°‚∫¬“√å¥â«¬ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥
°“√Õâ“ß ‘∑∏‘Ï„π√“™∫—≈≈—ß°å¢Õß ç¥‘¡’µ√’
µ—«ª≈Õ¡§π∑’Ë Úé (False Dmitry II) ´÷ßË
‰¥â √— ∫ °“√ π— ∫  πÿ π ®“°‚ª·≈π¥å · ≈–
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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Àπ—ß ◊ÕÕâ“ßÕ‘ß
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Abstract The Time of Troubles and the Rise of the Romanovs

Anantjai Lauhabandhu*

The Time of Troubles (Russia: Smutnoe Vremia) started in 1598 when the last of the Varangians,
Tsar Feodor I who was mental retarded, died without issue. On his death, Feodor I’s brother-in-law,
Boris Godunov, was elected his successor by the Land Assembly and the Boyars Council. His short
reign (1598-1605) was unsuccessful and he was accused as a usurper. The rumours were spreaded out
that the late tsar’s younger brother Dmitry, supposed to be death, was still alive. In 1603 a man calling
himself Dmitry (known in history as “the False Dmitry”) was claiming the throne, and he was supported
by a large section of the population in the Muscovy and outside its borders in Poland and the Papal
State. Finally, some powerful magnates decided to support the False Dmitry and proclaimed him the
ruler of the Muscovy. Not before long, the False Dmitry was overthrown and succeeded by Vasily
Shuisky. However, neither groups of people were satisfied with the change, and soon a new impostor,
likewise calling himself Dmitry, known as False Dmitry II, came forward as the rightful heir. Shuisky
appealed to Sweden while his opposition, led by Filaret Romanov, to Poland. In the meantime, the
Muscovy forces made a coup d’etate and led to the abdication of Shuisky. Russia was thus in a very
critical condition. The throne was vacant, and Russia entered the period of interregnum while Sweden
and Poland were trying to take the Muscovy throne. However, the crisis produced a remedy, in the
form of patriotism. By 1612 the Land Assembly represented by all classes of population elected as
tsar Michael Romanov, the 16-year-old son of Filaret, who was connected by marriage with the late
dynasty. In the end, it was the Romanovs which was able to gain the upper hand in this civil war,
and established the most powerful dynasty in the Russian history until it was overthrown at the
Revolution of 1917.

Key words : Godunov, the False Dmitry, Shuisky, the Interregnum, the Romanovs

* Associate Professor of history, Department of History, Silpakorn University

 ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“° (§.». Òı˘¯-ÒˆÒÛ)

·≈–°“√ ∂“ªπ“√“™«ß»å‚√¡“πÕø
716
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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“
743
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

´È”∫“ß à«π (partial reduplication) ¥— ßµ—« Õ¬à“ß∑’Ë» “ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.Õÿ¥¡ À¡“¬·≈–°≈‰°„π°“√´È”§” (redu-

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欗≠™π–∫“ßµ—« ‡™àπ « „™â‡ªìπµ—« –°¥‰¡à‰¥â‡¡◊ÕË Õ¬Ÿ∑à “â ¬ √–∫“߇ ’¬ß °ÁµÕâ ß¡’°“√‡ª≈’¬Ë π·ª≈߇ ’¬ß欗≠™π–‡ ’¬°àÕπ
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‡§“√« - ‡§“√æ Õ√⁄≥« - Õ√√≥æ
¡“≥« - ¡“≥æ Õ“™’« - Õ“™’æ
‡¡◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ欓ߧå∑⓬¡’µ—« –°¥ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßÀπ—°‰¥âÕ¬Ÿà·≈â« ∂â“ √–欓ߧå∑⓬‡ªìπ √–¬“« ‰∑¬¡—°∑”„À⇠’¬ß √– —Èπ≈ß
À√◊Õ·ª≈߇ªìπ √–„°≈⇧’¬ß∑’Ë¡’‡ ’¬ß —Èπ ¥—ßπ’È
Õ’ ‡ªìπ Õ‘ ‡™àπ «‘ª√’µ - «‘ª√‘µ Õÿ≥⁄À’  - Õÿ≥À‘ 
Õ’ ‡ªìπ Õ◊ ‡™à𠪮⁄®π’° - ªí®®π÷°
ÕŸ ‡ªìπ Õÿ ‡™àπ  ⁄∂Ÿ≈ -  ∂ÿ≈
·µà∂â“欓ߧåµâπ‡ªìπ √–¬“« À√◊Õ¡’µ—« –°¥ ´÷Ëߪ√°µ‘®–µâÕßÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßÀπ—° ‰∑¬°ÁÕ“®¬◊¥ √–欓ߧå∑⓬ ∑”„Àâ
ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß欓ߧå∑⓬‰¥âÀπ—°°«à“欓ߧåµâπ ¥—ßπ’È
Õ– ‡ªìπ Õ“ ‡™àπ  “¡√⁄∂⁄¬ -  “¡“√∂
Õÿ ‡ªìπ ÕŸ ‡™à𠉫°ÿ≥⁄∞ - ‰«°Ÿ≥∞å

®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ ¡’«‘∏’°“√À≈“°À≈“¬  –°¥≈â«π∑”„Àâ欓ߧå∑⓬¡’‡ ’¬ßÀπ—° øí ß ‡æ√“–ÀŸ πà “ ®–‡ªì π ‡æ√“–§π‰∑¬

∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ欓ߧå∑⓬¢Õߧ”ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß ¬‘Ë ß ¢÷È π ∑—È ß  ‘È π °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π‡ ’¬ß √– Õ– π‘¬¡ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßÀπ—°æ¬“ߧå∑⓬ °“√
Àπ—°°«à“欓ߧåµâπÀ√◊Õ欓ߧåµâπ Ê ∑⓬欓ߧ凪ìπ Õ“ ‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ßÀπ÷Ëß„π ·º≈ß Õ– „π§”∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ„À⇪ìπ
‰¡à«à“°“√∑”„Àâ √–欓ߧå∑⓬¡’‡ ’¬ß °√–∫«π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈߇ ’¬ß‡À≈à“π’È Õ“ ™à«¬„ÀâÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß§”‡À≈à“π’‰È ¥â –¥«°
¬“« À√◊ Õ °“√∑”„Àâ æ ¬“ߧå ∑â “ ¬¡’ µ— « ‡Àµÿ∑’Ë°“√·º≈ß Õ– ‡ªìπ Õ“ ∑”„À⧔ ·≈–∂Ÿ°ÀŸ§π‰∑¬

π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“
745
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Ù. ‡Àµÿ „ ¥¡’ ≈Ÿ ° º ¡§”∫“≈’ ·≈– —π °ƒµ π’‡Ë ªìπΩï¡Õ◊ ¢Õß∫√√æ∫ÿ√…ÿ §«“¡®√‘ß —π °ƒµ°Á‰¡à„™à  —π °ƒµ§◊Õ

 —π °ƒµ
»“ µ√“®“√¬å ®”πߧå ∑Õß
ª√–‡ √‘∞ °≈à“«∂÷ß §”∫“ߧ”∑’Ë„™â°—πÕ¬Ÿà
„π¿“…“‰∑¬ ‡™à𧔠ª√°µ‘ ·≈– ∂Ÿª
«à“‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°º ¡§”∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ ·≈–
§”≈Ÿ°º ¡‡À≈à“π’È· ¥ß¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“¢Õß
§π‰∑¬ §”°≈à“«¢Õß∑à“πª√“°Ø„π§”
∫√√¬“¬‡√◊ËÕß ç¿“…“‰∑¬ «—≤π∏√√¡
‰∑¬é µàÕ‰ªπ’È
...∫“ß§π§‘¥«à“ ª√°µ‘ §ß®–‡ªìπ
¿“…“ —π °ƒµ ‡æ√“–∫“≈’ ‡¢“„™âª°µ‘
‰¡à¡’µ—« √ °≈È” °Áπ÷°«à“ ∂â“¡’ √ °≈È”
¡—°®–‡ªìπ —π °ƒµ °Á‡≈¬§‘¥«à“ ª√°µ‘
‡ªì𧔠—π °ƒµ §«“¡®√‘߉¡à„™à∑—Èß∫“≈’
¢Õ߇√“∑’Ë ¡’ ¿Ÿ ¡‘ ªí ≠ ≠“ Ÿ ß ‡æ√“–«à “
 —π °ƒµ‰¡à„™à ª√°µ‘ ·≈–‰¡à„™à ª°µ‘
 —π °ƒµ‡¢“‡ªìπ ª⁄√°⁄ƒµµ‘ ©–π—Èπ ∂â“
‡√“查«à“ µ“¡ª√–°ƒµ‘ º¡«à“øí߉¡à‰À«
°Á‡≈¬‡Õ“µ—« ª⁄√ ¢Õß ª⁄√°⁄ƒµ⁄µ‘ ¡“·∑π
µ—« ª ¢Õß∫“≈’ §”∫“≈’«à“ ª°µ‘ ‡ ’¬ß
°√–¥â“ß ‡√“™Õ∫‡ ’¬ßÕàÕπ Ê °Á‡≈¬‡¢’¬π
‡ªìπ ª√°µ‘ §”π’È®÷߉¡à„™à∫“≈’À√◊Õ —π-
 °ƒµ ·µà‡ªìπ≈Ÿ°º ¡ À√◊ÕÕ¬à“߇«≈“
‡√“‰ª‡«’¬π‡∑’¬π ‡«≈“æ√–∑à“π∫Õ°π”
¡’§”«à“ æ√– ∂Ÿª‡®¥’¬å ‡¡◊ËÕ‡¢“∂“¡«à“
 ∂Ÿª ‡ªìπ¿“…“Õ–‰√ §π∑’ˇ¢“√Ÿâ∫“≈’ ·µà
‡¢“‰¡à√Ÿâ —π °ƒµ ‡¢“°Á¡—°®–«à“§ß®–
‡ªìπ —π °ƒµ ‡æ√“–∫“≈’ ∂Ÿª ‡©¬ Ê ·µà
 ⁄µªŸ ∂Ⓡ√“„™â¿“…“‰∑¬«à“ æ√–∂Ÿª °Áøßí
æ‘≈÷° æ√– µŸª ¬‘Ë߉¡à‰¥â‡√◊ËÕß„À≠à ‡√“°Á
‡Õ“   ®“°  ⁄µŸª ¡“‡µ‘¡∑’Ë ∂Ÿª ‡ªìπ  ∂Ÿª
¥—ßπ—Èπ æ√– ∂Ÿª ®÷߉¡à„™à∫“≈’ ‰¡à„™à
 —π °ƒµ π’˧√—∫¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“¢Õߧπ‰∑¬
∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…¢Õ߇√“
πà “ §‘¥ «à “ ‡Àµÿ„¥®÷ß¡’≈Ÿ°º ¡§”
∫“≈’  — π  °ƒµ ·≈–≈Ÿ ° º ¡· ¥ß¿Ÿ ¡‘
ªí≠≠“¢Õߧπ‰∑¬Õ¬à“߉√
À“°‡√“ ”√«®§”¬◊¡„π¿“…“‰∑¬
®–æ∫«à “ ∫“ß°√≥’ ‰ ∑¬¬◊ ¡ ®“°∑—È ß
¿“…“∫“≈’·≈– —π °ƒµ ‡™àπ

¿“…“ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“∫“≈’ ¿“…“‰∑¬

Õ§⁄π‘ Õ§⁄§‘ Õ—§π’ Õ—§§’
√»⁄¡‘ √ ⁄¡‘, √Ì ‘ √—»¡’ √—ß ’

∫“ß°√≥’‰∑¬¬◊¡®“°¿“…“∫“≈’ §”¬◊¡®“°¿“…“ —π °ƒµ¡’„™âπâÕ¬À√◊Õ‰¡à„™â‡≈¬ ‡™àπ

¿“…“ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“∫“≈’ ¿“…“‰∑¬
ª⁄√µ⁄¬π’° ª®⁄®π’° ªí®®π÷°
‡Õ“∑⁄∏µ⁄¬ Õÿ∑⁄∏®⁄® Õÿ∏—®
 “°⁄…‘π⁄  °⁄¢’  —°¢’
Õÿ…⁄≥’… Õÿ≥⁄À’  Õÿ≥À‘ 

∫“ß°√≥’‰∑¬¬◊¡®“°¿“…“ —π °ƒµ §”¬◊¡®“°¿“…“∫“≈’¡’„™âπâÕ¬À√◊Õ‰¡à„™â‡≈¬ ‡™àπ

¿“…“ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“∫“≈’ ¿“…“‰∑¬
 ⁄µ¡⁄¿, ⁄µ¡⁄æ ∂¡⁄¿  ¥¡¿å
Õÿ∑⁄¬“π Õÿ¬⁄¬“π Õÿ∑¬“π
¡∏⁄¬ ⁄∂ ¡™⁄¨µ⁄µ ¡—∏¬— ∂å
«‘ ⁄¡¬ «‘¡⁄À¬ æ‘ ¡—¬
Õ“¢⁄¬“π Õ°⁄¢“π Õ“¢¬“π

‡ ’’¬ßÀπ—°‡∫“°—∫§”∂“¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫§”„π¿“…“‰∑¬
746
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

·≈–°Á¡’∫“ß°√≥’‰∑¬¬◊¡∑—Èߧ”∫“≈’·≈– —π °ƒµº ¡°—𠇙àπ
¿“…“ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“∫“≈’ ¿“…“‰∑¬
 ⁄µŸª ∂Ÿª  ∂Ÿª
ª⁄√°⁄ƒ⁄µ‘ ª°µ‘ ª√°µ‘
ª⁄√µ⁄¬°⁄… ª®⁄®°⁄¢ ª√–®—°…å
ª“√⁄»⁄« ª ⁄  ª√—»«å

‡¡◊ÕË æ‘®“√≥“§”∑’πË ”¡“‡ªìπµ—«Õ¬à“ß
·≈â« ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ ‰∑¬‡≈◊Õ°¬◊¡§”∫“≈’
 — π  °ƒµ∑’Ë π”¡“ª√— ∫ ‡ ’ ¬ ß„Àâ ¡’ ‡  ’ ¬ ß
‡∫“Àπ—°∂Ÿ°ÀŸ§π‰∑¬‰¥â Õ“®®–¬◊¡®“°
¿“…“„¥¿“…“Àπ÷Ëß À√◊Õ¬◊¡®“°∑—Èß Ú
¿“…“ „π°√≥’∑’ˬ◊¡®“°∑—Èß Ú ¿“…“
Õ“®ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßµà“ß°—π‡ªìπ Ú §” À√◊Õ
ÕÕ°‡ ’ ¬ ߺ ¡°— 𠇪ì 𠧔‡¥’ ¬ « °≈“¬
‡ªìπ§”≈Ÿ°º ¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ
Õπ÷ßË §”≈Ÿ°º ¡®–¡’°”‡π‘¥„π‰∑¬
‡ÕßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à¬—߉¡à∑√“∫·πà ¿“…“‡¢¡√¡’
§”  ∂Ÿª ( –‚∂∫) ª⁄√®°⁄  (ª⁄√Õ®—°)
·≈– ª⁄√°⁄√µ’ (ª⁄√ÕÁ °°⁄√Õ‡µÁ¬) ´÷ßË °Á‡∑’¬∫
‰¥â °— ∫ §”  ∂Ÿª ª√–®—°…å ·≈–ª√°µ‘
„π¿“…“‰∑¬µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ¬—߉¡àÕ“®À“
À≈—°∞“π∑’ˬ◊π¬—π‰¥â·πà™—¥«à“ ‰∑¬¬◊¡
§”≈Ÿ°º ¡‡À≈à“π’È®“°‡¢¡√ À√◊Õ«à“‡¢¡√
¬◊¡®“°‰∑¬ ∂Ⓣ∑¬§‘¥ √â“ߧ”≈Ÿ°º ¡
¢÷Èπ‡Õß ·≈–‡¢¡√¬◊¡‰∑¬‰ª ‡√“°Áπà“®–
∂◊ Õ«à“ §”≈Ÿ°º ¡· ¥ß¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“¢Õß
§π‰∑¬ ∑’Ë “¡“√∂ª√—∫‡ª≈’Ë¬π§”¿“…“
µà“ߪ√–‡∑»„À⡇’  ’¬ß∂Ÿ°ÀŸ∂°Ÿ „®§π‰∑¬
∑—È߬—߇ªìπ·∫∫Õ¬à“ß„Àâ§π™“µ‘Õ◊Ëπ𔉪
„™â¥â«¬
ı. ‡Àµÿ„¥¡’§«“¡≈—°≈—πË „π°“√
‡µ‘ ¡ À√◊ Õ µ— ¥ µ— «  –°¥„𧔬◊ ¡ ∫“≈’
 —π °ƒµ
§”¬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµπ—Èπ ∫“ߧ”
‰∑¬‡µ‘¡‡ ’¬ßµ—« –°¥„Àâ欓ߧå∑’ˉ¡à¡’
µ—« –°¥ ∫“ߧ”‰∑¬µ—¥µ—« –°¥ÕÕ°
®“°æ¬“ߧå∑’Ë¡’µ—« –°¥Õ¬Ÿà·≈â« °“√
‡µ‘¡À√◊Õµ—¥µ—« –°¥°Á‰¡à·πàπÕπ  à«π
„À≠à ® –‡µ‘ ¡ ‡ ’ ¬ ßµ— «  –°¥„Àâ æ ¬“ߧå
°àÕπ ÿ¥∑⓬ ·µà∫“ߧ”°Á‡µ‘¡‡ ’¬ßµ—«
 –°¥„Àâ欓ߧåÕ◊Ëπ Ê ‡™àπ 欓ߧåµâπ
À√◊Õ欓ߧå°≈“ß Ê °“√µ—¥µ—« –°¥°Á
¡’µà“ß Ê ¡’∑—Èßµ—¥µ—« –°¥¢Õß欓ߧå
µâπ·≈–µ—¥µ—« –°¥¢Õß欓ߧå°≈“ß Ê

µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ”¬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ∑’ˉ∑¬‡µ‘¡‡ ’¬ßµ—« –°¥„Àâ欓ߧå°àÕπ ÿ¥∑⓬
¿“…“∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“‰∑¬
ª⁄√¡“∑ ( .) ª√–¡“∑
ª⁄√¡ÿ¢ ( .) ª√–¡ÿ¢
ª⁄√ Ÿµ‘ ( .) ª√– Ÿµ‘
ªÿ‚√À‘µ (ª., .) ªÿ‚√À‘µ
«‘√µ‘ (ª., .) «‘√—µ‘
µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ”¬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ∑’ˉ∑¬‡µ‘¡‡ ’¬ßµ—« –°¥„Àâ欓ߧåµâπ
¿“…“∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“‰∑¬
√¡≥’¬ (ª., .) √¡≥’¬å
√™π’ (ª., .) √—™π’
 ÿ®√‘µ (ª.)  ÿ®√‘µ ( ÿ¥®–À√‘¥)
°∑≈’ (ª., .) °—∑≈’
Õÿª √⁄§ ( .) Õÿª √√§ (Õÿ∫ª– —°)

π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“
747
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ”¬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ∑’ˉ∑¬‡µ‘¡‡ ’¬ßµ—« –°¥„Àâ欓ߧå°≈“ßÊ
¿“…“∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“‰∑¬
ª⁄√‚¬™π ( .) ª√–‚¬™πå
«⁄¬“°√≥ (ª., .) 欓°√≥å
Õ“¿√≥ (ª., .) Õ“¿√≥å
«‘®“√≥,«‘®“√≥“ (ª.), «‘®“√≥“ ( .) «‘®“√≥å

µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ”¬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ∑’ˉ∑¬µ—¥µ—« –°¥æ¬“ߧåµâπ
¿“…“∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“‰∑¬
Õÿµµ⁄ ¡ (ª., .) Õÿ¥¡
Õÿ∑‡⁄ ∑  (ª.), Õÿ∑‡⁄ ∑» ( .) Õÿ‡∑»
Õÿ∑∏⁄ ®⁄® (ª.) Õÿ∏—®
Õÿªª⁄ ≈ (ª.), Õÿµª⁄ ≈ ( .) Õÿ∫≈
 ª⁄ª“¬ (ª.)  ∫“¬

µ—«Õ¬à“ߧ”¬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ∑’ˉ∑¬µ—¥µ—« –°¥æ¬“ߧå°≈“ß Ê
¿“…“∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ ¿“…“‰∑¬
ª®⁄®ÿª⁄ªπ⁄π (ª.) ªí®®ÿ∫—π
ª®⁄®µ⁄∂√≥ (ª.) ∫√√®∂√≥å
Õÿªµ⁄∂¡⁄¿ (ª.) Õÿª∂—¡¿å
π¿ ⁄µ≈ ( .) π¿¥≈
«‘ª≈⁄≈“  (ª.) «‘ª≈“ 

§«“¡≈—°≈—Ëπ„π°“√‡µ‘¡·≈–µ—¥µ—« 欓ߧå∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µ—¥µ—« –°¥¡—°‡ªìπæ¬“ß§å ˆ. §”®”π«π¡“°„π‡√◊ËÕßæ√–

 –°¥‡™àππ’È ∑”„À⥟‡À¡◊Õπ«à“ ‰∑¬ª√—∫
‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π‡ ’ ¬ ߧ”¬◊ ¡ ∫“≈’  — π  °ƒµµ“¡
™Õ∫„® ·µà∂â“æ‘®“√≥“„À⥒ ®–‡ÀÁπ«à“
º≈¢Õß°“√‡µ‘¡µ—« –°¥®–∑”„Àâ欓ߧå
ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßÀπ—°  à«πº≈¢Õß°“√µ—¥µ—«
 –°¥®–∑”„Àâ æ ¬“ߧå Õ Õ°‡ ’ ¬ ߇∫“
欓ߧå∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‡µ‘¡µ—« –°¥¡—°‡ªìπ欓ߧå
∑’Ë®–°≈“¬‡ªìπ欓ߧå∑⓬¢Õߧ” À√◊Õ
‡ªìπ欓ߧåµâπ¢Õߧ” Û æ¬“ß§å  à«π
µâπ¢Õߧ” Ú æ¬“ß§åÀ√◊Õ欓ߧå°≈“ß
¢Õߧ” Û æ¬“ß§å
‡Àµÿ ∑’Ë ¡’ § «“¡≈— ° ≈—Ë π „π°“√‡µ‘ ¡
À√◊Õµ—¥µ—« –°¥„𧔬◊¡∫“≈’ —π °ƒµ
πà“®–‡ªìπ‡æ√“–§π‰∑¬‰¡à™Õ∫ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß
Àπ—°À√◊Õ‡∫“µ‘¥µàÕ°—πÀ≈“¬ Ê æ¬“ß§å
®÷ߪ√—∫‚§√ß √â“ß欓ߧå¢Õߧ”¬◊¡∫“≈’
 —π °ƒµ„ÀâÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßÀπ—°∫â“߇∫“∫â“ß
 ≈—∫°—π‰ª
¡–‡À≈‡∂‰∂¡’≈°— …≥–Õ¬à“߉√ ‡æ√“–
‡Àµÿ„¥
∫∑≈–§√‡√◊ËÕßÀπ÷Ëß´÷Ëߧπ‰∑¬
√Ÿ®â °— °—π¥’§Õ◊ ∫∑≈–§√‡√◊ÕË ß æ√–¡–‡À≈
‡∂‰∂ ¢Õߧÿ≥ ÿ«√√≥ „π∫∑≈–§√‡√◊ËÕß
π’È¡’§”∑’ˇ√“√Ÿâ§«“¡À¡“¬∫â“ß ‰¡à√Ÿâ§«“¡
À¡“¬∫â“ߪ–ªπ°—π‰ª ¥—ß®–§—¥µÕπµâπ
‡√◊ËÕß¡“ µàÕ‰ªπ’È

‡ ’’¬ßÀπ—°‡∫“°—∫§”∂“¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫§”„π¿“…“‰∑¬
748
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‡¡◊ËÕπ—Èπ æ√–¡–‡À≈‡∂‰∂¡–‰À≈∂“
 ∂‘µ¬å¬—ß·∑àπ∑Õß°–‚ª≈“ »ÿ¢“ª“≈“°–‡ª‡≈
«—πÀπ÷Ëßæ√–®÷ß¡–À≈÷°µ÷° ¡–‡À≈‰∂‰æ√æ√÷°¡–√÷°‡¢
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°≈Õπ ∂â“·∫àߧ”„π°≈Õπ·µà≈–«√√§
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À√◊Õ Û §” ·≈–™à«ßÀ≈—ß Û §” §” Û
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„π∫∑°≈Õπ‰¥â¡“°
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§”∫“ߧ”¡’ºŸâ —ππ‘…∞“π«à“‡ªì𧔵à“ߪ√–‡∑» §π‰∑¬¬◊¡¡“·≈â«ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß„Àâ¡’ Û æ¬“ß§å 欓ߧåµâπÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡∫“ ‡™àπ

π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“
749
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Õ—ß°ƒ… telegraph ‰∑¬ µ–·≈Á∫·°ä∫

‡¢¡√ ∑⁄√≈÷ß∑÷ß (µ⁄√—«≈÷ßµ÷ß) ‰∑¬ µ–≈‘ߪ≈‘ß
‡¢¡√  ’¡÷ß (´’¡÷ß) ‰∑¬ ∂¡÷ß∑÷ß
‡¢¡√ ∑⁄√·¡ (µ⁄√—«·¡) ‰∑¬ µ–·À¡–·¢–
‡¢¡√ µ⁄√·Ãß·°ß (µ⁄√Õ·≈ß·°ß) ‰∑¬ µ–·≈ß·°ß
‡¢¡√ ®“ªÿ° (®“ª°) ‰∑¬ ®ÿ¡ªÿÖ°, °–®ÿ¡ªÿÖ°
 —π °ƒµ °®⁄©ªï ‰∑¬ °√–®—∫ªïò
¡≈“¬Ÿ °“√—ß ‰∑¬ ª–°“√—ß
¡≈“¬Ÿ °Ÿ√’ªíπ ‰∑¬ °ÿ‡√ªíπ
¡≈“¬Ÿ ¡“Œ“‡¥«’ ‰∑¬ ¡–‡¥À«’

πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’§”Õ’°‰¡àπâÕ¬∑’ˬ—ß ¢Õߧ”∑’Ë ¡’ Û æ¬“ß§å ¡’®—ßÀ«– ‡∫“ µ—«µ“¡

‰¡à∑√“∫∑’Ë¡“ ‰∑¬Õ“® √â“ߢ÷Èπ‡Õß°Á‰¥â
„À⧔‡À≈à“π’¡È ’‹ Û æ¬“ß§å ·≈–欓ߧåµπâ
ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡∫“ ‡™àπ °–∑°√° °–µ‘Í°√‘°
µ–‡À≈π‡ªÜπ °–∑—πÀ—π Õ≈÷Ëß©÷Ëß Õ≈àÕß
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∑’Ë∑—Èßµ—« –°¥·≈–µ—«µ“¡‡ªìπ欗≠™π–
«√√§ À√◊ Õ µ— «  –°¥·≈–µ— « µ“¡‡ªì π
欗 ≠ ™π–‡»…«√√§∑’Ë ¡’ √Ÿ ª ‡À¡◊ Õ π°— π
‰¡àÕà“πÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßµ—« –°¥ ‡™àπ

Õ—§§’ ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß Õ—°-§’

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æ— ¥ÿ é æ—¥- –-¥ÿ
«‘…≥ÿ é «‘¥- –-πÿ
Õ—»«– é Õ—¥- –-«–

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Õ—§π’ ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß Õ—°-§–-π’ ‰¡à„™à Õ—°-π’
Õ“µ¡“ é Õ“¥-µ–-¡“ ‰¡à„™à Õ“¥-¡“

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Õ“™≠“ é Õ“¥-¬“ é Õ“¥-™–-¬“
 —ª¥“Àå é  —∫-¥“ é  —∫-ª–-¥“

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 «— ¥‘°“√  ¡“™‘°¿“æ Õÿµ “À°√√¡ °—≈¬“≥¡‘µ√

·µà∂â“ à«πÀ≈—ߢÕߧ” ¡“ ‡ªìπ§” Ú æ¬“ß§å ´÷Ëß欓ߧåÀπâ“ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡∫“ ºŸâ查¡—°‰¡àπ‘¬¡ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡™◊ËÕ¡°≈“ߧ”

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∏π∫—µ√ ∏π∫ÿ√’ ®‘µ√°√√¡ ®‘µ√≈¥“
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Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ §” ¡“ ∑’ËÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡™◊ËÕ¡°≈“ߧ”∑—Èß Ê ∑’˧” à«πÀ≈—ß¡’欓ߧåµâπ‡ªìπ‡ ’¬ß‡∫“°Á¡’Õ¬Ÿà‡À¡◊Õπ°—𠧔 ¡“ 

‡À≈à“π’ȺŸâ查¡—°ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡πâπ欓ߧåÀπ—°‡ªìπ摇»… ∑”„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—∫欓ߧå‡∫“ Ú æ¬“ß§å∑’ËÕ¬Ÿàµ‘¥ Ê °—𠇙àπ
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π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“
751
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‡πâπ‡ ’¬ß‡™◊ËÕ¡°≈“ߧ” ∑”„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—∫欓ߧå‡∫“¢Õߧ” à«πÀ≈—ß ‡™àπ

°“≠®π∫ÿ√’ »“ πæ‘∏’ «‘∑¬π‘‡«»πå
∑ÿµ‘¬«‘‡»… ∑—»π§µ‘ §≥∫¥’

πà“ —߇°µ«à“ °“√ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß‡™◊ËÕ¡ ‡™◊ËÕ¡°≈“ߧ”µ“¡°Æ 欓ߧå∑’ˇæ‘Ë¡¡—° §”∑’Ë¡’ √√ ·≈–ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß √√

°≈“ߧ” ¡“ ‡ªìπ«‘∏’∑’Ë∑”„Àâ¡’æ¬“ß§å µâÕßÕÕ°‡ ’¬ßÀπ—° ‰¡à„™à‡ ’¬ß‡∫“ À√◊Õ ‡ªìπ Õ—π ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª‰¡àÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß Õ– À≈—ß
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∏√√¡“∏‘√“™, ÚıÚˆ.
π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“, §” “¡æ¬“ߧå∑’ËÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß
çÀπ— ° ‡∫“ Àπ— ° é „π ¿“…“·≈–«√√≥§¥’
‰∑¬. Ú, Ú (ÚıÚ¯).
_______. ªí≠À“°“√ÕÕ°‡ ’¬ß§”„π¿“…“‰∑¬ „π
æ‘π‘®¿“…“ ‡≈à¡ Ò. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : °√¡«‘™“°“√
°√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√, ÚıÛÚ.
∫√√®∫ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“. ≈—°…≥–¿“…“‰∑¬. æ√–π§√ :
‚√ßæ‘¡æå§ÿ√ÿ ¿“, ÚıÒÙ.
_______. Õ—π‡π◊ËÕߥ⫬™◊ËÕ. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : §≥–Õπÿ
°√√¡°“√‡º¬·æ√à‡Õ°≈—°…≥å¢Õ߉∑¬„π§≥–
°√√¡°“√‡Õ°≈—°…≥å¢Õß™“µ‘ ”π—°‡≈¢“∏‘°“√
𓬰√—∞¡πµ√’, ÚıÚˆ.
∫«√∫√√≥√—°…å, π“¬√âÕ¬‡Õ° À≈«ß.  Ì °ƒµ-‰∑-
Õ—ß°ƒ… Õ¿‘∏“π. æ√–π§√ : °√¡«‘™“°“√
°√–∑√«ß»÷°…“∏‘°“√, Úı˜.
ª√¡“πÿ ™‘ µ ™‘ ‚ π√ ,  ¡‡¥Á ® æ√–¡À“ ¡≥‡®â “
°√¡æ√–. ≈‘≈‘µµ–‡≈ßæà“¬. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Òı.
æ√–π§√ : ‚√ßæ‘¡æåÕߧ尓√§â“¢Õߧÿ√ÿ ¿“,
π««√√≥ æ—π∏ÿ‡¡∏“
ÚıÛ.
·ª≈°  π∏‘√°— …å. æ®π“πÿ°√¡∫“≈’-‰∑¬. °√ÿ߇∑æœ :
Õ¡√‘π∑√åæ√‘Èπµ‘Èß °√ÿäæ, ÚıÛÚ.
æ®π“πÿ°√¡‡¢¡√-‰∑¬ ©∫—∫∑ÿπæ√–¬“Õπÿ¡“π
√“™∏π. °√ÿ ß ‡∑æœ : ®ß‡®√‘ ≠ °“√æ‘ ¡ æå ,
ÚıÒ˜. (ı ‡≈à¡).
æ®π“πÿ°√¡ ©∫—∫√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π æ.». ÚÙ˘Û.
æ√–π§√ : √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π, ÚÙ˘Û.
æ®π“πÿ ° √¡ ©∫— ∫ √“™∫— ≥ ±‘ µ ¬ ∂“π æ.».
ÚıÙÚ. °√ÿß ‡∑æœ : √“™∫— ≥ ±‘ µ ¬ ∂“π,
ÚıÙˆ.
æ. π««√√≥ (π“¡·Ωß). °“√‡πâπ‡ ’¬ßÀπ—°‡∫“„π
¿“…“‰∑¬ „π °“√„™â¿“…“ æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë ı.
°√ÿ߇∑æœ :  µ√’ “√, ÚıÚ.
æ‘¡≈™—¬»÷°…“°√≥å. ∫∑≈–§√‡√◊ËÕßæ√–¡–‡À≈‡∂‰∂
¢Õߧÿ≥ ÿ«√√≥. æ√–π§√, ÚıÛ.
√“¬ß“π°“√«‘ ®— ¬ °“√ÕÕ°‡ ’ ¬ ߧ”‰∑¬„Àâ ∂Ÿ ° µâ Õ ß.
°√ÿ߇∑æœ :  ”π—°»‘≈ª°√√¡ √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬-
 ∂“π, ÚıÙÛ.
«√‡«∑¬åæ‘ ‘∞, æ√–. À≈—°¿“…“‰∑¬. æ√–π§√ :
‚√ßæ‘¡æå«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§π‘§, ÚıÚ.
»‘≈ª°√√¡æ‘‡»…, ¢ÿπ. æ®π“πÿ°√¡§”æâÕ߉∑¬-
¡≈“¬Ÿ. °√ÿ ß ‡∑æœ : √“™∫— ≥ ±‘ µ ¬ ∂“π,
753
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
ÚıÚ˘.
Õÿ¥¡ «‚√µ¡å ‘°¢¥‘µ∂å. §«“¡À¡“¬·≈–°≈‰°„π
°“√´È”§” (Reduplication). „𠮥À¡“¬¢à“«
√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π. ÒÛ, ÒÙÙ (ÚıÙˆ).
_______. çThe Accentual System of Thai
Polysyllabic Wordé „π ˜ ªï √“™∫—≥±‘µ
«‘™“ “√. °√ÿ߇∑æœ : √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π,
ÚıÙ¯.
Noss, Richard B. Thai Reference Grammar.
Washington, D.C. : Foreign Service Insti-
tute, 1964.
_______. çRhythm in Thaié in Tai Phonetics :
and Phonology. edited by Jimmy G. Harris
and Richard B. Noss. Bangkok : Central
Institute of English Language, 1972.
Peyasantiwong, Patcharin. çStress in Thaié in
Papers From a Conference on Thai
Studies in Honor of William J. Gedney.
edited By Robert J.Bickner, Thomas J.
Hudak and Patcharin Peyasantiwong.
Michigan : Center For South and Southeast
Asian Studies, University of Michigan,
1986.
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

µà“ߺ‘« - µà“ßæ—π∏ÿå - µà“ß«√√≥–* «‘ ÿ∑∏å ∫ÿ…¬°ÿ≈

√“™∫—≥±‘µ  ”π—°»‘≈ª°√√¡
√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π

∫∑§—¥¬àÕ
°“√¢ÿ¥§âπ∑“ß‚∫√“≥§¥’„πÕ‘π‡¥’¬∑’ˇ√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπµ—Èß·µà §.». Ò˘ÚÒ ∑”„Àâ§âπæ∫Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
Õ“√¬∏√√¡∑’ˇ°à“·°à∑’Ë ÿ¥„π‚≈°·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß Õ“√¬∏√√¡π’È≈à¡ ≈“¬≈߇æ√“–∂Ÿ°‚®¡µ’Õ¬à“߇À’Ȭ¡‚À¥ ·≈–ºŸâ∑’ˇ¢â“‚®¡µ’π—Èπ
Õ“®‡ªìπ™π‡ºà“Õ“√¬—π´÷Ëß¡“®“°∑ÿàßÀ≠⓬ÿ‡√‡™’¬π°Á‰¥â ™“«Õ“√¬—π‡À≈à“π’È·∫àßÀπâ“∑’Ë¢Õßµπµ—Èß·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡√‘Ë¡‡¥‘π∑“߇¢â“¡“
§◊Õ‡ªìππ—°√∫æ«°Àπ÷Ëß π—°∫«™æ«°Àπ÷Ëß ·≈–∑’Ë∑”Àπâ“∑’ËÕ◊Ëπ Ê Õ’°æ«°Àπ÷Ëß ™“«Õ“√¬—π‡À≈à“π’È¡’™—¬™π–·≈–µ—Èßµπ‡ªìπ
𓬇Àπ◊Õ™“«æ◊πÈ ‡¡◊Õß´÷ßË µ°‡ªìπ∑“ ∑”ß“πÀπ—°„Àâ·°àµπ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ™ÿ¡™π∑’¡Ë  ’ º’ «‘ («√√≥–)  Õß ’º«‘ (À√◊Õ Õß«√√≥–)
‡√’¬°«à“ «√√≥–Õ“√¬—π ·≈–«√√≥–∑“  µàÕ¡“ª√–™“°√∑—ÈßÀ¡¥°≈“¬‡ªìπ ’Ë«√√≥–  “¡«√√≥–·√°‡ªìπ™“«Õ“√¬—π
‰¥â·°à æ√“À¡≥å °…—µ√‘¬å ·æ»¬å Õ’°«√√≥–Àπ÷Ëߧ◊Õ»Ÿ∑√ ´÷Ë߉¥â·°à™“«æ◊Èπ‡¡◊Õß
™“«Õ“√¬—π„π Û «√√≥–¬—ߧߡ’§«“¡„°≈♑¥°—π‡À¡◊Õπ‡¥‘¡∑’Ë·¬°µ—«‡ÕßÕÕ°®“°™“«æ◊Èπ‡¡◊Õß„π«√√≥–»Ÿ∑√
´÷Ë߇ªìπ«√√≥–µË” °“√·µàßß“π√–À«à“ß«√√≥–‡ªìπ ‘ËßµâÕßÀâ“¡ °“√ΩÉ“Ωóπ°Æ®–‡°‘¥º≈√⓬∑’˵°‰ª¬—ß≈Ÿ°À≈“π ‚¥¬
≈Ÿ°À≈“π‡À≈à“π—Èπ®–µ°®“°«√√≥–‡¥‘¡¢Õßµπ‚¥¬‰¡à√Ÿâµ—« ·≈–Õ“®°≈“¬‰ª‡ªìπ§π™—ÈπµË” ÿ¥πÕ°«ß —ߧ¡∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥ŸÀ¡‘Ëπ
¥Ÿ·§≈π ‡√’¬°«à“ æ«° Untouchable À√◊Õ ™“« çÀ√‘™πé À√◊Õ ∑’Ë∑“ß°“√„Àâ™◊ËÕ«à“ Scheduled Caste √—∞∫“≈Õ‘π‡¥’¬
欓¬“¡≈⡇≈‘°√–∫∫«√√≥– ·µà¬—߉¡àª√“°Øº≈Õ¬à“ß·∑â®√‘ß

§” ”§—≠ : Õ“√¬—π, ™“«æ◊Èπ‡¡◊Õß, «√√≥–, ∑¡‘Ã, À√‘™π

Ò. Õ“√¬∏√√¡‚∫√“≥„πÕ‘π‡¥’¬ ºŸâ§«∫§ÿ¡°“√°àÕ √â“ß à«π‡Àπ◊Õµ—Èß·µà ®“°‡¡◊ Õ ß‚∫√“≥·Àà ß π—È π ¡“∂¡‡ªì π

ª√–¡“≥ §.». Ò¯ıˆ (æ.».
ÚÛ˘˘ µâπ√—™°“≈∑’Ë Ù) ®ÕÀåπ ·≈–
«‘≈‡≈’¬¡ ∫√—πµ—π (John and William
Brunton) «‘»«°√™“«Õ—ß°ƒ… Ú §π
‡ªìπºŸâ§«∫§ÿ¡°“√ √â“ß∑“ß√∂‰ø®“°
Karachi ‰ª¬—ß Lahore „𷧫âπªí≠-
®“∫ ª√–‡∑»Õ‘π‡¥’¬ «‘≈‡≈’¬¡´÷Ë߇ªìπ
‡¡◊Õß Multan ¢÷Èπ‰ª®π∂÷ß Lahore √–¬–
∑“ß Û °‘‚≈‡¡µ√‡»… ‰¥â¬‘π®“°
§πß“π«à“¡’´“°‡¡◊ Õß‚∫√“≥™◊Ë Õ‡¡◊Õß
Brahminabad Õ¬Ÿà‰¡à‰°≈π—° ´“°‡¡◊Õß
∂Ÿ°∑√“¬·≈–¥‘π∂¡‡ªìπ‡π‘π Ÿß ·≈–¡’
Õ‘∞¢π“¥„À≠à¡“°°√–®—¥°√–®“¬Õ¬Ÿà∑—Ë«
∫√‘‡«≥ «‘≈‡≈’¬¡„Àâ§πß“π‰ª¢ÿ¥‡Õ“Õ‘∞
∞“π√“°¢Õß∑“ß√∂‰ø à«π∑’ˇ¢“√—∫º‘¥
™Õ∫‡ªìπ√–¬–∑“ߪ√–¡“≥ Òı °‘‚≈-
‡¡µ√ „π™à«ßπ—Èπ æ≈‡Õ° Õ–‡≈Á°´“π-
‡¥Õ√å §—ππ‘ß·Œ¡ (General Alexander
Cunningham) π— ° ‚∫√“≥§¥’ ™ “«
Õ—ß°ƒ…§πÀπ÷ßË ‡¥‘π∑“߉ª„π∫√‘‡«≥π—πÈ
·≈–‰¥â´Õ◊È ·ºàπµ√“‡≈Á° Ê ∑”¥â«¬À‘π ∫Ÿà

* ∫√√¬“¬„π∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ ”π—°»‘≈ª°√√¡ √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π «—π՗ߧ“√∑’Ë ˜ ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π æ.». ÚıÙ¯

µà“ߺ‘« - µà“ßæ—π∏ÿå - µà“ß«√√≥–

754
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

(steatite À√◊Õ soapstone) ®“°æ«°
§πß“π¡“À≈“¬™‘Èπ §—ππ‘ß·Œ¡√Ÿâ«à“·ºàπ
µ√“‡·∫∫π—È π ‰¡à „ ™à ‚ ∫√“≥«— µ ∂ÿ ¢ Õß
Õ‘π‡¥’¬∑’ˇ¢“‡§¬√Ÿâ®—°¡“°àÕπ ‡¢“‰¥â‡≈à“
„Àâ π— ° «‘ ™ “°“√Õ— ß °ƒ…À≈“¬§π∑√“∫
·µà ‡ √◊Ë Õ ß°Á ‡ ß’ ¬ ∫À“¬‰ª °«à “ √— ∞ ∫“≈
Õ‘ 𠇥’ ¬ ®–µ— ¥  ‘ π „®∑”Õ–‰√®√‘ ß ®— ß °— ∫
‡√◊ËÕßπ’È ‡«≈“°Áºà“π‰ª ˆ °«à“ªï
„π §.». Ò˘ÚÒ (æ.». ÚÙˆÙ
°≈“ß ¡—¬√—™°“≈∑’Ë ˆ) √—∞∫“≈Õ‘π‡¥’¬
‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘∫—µ‘°“√∑“ß‚∫√“≥§¥’„π∫√‘‡«≥
≈ÿà ¡ πÈ”  ‘ π ∏ÿ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–¢â“ß∑“ß√∂‰ø
 “¬∑’Ë «‘ ≈ ‡≈’ ¬ ¡‡ªì π «‘ » «°√°à Õ  √â “ ß
„°≈â°—∫‡¡◊ÕßÀ–√—ªª“ (Harappa) ·≈–
µà Õ ¡“∑“ßµ–«— π µ°‡©’ ¬ ß„µâ „ °≈â ‡ ¡◊ Õ ß
‚¡‡ÀÁπ‚®-¥“‚√ (Mohenjo-Daro) æ∫
´“°‡¡◊Õß‚∫√“≥∑—Èß Ú ·Ààß ∑“ß°“√
‡√’ ¬ °™◊Ë Õ ‡¡◊ Õ ß∑’Ë §â π æ∫µ“¡™◊Ë Õ ‡¡◊ Õ ß
ªí®®ÿ∫—π Õ“√¬∏√√¡¢Õß∑—Èß Ú ‡¡◊Õß¡’
≈— ° …≥–§≈â “ ¬°— ∫Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà ¡ πÈ”
‰π≈å (À√◊ Õ Õ“√¬∏√√¡Õ’ ¬‘ ª µå ) ·≈–
Õ“√¬∏√√¡‡¡‚ ‚ª‡µ‡¡’¬Ò (Õ“√¬-
∏√√¡¢Õß  ÿ‡¡Õ√å ∫“∫‘‚≈‡π’¬ ·≈–Õ—°‡§-
‡¥’¬) π—°‚∫√“≥§¥’µ—Èß™◊ËÕÕ“√¬∏√√¡
Õ‘ 𠇥’ ¬ ∑’Ë ¢ÿ ¥ §â π æ∫„À¡à µ “¡™◊Ë Õ ·¡à πÈ”
(∑”πÕ߇¥’ ¬ «°— π °— ∫ ™◊Ë Õ Õ“√¬∏√√¡
‚∫√“≥Õ’° Ú ·Ààß) «à“ Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà¡
πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ (Indus Valley Civilization)
Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ¡’¢Õ∫‡¢µ
°«â“ß„À≠à ¡’‡¡◊Õ߇≈Á° Ê πâÕ¬ Ê °«à“
¯ ‡¡◊Õß ∂â“≈“°‡ âπµ√ß®“°‡¡◊Õß√Õ∫
πÕ°µ‘¥µàÕ°—π∑—ÈßÀ¡¥·≈–∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‡¢µ
¢ÕßÕ“√¬∏√√¡π’È ‡¢µπ’È®–¡’¢π“¥„À≠à
°«à “ Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà ¡ πÈ” ‰π≈å ¢ ÕßÕ’ ¬‘ ª µå
„À≠à°«à“Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà¡πÈ”¬Ÿ‡ø√µ’ ·≈–
‰∑°√‘   ¢Õß ÿ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∫“∫‘ ‚ ≈‡π’ ¬ ·≈–
Õ—°‡§‡¥’¬ ·≈–∂Ⓡ∑’¬∫°—∫¢π“¥¢Õß
ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ¡—¬ªí®®ÿ∫—π Õ“√¬∏√√¡
≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ®–¡’¢π“¥„À≠à°«à“ Ú ‡∑à“
¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡™◊ËÕ«à“Õ“√¬-
∏√√¡π’ȇ√‘Ë¡°àÕµ—«¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ Û, ªï
°§».Ú (§◊ÕÀ≈—ß®“°∑’ËÕ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà¡πÈ”
‰π≈å ·≈–Õ“√¬∏√√¡‡¡‚ ‚ª‡µ‡¡’¬‡√‘Ë¡
·≈⫇≈Á°πâÕ¬) ·≈–∂÷ß®ÿ¥√ÿà߇√◊Õß Ÿß ÿ¥
„π™à«ß‡«≈“ª√–¡“≥ Ú,ı-Ú, ªï
°§». ª√–™“°√¢Õ߇¡◊ÕßÀ–√—ªª“§ß
¡’ ª √–¡“≥ Ûı, §π ¢Õ߇¡◊ Õ ß
‚¡‡ÀÁπ‚®-¥“‚√Õ“®®–πâÕ¬°«à“ ·µà°Á§ß
πâÕ¬°«à“°—π‰¡à¡“°π—° π—°ª√–«—µ»‘ “ µ√å
À≈“¬§π‡™◊ËÕ«à“ ‡®â“¢ÕßÕ“√¬∏√√¡π’È
§◊Õ™“«æ◊Èπ‡¡◊ÕßÕ‘π‡¥’¬‡¥‘¡ ∑’Ë„πªí®®ÿ∫—π
π—°™“µ‘æ—π∏ÿå«‘∑¬“‡√’¬°«à“™“«∑⁄√«‘±–
(Dravid⁄a) À√◊Õ ∑⁄√“«‘±– (Dravid⁄a)
Õ—ß°ƒ…‡√’¬°«à“ DravidianÛ §πæ«°π’È
º‘«§≈È” √à“߇≈Á° ‡ªìπ∫√√æ∫ÿ√ÿ…‚¥¬µ√ß
¢Õß™“«∑¡‘Ãªí®®ÿ∫—π §π„πÕ“√¬∏√√¡
π’È√Ÿâ®—°‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ° ‡≈’Ȭߠ—µ«å ·≈–‡ªìπ™à“ß
√Ÿ®â °— ∑”‡°«’¬π ”À√—∫∫√√∑ÿ°¢Õß ‡¢â“„®
«à“µàÕ‡√◊Õ‰¥â¥â«¬ æ«°π’È°àÕ √â“ß∫â“π
‡√◊Õπ·≈–Õ“§“√¥â«¬Õ‘∞ ¡’§«“¡§‘¥°â“«
Àπâ“„π°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫º—߇¡◊Õß ¡’Õ“§“√
¢π“¥„À≠à´ß÷Ë Õ“®‡ªìπÀÕª√–™ÿ¡ ¡’∂ππ
Àπ∑“߇ªìπ‡ âπµ√ß ·≈–¡’∑“ß√–∫“¬πÈ”
Õ“√¬∏√√¡π’È¡’µ—«Àπ—ß ◊Õ ·¡â«à“®–¬—߉¡à
¡’º„Ÿâ ¥ “¡“√∂Õà“πÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ∑’πË “à æÕ„®
°Áµ“¡
Õ“√¬∏√√¡≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ¢ÕßÕ‘π‡¥’¬
 ≈“¬‰ª‡¡◊ËÕª√–¡“≥ Ú,-Ò,˜ı
ªï °§». ¡’ ºŸâ  — π π‘ … ∞“π‡Àµÿ ¢ Õß°“√
 ≈“¬µ—«‰«â Ù Õ¬à“ß §◊Õ (Ò) §«“¡
‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕߥ‘πøÑ“Õ“°“» ∑”„Àâ
°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ ° ‰¡à ‰ ¥â º ≈ ª√–°Õ∫°— ∫
®”π«πæ≈‡¡◊ Õ ß‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π ¡“°°«à “ º≈
º≈‘µ®“°°“√° ‘°√√¡ (Ú) °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ
·ª≈ß‚¥¬°–∑— π À— π ¢Õß¿Ÿ ¡‘ ª √–‡∑»
·≈–¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» ‡™àππÈ”∑à«¡ (‚¡‡ÀÁπ‚®-
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

°√–¥Ÿ°§π„π∑à“«‘ËßÀ√◊Õ∑à“Àπ’≈â¡∑—∫°—π ¡“®“°¿“…“·¡à¿“…“‡¥’¬«°—π ´÷Ëß §π„π∫√‘‡«≥∑ÿàßÀ≠â“π’È查¿“…“Õ‘π‚¥-

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牡ࡒ»“ π“ ‰¡àª√–°Õ∫æ‘∏’°√√¡∑“ß
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„π§—¡¿’√僧‡«∑«à“ 燡◊ËÕª√–À“√∑“ 
·≈â« ™“«Õ“√¬—π¬àÕ¡‰¥â∑√—æ¬å ‘π¢Õß
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

∑“  ‡À¡◊ÕπºŸâ™π–æπ—π‰¥â√—∫∑√—æ¬å ‘π Õæ¬æ ∑’Ë¡’æ«°π—°√∫ π—°∫«™ ·≈– ‡ªì π ·æ»¬å ) ˜ ·≈–Õ“®·ª≈‡Õ“§«“¡

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§π®–‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π™’«‘µ‰¡à‰¥â ·¡â«à“ «√√≥–¢Õßπ—°√∫ ºŸâ∑’ˇªìπª√–¡ÿ¢¢Õß °…—µ√‘¬å (À¡“¬∂÷ßπ—°√∫) ∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë
§π à«π„À≠৑¥«à“ «√√≥– Ÿß ÿ¥πà“®– ª√–‡∑»π—Èπ ¿“…“ —π °ƒµ„™â«à“ ç√“™“ ª°§√Õß §ÿâ ¡ §√Õߪ√–™“™π ®— ¥ „Àâ
‰¥â·°à«√√≥–°…—µ√‘¬å ·µà‡æ√“–æ√“À¡≥å ¡À“√“™“  —¡√“Ø ·≈–®—°√æ√√¥‘é ·≈– æ√“À¡≥åª√–°Õ∫æ‘∏’°√√¡‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡
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„Àâ«√√≥–æ√“À¡≥凪ìπ«√√≥– Ÿß ÿ¥ Õ◊Ëπ°Á‰¥â §—¡¿’√åªÿ√“≥–¢ÕßÕ‘π‡¥’¬∂◊Õ«à“ ∫√‘®“§∑“π ·æ»¬å∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇ≈’Ȭߠ—µ«å
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≈”¥—∫‰¥â  à«π»Ÿ∑√π—Èπ Õ¬ŸàπÕ°«ßÕ“√¬—π π—Èπ¡’«√√≥–»Ÿ∑√ ·≈–°…—µ√‘¬åÕ‘π‡¥’¬ „Àâ ¬◊ ¡ ‡ß‘ π (‚¥¬¡’ ¥ Õ°‡∫’È ¬ ) ®— ¥ „Àâ
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‡ ’ ¬ ß„¥ Ê §— ¡ ¿’ √å ¡ “π«∏√√¡»“ µ√å ‡√’¬°«à“ 统∑√é ‚¥¬µ√ß ‡ªìπ ‘√‘¡ß§≈·°àµπ‡Õß §√Õ∫§√—« ·≈–
°≈à “««à“ ç«√√≥–¡’‡æ’¬ß Ù ‡∑à“π—Èπ «—≤ π∏√√¡‰∑¬‡√’ ¬ °ª√–¡ÿ¢ ¢Õß  à«π√«¡ √—∫·≈–∫√‘®“§∑“π  à«π»Ÿ∑√
«√√≥–∑’Ë ı π—Èπ‰¡à¡’é §π‰∑¬‡°‘¥¡“ ª√–‡∑»«à“ æ√–‡®â“·ºàπ¥‘π æ√–‡®â“ π—È π ¡’ À πâ “ ∑’Ë Õ ¬à “ ߇¥’ ¬ «§◊ Õ √— ∫ „™â § π„π
‰¡à ¡’ « √√≥– Õ¬Ÿà π Õ°«√√≥– µ“¡ Õ¬Ÿà À— « ·≈–„™â §”®“°¿“…“∫“≈’  — π - «√√≥–Õ’° Û «√√≥– „π∑“ߪؑ∫—µ‘
ª√–‡æ≥’Œ‘π¥Ÿ¢ÕßÕ‘π‡¥’¬·≈â« §π‰∑¬  °ƒµÕ’ ° À≈“¬§” ∑’Ë „ ™â ∫à Õ ¬‰¥â · °à ªí®®ÿ∫—π »Ÿ∑√Õ“®√—∫®â“ß∑”ß“π‰¥âÀ≈“¬
¡’»—°¥‘ϵ˔°«à“»Ÿ∑√ √“™– √“™“ √“™“∏‘√“™ °…—µ√‘¬å ¡À“- ª√–‡¿∑ ‡™àπ Õ“®√—∫®â“ß´—°ºâ“ √—∫®â“ß
¢Õ·∑√°‰«â„π∑’Ëπ’È«à“§”«à“ 猑π¥Ÿé °…—µ√‘¬å ·≈–∑’Ë„™â„π«√√≥§¥’Õ◊Ëπ Ê °Á¡’ ∑”ß“π «πÀ√◊ Õ °“√° ‘ ° √√¡ √— ∫ ®â “ ß
Ò
¿“√µ«√√… §◊Õ¥‘π·¥π∑’∑Ë “â «¿“√µ– (‚Õ√ ¢Õß∑â“«∑ÿ…¬—πµå·≈–π“ß»°ÿπµ≈“) §√Õ∫§√Õß Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ ®—°√æ√√¥‘ ¥“‰√Õ—  (Darius ıÚÒ-Ù¯ˆ ªï °§».)
¢¬“¬®—°√«√√¥‘‡ªÕ√凴’¬ (Persian Empire) ¡“∂÷ß≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ ¥“‰√Õ— ‡√’¬°Õ‘π‡¥’¬∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ «à“ Hindu ·≈– Hinduya (À¡“¬∂÷ߥ‘π·¥πÀ√◊Õ·§«âπ‡Àπ◊Õ≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ)
‡¡◊ËÕÕ–‡≈Á°´“π‡¥Õ√å¡À“√“™·Ààß¡“´’‚¥‡π’¬ °√’∏“∑—懢ⓡ“∂÷ß≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ°Á‡√’¬°™◊ËÕ≈ÿà¡πÈ” ‘π∏ÿ·≈–Õ‘π‡¥’¬«à“ Hindu ·≈– Hindika ®“°§”«à“ Hindika ´÷Ë߇ªìπ™◊ËÕ
∑’ËÕ–‡≈Á°´“π‡¥Õ√å‡√’¬°Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ‡ ’¬ß°√àÕπ¡“‡ªìπ ùIndika, Indiya, India µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ·≈– Hinduya 癓«Õ‘π‡¥’¬é °Á°≈“¬¡“‡ªìπ Hindu ¥â«¬

«‘ ÿ∑∏å ∫ÿ…¬°ÿ≈
759
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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Abstract From Complexion and Lineage to Caste System

Visudh Busyakul
Fellow of the Academy of Arts, The Royal Institute, Thailand

The excavation in India from AD 1921 and later has shown that the Indus Valley was one of the
world’s earliest civilizations. It came to the end after attacks by raiders who left the dead lying where
they fell in the streets. Some are inclined to identify the raiders with the Aryan nomads from the
Eurasian steppes. These Aryan conquerors were functionally divided into three classes among
themselves, namely, the warriors, the priests, and the common people. They became the absolute master
of the aborigines who were reduced to menial workers under strict supervision, giving rise to two
distinct strata in a community characterized by complexion called Aryan Varn⁄a and Dasa Varn⁄a. Later,
the entire population became divided into four Varn⁄as (or castes, here meaning social classes), three
belonging to the Aryan : the Brahman⁄a, the Ks⁄atriya, and the Vaisya,´ ´
while the remaining Sudra
belonging to the aborigines.
´
The three Aryan varn⁄as keep close contact together against the aboriginal Sudras who continued
to be despicable in the eye of the Aryans. Inter-caste marriage was prohibited, the violation of which
resulted in the lowering of the sub-caste (called jati) of children, who unknowingly might sink down
to the rank of the untouchable or the Harijan or the officially termed the Scheduled Caste. The
government of India is trying to erase the caste system, but has not been very successful.

Key words : Aryan, aborigine, caste, Tamil, Untouchable Harijan

«‘ ÿ∑∏å ∫ÿ…¬°ÿ≈
763
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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«à“‡ªìπ°«’¢Õß™“«‚≈°Õ’°¥â«¬ ‡æ√“–
The peopleûs poet. One of the
greatest poets of Thailand.
200th anniversary of birth
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

æ√–≈Õ·≈–𓬷°â«π“¬¢«—≠ª≈Õ¡µ—« ª“°∂È”ÕÕ°·≈–æ“æ√–Õ¿—¬¡≥’ºŸâ‡ªìπ ∑“ßÕÕ°®“°‡°“–·°â«æ‘ ¥“√‰¥â¢Õ¢â“«

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
º’‡ ◊ÈÕ ¡ÿ∑√¡’∫∑∫“∑‡©æ“–„πµÕπ∑’Ë
ÒÙ ‡∑à“π—Èπ À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ‰¡à¡’∫∑∫“∑
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§â“ߧ“«∑’√Ë ∫°—∫ ÿ¥ “§√¡’∫∑∫“∑‡©æ“–
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
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O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ : Àâ“ßÀÿπâ  à«π®”°—¥‚√ßæ‘¡æå ¥Õ°À≠â“, æ‘¡æ凪ìπ∑’Ë√–≈÷°‡π◊ËÕß„π«‚√°“  Cholada Ruengruglikit. (July-September 2004).
™«πæ‘¡æå. æ√–√“™æ‘∏’ ¡¡ß§≈æ√–™π¡“¬ÿ‡∑à“ æ√– çPhra Aphai Mani : A New Type of Thai
 “¡°ä°©∫—∫‡®â“æ√–¬“æ√–§≈—ß (Àπ). ‡≈à¡ Ò-Û. ∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–æÿ∑∏¬Õ¥øÑ“®ÿÓ‚≈°. Heroé The Journal of the Royal Institute
of Thailand Vol.29, pp.721-733.

Abstract Phra Aphai Mani : A Gem of Thai Literature

Cholada Ruengruglikit
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Arts, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Phra Aphai Mani, Sunthorn Phu’s masterpiece that has fascinated the listeners and readers since
its composition, could be considered as a gem in Thai literature. The amazing elements of Phra
Aphai Mani include an unfamiliar plot, a new subject matter, various outstanding characters, several
interesting oceanic scenes, as well as Sunthorn Phu’s specific pattern of Klonsuphap and his language
use including the apposite sayings that he inserted in the story. In Phra Aphai Mani, Sunthorn Phu
develops a new type of plot for Thai romance. Although the story begins like other Thai romances,
it proceeds and ends differently. By choosing to study flute playing, the hero is exiled by his father-an
incident that prevents him from reigning his country and opens the chance to him to rule other countries.
Rather, the story ends with a surprising twist in which the hero decides to become an ascetic. Sunthorn
Phu does not derive his story from any Jataka or local tales like other poets, but creates his story by mixing
elements from various sources. Some elements come from his imagination, while others are derived
from his knowledge gained through reading, listening, as well as witnessing events at that time. In terms
of characters, Sunthorn Phu invents several characters in this story. Most of these characters have specific
characteristics that help the listeners and readers to identify them. Sinsamut, a son of Phra Aphai Mani
and Phisuea Samut, and Sutsakhorn, another son of Phra Aphai Mani and a mermaid, are good examples
of characters whose parents are from different species. Both of them inherit their parents’ outstanding
appearances and characteristics. In the story, Phra Aphai Mani, Suwannamali and Laweng are presented
as a new type of Thai hero and a new type of Thai heroine respectively. Unlike other Thai romances
that focus on the forest scenes and land traveling, Phra Aphai Mani highlights instead the oceanic scenes
and sea traveling. Sunthorn Phu’s pattern of Klonsuphap, which has more internal rhymes than other
poets’ verse, also enriches Phra Aphai Mani with beautiful sounds, while his language use and apposite
sayings help increase the value of the story. These amazing elements of Phra Aphai Mani not only
impressed the listeners and readers in the time of its composition, but also attract the present audience.
Currently, Phra Aphai Mani is reproduced in many forms, such as the traditional Thai and Japanese style
of cartoon narrative, movie, television play, and prose narrative. Thus it would not be an exaggeration
to say that Phra Aphai Mani has been a radiant gem decorating Thai literature from the past up to the
present, and possibly this story will continue to have this merit in the future as well.

Key words : Phra Aphai Mani, a gem of Thai literature, Klonsuphap

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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§ÿ≥À≠‘ß°ÿ≈∑√—æ¬å ‡°…·¡àπ°‘®
799
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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801
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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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ª√–‚¬™πåµàÕ‰ª

Abstract Narang Kurowat, Didactic Poetry

Khunying Kullasap Gesmankit
Fellow of the Academy of Arts, The Royal Institute, Thailand

“Narang Kurowat” by His Royal Highness Prince Naradhip Prabandhabongse is a didactic work
written in poetry form (Klon). Its aims are to teach children from the age of one and a half to thirteen
years. Its pertinent aspects are focused on the principle of child-centred, emphasizing the child’s
participation in the learning process, the child’s behaviour being adjusted to match with the age level of
the child including e.g. body cleanliness of the child, the tidiness in the house, the social etiquettes in
speaking, eating, punctuality, hospitality, fairness, honesty, braveness, virtuousness, decision on choice
of friends, appropriate book choices, social learning, democratic rule, laws, vocation and the loyalty to
the monarchical institute, etc.

Key words : Narang Kurowat, didactic literature

§ÿ≥À≠‘ß°ÿ≈∑√—æ¬å ‡°…·¡àπ°‘®
803
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

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π“ßæ‘π∑ÿ¡¥’ ¡’Õ“°“√ 癓¬™√‡¡’¬ß

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∑—Èß Õßæ∫·≈–æ√“°®“°°—π„π·∫∫∑’Ë ·≈â«æ√“°°—π‚¥¬‰¡à√Ÿâ«à“®–æ∫°—π‰¥âÕ’° · ¥ß„Àâ ‡ ÀÁ π «à “ ¡’ ° “√ª√– “πÀ≈— ° «‘ ∏’

‚™…‘µ“ ¡≥’„ 
809
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

„πµ”√“°“√ª√–æ—π∏å∑—Èß Õß·≈–π”¡“  ‘ߧ“√√ ª√–‡¿∑Õ‚¬§–·≈– —¡‚¿§– °“√·µàßµ—«æ‘°≈ ¡’Õπÿ¿“«–§◊Õ°“√¬‘È¡

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‡√◊Ë Õ ß°“√Õÿâ ¡  ¡®–∑”„Àâ   “¡“√∂‡πâ π
‡æ◊Ë Õ „Àâ ∑â “ ¬‡√◊Ë Õ ß‰¥â ‡ πâ π «‘ ª ‚¬§– Õ— π
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( ÿ‚æ∏. ∫√‘ ı.ÛıÚ.)

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 ¡ÿ∑√‚¶…§”©—π∑å™à«ß∑’Ë·µàß ¡—¬Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ :
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‚™…‘µ“ ¡≥’„ 
811
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

∂÷ß°“√√∫ ‡ªìπµâπ ®–‡ªìπ ”·¥ß§«“¡ ¢Õß«’√√ ∑—Èßπ—Èπé ( ÿ‚æ∏. ∫√‘ ı.ÛˆÙ.) ∑à“¡°≈“ß»—µ√Ÿ¡“°¡“¬ Õπÿ¿“«–§◊Õ°“√

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815
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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‚™…‘µ“ ¡≥’„ 
821
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

¿— Ø . æ‘¡æ凪ìπÕπÿ √≥åß“π¨“ªπ°‘®»æ »‘≈ª“°√, °√¡. π“ج»“ µ√å. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Ú.

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≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬, ÚıÒ˘. (Õ—¥ ”‡π“).

Abstract The Part of Samuddhrakhosa Khamchan Written in Ayuddhaya Period : The Story Method
Shosita Maneesai
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Arts, The Royal Institute, Thailand

The objective of this article is to reveal the story method, considered as a significant factor
that excels the part of Samuddhrakhosa Khamchan. According to an analytical study of the story method
in Samuddhrakhosa Khamchan written in Ayuddhaya period, it is discovered that the idea of Rasa or
aesthetic emotions suggested in Alamkarasastra and Subhodhalamkara, the famous poetical
treatise, is the principal cause. To manifest aesthetic emotions, the first part of the story is made
distinguish from its source, Samuddhrakhosa Chataka, by adding some chronological interesting
events and enlarging emotional description of some characters. Generally, Alamkarasastra
provides the poet principles of excellent poetic creation and the prototype of enchanting hero whilst
Subhodhalamkara a detail description of aesthetic emotions. Indeed, the story method of Samuddhra-
khosa Khamchan provides the superiority not only of aesthetic emotions but characters, story
and theme.

Key words : Samuddhrakhosa Khamchan, Ayuddhaya period, story method

 ¡ÿ∑√‚¶…§”©—π∑å™à«ß∑’Ë·µàß ¡—¬Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ :
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822
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°Á‡ πÕ≠“≥«‘∑¬“„Àâ Õ¥§≈âÕß°—π ‚¥¬‡ πÕ«à“ ‘Ëßµà“ßÊ ·µà≈–™π‘¥°Á àß à«π®”≈Õß∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπµπ·µà¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°®‘ΫÕÕ°
√Õ∫µ—«µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ´÷Ëß®–‡√à√àÕπ‰ª‡¢â“√Ÿ¢Õß ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ°—π  ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ°—π‡∑à“π—Èπ®÷ß®–¡’√Ÿæ√âÕ¡√—∫ ‘Ëß®”≈ÕߢÕß ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ
°—π‰¥â ª√– “∑ ı ¢Õ߇√“√—∫√Ÿâ à«π®”≈Õ߉¥â‡æ’¬ß ı ™π‘¥∑’˵√ß°—∫·µà≈–ª√– “∑ ‡√“®÷ß√—∫√Ÿâ ÷°‰¥â‡æ’¬ß ı Õ¬à“ß ·≈–
π’˧◊Õ§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õß Ÿµ√«à“ ç ‘Ëß∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ¬àÕ¡√Ÿâ ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπé  ‘Ë߇À¡◊ÕπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ¬àÕ¡√Ÿâ ÷° ÿ¢ ∫“¬ °“√¡’ ‘Ëß·ª≈°
ª≈Õ¡¡“‡°“–Õ¬Ÿà„πµ—«¬àÕ¡∑”„ÀâÕ÷¥Õ—¥ ‰¡à ÿ¢ ∫“¬Õ¬à“ß∑’˧«√ ®÷ßµâÕßÀ“«‘∏’∑”µ—«‡Õß„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï®“° ‘Ëß·ª≈°ª≈Õ¡
°Á®–æ∫§«“¡ ÿ¢∑—Èß„π™—Ë«™’«‘µπ’È ·≈–™’«‘µÀ≈—ߧ«“¡µ“¬

§” ”§—≠ : ª√—™≠“°√’°‚∫√“≥, ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ , Ù ∏“µÿ, ≠“≥«‘∑¬“,  à«π®”≈Õß, °“√°≈—∫™“µ‘,  ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ

§«“¡π” °√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√√Ÿâ ·µà ≠

Ÿ À“¬°Áµ“¡ ‡√“‡™◊ÕË ‰¥â«“à §«“¡√Ÿ∑â °ÿ
‡√“√Ÿâ§«“¡§‘¥¢Õ߇ա‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘  ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ °≈à“«∂÷ß°√–∫«π ™π‘¥µâÕߥ”‡π‘πµ“¡°√–∫«π°“√‡¥’¬«
„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’È·≈–√Ÿâ«à“‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ‡ªìπ§π °“√¢Õß°“√√Ÿâ‰«âæÕ®–‡°Á∫§«“¡‰¥â«à“ °—ππ’È
∑’ Ë Õπ‡√◊ÕË ßπ’ÕÈ ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ®“°ß“ππ‘æπ∏å Ò. §«“¡√Ÿâ ‡ °‘ ¥ ®“°Õß§å ª √–- Ú.  ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ¬àÕ¡√Ÿâ ‘Ë߇À¡◊Õπ
¢Õß∏’‡ÕÕ·ø√ ‡∑‘ Ò ‡ªìπÀ≈—°  à«π∑’Ë °Õ∫¢Õß∏“µÿ Ù ç‡Àµÿ«“à ∏“µÿ‡À≈à“π’∑È ” (The Like knows the Like) ç‡√“‡ÀÁπ
‡ªìπ§”查„™âÕâ“ßՑ߉¥âπ—Èπ¡’√«∫√«¡Õ¬Ÿà „À⇰‘¥ ‘Ëßµà“ß Ê ·≈– √â“ߧ«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ¥‘π‚¥¬∏“µÿ¥‘π„πµ—«‡√“ πÈ”‚¥¬∏“µÿπÈ”
„πÀπ—ß ◊Õ¢Õß Diels and Kranz ™◊ÕË «à“ √–À«à“ß ‘Ëßµà“ß Ê °√–∫«π°“√¥—ß°≈à“« ≈¡»—°¥‘Ï ‘∑∏‘Ï‚¥¬∏“µÿ≈¡ ‰ø‡º“∑”≈“¬
Fragmente der Vorsokratiker ∑’Ë„™â™◊ËÕ ‡ªìπ∫àÕ‡°‘¥„Àâ¡πÿ…¬å‰¥â§‘¥ ‰¥â√Ÿâ ÷°æÕ„® ‚¥¬∏“µÿ‰ø §«“¡√—°‚¥¬æ≈—ß√—° ·≈–§«“¡
¬àÕ«à“ DK À√◊Õ‡ ’¬„®éÚ ·¡â‰¡à‰¥â√–∫ÿ‰«âÀ√◊Õ√–∫ÿ‰«â ‡°≈’¬¥‚¥¬æ≈—߇°≈’¬¥Õ—π√⓬°“®é Û

Ò
Theophrastus, On the Sense.
Ú
DK 31B 107. çFor from these (elements) are all things fitted and fixed together, and by means of these do men think, and feel pleasure and
sorrow.é
Û
DK 31B 109. çWe see Earth by means of Earth, Water by means of Water, divine Air by means of Air, and destructive Fire by means of Fire;
Affection by means of Affection, Hate by means of baneful Hate.é

°’√µ‘ ∫ÿ≠‡®◊Õ
823
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

∂Ⓡ™àππ—Èπ°ÁÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ‘Ëß∑’ˇ√“ µ—«∑”°“√‰¥â®√‘ß) ‚¥¬·∑√°‡¢â“‰ªµ“¡√Ÿ ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘   §ß‰¥â ª √— ∫ §«“¡

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°Á‰¥âµÕ∫‰«â«à“‡ªìπ‡™àππ—Èπ ç®ß·πà„®‡∂‘¥
«à“∑ÿ° ‘Ëß∑ÿ°Õ¬à“ßπ—Èπ¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈–
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çÀ“°¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ„πµ—«√–À«à“ß°≈“ß
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Û. Õ«—¬«–√Ÿ¡â √’ √Ÿ ∫—  ‘ßË ‡À¡◊Õπ‡æ◊ÕË
√Ÿâ  ‘Ë ß π—È π ‡√◊ËÕßπ’ȇªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’˧π‚∫√“≥
∂°°—π¡“°„π«‘™“≠“≥«‘∑¬“ ·≈–¬◊¥‡¬◊ÕÈ
µàÕ¡“µ≈Õ¥¬ÿ§°≈“ߥ⫬ ®÷ߧ«√æ‘®“√≥“
„Àâ∂àÕß·∑â ‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√»÷°…“
«‘™“≠“≥«‘∑¬“µàÕ‰ª
Õ“√‘   ‚µ‡µ‘ ≈ ∫— π ∑÷ ° §” Õπ¢Õß
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∂Ÿ°∑”°“√‚¥¬µ—«°“√ (µ—«„°≈â∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ
¥â«¬°√√¡«‘∏’π’Èæ«°‡¢“‡™◊ËÕ«à“ “¡“√∂
Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡ÀÁπ °“√‰¥â¬‘π·≈–º—  –∑—Èß
∫“ßÕ¬à“ß ¡Õ߇ÀÁπºà“π¢Õß‚ª√àß„  ‡™àπ
Õ“°“»·≈–πÈ” ∑—Èßπ’È °Á‡æ√“–Õ“°“»·≈–
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(¢Õß∑’‡Ë √“‡ÀÁπ «‘ßË ºà“π‡¢â“√Ÿ∑¡’Ë Õ߉¡à‡ÀÁπ
‡À≈à“π’‡È ¢â“¡“ —¡º— ª√– “∑√—∫√Ÿ¢â Õ߇√“)
∫“ߧπ√«¡∑—È߇ա‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ‡Õߥ⫬
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∂â “ ‡™à π π—È π «— µ ∂ÿ · Àà ß °“√√— ∫ √Ÿâ ¢ Õß
ı ª√– “∑ ¡‘‡¢â“√Ÿº‘¥ Ê ∂Ÿ° Ê ∫â“ßÀ√◊Õ
·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªìπ‡™àππ—È𠵓°ÁÕ“®®–‰¥â¬‘π
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π—Èπ ∑”‰¡‡≈à“
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√ŸæÕ¥’ Ê ¢Õß·µà≈–Õ“¬µπ– ®÷߉¡à¡’°“√
√—∫√Ÿâº‘¥Õ“¬µπ– ‡æ√“–∂⓺‘¥Õ“¬µπ–
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ºà“π‰¥â°Á‰¡à°√–™—∫ ∑’˺à“π‰¡à‰¥â°Á¡’ (®÷ß
‰¡à‡°‘¥°“√√—∫√Ÿâ-ºŸâ‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß)é˜
Ù. °“√ª≈àÕ¬ à«π®”≈Õß  ‘Ëß
µà“ß Ê ª≈àÕ¬ à«π®”≈Õß (aporroa =
effluence) ¢Õßµ—«‡Õß ÕÕ°√Õ∫µ—«µ≈Õ¥
‡«≈“ ¡’Õ¬Ÿà ı ™π‘¥∑’‡Ë ¢â“√Ÿª√– “∑ ı ™π‘¥
‰¥âæÕ¥’ ‰¥â·°à ¿“æ ‡ ’¬ß °≈‘Ëπ √ 
·≈–°“¬ —¡º—   —µ«å„¥¡’ª√– “∑√—∫√Ÿâ∑’Ë
¡’√Ÿµ√ßæÕ¥’°Á√—∫√Ÿâ‰¥âµ“¡§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß
°“√√—∫√Ÿâ‚¥¬ª√– “∑∑—Èß ı ®÷߇ªì𧫓¡
√Ÿ®â √‘ß ·≈–°“√ª≈àÕ¬ à«π®”≈ÕßÕÕ°√Õ∫
µ—«µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“π’ȇªì𠓇Àµÿ·Ààß°“√‡°à“
·≈– ≈“¬µ—«∑’≈–πâÕ¬ ʯ ´÷ßË ‡æ≈‚µ· ¥ß
°“√√—∫√Ÿâ„π∫∑ π∑π“ ¡’‚π«å

ç∑à“π‡ÀÁπ¥â«¬°—∫‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ „™à‰À¡«à“ à«π®”≈ÕßÕÕ°®“° ‘Ëß∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà
·πàπÕπ

Ù
DK 31B 110. çFor all things, be sured, have intelligence and a portion of thought.é
ı
DK 31B 108. çIn so far as their natures have changed (during the day), so does it befall men to think changed thoughts (in their dreams).é
ˆ
Aristotle, Generation and Corruption, 324 b 25. çSome believe that everything is acted on by the agent (that is the proximate agent which is most
properly so called) entering it through certain pores, and this they claim is the explanation of sight and hearing and all our other senses; further that things
are seen through transparent bodies like air and water because such bodies have pores too small to be seen but arranged in close-packed rows, and the more
transparent a body is, the closer are the pores. Some, of whom Empedocles was one, advanced this theory in respect of certain bodies_not only those which
act and are acted on, but they also say that mixture takes place between bodies whose pores match each other in size.
˜
Theophrastus, On the Senses, 7. çEmpedocles explains all the senses on the same lines, saying that sensation takes place by a process of fitting
into the pores of each organ. This is why they cannot distinguish each otherûs objects : some have pores too wide, others too narrow for the sense-object.
So that some pass through without making contact while others cannot enter at all.é
¯
¥Ÿ Plutarch, Natural Questions, 916 d.

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824
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ª√—™≠“‡æ◊ËÕ‰¥â‡ÀÁπ«‘«—≤π“°“√§«“¡§‘¥
ª√—™≠“‡ªì𠔧—≠
¥—ßπ—Èπ ª√–‡¥Á𠔧—≠∑’Ëæ÷ß —߇°µ
√Ÿâ„πµÕππ’È°Á§◊Õ
Ò. ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘   ‡ πÕ∑ƒ…Æ’
ª∞¡∏“µÿ Ù ·≈–æ≈—ß Ú ‡æ◊ËÕ¢¬“¬¢Õ∫
¢à“¬°“√Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥åµà“ß Ê ‰¥â
Õ¬à“ß°«â“ߢ«“ß ‡Õ¡‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ ¡—Ëπ„®

˘
Plato, Meno, 76c.
çYou agree with Empedocles that there are certain effluences from existing things ?
Certainly.
And pores to which and through which the effluences make their way ?
Yes.
Some of the effluences fit into some of the pores, whereas others are too fine or too coarse ?
That is so.
...Colour then is an effluence from shapes commensurate with sight and perceptible by it.é
Ò
DK 31B 89. çRealising that from all created things there are effluences.é
ÒÒ
¥Ÿ Aristotle, Generation and Corruption, 326 b8; Theophrastus, On the Sense, 13.
ÒÚ
¥Ÿ S. Lucia, Anfaenge griechischen Denkens, Berlin, 1963, p. 87.

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825
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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ÒÛ
DK 31B 128. çAnd for them there was no god Ares, nor Battle-Din, nor Zeus the King, nor Poseidon, but only Cypris the Queen. These men
sought to please her with pious gifts-with painted animals and perfumes of cunningly-devised smell, with sacrifice of umixed myrrh and of fragrant incense,
and by casting libations of yellow honey on the ground. And the altar was not drenched with the unmixed blood of bulls, but this was the greatest pollution
among men, to devour the goodly limbs (of animals) whose life they had reft from them.é

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ÒÙ
DK 31B 136. çWill ye not cease from this harsh-sounding slaughter ? Do you not see that you are devouring one another in the thoughtlessness
of your minds ?é
Òı
DK 31B 137. çThe father having lifted up the son slaughters him with a prayer, in his great folly. But they are troubled at sacrificing one who
begs for mercy. But he, on the other hand, deaf to (the victimûs) cries, slaughters him in his halls and prepares the evil feast. Likewise son takes father,
and children their mother, and tearing out the life, eat the flesh of their own kin.é
Òˆ
DK 31B 139. ç(Hymn of repentance for sins of diet) : ùAlas that a pitiless day did not destroy me before I planned evil deeds of eating with
my lips !ûé
Ò˜
¥Ÿ Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Philosophers, 8.63-66.
Ò¯
DK 31B 115.13. çOf this number am I too now, a fugitive from heaven and a wanderer.é

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

≈à«ßÀπâ“ ‡ªìππ—°¥πµ√’ ‡ªìπ𓬷æ∑¬å Ù. ¡—Ëπ„®«à“§«“¡√Ÿâ¢Õßµπ‰¥â¡“ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

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µ“¡ª√–‡¥Áπªí≠À“∑’πË °— §‘¥ ¡—¬π—πÈ ™Õ∫
§‘¥ ‡√“®÷߉¥âπ—°ª√—™≠“¬‘Ëß„À≠à§πÀπ÷Ëß
·Àà߬ÿ§ ‡Àµÿº≈¢Õ߇ա‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ Õ“®
®–¬—߉¡àÀπ—°·πàππ—° ®–µâÕß¡’°“√ª√—∫
ª√ÿ ß ¥â « ¬§«“¡§‘ ¥ ∑’Ë „ §√à § √«≠¡“°¢÷È π
µàÕ‰ª
°’√µ‘ ∫ÿ≠‡®◊Õ. ª√—™≠“°√’°√–¬–°àÕµ—«. °√ÿ߇∑æœ :
 ”π— ° æ‘ ¡ æå · Àà ß ®ÿ à “≈ß°√≥å ¡ À“«‘ ∑ ¬“≈— ¬ ,
ÚıÙı.
_______. µ√√°«‘∑¬“∑—Ë«‰ª. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Ò.
°√ÿ߇∑æœ :  ”π—°æ‘¡æå·Ààß®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å
¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬, ÚıÙˆ.
Aristotle. Metaphysics. Complete Works of
Aristotle. Translated by Sir Divid Ross and
Others. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1971.
Bignone, E. Empedocle. Tirudo, 1916.
Diels and Kranz. Fragmente der Vorsokratiker.
5th ed. Berlin : Weidmann, 1934.
Diogenes, Laertius. Lives of Philosophers.
2 vols. ·ª≈‚¥¬ Hick, R.D. ·≈–‡√’¬∫
‡√’¬ß‚¥¬ Warmington, E.H. Cambridge,
Mass : Harvard University Press, 1970.
Graig, E. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philoso-
phy. London : Routledge, 1998.
Guthrie, W.K.C. A History of Greek Philoso-
phy. Cambridge : Cambridge University
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Kingsley, P.A. Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and
Magic. Oxford : Clerendon Press, 1995.
Kranz, Wilhelm. Empedocles und die Atomistik.
Hermes, 1912.

Ò˘
DK 31B 146. çAnd at the last they become seers, and bards, and physicians and princes among earth-dwelling men from which they blossom
forth as gods highest in honour.é
Ú
DK 31B 113.1 çBut why do I lay stress on these things, as if I were achieving something great in that I surpass mortal men who are liable to
many forms of destruction ?é
ÚÒ
DK 31B 131. çIf for the sake of any mortal, immortal muse, it has pleased thee that my poetic endeavours be of concern to thee, now once
again, in answer to my prayer, stand beside me, Calliopeia, as I expound a good theory concerning the blessed gods !é
ÚÚ
Dk 31B 114. çFriends, I know that Truth is present in the story that I shall tell; but it is actually very difficult for men, and the impact of
conviction on their minds is unwelcome.é

®“°§«“¡√Ÿâ Ÿà°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘¢Õ߇ա‡æ‡¥Õ§≈‘ 
828
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

Abstract Empedocles’ Applied Philosophy

Kirti Bunchua
Fellow of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Empedocles proposes his metaphysics of the 4 elements to satisfy the curiosity of the intellectuals
of his time. In accordance with this metaphysics he derived his epistemology proposing the theory
of effluence : everything sends off effluences in all directions. Only 5 kinds of effluences are fit to our
5 senses. That is why we can know all 5 aspects of reality according to the Empedocles’ epistemological
principle : “The Like knows the Like” The Like has the tendency to enter into the pores of the Like
and the Like feels happy. The Unlike is the stranger that brings uneasiness. Purification from the
Unlike is the sure way to happiness, both for this and for the life to come.

Key words : Ancient Greek Philosophy, Empedocles, Four Elements, epistemology, effluence,
reincarnation, the like

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
∫«π∑—»πå (paradigm) „À⇪ìπ‰ªÕ¬à“ß
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°√Õ∫„π°“√¥”‡π‘ π ∏ÿ √ °‘ ® „π
√Ÿª·∫∫¥—ß°≈à“«¬—ß √â“ߧ«“¡‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫
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¥â«¬µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ ∫√‘…—∑‡π µå‡≈ (Nest-
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æ‘®“√≥“„π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π®–æ∫«à“¡’∫√‘…—∑
¢Õ߉∑¬®”π«ππâÕ¬¡“°∑’Ë¡’°“√≈ß∑ÿπ
∑“ßµ√ß„πµà“ߪ√–‡∑» º≈°Á§◊Õ‰¥â àß
º≈∑”„Àâ § «“¡ “¡“√∂∑“ß°“√µ≈“¥
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√–¥—∫∑’˵˔°«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—π
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™à«ßπ’È®–‡ªìπ°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√ √â“߇§√◊Õ¢à“¬
√–¥—∫‚≈° (Global Network Strategy)
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„Àâµâπ∑ÿπ„π°“√º≈‘µ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√
(economies of scale) ≈¥≈ßÕ¬à “ ß
¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ∏ÿ√°‘® à«π„À≠à®÷ßæ—≤π“
§«“¡√à«¡¡◊Õ√–À«à“ß°—π„π°“√∑”∏ÿ√°‘®
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·¢à ß ¢— π ∑’Ë ¡ “°¢÷È π ·≈–µÕ∫ πÕßµà Õ
§«“¡µâ Õ ß°“√¢Õßµ≈“¥∑’Ë ‡ ª≈’Ë ¬ π‰ª
Õ¬à “ ß√«¥‡√Á « ‰¥â ´÷Ë ß ‡ªì π ‡√◊Ë Õ ß¬“°∑’Ë
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°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߥ—ß°≈à“«‰¥â‚¥¬≈”æ—ß
°“√√«¡µ—«°—π¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®„π√Ÿª
·∫∫µà“ß Ê ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®”π«π¡“° ∑—Èß„π
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(Merger & Acquisition) °“√®— ¥ µ—È ß
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
∫√‘…—∑√à«¡≈ß∑ÿπ√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» (In-
ternational Joint Venture) °“√¢¬“¬
∏ÿ√°‘®„π≈—°…≥– ‘∑∏‘摇»…„π°“√º≈‘µ
À√◊Õ∫√‘°“√ (franchise) °“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π
¥”‡π‘π∏ÿ√°‘®·∫∫√—∫®â“ß √â“ß·≈–¥”‡π‘π
ß“π„À⇠√Á® (Turn-key Operation) œ≈œ
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·≈–‰¥â √— ∫ §«“¡π‘ ¬ ¡Õ¬à “ ß¡“°„π™à « ß
‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“« ‡æ√“– “¡“√∂ √â“ß„Àâ
‡°‘¥‚Õ°“ ∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘®Õ¬à“ß¡À“»“≈
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„™â‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬¢ÕßÕߧ姫“¡√Ÿâ„π°“√
·¢àߢ—π √–À«à“ß æ.». ÚıÙÒ-ÚıÙ¯
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¡“° ·≈–‡ªì π °“√∑”ß“πºà “ π√–∫∫
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ª√–¡«≈º≈®π°√–∑—Ëß°≈“¬‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ
(knowledge) ∑’Ë¡’°“√®—¥«“߉«â„π§≈—ß
 ¡ÕßÕ¬à“߇ªìπ√–∫∫ ∑”„Àâ°“√µ—¥ ‘π„®
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‡ªìπº≈∑”„Àâ¡’µâπ∑ÿπ„π°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π
≈¥µË”≈ß Õߧ尓√®÷ß “¡“√∂𔇠πÕ
 ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√¥’∑’Ë ÿ¥·°à≈Ÿ°§â“‰¥â
‡§√◊ Õ ¢à “ ¬¢ÕßÕß§å § «“¡√Ÿâ
(Knowledge Network) ‰¥â ∂Ÿ ° π”¡“
„™â‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑”„Àâ°“√¥”‡π‘π∏ÿ√°‘®
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834
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§«“¡√à«¡ ¡—¬ ‚¥¬‰¥â𔇠πÕ∑“ßÕÕ°
„π‡™‘ß°≈¬ÿ∑∏å∑’Ë𔉪 Ÿà°“√æ—≤𓧫“¡
 “¡“√∂„π°“√·¢àߢ—π·∫∫¬—Ë߬◊π¥â«¬
§«“¡®”‡ªìπ°“√ª√—∫°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√ :

∑“ßÕÕ°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬„𠇪√’¬∫„π°“√·¢àߢ—π∑“ß∏ÿ√°‘® ‡æ√“–  “¡“√∂√—∫√Ÿâ‰¥â∂÷ߧÿ≥§à“‡©æ“–摇»…
°“√æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√ Õß§å ° “√∑’Ë ¡’ · °à 𠧫“¡ “¡“√∂À≈— ° π—È π ·≈–µâÕ߇ªìπ§ÿ≥§à“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ
·¢àߢ—π ™—¥‡®π®–¡’∑‘»∑“ß„π°“√æ—≤π“Õ¬à“ß  “°≈‰¥â√—∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫ ·≈–™◊Ëπ™¡®“°
‡π◊Ë Õ ß®“°°“√·¢à ß ¢— π ∑“ß∏ÿ √ °‘ ®
ªí®®ÿ∫—π„™âæ◊Èπ∞“π°“√æ—≤π“®“°Õߧå
§«“¡√Ÿâ ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂
„π°“√·¢àߢ—π¢Õߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬®÷ߧ«√
‡ªì π °“√æ— ≤ π“®“°√“°∞“π¢ÕßÕߧå
§«“¡√Ÿâ · ≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë ¡’ Õ ¬Ÿà ‡ ªì π
æ◊Èπ∞“πÀ≈—° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‡æ◊ËÕ§âπÀ“
§«“¡ “¡“√∂¥—ß°≈à“«®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠
Õ¬à“ß¡“° ´÷Ëߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂π—Èπ Ê ‡√’¬°
„π∑“ß«‘™“°“√«à“ ·°à𧫓¡ “¡“√∂
À≈—° (core competence)
°“√§â π À“·≈–æ— ≤ π“·°à 𠧫“¡
 “¡“√∂À≈—°
‡æ◊Ë Õ  √â “ ß„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ §«“¡™— ¥ ‡®π«à “
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∏√√¡¥“µà “ ß®“°·°à π
§«“¡ “¡“√∂À≈—°Õ¬à“߉√ §”µÕ∫∑’Ë
 —È π ßà “ ¬·≈–™— ¥ ‡®π §◊ Õ ·°à 𠧫“¡
 “¡“√∂À≈— ° ¢ÕßÕß§å ° “√À¡“¬∂÷ ß
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ËÕߧ尓√Õ◊Ëπ≈Õ°‡≈’¬π
·∫∫‰¥â¬“° ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂„π
‡™‘ß∏ÿ√°‘®∑’ËÕߧ尓√π—Èπ¡’Õ¬Ÿà ª√–°Õ∫
¥â « ¬§«“¡√Ÿâ ∑— ° …– ª√– ∫°“√≥å·≈–
§«“¡‡™’Ë ¬ «™“≠∑’Ë ‡ ªì 𠧫“¡™”π“≠
摇»… ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫Õߧ尓√Õ◊Ëπ
„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡‡¥’¬«°—π µâÕ߇ªì𧫓¡
 “¡“√∂∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß°«à“¡“µ√∞“π¢Õß
Õÿ µ  “À°√√¡¥â « ¬ ‡ªì 𠧫“¡ “¡“√∂
𔇠πÕ ‘π§â“·≈–∫√‘°“√∑’Ë¡’§«“¡·µ°
µà“ß ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥§à“µàÕ≈Ÿ°§â“·≈–Õߧ尓√ı
·°à 𠧫“¡ “¡“√∂À≈— ° ‰¥â ‡ ¢â “ ¡“¡’
∫∑∫“∑Õ¬à“ß¡“°„π°“√ √â“ߧ«“¡‰¥â
º≈‘π ¿Ÿà®√Ÿ≠
‡¥à π ™— ¥ ·≈– “¡“√∂æ— ≤ 𓉥â Õ ¬à “ ß
√«¥‡√Á« ‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡‡™’ˬ«™“≠„π‡√◊ËÕß
¥—ß°≈à“«
∑Õ¡—   ®«µ (Thomas Stewart)ˆ
‰¥â∑”°“√»÷°…“§âπ§«â“·≈– π—∫ πÿπ«à“
∑√—欓°√∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà¢ÕßÕߧ尓√ (internal
resources) ∞“πÕߧ姫“¡√Ÿ¢â ÕßÕߧ尓√
(knowledge-based resources) ·≈–
·°à 𠧫“¡ “¡“√∂À≈— ° ‡ªì π ªí ® ®— ¬
 ”§— ≠ ∑’Ë ∫ √‘ …— ∑ ¢â “ ¡™“µ‘ ¢ 𓥄À≠à π”
¡“ª√–¬ÿ ° µå „ ™â „ π°“√ √â “ ߧ«“¡‰¥â
‡ª√’ ¬ ∫„π°“√·¢à ß ¢— π À“°Õß§å ° “√
∏ÿ√°‘®¢Õ߉∑¬ “¡“√∂§âπÀ“·≈–π”¡“
æ—≤π“¿“¬„µâ¬ÿ∑∏«‘∏’∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡ ¥â«¬
°“√π”‡Õ“ªí ® ®— ¬ ∑—È ß  “¡¡“∫Ÿ √ ≥“°“√
°— 𠉥â Õ ¬à “ ß≈ßµ— « ¿“¬„µâ ° “√®— ¥ °“√∑’Ë
¥’·≈â« ®– àߺ≈∑”„ÀâÕߧ尓√ “¡“√∂
æ— ≤ π“¢÷È π ‡ªì 𠧫“¡‰¥â ‡ ª√’ ¬ ∫„π°“√
·¢àߢ—π‰¥â
°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå·°à𧫓¡ “¡“√∂À≈—°
°√Õ∫·π«§‘ ¥ „π°“√«‘ ‡ §√“–Àå ∑’Ë
 “¡“√∂„™â§◊Õ«‘‡§√“–Àå«à“§«“¡ “¡“√∂
„¥¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å„°≈♑¥°—∫Õߧ姫“¡
√Ÿâ ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ ¬Ÿà ¿ “¬„πÕß§å ° “√π—È π ·≈–‡ªì π
§«“¡√Ÿâ ∑’Ë Ωí ß ≈÷ ° Õ¬Ÿà ∑—È ß „π√–¥— ∫ ∫ÿ § §≈
√–¥—∫°≈ÿà¡·≈–√–¥—∫Õߧ尓√ ´÷Ëߧ«“¡√Ÿâ
¥— ß °≈à “ «π’È ® –µâ Õ ß‡ªì 𠧫“¡√Ÿâ ∑’Ë ¡’ ° “√
 – ¡Õ¬à “ ßµà Õ ‡π◊Ë Õ ß¡“‡ªì π √–¬–‡«≈“
π“π ∑’Ë ”§—≠µâÕ߇ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥§à“
„πµ— « ‡Õß¡’ ≈— ° …≥–‡©æ“–æ‘ ‡ »…¢Õß
Õߧ尓√π—Èπ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‚¥¬∑’Ë§π¿“¬πÕ°
835
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
≈Ÿ°§â“∑—Èß„π·≈–πÕ°ª√–‡∑»
‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ§«“¡™”π“≠
∑’˵âÕß – ¡¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π®÷ß¡’§«“¡
 ≈— ∫ ´— ∫ ´â Õ π¬ÿà ß ¬“°¡’ º ≈∑”„Àâ ° “√
≈Õ°‡≈’¬π·∫∫‚¥¬§Ÿà·¢àߢ—π∑”‰¥â¬“°
„π∫“ß°√≥’ ∑’Ë µâ Õ ß°“√≈Õ°‡≈’ ¬ π·∫∫
§Ÿà·¢àߢ—πÕ“®®–µâÕ߇ ’¬§à“„™â®à“¬„π°“√
»÷°…“«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“®”π«π¡“°∑”„Àâ
µâÕß„™â‡«≈“„π°“√≈Õ°‡≈’¬π·∫∫π“π
„π∫“ß°√≥’ Õ “®∑”‰¥â ‡ À¡◊ Õ π·µà ‰ ¡à
 “¡“√∂∑¥·∑π‰¥â‡µÁ¡√âÕ¬‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå
À√◊ Õ Õ“®®–‰¡à   “¡“√∂∑¥·∑π‰¥â ‡ ≈¬
∂â “ ‡ªì π °√≥’ ¢ Õß ‘ π §â “ ·≈–∫√‘ ° “√∑’Ë ¡’
§ÿ≥§à“‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑“ß®‘µ„® §«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°
·≈–√ π‘¬¡
§ÿ ≥ ≈— ° …≥– ”§— ≠ ¢Õß·°à 𠧫“¡
 “¡“√∂À≈—°
„π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥À≈—°
‡°≥±å«à“§«“¡ “¡“√∂„¥¢ÕßÕߧ尓√
®—¥Õ¬Ÿà„𧫓¡ “¡“√∂∑’ˇªìπ·°àπÀ≈—°
¢ÕßÕߧ尓√ ¡’°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥™à«¬„π°“√
§â π À“·°à 𠧫“¡ “¡“√∂À≈— ° ‡æ◊Ë Õ
ª√–‚¬™πå„π°“√π”¡“æ—≤π“·≈– √â“ß
§«“¡‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫„π°“√·¢àߢ—π¢ÕßÕߧå
°“√˜ ¥—ßπ’ȧ◊Õ
Ò. π—¬∑’Ë·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà
(tacitness)
Ú. §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë·¢Áß·°√àß
(robustness)
Û. §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ËΩíß≈÷°
(embeddedness)
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Ù. °“√‡ÀÁπæâÕßµâÕß°—π
(consensus)
π—¬∑’Ë·ΩßÕ¬Ÿà
§«“¡ “¡“√∂À≈— ° ∑’Ë · ΩßÕ¬Ÿà §◊ Õ
‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂∑’ˇªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ §«“¡
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë™—¥‡®π
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë™—¥‡®π À¡“¬∂÷ß
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë  — ß ‡°µ‡ÀÁ π ‰¥â ™— ¥ ¡’
≈— ° …≥–‡ªì π √Ÿ ª ∏√√¡∑’Ë ™— ¥‡®π · ¥ß
√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥·≈–¢—ÈπµÕπ„π°“√∑”ß“π
∑’Ë   “¡“√∂π”¡“®— ¥ ∑”‡ªì π §Ÿà ¡◊ Õ ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘
„π°“√ √â“ß„À⇰‘¥§«“¡ “¡“√∂π—Èπ‰¥â
∑’Ë ”§—≠‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂π—Èπ∂à“¬∑Õ¥
 ◊ËÕ “√·≈– àßµàÕºà“π√–À«à“ß°—π‰¥â ∑”
„Àâ ° “√ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ µ “¡°√–∑”‰¥â ‚ ¥¬ßà “ ¬
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ËÕàÕπ·Õ
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë Õà Õ π·Õ® – ¡’
°“√‡ª≈’Ë ¬ π·ª≈߉ªµ“¡‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
 ∂“π°“√≥å∑“߇»√…∞°‘®  ¿“«–°“√
·¢àߢ—π œ≈œ ´÷Ëßµ√ß°—π¢â“¡°—∫ §«“¡
 “¡“√∂∑’Ë · ¢Á ß ·°√à ß ∑’Ë π— ∫ «— π ®–¡’ · µà
§«“¡‡¢â¡·¢Áß¡“°¢÷Èπ ®π°√–∑—Ë߇ªìπ
®ÿ¥·¢Áß ®ÿ¥‡¥àπ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥§à“‚¥¥‡¥àπ∑à“¡
°≈“ߧ«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂
√—°…“§«“¡‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫„π°“√·¢àߢ—π‰¥â
µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“
µ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ °“√∑’ˇ∑§‚π‚≈¬’„π
°“√‡¢’¬πµ—«Õ—°…√¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß
‰ªÕ¬à“ß¡“°·µà·°à𧫓¡ “¡“√∂À≈—°
„π°“√ √â“ߪ“°°“À¡÷°´÷¡¢Õß∫√‘…—∑
Montblanc ¬—ߧßÕ¬Ÿà∑—Èß∑’ˇªìπ‡∑§‚π-
™”π“≠ §«“¡‡™’Ë ¬ «™“≠ ·≈–∑— ° …–
∑—ßÈ „π°“√∫√‘À“√ °“√®—¥°“√ °“√∫√‘À“√
°“√º≈‘µ °“√∫√‘À“√°“√µ≈“¥ œ≈œ ∑’Ë¡’
Õ¬ŸÕà ¬à“ß≈÷° Ê ¿“¬„πÕߧ尓√®÷߇ªìπ°“√
¬“°∑’Ë§π¿“¬πÕ°Õߧ尓√®– “¡“√∂
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë´àÕπÕ¬Ÿà≈÷°
À“°¥”‡π‘πµ“¡¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë«“߉«â
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë ´à Õ πÕ¬Ÿà ≈÷ ° ¡’
≈—°…≥–µ√ß°—π¢â“¡°—∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë
‡ÀÁπ™—¥‡®π ‡æ√“–‡ªì𧫓¡√Ÿâ∑’Ë´àÕπÕ¬Ÿà
¿“¬„π ‰¡à‡ÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π ®÷߉¡à “¡“√∂
®—¥∑”ÕÕ°¡“‡ªìπ§Ÿà¡◊ժؑ∫—µ‘‰¥â °“√ àß
ºà“𧫓¡√Ÿµâ Õâ ß°√–∑” ºà“π°“√Ωñ°Ωπ∑’Ë
µâÕß„™â√–¬–‡«≈“π“π®÷ß®– “¡“√∂æ—≤π“
¢÷Èπ‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂摇»…π—Èπ‰¥â
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë·¢Áß·°√àß
‚≈¬’‡¥‘¡¡’°“√„™â¡“‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“π“π
ª“°°“ Montblanc ¬—ߧ߉¥â√—∫§«“¡
π‘¬¡ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ ·≈–§«“¡™◊Ëπ™Õ∫
Õ¬à“ß¡“° ∂÷ß·¡â«à“®–¡’‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’„π
°“√‡¢’¬π·∫∫„À¡à∑’Ëæ—≤π“¢÷Èπ
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ËΩíß≈÷°
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë Ωí ß ≈÷ ° §◊ Õ §«“¡
 “¡“√∂∑’ˉ¡à “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰¥â‡ªìπ
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’˵‘¥·πàπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫Õߧ尓√
π—È π Ê ¬“°∑’Ë®–π”ÕÕ°‰ª®“°Õߧ尓√
π—Èπ‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂÷ß·¡â«à“®–¡’°“√À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π
¢Õßæπ— ° ß“π‡¢â “ ·≈–ÕÕ°µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“
æπ— ° ß“π°Á ‰ ¡à   “¡“√∂π”‡Õ“§«“¡√Ÿâ
§«“¡ “¡“√∂π—È π ‰ª„™â ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ ‰ ¥â „π
§«“¡∑â“∑“¬·≈–∑“ßÕÕ°¢Õß∏ÿ√°‘®‰∑¬„π¬ÿ§°“√§â“‡ √’
836
 √ÿªπ”¡“„™âß“π‰¥â À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥√«∫√«¡
¢÷πÈ ‡ªìπÀ≈—°‡°≥±å„π°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥µàÕ‰¥â
„π∑“ߪؑ∫µ—  ‘ “¡“√∂‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡
√Ÿâ·≈–∑—°…–∑’Ë¡’„πÕߧ尓√ÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ
Ú √–¥—∫ §◊Õ
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë·¢Áß·°√àß
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’·Ë ¢Áß·°√àߧ◊Õ §«“¡
 “¡“√∂∑’Ë À “Õ–‰√¡“∑¥·∑π‰¥â ¬ “°
‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡·¢Áß·°√àß ‰¡àÀ«—Ëπ‰À«µàÕ
 ¿“«–·«¥≈â Õ ¡∑’Ë ‡ ª≈’Ë ¬ π‰ª§«“¡
 “¡“√∂¥—ß°≈à“«π’È ‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂∑’Ë
¡’§ÿ≥§à“„πµ—«‡Õß æ√âÕ¡∑’Ë®–øíπΩÉ“¬◊π
À¬—¥ Ÿâ°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡√Õ∫µ—«∑’ˇª≈’ˬπ
·ª≈ßµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“‰¥â
°√≥’ ∑’Ë À “°¡’ ° “√‡§≈◊Ë Õ π¬â “ ¬∫ÿ § ≈“°√
®“°Õߧ尓√Àπ÷Ë߉ª¬—ßÕ’°Õߧ尓√Àπ÷Ëß
‚¥¬ “¡“√∂π”‡Õ“§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–∑—°…–π—Èπ
ÕÕ°‰ª„™â‰¥â·≈– “¡“√∂𔉪ªØ‘∫—µ‘
‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ·≈â« · ¥ß«à“
§«“¡ “¡“√∂π—È π ‰¡à „ ™à · °à 𠧫“¡
 “¡“√∂À≈—° ·µà‡ √’¬ °§«“¡ “¡“√∂
π—Èπ«à“ §«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰¥â
´÷Ë ß À¡“¬∂÷ ß °“√∑’Ë Õ ß§å ° “√„¥Õß§å ° “√
Àπ÷Ë ß ¡’ æ π— ° ß“π∑’Ë ∑”ß“πÕ¬Ÿà ‡ ªì 𠇫≈“
π“π‡¡◊ËÕÕÕ°‰ª·≈â« “¡“√∂‡ªî¥∏ÿ√°‘®
·∫∫‡¥’¬«°—π‰¥â ´÷ËßÕ“®∑”‰¥â‡À¡◊Õπ
À√◊Õ∑”‰¥â¥’°«à“ §«“¡ “¡“√∂π—Èπ®—¥
‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰¥â
§«“¡®”‡ªìπ°“√ª√—∫°√Õ∫·π«§‘¥∑“ß°“√®—¥°“√ :

§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰¥â
§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ËΩíß≈÷° ®–µ√ß°—π
¢â“¡°—∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’ˇ§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬‰¥â
‡æ√“–‡ªì𧫓¡ “¡“√∂∑’˪√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
§«“¡√Ÿâ §«“¡‡™’ˬ«™“≠ ·≈–∑—°…–π’È
®–∂Ÿ°Ωíß≈÷°„π¿“√°‘® §à“π‘¬¡√à«¡ «—≤π-
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
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Abstract The Adjust Shifting Management Paradigm : The Challenge for Thai’s Business in the Free-Trade
Regime
Palin Phoocharoon
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Today, international trade and investment has been changed significantly particularly, under the
free-trade regime. The increasing in both bilateral and multilateral agreement between and among
nations drive organization to adjust itself to fit with those changing environment. In order to coup
with its effectively, in-depth analysis and examining the reason behind those changes is required.
In addition, shifting the management paradigm is recommended. One may found these either as the
threat or an opportunity. However, it is already become the challenge for Thai’s business organization
to develop and sustain the competitive advantage.

Key words : shifting paradigm, management , Thai’s business, free trade

º≈‘π ¿Ÿà®√Ÿ≠
845
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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Õ¬à “ ß∑’Ë ® – ◊ ∫ ∑Õ¥°— π µà Õ ‰ªÀ√◊ Õ ‰¡à
Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡ π—°°“√»÷°…“°”≈—ß· «ß
À“«‘ ∏’ ∑’Ë ¥’ ° «à “ ∂â “ √–∫∫°“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ ∑’Ë
ºà “ π ç°√–∫«π°“√°à Õ ‡°‘ ¥ ªí ≠ ≠“
·≈– µ‘é „Àâ ºŸâ ‡ √’ ¬ π√Ÿâ   “¡“√∂∑”®√‘ ß
‰¥â ∑—È ß „π ”π— ° »÷ ° …“·≈–∑’Ë ∫â “ π¥â « ¬
§«“¡ª√°µ‘ßà“¬ Ê „π«‘∂’™’«‘µª√–®”«—π
¬àÕ¡‡ªìπ∑“ß∑’Ëπ—°°“√»÷°…“®– “¡“√∂
 √â“ß°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ„Àⷰຟâ‡√’¬π
∑’Ë   “¡“√∂®–‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ ¥â « ¬µπ‡Õß·≈–¡’
°≈‰°¿“¬„πµ—«∑’Ë®–‡º¬·æ√à‰¥âº≈‡√Á«
®–¡’«‘∏’∑”°—πÕ¬à“߉√ ´÷ËߺŸâ‡¢’¬π¢Õ
‡√’¬°ß“ππ’È«à“ ∞“πªí≠≠“∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡
°“√„™â∞“𧫓¡√Ÿâ ¢—ÈπµÕπµàÕ®“°
∞“π∑—Èß Õß°Á§◊Õ ∞“πªí≠≠“®–¡’«‘∏’
°“√ √â “ ß·≈–§«∫§ÿ ¡ Õ¬à “ ߉√ „π
∑à “ ¡°≈“ߺŸâ   “¡“√∂ √â “ ߪí ≠ ≠“¥â « ¬
 µ‘·Ààßµπ πà“®–‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπß“π
¥â“π«‘»«°√√¡ §◊Õ «‘»«°√√¡ªí≠≠“
´÷Ë߇ªìπ∑’Ë¡“¢Õß™◊ËÕ∫∑§«“¡‡√◊ËÕßπ’È
ºŸâ‡¢’¬π®–欓¬“¡™’È·®ß ç°√–-
∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡°—πé Õ—π‡ªìπ°≈‰°
 ”§—≠„π ç«‘»«°√√¡ªí≠≠“é ∑à“¡°≈“ß
°“√ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ ° “√∑’Ë ‡ ªì π «‘ » «°√√¡¥â “ π
ªí≠≠“Õ¬à“߇ªìπÕߧå√«¡ „Àâª√“°Ø„π
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
À≈—° Ÿµ√ Ò¯ ‡¥◊Õπ ∑’˺Ÿâ‡¢’¬π‰¥â≈ß¡◊Õ
ªØ‘ ∫— µ‘ · ≈â « „π¿“§‡°…µ√°√√¡ ´÷Ë ß
§√Õ∫§≈ÿ ¡ «‘ ∑ ¬“»“ µ√å ∏ √√¡™“µ‘ ‰ ¥â
¡“°Õ¬Ÿà„π‡«≈“π’È
µ— « Õ¬à “ ß°‘ ® °√√¡ ç«‘ » «°√√¡
ªí≠≠“„π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∏√√¡™“µ‘é ‚¥¬
ºà “ π°√–∫«π°“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ √à « ¡°— π „π
À≈—° Ÿµ√∑’˺Ÿâ‡¢’¬π‡√’¬°«à“ °“√∫Ÿ√≥“-
°“√Õߧå√«¡ 燰…µ√ Ÿàº≈‘µ¿—≥±åé
°“√∫Ÿ√≥“°“√Õߧå√«¡ 燰…µ√
 Ÿàº≈‘µ¿—≥±åé
À≈—° Ÿµ√π’ȇªìπÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ Ò¯ ‡¥◊Õπ
´÷Ëß°”≈—ߪؑ∫—µ‘Õ¬Ÿà„π®—ßÀ«—¥»√’ –‡°…
¢≥–∑’ˇ¢’¬π∫∑§«“¡π’È ·≈–¡’§«“¡‚¥¬
 —߇¢ªµ“¡≈”¥—∫ Ò À—«¢âÕ ¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
Ò. ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬¢ÕßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√
Ò.Ò ‡ªì π ç°√–∫«π°“√
‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡°—πé ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß»“ µ√凪ìπ
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ „ π°“√º≈‘ µ º≈°“√º≈‘ µ
∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√ „Àâ ‡ ªì π º≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å
æ√âÕ¡„™â·≈–∫√‘‚¿§
Ò.Ú ‡ªìπ°√–∫«π°“√ √â“ß
»“ µ√å·Ààß°“√∫Ÿ√≥“°“√ ‡æ◊ËÕ°‘®°“√
¥”√ß™’æ∑à“¡°≈“ß°“√®—¥ ¡¥ÿ≈√–À«à“ß
§π  —µ«å æ◊™ ¥‘π πÈ” ≈¡ ‰ø ·≈–Õ“°“»
Ò.Û ‡ªì π °“√ √â “ ßµ”√“∑’Ë
µ√–Àπ—°√Ÿâ„πµâπ∑ÿπ¢Õß §π ™“µ‘ ·≈–
∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√À¬—Ëß√Ÿâ„π∏√√¡–·Ààß
¡√¥°∑—Èߪ«ß ∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√¥”√ß
™’«‘µ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å Õ—π¡’ ¡√¥°µπ ¡√¥°
™“µ‘ ¡√¥°∏√√¡™“µ‘ ∑à“¡°≈“ß°“√
 √â “ ß»“ µ√å · ≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Õ— 𠇪ì π
¡√¥°‚≈°
Ú. ºŸâ √à « ¡‡√’ ¬ π„πÀ≈— °  Ÿ µ √  ◊ËÕ “√¡«≈™π ∑’˪√“√∂π“Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß
ç°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡°—πé : °“√ „π°“√ √â“ß ◊ËÕ„Àâµ√ß°—∫«ß®√°“√º≈‘µ
∫Ÿ√≥“°“√Õߧå√«¡ 燰…µ√ Ÿàº≈‘µ- Õ¬à“ß≈ÿà¡≈÷° „π —®∏√√¡°“√¥”√ßÕ“™’æ
¿—≥±åé ¢ÕߺŸâ√à«¡‡√’¬π
Ú.Ò §≥“®“√¬å·≈–π—°»÷°…“ ı. µâπ∑ÿπºŸâ√à«¡‡√’¬π
Ú.Ú ºŸâ∫√‘À“√·≈–π—°®—¥°“√ ‡ªìπºŸâ¡’µâπ∑ÿπ·ÀàßµπÕ¬Ÿà·≈â«
Ú.Û ‡°…µ√°√·≈–ºŸâ „ ™â · √ß „π·µà≈–§π ·≈–¡ÿàß· «ßÀ“§«“¡√à«¡
ß“π‡°…µ√ ¡◊Õ„π°“√ √â“ß √√§åÕ“™’æ„Àâ·¢Áß·°√àß
Ú.Ù π“¬∑ÿπ·≈–π—°∏ÿ√°‘® ·≈– àߧ◊𧫓¡æÕ¥’„À⇢ⓠŸà∏√√¡™“µ‘
Ú.ı π—°‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Õ¬à“ߧÿâ¡§à“ §ÿ⡧à“∑—Èß„π°“√º≈‘µ °“√
Ú.ˆ ºŸâ‡™’ˬ«™“≠ ºŸâª√–¡«≈ ≈ß∑ÿπ ·≈–°“√„™âÕÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§ ‚¥¬µπ
Õߧå√«¡ ‡Õ߉¥â‡¢â“„® ¡’ —¡¡“∑‘∞‘ ‡ÀÁπª√–®—°…å
Ú.˜ π—° “√ π‡∑» ·≈â««à“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë„™âπ—Èπµπ “¡“√∂
Ú.¯ π—°π‘‡∑»  ◊ÕË  “√¡«≈™π ®–ª√—∫À“§«“¡æÕ¥’‰¥âµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“
Û.  ∂“π∑’Ë ˆ. ∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡
 ∂“π∑’Ë ® √‘ ß ¢ÕߺŸâ √à « ¡‡√’ ¬ 𠇪ì π ·À≈à ß ‡À¡“– ¡°— ∫ °‘ ® -
„πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ µ“¡ ¡§«√·°à°“√µ°≈ß °“√‡°…µ√ ∑’˺Ÿâ‡√’¬πª√“√∂π“Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß
·≈–®—¥À“„π°≈ÿà¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ „π°“√º≈‘µ∑à“¡°≈“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘
Ù. §«“¡„ à„® ¢Õß ¥‘π πÈ” ≈¡ ‰ø ¿“¬„µâøÑ“·≈–
ºŸâ√à«¡‡√’¬π„πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ ‡ªìπ Õ“°“»∑’ˇÕ◊ÈÕÕ”π«¬°“√º≈‘µ ‰¡à«à“®“°
ºŸâ„ à„®„πß“π∑’˵πª√“√∂π“Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß ∑’Ë æ◊™ ·≈– —µ«å µ≈Õ¥®π∂÷ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂
®–¥”√ß™’扥â¥â«¬º≈º≈‘µ∑“߇°…µ√ ¢Õßµπ·≈–ºŸâ√à«¡ß“π ‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑’˵âÕ߇√’¬π
∑’˵âÕß°“√æ÷Ëß擇∑§‚π‚≈¬’ „π°“√ √â“ß √Ÿâ·≈–®—¥ ¡¥ÿ≈µ≈Õ¥‡«≈“
º≈‘µ¿—≥±å∑’Ëæ√âÕ¡„™â·≈–æ√âÕ¡∫√‘‚¿§ ˜. ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈—° ç°“√· «ßÀ“
√«¡∂÷ßπ—° “√ π‡∑»·≈–π—°π‘‡∑» Õߧå√«¡é ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬
˜.Ò µâπ∑ÿπ - ·Ààßµπ
- ·Ààߧ√Õ∫§√—«
- ·Ààß™ÿ¡™π
˜.Ú ¡√¥° - ¡√¥°™“µ‘ - ¡√¥°∏√√¡–
- ¡√¥°∏√√¡™“µ‘ - ¡√¥°∏√√¡–
- ¡√¥°‚≈° - ¡√¥°∏√√¡–
˜.Û ®ÿ¥µ—Èßµâπ - ‡°…µ√Õ–‰√ √–∫ÿ
- ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’Õ–‰√ √–∫ÿ
- ∫∑∫“∑„π¿“§‡°…µ√Õ–‰√ √–∫ÿ
- ∫∑∫“∑„π¿“§‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’Õ–‰√ √–∫ÿ
˜.Ù ®ÿ¥À¡“¬ª≈“¬∑“ß º≈‘µ¿—≥±åÕ–‰√ √–∫ÿ
«‘»«°√√¡ªí≠≠“„π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∏√√¡™“µ‘
848
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

¯. ¡√¥° “°≈ §√—Èß∑’Ë Ò ª∞¡π‘ ‡ ∑» ‡æ◊Ë Õ ®— ¥ ®—¥°“√ ‡ß‘π∑ÿπÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π ª√–¡«≈

¡√¥° “°≈ ‡ªìπÕ–‰√‰¥â∫â“ß °√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡°—π‚¥¬ºŸâ‡√’¬π °≈‰°°“√‡≈’È ¬ ßµ— « ¢Õß∏ÿ √ °‘ ® ∑’Ë ∑”Õ¬Ÿà
¯.Ò ¡’™’«‘µ ‡ªìπÕ–‰√ √–∫ÿ ·≈–ºŸâ Õπ ·≈–°”Àπ¥¡“µ√“∞“π°“√º≈‘µ
‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫ß“π‡ªìπÕ–‰√ √–∫ÿ „Àâß“π Û ‡¥◊Õπ ‚¥¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑”°‘π „Àâ ß “π Û ‡¥◊ Õ π À“°≈‰°°“√
¯.Ú ‰¡à¡’™’«‘µ ‡ªìπÕ–‰√ √–∫ÿ Ò-Ò, ‰√à „Àâ· ¥ß§«“¡ “¡“√∂ §«∫§ÿ¡°“√º≈‘µ„À⇢ⓡ“µ√∞“π
‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß‚¥¬µ√ß°—∫ß“π‡ªìπÕ–‰√ √–∫ÿ ˆ-Ò §π√à«¡°—π„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë∑’Ë°”Àπ¥ §√—Èß∑’Ë ı  √ÿ ª ·π«‚πâ ¡ °“√
˘. §«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ߪ√–‡¥Áπ°—∫ §√—Èß∑’Ë Ú ª√–¡«≈§«“¡√Ÿâ®“° æ—≤π“ „Àâ‡ÀÁπ«ß®√°“√º≈‘µ ‡æ◊ËÕ°“√
ß“π°“√º≈‘µ ¡ÿà߇πâπ∑’Ë®ÿ¥À¡“¬ª≈“¬ ‡∑§π‘ §  Ÿà ‡ ∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ®“°ß“π„π√Ÿ ª ∫√‘À“√§«“¡‡®√‘≠¢ÕßÕߧå°√
∑“ߧ◊Õ çº≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å é „Àâ®—¥«à“Õ–‰√ ·∫∫ Ò-Ò, ‰√à ∑’Ë∑”πÕ°‡«≈“¡“ „Àâß“π Û ‡¥◊Õπ µ√«® Õ∫«—Ø®—°√
·≈–‡ªìπÕ–‰√ Õ¬à“ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‡ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡ ·≈â« Û ‡¥◊Õ𠧫“¡‡®√‘≠¢ÕßÕߧå°√
·≈–¡’Õ𓧵°“√ àߧ◊π∑ÿπÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π „Àâß“π Û ‡¥◊Õπ ‚¥¬°“√‡≈◊Õ° §√—Èß∑’Ë ˆ ªí®©‘¡π‘‡∑»
˘.Ò ∞“𧫓¡√Ÿâ ∑’Ë®–„™â„π ‡∑§π‘ §  √â “ ߇ªì π ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ ∑’Ë µ √ß ª√–¡«≈ µâπ∑ÿπ
°“√∑” çº≈‘µ¿—≥±åé ª√–‡¥Áπ¢Õߺ≈‘µ¿—≥±å - µπ‡Õß
˘.Ú ∞“πªí≠≠“∑’Ë°”°—∫∞“π §√—Èß∑’Ë Û ª√–¡«≈°“√º≈‘µ√Ÿª - §√Õ∫§√—«
§«“¡√Ÿâ°“√º≈‘µ ‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤π“°‘®°“√º≈‘µ ·∫∫‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë„™â°“√‰¥â ·≈– √ÿª - ™ÿ¡™π
·≈–À√◊Õ„™â ”À√—∫·°â‰¢Õÿª √√§√–À«à“ß ™—¥‡®π‡√◊ËÕߢ—ÈπµÕπ„π°“√æ—≤π“ß“π - ™“µ‘
°“√º≈‘µ µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß - ∏√√¡™“µ‘
Ò. ¿“§ªØ‘∫—µ‘ „Àâß“π Û ‡¥◊Õπ ‚¥¬∑¥ Õ∫∑” - ∏√√¡–¢ÕßÕ“™’ æ
„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë ª√–¡“≥µ—Èß·µà Ò- º≈‘µ¿—≥±å®“°‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë √ÿª‡πâπ ∑’ˉ¥â √â“ß¡“ Ò¯
Ò, ‰√à µàÕ°≈ÿࡺŸâ√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ª√–¡“≥ §√—ßÈ ∑’Ë Ù ®—¥√Ÿª·∫∫°“√∫√‘À“√ ‡¥◊Õπ
ˆ-Ò §π  ”À√—∫„™â‡ªìπ¿“§ªØ‘∫—µ‘
ˆ
‡ªìπ°“√∑¥ Õ∫·≈–æ—≤π“·π«§‘¥®“°
ª√– ∫°“√≥å „À⇢â“∂÷ß∞“π°“√º≈‘µ ı ªí®©‘¡π‘‡∑»
‡æ◊ËÕ„À≥âº≈‘µ¿—≥±åµ“¡∑’Ë√–∫ÿ„π¢âÕ ˘  √ÿª
Ù - µâπ∑ÿπ
·π«‚πâ¡ - ®ÿ¥¬◊π°“√
°”Àπ¥°“√„™â‡«≈“„πÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ Û ®— ¥√Ÿ ª·∫∫
°“√æ—≤π“ „™â§«“¡√Ÿâ
‡«≈“„π°√–∫«π°“√‡√’ ¬ π√Ÿâ √à « ¡ °“√∫√‘À“√ Õ¬à“ß¡’
Ú ª√–¡«≈ ªí≠≠“
·µà≈–§√—Èß Û ™—Ë«‚¡ßµ‘¥µàÕ°—π ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ ®—¥°“√ - «—Ø®—°√
°“√º≈‘µ
ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡°—π·≈â« Û Ò ª√–¡«≈ §«“¡‡®√‘≠
™—Ë«‚¡ß ºŸâ‡√’¬π®–µâÕß𔉪Ωñ°ªØ‘∫—µ‘ §«“¡√Ÿâ - ‡ß‘π∑ÿπ - °“√∫√‘À“√
‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
ª∞¡π‘‡∑» ‡∑§π‘§ Ÿà À¡ÿπ‡«’¬π §«“¡‡®√‘≠
πÕ°‡«≈“ Û ‡¥◊Õπ ¥—ßπ—πÈ Õ—µ√“ Ò ™—«Ë ‚¡ß ∑’Ë„™â‰¥â
- ¡“µ√∞“π
 √â“ß·ºπ∑’Ëß“π ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’
°√–µÿâ𧫓¡„ à„®§«“¡ “¡“√∂ µàÕ°“√
≈ß¡◊ժؑ∫—µ‘ Ò ‡¥◊Õπ ´÷ËßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√®–
ª√–°Õ∫°—π‡æ’¬ß ˆ §√—Èß ¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È ¥Ÿ √Ÿª∑’Ë Ò ·ºπº—ßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ ®”π«π ÛÓˆ ™—Ë«‚¡ß„π ç°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ√à«¡°—πé ·≈– ÛÓˆ
·ºπº—ßÀ≈—° Ÿµ√ª√–°Õ∫„π√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò ‡¥◊Õπ„π¿“§ªØ‘∫—µ‘∫πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë Ò-Ò, ‰√àµàÕºŸâ‡√’¬π ˆ-Ò §π

¡≥’«√√≥ °¡≈æ—≤π–
849
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
 √ÿªº≈¢Õß«‘»«°√√¡ªí≠≠“„π ·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫°“√º≈‘µ„π ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¬—Ë߬◊π ¬àÕ¡µâÕß„™âªí≠≠“ (wisdom)
ºŸâ‡√’¬π ∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡‰¥â¥â«¬µπ‡Õß·≈–ºŸâ√à«¡ß“π ‚¥¬ºŸâ ª Ø‘ ∫— µ‘ ß “πµâ Õ ß¡’ § «“¡ “¡“√∂
À≈— ß ®“°®∫À≈— °  Ÿ µ √ ºŸâ ‡ √’ ¬ π
 ¡§«√®–‡ªì π ºŸâ   “¡“√∂ √ÿ ª º≈¢Õß
«‘ » «°√√¡ªí ≠ ≠“„Àâ ª √“°Ø„πÀ— « ¢â Õ
µà“ß Ê ˆ À—«¢âÕµàÕ‰ªπ’È ‚¥¬º≈°“√ √ÿª
®–‡Õ◊È Õ „Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥∞“πªí ≠ ≠“ ∑’Ë   “¡“√∂
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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Three in One
Generate Value and Wisdom

Culture
Wisdom of Leaders Art of Living Together

Throughout Higher Throughout Food

Economics Safety
Politics Education Agriculture

Industry

THREE ONE ALL

Efficiency Management Ó Time

Value = =
Cost Cost
Management Ó Time
K Wisdom = Value =
Cost

What is Your Value : Your Wisdom

What is Your K

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú ·ºπº—ßß“π·≈– Ÿµ√°“√µ‘¥µ“¡„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ

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K Wisdom = Value = =
Cost Cost

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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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Ò
¿“§«‘™“‡§¡’‡∑§π‘§ §≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ∂ππæ≠“‰∑ ‡¢µª∑ÿ¡«—π °√ÿ߇∑æœ ÒÛÛ
Ú
 À “¢“«‘™“ªî‚µ√‡§¡’·≈–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√åæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å ¿“§«‘™“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å∑“ß¿“¬∂à“¬·≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑“ß°“√æ‘¡æå
§≥–«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ ∂ππæ≠“‰∑ ‡¢µª∑ÿ¡«—π °√ÿ߇∑æœ ÒÛÛ
* ºŸâπ‘æπ∏åÀ≈—°·≈–ºŸâª√– “πß“π ‰ª√…≥’¬åÕ‘‡≈Á°∑√Õπ‘° å : ksuda@chula.ac.th ‚∑√»—æ∑å -ÚÚÒ¯-ıÛÙ˜ ·≈– ‚∑√ “√ -ÚÚÒ¯-ıÙÒ

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

857
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
∫∑π”
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´÷¡
¢Õ߇À≈«·≈–°—°‡°Á∫‰«â„πµ—«‡Õ߉¥â„π
ª√‘ ¡ “≥¡“°´÷Ë ß §“¬πÈ” ÕÕ°¡“„π√Ÿ ª
·∫∫¢Õߧ«“¡™◊πÈ Õ“®¡’™Õ◊Ë ‡√’¬°µà“ß°—π
‰ª ‡™àπ ´Ÿ‡ªÕ√å·Õ∫´Õ√å‡∫πµåæÕ≈‘-
‡¡Õ√å (Superabsorbent Polymers,
SAPs) À√◊Õ‰Œ‚¥√‡®≈ (hydrogel) ·≈–
Õ“®¡’™◊ËÕ‡√’¬°Õ◊Ëπ Ê Õ’° ‡™àπ Highly
Water Absorbing Polymers (HWAPs)
„π‡√‘Ë¡·√°‰¥â¡’°“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“æÕ-
≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ‡ À≈à “ π’È ∑’Ë Àâ Õ ß∑¥≈Õß∑“ß¿“§
‡Àπ◊ Õ ¢Õß°√–∑√«ß‡°…µ√ „π¡≈√— ∞
Õ‘≈≈‘πÕ¬ å  À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡¡◊ËÕµâπ §.».
Ò˘˜
ªí ® ®ÿ ∫— π æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡ πÈ” ∂Ÿ °
𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°µå„πÕÿµ “À°√√¡À≈“¬ Ê
ª√–‡¿∑ ‡™àπ ∑“ß°“√‡°…µ√°√√¡
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√奟¥´÷¡πÈ”®–™à«¬„π°“√ª√—∫
ª√ÿߧÿ≥¿“æ¥‘π ‚¥¬‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ “¡“√∂
„π°“√°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”„π¥‘π·≈–¬—ߙ૬°—°
‡°Á ∫  “√Õ“À“√¢Õßæ◊ ™ ∑“ߥ⠓ π
Õÿ µ  “À°√√¡°“√∑”º≈‘ µ ¿— ≥ ±å ‡ æ◊Ë Õ
 ÿ ¢ Õπ“¡— ¬ ‡™à π ºâ “ Õâ Õ ¡ ”À√— ∫ ‡¥Á °
ºâ “ Õâ Õ ¡ºŸâ „ À≠à ·≈–ºâ “ Õâ Õ ¡ºŸâ ªÉ « ¬„π
‚√ß欓∫“≈ °√–¥“…™”√– ºâ“Õπ“¡—¬
∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å ‰ ¥â π”æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡
πÈ”¡“∑”ºâ“æ—π·º≈ ”À√—∫·º≈‰ø‰À¡â
∑“ߥ⠓ π«‘ » «°√√¡°à Õ  √â “ ßπ”æÕ≈‘ -
‡¡Õ√å ¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡ πÈ” ¡“„™â ‡ ªì π  “√™à « ¬°— °
‡°Á∫πÈ”„π§Õπ°√’µ ∑“ߥâ“π ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡
𔉪„™â„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ∫“ß
™π‘¥„ππÈ”‡ ’¬ πÕ°®“°π’È  “¡“√∂π”
æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å π’È ‰ ª„™â „ π°“√µ√÷ ß ‡Õπ‰´¡å
À√◊Õ —߇§√“–Àå¢÷Èπ„™â‡ªìπµ—«¥Ÿ¥´÷¡∑“ß
™’«¿“æ„π°“√‡µ√’¬¡°“√·¬° “√∑“ß
‚§√¡“‚∑√°√“øï
ß“π«‘ ®— ¬ π’È ‡ ªì π °“√æ— ≤ 𓧫“¡
 “¡“√∂¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√奟¥´÷¡πÈ” ‚¥¬
 —߇§√“–Àå„ÀâæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’ˉ¥â¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π
∑’Ë™Õ∫πÈ”®”π«π¡“° ‚¥¬ —߇§√“–Àå
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√奟¥´÷¡πȔՖ§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘°¥â«¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´-
™—π·∫∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √– µ—«·ª√∑’Ë»÷°…“„π
ß“π«‘®—¬π’È ‰¥â·°à Õ—µ√“ à«π¢ÕßÕ–§√‘-
≈“‰¡¥åµàÕ°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°‚¥¬°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
‡ªìπ‚§¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å ª√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ “√‡µ‘¡·µàß∑’ˇÀ¡“–
 ¡‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⡒§à“¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ √«¡∑—Èß
‚§√ß √â“ß∑“ß°“¬¿“æ ·≈–ªí®®—¬Õ◊πË Ê
∑’¡Ë º’ ≈µàÕ§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
«‘∏’°“√∑¥≈Õß
 “√‡§¡’
Ò. Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å (Acrylamide,
AM) ®“° ∫√‘…—∑  ¬“¡‡√´‘π·Õπ¥å‡§-
¡‘§—≈ ®”°—¥
C3H5NO,  ∂“π–¢Õß·¢Áß„ ,
πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ = ˜Ò.¯ °√—¡/‚¡≈
Ú. °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° (Maleic acid,
MA) ‡°√¥‡™‘ß«‘‡§√“–Àå ®“° Fluka
(Buchs, Switzerland)
C 4H 4O 4,  ∂“π–¢Õß·¢Á ß  ’
¢“«, πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ = ÒÒˆ.¯ °√—¡/
‚¡≈
Û. ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’ ¬ ¡‡æÕ√å ´— ≈ ‡øµ
(Ammonium persulfate, APS) ‡°√¥
‡™‘ß«‘‡§√“–Àå ®“° Riedel-deHaen
º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
858
(NH4)2S2O8,  ∂“π–¢Õß·¢Áß
 ’¢“«, πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ = ÚÚ¯.Ú
°√—¡/‚¡≈
Ù. ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû-‡¡∑‘≈’π∫‘ Õ–§√‘-
≈“‰¡¥å (N,Nû-Methylenebisacry-
lamide, MBA) ‡°√¥‡™‘ß«‘‡§√“–Àå ®“°
Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland)
C7H10 N2O2,  ∂“π–¢Õß·¢Áß
 ’¢“«, πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ = ÒıÙ.Ò˜
°√—¡/‚¡≈
ı. ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû, ‡ÕÁπû - ‡∑-
∑√–‡¡∑‘≈‡Õ∑‘≈π’ ‰¥·Õ¡’π (N,N,Nû,Nû-
tetramethylethylenediamine, TEMED)
‡°√¥«‘‡§√“–Àå ®“° Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, U.S.A.)
(CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2,
 ∂“π–¢Õ߇À≈«, πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ =
ÒÒˆ.ÚÒ °√—¡/‚¡≈, §«“¡Àπ“·πàπ =
.˜˜ı °√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√
ˆ. ‡¡∑“πÕ≈ (Methanol) ‡°√¥
‡™‘ßæ“≥‘™¬å ®“° ∫√‘…—∑ Õ“»√¡ ®”°—¥
CH 3OH,  ∂“π–¢Õ߇À≈«,
πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ = ÛÚ.Ù °√—¡/‚¡≈
˜. ‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡‚∫√‰¡¥å (Po-
tassium bromide) ‡°√¥‡™‘ß«‘‡§√“–Àå
®“° Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland)
KBr,  ∂“π–¢Õß·¢Áß, πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈
= ÒÒ˘.Ò °√—¡/‚¡≈
¯. ‚æ·∑ ‡´’¬¡§≈Õ‰√¥å (Po-
tassium chloride) ‡°√¥‡™‘ß«‘‡§√“–Àå
®“° BDH laboratory, England, KCl,
 ∂“π–¢Õß·¢Áß ’¢“«
˘.  ’ ¬â Õ ¡‡∫ ‘ ° ∫≈Ÿ - ÙÒ (Basic
Blue-41) ¡’™◊ËÕ∑“߇§¡’ 2-Amino-6-
methoxybenzothaiazole-2-(N-
ethylanilino) ethanol, ¡’™◊ËÕ‡√’¬°∑“ß
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

 ’ CI BB 41 (11154) ®“° Dystar
Textilfarben, Germany
¢—ÈπµÕπ°“√∑¥≈Õß
Ò. °“√À“§à“∑’‡Ë À¡“– ¡¢Õßµ—«·ª√
µà“ßÊ ∑’„Ë ™â„π°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
 —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/
°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µ“¡¢—ÈπµÕπ¥—ßπ’È
Ò.Ò ‡µ√’ ¬ ¡ “√≈–≈“¬´÷Ë ß ª√–-
°Õ∫¥â«¬ Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å, °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
 “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû- ‡¡∑‘≈’π∫‘  ‡´≈‡´’¬  °«π “√≈–≈“¬‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ı
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å) ·≈– “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
(·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡‡æÕ√å´—≈‡øµ) „ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ
Ò ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√
µà“ß Ê ∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß„πµ“√“ß Ò
Ò.Ú π” “√≈–≈“¬∑’ˉ¥âµ“¡¢âÕ Ò
„ à≈ß„π¢«¥°âπ°≈¡ ’Ë§Õ¢π“¥ ı
¡‘≈≈‘≈µ‘ √∑’µË Õà °—∫§Õπ‡¥π‡´Õ√å, ¡Õ‡µÕ√å
°«πµ‘ ¥ „∫æ— ¥ (§«“¡‡√Á « √Õ∫ Úı
√Õ∫/π“∑’ ) ¿“¬„µâ ∫ √√¬“°“»·°ä   °‘√‘¬“µàÕ‰ª Ú π“∑’®π‡°‘¥‡®≈
‰π‚µ√‡®π¥â«¬Õ—µ√“°“√‰À≈‰π‚µ√‡®π
Ùı ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’ „πÕà “ ßÕ— ß ‰ÕπÈ”
§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“
π“∑’
Ò.Û ‡µ‘ ¡  “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “√à « ¡
(‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû, ‡ÕÁπû - ‡∑∑√–‡¡∑‘≈
‡Õ∑‘ ≈’ 𠉥·Õ¡’ π ) ª√— ∫ Õ— µ √“°“√‰À≈
¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π‡ªìπ ˆ ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/
π“∑’‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ı π“∑’ ®“°π—È π ª√— ∫
Õ—µ√“°“√‰À≈¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π‡ªìπ
Ùı ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’ ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ∑”ªØ‘-
Ò.Ù π”æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’ˉ¥â¡“∑”°“√
°”®— ¥ πÈ” (dewater) ‚¥¬‡¡∑“πÕ≈
·≈â«π”‰ªÕ∫∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ˆ Õß»“‡´≈-
‡´’¬ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Ò «—π ·≈â«π”‰ª∫¥ ™—Ëß
πÈ”Àπ—°æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’ˉ¥â

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë„™â„π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå

 “√‡§¡’ ª√‘¡“≥
Õ—µ√“ à«π Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° (‚¡≈ : ‚¡≈) Ò : ˘ ∂÷ß ˘˘ : Ò
‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû - ‡¡∑‘≈’π∫‘ Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å (√âÕ¬≈–‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å .ı - Ò
∑—Èß Õß)
·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡‡æÕ√å´—≈‡øµ (√âÕ¬≈–‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß) .ı - Ò
‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû , ‡ÕÁπû - ‡∑∑√–‡¡∑‘≈‡Õ∑‘≈’π‰¥·Õ¡’π (√âÕ¬≈–‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° Ú - ÒÚ
¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß)

Ú. °“√»÷ ° …“≈— ° …≥–‡©æ“–¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
Ú.Ò °“√»÷°…“≈—°…≥–æ◊πÈ º‘«¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥₥¬ Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM)
π”æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
µ“¡¢—È π µÕπ∑’Ë Ò ‰ª»÷ ° …“≈— ° …≥–
‡©æ“–‚¥¬ SEM ‡µ√’¬¡µ—«Õ¬à“ß‚¥¬
°“√©“∫∑Õß „™â°”≈—ߢ¬“¬ Ú ·≈–
Ú, ‡∑à“
Ú.Ú °“√√–∫ÿÀ¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π¢ÕßæÕ-
≈‘‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë  — ß ‡§√“–Àå ‰ ¥â‚ ¥¬ Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry
(FTIR)
π”æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
µ“¡¢—ÈπµÕπ∑’Ë Ò ¡“∫¥º ¡°—∫ºß KBr
·Àâß ®“°π—Èππ”‰ªÕ—¥‡ªìπ·ºàπ ·≈–
√–∫ÿÀ¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π‚¥¬‡§√◊ËÕß FTIR
Û. °“√«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ-
≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â(Ò)
π”æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â .Ò
°√—¡ ·™à„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ Ú ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√‡ªìπ
‡«≈“ Ò «—π ®“°π—Èππ”¡“°√ÕßπÈ”°≈—Ëπ
ÕÕ°‚¥¬„™âµ–·°√ß ‡µπ‡≈ ¢π“¥ Ò
mesh ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Ú ™—«Ë ‚¡ß∑’ÕË ≥
ÿ À¿Ÿ¡À‘ Õâ ß
®“°π—Èπ𔉪™—ËßπÈ”Àπ—° §”π«≥§à“°“√
¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‰¥â®“° ¡°“√
B-A (Ò)
Q=
A
‚¥¬ Q §◊Õ §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” (Water
absorbency), °√—¡/°√—¡πÈ”

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

859
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Àπ—°æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
A §◊Õ πÈ” Àπ— ° ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å
·Àâß, °√—¡
B §◊Õ πÈ” Àπ— ° ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë
∫«¡µ—«, °√—¡
Ù. °“√«—¥§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬Õâ ¡„ππÈ”
°≈—Ëπ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
Ù.Ò °“√∑”°√“ø¡“µ√∞“π (Ca-
libration Curve)
Ò. ‡µ√’¬¡ “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬âÕ¡
‡∫ ‘°∫≈Ÿ ÙÒ „ππÈ”°≈—Ë𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ
µà“ß Ê ‚¥¬π”ºß ’¬âÕ¡‡∫ ‘°∫≈Ÿ ÙÒ
®”π«π ı ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ ≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ
Ò ≈‘µ√‡æ◊ËÕ‡µ√’¬¡‡ªìπ “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬âÕ¡
‡∫ ‘ ° ∫≈Ÿ „ ππÈ” °≈—Ë π §«“¡‡¢â ¡ ¢â π ı
¡‘ ≈ ≈‘ ° √— ¡ /≈‘ µ √ ®“°π—È π π”ºß ’ ¬â Õ ¡
‡∫ ‘°∫≈Ÿ ÙÒ ®”π«π Ò, Òı, Ú, Û
·≈– Ù ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ Ò
≈‘ µ √‡æ◊Ë Õ ‡µ√’ ¬ ¡‡ªì π  “√≈–≈“¬ ’ ¬â Õ ¡
‡∫ ‘°∫≈Ÿ„ππÈ”°≈—Ë𧫓¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ò,
Òı, Ú, Û ·≈– Ù ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√
µ“¡≈”¥—∫
Ú. π” “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬Õâ ¡‡∫ ‘°
∫≈Ÿ ÙÒ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ß Ê ¡“À“§à“
°“√¥Ÿ ¥ °≈◊ π · ß‚¥¬‡§√◊Ë Õ ß UV/Vis
Spectrophotometer ∑’˧«“¡¬“«§≈◊Ëπ
ˆˆ π“‚π‡¡µ√
Û. π”§à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥ °≈◊ π · ß∑’Ë
‰¥â®“° “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬âÕ¡‡∫ ‘°∫≈Ÿ ÙÒ
§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπµà“ß Ê ¡“ √â“ß°√“ø
¡“µ√∞“π· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß
§«“¡‡¢â ¡ ¢â π ¢Õß ’ ¬â Õ ¡„ππÈ” °≈—Ë π °— ∫
§à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥ °≈◊ π · ß ‡æ◊Ë Õ „™â „ π°“√
§”π«≥À“§«“¡‡¢â¡ ¢âπ ¢Õß ’ ¬âÕ ¡„π
πÈ”°≈—Ëπ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß
Ù.Ú °“√«— ¥ §à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥ ´— ∫  ’ ¬â Õ ¡
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
™—ËßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
.Ò °√—¡ 𔉪·™à„π “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬âÕ¡
‡∫ ‘ ° ∫≈Ÿ „ ππÈ” °≈—Ë π §«“¡‡¢â ¡ ¢â π Ú
¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘µ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Ú ™—«Ë ‚¡ß °√Õß
‡Õ“ “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬âÕ¡ÕÕ°‚¥¬„™âµ–·°√ß
Ò mesh ®“°π—È π π” “√≈–≈“¬ ’
¬âÕ¡∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ®“°°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫‰ª«—¥§à“°“√
¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π· ß¥â«¬‡§√◊ËÕß UV/Vis Spec-
trophotometer 𔉪§”π«≥À“§«“¡
‡¢â ¡ ¢â π ¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬ ’ ¬â Õ ¡∑’Ë ‡ À≈◊ Õ
·≈–ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß ’¬âÕ¡∑’Ë
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√奟¥´—∫‰«â
ı. °“√»÷ ° …“®≈πæ≈»“ µ√å ¢ Õß
° “ √ ¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡ πÈ” ¢ Õ ß æ Õ ≈‘ ‡ ¡ Õ √å ∑’Ë
 —߇§√“–À剥â
ı.Ò °“√ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√Ÿª
∑√ß°√–∫Õ°(Ú)
‡µ√’ ¬ ¡ “√≈–≈“¬´÷Ë ß ª√–-
°Õ∫¥â«¬ Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈ Õ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡
¢«“ß (‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû - ‡¡∑‘≈π’ ∫‘ Õ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥å) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ-
‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (·Õ¡-
‚¡‡π’¬¡‡æÕ√å´—≈‡øµ) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬
πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß·≈– “√
√‘ ‡ √‘Ë¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “√à« ¡ (‡ÕÁπ ,‡ÕÁπ ,‡ÕÁπ û,
‡ÕÁπû - ‡∑∑√–‡¡∑‘≈‡Õ∑‘≈’π‰¥·Õ¡’π)
√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å
∑—Èß Õß ≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ Ú ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√
π” “√≈–≈“¬∑’ˉ¥â¡“ —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘-
‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë¡’√Ÿª√à“ß∑√ß°√–∫Õ°‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π
º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
860
°“√»÷°…“®≈πæ≈»“ µ√å°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
‚¥¬„ à„πÀ≈Õ¥æ≈“ µ‘°¢π“¥‡ âπºà“π
»Ÿπ¬å°≈“ß ı ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡µ√ ∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“„π
Õà“ß՗߉ÕπÈ”§«∫§ÿ¡§«“¡√âÕπ∑’ÕË ≥ ÿ À¿Ÿ¡‘
Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Û π“∑’
π”æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â ¡ “µ— ¥ ‡ªì π  à « 𬓫
ª√–¡“≥ Ò ‡´πµ‘‡¡µ√·≈–𔉪°”®—¥
πÈ”‚¥¬‡¡∑“πÕ≈ 𔉪Õ∫¢â“¡§◊π∑’Ë
Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ ˆ Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ®“°π—Èπ
 — ß ‡§√“–Àå æ Õ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å √Ÿ ª ∑√ß°√–∫Õ°
µ“¡¢—ÈπµÕπ‡¥‘¡‚¥¬‡ª≈’ˬπÕ—µ√“ à«π
‚¥¬‚¡≈ Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
‡ªìπ ˘Ú : ¯, ˘Û : ˜, ˘Ù : ˆ, ˘ı : ı,
˘ˆ : Ù, ˘˜ : Û, ˘¯ : Ú ·≈– ˘˘ : Ò
µ“¡≈”¥—∫
ı.Ú °“√»÷°…“®≈πæ≈»“ µ√å¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√ªŸ ∑√ß°√–∫Õ°∑’ Ë ß— ‡§√“–À剥â
π”æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
µ“¡¢—πÈ µÕπ∑’Ë ı.Ò ¡“ Ò ·∑àß ™—ßË πÈ”Àπ—°
·™à„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ Ò ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“
Ò, Ú, Û, Ù, ı, ˆ ·≈– ÚÙ ™—Ë«‚¡ßµ“¡
≈”¥— ∫ ®“°π—Èππ”¡“°√Õß∫πµ–·°√ß
Ò mesh ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ Ú ™—Ë«‚¡ß ™—Ëß
πÈ”Àπ—° ·≈⫧”π«≥À“§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡
πÈ”µ“¡ ¡°“√∑’Ë Ò ∑”°“√À“§à“‡≈¢™’È
°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—« (Swelling Exponent,
n) µ“¡ ¡°“√
B-A
F= = Kt n (Ú)
A
‚¥¬ F §◊Õ Õ—µ√“°“√·æ√àµàÕæ◊Èπ∑’Ë
K §◊Õ §à“§ßµ—«
t §◊Õ ‡«≈“ (™—Ë«‚¡ß)
n §◊Õ §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«
A §◊Õ πÈ”Àπ—°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

(°√—¡)  —߇§√“–ÀåµàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢Õß º≈¢Õߪ√‘ ¡ “≥ “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡

B §◊Õ πÈ” Àπ— ° ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë
∫«¡µ—« (°√—¡)
º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß·≈–«‘®“√≥åº≈
Ò. º≈¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë„™â„π°“√
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡ Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘°
Ò.Ò ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ßµàÕ§à“
°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡Õ–§√‘-
≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
¢«“ß §◊Õ ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû - ‡¡∑‘≈’π∫‘ Õ–-
§√‘≈“‰¡¥å (N, Nû - Methylene bisacry-
lamide, MBA) µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢Õß
æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë  — ß ‡§√“–Àå ‰ ¥â ·  ¥ß¥— ß
µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ú

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ú §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â∑’˪√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ßµà“ß Ê

ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
(√âÕ¬≈–‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß) (°√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)
.ı Ûı ± ˆ
Ò. ˆ¯ ± ¯
Ú. ÙÚ ± ÒÒ
Ù. Òˆ ± Ù
ˆ. ÙÚ ± ı
¯. Ò˜ ± 
Ò. Ò˜ ± Ú

¿“«–∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ : Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò,  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (APS) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡

ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ (TEMED) √âÕ¬≈– Ú ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §«“¡‡√Á«√Õ∫„π°“√°«π Úı √Õ∫/π“∑’ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ‡«≈“ Û π“∑’
Õ—µ√“°“√‰À≈¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π Ùı ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’ (‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ ˆ ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ı π“∑’)

 “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡¢«“ß∑”„Àâ ‚ §√ß √â “ ß ‚§√ß √â“߉¥â ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ “√ §à “  ¡¥ÿ ≈ ¢Õß°“√∫«¡µ— « ‡ªì π

¿“¬„π¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’ §«“¡·¢Á ß·√ß
¡“°¢÷È π ·≈–‡ªì π °“√≈¥‚§æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å
∑’Ë≈–≈“¬‰¥â (soluble copolymer) ®“°
µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ú ‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡
¢«“ß®“°√âÕ¬≈– .ı ‰ª Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°
¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ · ¥ß«à“ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß¡’º≈
∑”„À₧√ß √â“ߢÕß‚´àæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’°“√
‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß¡“°¢÷Èπ ·≈–¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàπ
¡“°¢÷Èπ„π√–¥—∫Àπ÷Ëß∑’˧«∫§ÿ¡°“√¢¬“¬
¢π“¥¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å Õ Õ°·≈â « §◊ π µ— «
°≈—∫¡“®÷ß “¡“√∂°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”‰«â¿“¬„π
‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß¡“°¢÷ÈπµàÕ‰ª §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡
πÈ”°≈—∫≈¥≈ß · ¥ß«à“ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ÕË ¡
¢«“ß¡“°‡°‘π‰ª∑”„À₧√ß √â“ߢÕß‚´à
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’§«“¡·¢Áßµ÷ß ·≈–§«“¡¬◊¥
À¬ÿà π ≈¥≈ß∑”„Àâ ‰ ¡à   “¡“√∂¢¬“¬µ— «
‡æ◊ËÕ°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”‰«â¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ß  àß
º≈„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”≈¥≈ß ª√‘¡“≥
 “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡¢«“ß∑’Ë „ Àâ ‚ §æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ¡’ §à “
°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬
πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õߥ⫬§à“°“√
¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” ˆ¯ ± ¯ °√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
·Àâß
øíß°å™—π°—∫§à“§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢Õß°“√
‡™◊ËÕ ¡¢«“ß §«“¡ — ¡ æ— π ∏å π’È ‡ °’Ë ¬ «¢â Õ ß
°—∫ —¥ à«π¢Õß ¡¥ÿ≈°“√∫«¡µ—« (Q)
´÷ËßÀ“‰¥â‚¥¬ª√‘¡“µ√¢Õß‚§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
‡√‘Ë ¡ µâ π °— ∫ µÕπ∫«¡µ— « ‡µÁ ¡ ∑’Ë ≥ ®ÿ¥
 ¡¥ÿ ≈ ‚¥¬§à “  ¡¥ÿ ≈ ·Àà ß °“√∫«¡µ— «
‡ªìπøíß°å™—π°—∫§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢Õß°“√
‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß ´÷ËßÕ∏‘∫“¬µ“¡ ¡°“√¢Õß
ø≈Õ√’ (Flory)(Û) ∂ⓧ«“¡Àπ“·πàπ
¢Õß°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“߉¡à¡“°‡°‘π‰ª·≈–
µ—«∑”≈–≈“¬∑’Ë¥’ “¡“√∂ √â“ß ¡¡ÿµ‘∞“π
‰¥â§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏套ßπ’È

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

861
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

æ1
2
æ ∑’ˉ¡à¡’°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß ®– “¡“√∂¢¬“¬µ—«À√◊ÕæÕßµ—«‰¥â ‡¡◊ËÕ
ç − χ1 ç Μc
è2 è
Q 5/3 = (Û) ρ0 §◊Õ §«“¡Àπ“·πà π ¢Õß §à“ Ÿß¡“° §à“§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ¢Õß°“√
2/3
υ1ρ0υi,r (1-3M / M )
c n
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å ‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (ρ ) °ÁπâÕ¬≈ß ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ
χ

‚¥¬∑’Ë χ1 §◊Õ §à “ æ“√“¡‘ ‡ µÕ√å ¢ Õß æ‘®“√≥“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¢Õß ¡°“√∑’Ë Û

ªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßæÕ≈‘- ®“° ¡°“√∑’Ë Û µ—«·ª√ ”§—≠∑’Ë ·≈– Ù æ∫«à“  —¥ à«π¢Õߧ«“¡ ¡¥ÿ≈
‡¡Õ√å°∫— µ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ (po- Õ∏‘∫“¬‚§√ß √â“ßæ◊Èπ∞“π¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å °“√∫«¡µ—« (Q) ·ª√º°º—π°—∫§«“¡
lymer-solvent interaction §◊Õ πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ¢Õß‚´àæÕ≈‘- Àπ“·πàπ¢Õß°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (ρ ) ∑” χ

parameter) ‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë¡’°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (Mc) √–À«à“ß „Àâ ‡ ¡◊Ë Õ ‡æ‘Ë ¡ ª√‘ ¡ “≥ “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡¢«“ß„Àâ
ν1 §◊Õ ª√‘ ¡ “µ√µà Õ ‚¡≈¢Õß ‚´à À ≈— ° Ú ‚´à ·≈–§«“¡Àπ“·πà π °— ∫ ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å ®÷ ß  à ß º≈„Àâ § «“¡Àπ“
µ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ¢Õß°“√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (ρ ) ´÷Ë߉¥â§«“¡
χ ·πàπ¢Õß “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“߇æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ∑”„Àâ
υi,r §◊Õ  — ¥  à « π‚¥¬ª√‘ ¡ “µ√  —¡æ—π∏å°—π¥—ß ¡°“√∑’Ë Ù æƒµ‘°√√¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√奟¥´÷¡πÈ”≈¥
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑¡’Ë °’ “√‡™◊ÕË ¡ 1 ≈ß °≈à“«§◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕ Mc ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ §à“ Q ®–
ρ =
¢«“ß χ
(υΜc) (Ù) ≈¥≈ß
Mc §◊Õ πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ  ¡°“√∑’Ë ı · ¥ß°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘-
¢Õß‚´à æ Õ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë ¡’ ° “√ ‡¡◊ËÕ υ §◊Õ ª√‘¡“µ√®”‡æ“–¢ÕßæÕ- °‘ √‘ ¬ “‚§æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ‰√‡´™— π ·∫∫Õπÿ ¡Ÿ ≈
‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß ≈‘‡¡Õ√å Õ‘   √–‚¥¬¡’   “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “·∫∫
Mn §◊Õ πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈‡©≈’ˬ ª√‘ ¡ “µ√®”‡æ“–¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å √’¥Õ°´å·≈–¡’ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ßÕ¬Ÿà„π°“√
‡™‘ß®”π«π¢Õß‚´àæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å ‡ªì π §à “ ∑’Ë ∫ Õ°¢π“¥¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å «à “ ‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å

(ı)

º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
862
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

Ò.Ú ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
º≈¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ §◊Õ ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡‡æÕ√å´—≈‡øµ µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
· ¥ß¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë Û

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Û §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â∑’˪√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“µà“ß Ê

ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
(√âÕ¬≈–‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß) (°√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)
.ı Û˜ ± ˆ
Ò. ˆ¯ ± ¯
Ú. ÙÚ ± ˘
Ù. Ùˆ ± Û
ˆ. Û˘ ± ÒÚ
¯. Ù˘ ± ÒÙ
Ò. ıı ± ÒÚ

¿“«–∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ : Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò,  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (MBA) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡

ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ (TEMED) √âÕ¬≈– Ú ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §«“¡‡√Á«√Õ∫„π°“√°«π Úı √Õ∫/π“∑’ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ‡«≈“ Û π“∑’
Õ—µ√“°“√‰À≈¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π Ùı ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’ (‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ ˆ ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ı π“∑’)

®“°µ“√“ß∑’Ë Û ‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥
 “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®“°√âÕ¬≈– .ı ‰ª
Ò. ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §à“
°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ · ¥ß«à“ª√‘¡“≥
 “√√‘‡√‘¡Ë ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “‡æ‘¡Ë ¢÷πÈ ¡’º≈∑”„À⇰‘¥
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π‰¥âßà“¬¢÷Èπ ·µà
‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®“°
√âÕ¬≈– Ò. ‰ª Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ-
‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”°≈—∫≈¥≈ß
· ¥ß«à“ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¡“°
‡°‘ 𠉪 ®πÕ“®‡°‘ ¥ °“√∂à “ ¬‚Õπ‚´à
(Chain transfer) ∑”„ÀâªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘-
‡¡Õ‰√‡´™— π  ‘È π  ÿ ¥ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “‰¥â ‡ √Á « ¢÷È π
·≈–æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’ˉ¥â¡’‚´à∑’Ë —Èπ ‚´à∑’Ë —Èππ—Èπ
¡’πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈µË”¡’§«“¡∑π∑“π¢Õß
‚´àæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åµË”¥â«¬ ∑”„Àâ°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”
¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“߉¥âπâÕ¬≈ß ¡’º≈„Àâ§à“
°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”≈¥≈ß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥§◊Õ
√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å
∑—ßÈ  Õß„Àâ§“à °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” ˆ¯ ± ¯ °√—¡/
°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
Ò.Û ª√‘ ¡ “≥ “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “
√à«¡µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
√à«¡Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
º≈¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘-
°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ §◊Õ ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû, ‡ÕÁπû -
‡∑∑√–‡¡∑‘≈‡Õ∑‘≈’π‰¥·Õ¡’π (N, N,
Nû, Nû - tetramethylethylenediamine,
TEMED) µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ-
≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë  — ß ‡§√“–Àå ‰ ¥â ·  ¥ß¥— ß µ“√“ß
∑’Ë Ù

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

863
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ù §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â∑’˪√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡µà“ß Ê

ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
(√âÕ¬≈–‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß) (°√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)
Ú ˆ¯ ± ¯
Ù ıÙ ± Òˆ
ˆ ı˜ ± ÒÛ
¯ Ò¯ ± Ò
Ò Ûı ± Úˆ
ÒÚ Ò¯Ò ± ÙÚ

¿“«–∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ : Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò,  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (MBA) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡

ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (APS) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §«“¡‡√Á«√Õ∫„π°“√°«π Úı √Õ∫/π“∑’ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ‡«≈“ Û π“∑’ Õ—µ√“
°“√‰À≈¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π Ùı ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’ (‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ ˆ ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ı π“∑’)

®“°µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ù ‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡®–¡’º≈µàÕÕ—µ√“ ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”

 “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡®“°√âÕ¬≈– Ú ®π
∂÷ß Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß
§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ · ¥ß«à“
 “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “√à « ¡´÷Ë ß ‡¡◊Ë Õ √«¡°— ∫
 “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “·≈â « ®–‡ªì π  “√§Ÿà
√’¥Õ°´å (redox pair) ‡°‘¥°“√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘-
°‘√‘¬“·∫∫√’¥Õ°´å (Redox initiation)
°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å ‚¥¬ “√
√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡®–‡ªìπµ—«‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“
∑”„Àâ   “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “ ≈“¬µ— « ‡ªì π
Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–∑’ˉ«µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (I)
∑”„ÀâªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “‡°‘¥‰¥â‰«¢÷πÈ ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥
 “√√‘‡√‘¡Ë ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “√à«¡∑’„Ë Àâ§“à °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡
πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°
Ûı + Úˆ °√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
 ¡°“√∑’Ë ˆ(Ò) · ¥ß°“√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
·∫∫√’ ¥ Õ°´å ¢ Õß·Õ¡‚¡‡π’ ¬ ¡‡æÕ√å
´—≈‡øµ ·≈– ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπ, ‡ÕÁπû, ‡ÕÁπû -
‡∑∑√–‡¡∑‘≈‡Õ∑‘≈’π‰¥·Õ¡’π

(ˆ)

º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
864
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

Ò.Ù ª√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
º≈¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥ⷠ¥ß¥—ßµ“√“ß∑’Ë ı

µ“√“ß∑’Ë ı §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µà“ß Ê

Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈ §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° (°√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)
˘ : Ò Ûı ± Úˆ
˘Ú : ¯ ÛÒ ± Ú
˘Û : ˜ ÚÙÒ ± ÒÛ
˘Ù : ˆ ÚÙ ± Ûı
˘ı : ı Ò¯ ± ÚÒ
˘ˆ : Ù ÒÙÛ ± ÒÙ
˘˜ : Û ˘˜ ± ÚÚ
˘¯ : Ú ˆˆ ± ˜
˘˘ : Ò ˆı ± Ò˘
Ò :  Ùˆ ± ı

¿“«–∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ :  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (APS) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ (TEMED) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß

¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (MBA) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §«“¡‡√Á«√Õ∫„π°“√°«π Úı √Õ∫/π“∑’ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ 
‡«≈“ Û π“∑’ Õ—µ√“°“√‰À≈¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π Ùı ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’ (‡æ‘Ë¡‡ªìπ ˆ ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘µ√/π“∑’‡ªìπ‡«≈“ ı π“∑’)

°“√∫«¡µ—«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åπ—Èπ‡°‘¥  — ¡ º—   °— ∫ πÈ” ‡°‘ ¥ ‰ÕÕÕ‰π‡´™— 𠉥â À ¡Ÿà ‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å√à«¡ ª√“°Ø«à“∑’ËÕ—µ√“

®“°·√ߺ≈—°∑“߉øøÑ“ ∂‘µ¢Õߪ√–®ÿ
∫π‚§√ß √â“ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õߪ√–®ÿ¡’§«“¡
 ”§—≠(Ú) ®“°µ“√“ß∑’Ë ı · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ
«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°„πæÕ-
≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ®πª√‘¡“≥°√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘°‡ªìπ ¯ ‚¡≈ ®“°π—Èπ®÷ß≈¥≈ß
‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ · ¥ß«à“‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘°´÷Ëߪ√–°Õ∫‰ª¥â«¬À¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õ°
´‘≈‘° (Carboxylic, -COOH) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
À¡Ÿà‰ÕÕÕπ‘°¡’ ¡∫—µ‘∑’Ë™Õ∫πÈ” (Hy-
drophilic) ‡¡◊ËÕÀ¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π∑’Ë™Õ∫πÈ”
§“√å ∫ Õ°´‘ ‡ ≈µ∑”„Àâ ‡ °‘ ¥ °“√º≈— ° °— π
¢Õߪ√–®ÿ ≈ ∫¢Õߧ“√å ∫ Õ°´‘ ≈‘ ° ∑”„Àâ
‚´à¢¬“¬¡“°¢÷Èπ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π‡°‘¥
æ— π ∏–‰Œ‚¥√‡®π√–À«à “ ߉Œ‚¥√‡®π
Õ–µÕ¡¢Õß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈πÈ”°—∫ÕÕ°´‘‡®π„π
À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π§“√å∫Õ°´‘≈‘°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
√à«¡®“°Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ¡’
º≈„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ·≈–
¡’§«“¡‡ ∂’¬√¡“°¢÷Èπ
„π°“√»÷°…“∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µ—Èß·µà
Ò : ˘ ∂÷ß ˘ : Ò ¡’°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
 à « π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘ ≈ “‰¡¥å : °√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘° Ò : ˘ - ¯ : Ú ®“°°“√
∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“‰¡à‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ ·µà‡°‘¥
ªØ‘ °‘ √‘¬ “æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ‰√‡´™— π ∑’Ë Õ—µ √“ à « π
‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
˘ : Ò ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‚¥¬„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡
πÈ” Ûı ± Úˆ °√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
·Àâß ∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µ—Èß·µà ˘Ú : ¯ ∂÷ß
˘˘ : Ò ´÷ËßÕ—µ√“ à«π¥—ß°≈à“«°√¥¡“-
‡≈Õ‘ ° πà “ ®–‡ªì π  “√‡µ‘ ¡ ·µà ß ¡“°°«à “
®“°°“√∑¥≈Õßæ∫«à“‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑ÿ°

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

865
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Õ—µ√“ à«π Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘- Ò) ¡“°°«à“‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å√à«¡ (co- ‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â‡∑’¬∫°—∫‡«≈“

≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘ ° ∑’Ë „ Àâ §à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥
´÷ ¡ πÈ” ¡“°∑’Ë  ÿ ¥ §◊ Õ ∑’Ë Õ— µ √“ à « π‚¥¬
‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
˘Ú : ¯ (§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” ÛÒ ± Ò
°√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß) ´÷Ëß¡“°°«à“
§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’ËÕ—µ√“
 à«π ˘ : Ò Õ¬à “ ߉¡à ¡’ π— ¬  ”§— ≠
¡“°π—° (¡’§à“ SD ± Ú-Úˆ)  √ÿª‰¥â
«à “ °“√‡°‘ ¥ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ‰√‡´™— π
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘ ≈ “‰¡¥å °— ∫ °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ‡ªì π
°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë
‡ªìπ “√‡µ‘¡·µàß (∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πÕ–§√‘-
≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘Ú : ¯-˘˘ :
monomer) §≥–ºŸâ «‘ ®— ¬ §“¥§–‡π«à “ µ—«·ª√ ”§—≠„π°“√®”·π°™π‘¥
‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°¡’‚Õ°“ ¡“° °“√·æ√à ¢ ÕßπÈ” ‡¢â “  Ÿà æ Õ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å §◊ Õ
‡æ’¬ßæÕ∑’Ë®–·∑√°Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—« ´÷ËßÀ“‰¥âµ“¡
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å ´÷Ëß∑”„Àâ‚´àæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å  ¡°“√ ˜
¡’§«“¡·¢Áß·√ß·≈–¡’§«“¡™Õ∫πÈ”
ln F = n ln t + ln K (˜)
Ú. °“√»÷ ° …“®≈πæ≈»“ µ√å ° “√ ‚¥¬ F §◊Õ Õ—µ√“°“√·æ√àµàÕæ◊Èπ∑’Ë
·æ√à¢ÕßπÈ”‡¢â“ ŸàæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡Õ–- K §◊Õ §à“§ßµ—«
§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° t §◊Õ ‡«≈“
¢Õ߇À≈«‡¢â“  Ÿàæ Õ≈‘‡ ¡Õ√å ‰ ¥â ‚ ¥¬ n §◊Õ §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«
°√–∫«π°“√·æ√à °“√»÷°…“®≈πæ≈- §à “ ‡≈¢™’È °”≈— ß °“√∫«¡µ— « ¢Õß
»“ µ√å¢Õß°“√·æ√à¢ÕßπÈ”‡¢â“ ŸàæÕ≈‘- æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⠴÷Ëß· ¥ß„π
‡¡Õ√åÕ“»—¬§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘- µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˆ

µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˆ §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√Ÿª∑√ß°√–∫Õ°∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â

Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈ §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
˘Ú : ¯ .˜Ù
˘Ù : ˆ .˜¯
˘ı : ı .ı
˘˘ : Ò .ÙÛ

¿“«–∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ :  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (APS) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ (TEMED) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß

¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (MBA) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬  ‡«≈“ Û π“∑’

µ“¡∑ƒ…Æ’°“√·æ√à„πæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å(Ù) §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«¡“°°«à“ .ı «à“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⡒°“√·æ√à

 ”À√— ∫ æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë ¡’ √Ÿ ª ∑√ß°√–∫Õ°
∂â“§à“‡≈¢™’°È ”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«‡∑à“°—∫ .ı
· ¥ß«à “ °“√·æ√à ‡ ªì π ·∫∫øî ° ‡°’ ¬ π
(Fickian diffusion) §◊Õ °“√·æ√à‡ªìπ‰ª
µ“¡°Æ¢Õßøî° (Fickûs law) π—Ëπ§◊Õ
Õ—µ√“°“√·æ√à‡¢â“ ŸàæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å®–™â“°«à“
Õ—µ√“°“√·æ√àÕÕ°®“°æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å ∂â“
·µà‰¡à‡°‘π Ò °“√·æ√à‡ªìπ·∫∫πÕπøî°-
‡°’¬π (Non-fickian diffusion) §◊Õ Õ—µ√“
°“√·æ√à ‡ ¢â “  Ÿà æ Õ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ‡ ∑à “ °— ∫ Õ— µ √“
°“√¢¬“¬‚§√ß √â“ߢÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å ®“°
µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˆ §à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß°“√∫«¡µ—«
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å √à « ¡Õ–§√‘ ≈ “‰¡¥å / °√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘°¡’§à“µ—Èß·µà .˜Ù-.˜¯ · ¥ß
·∫∫πÕπøî°‡°’¬π ·≈–Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬
‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ‡ªìπ
˘ı : ı ´÷Ëß„Àâ§à“‡≈¢™’È°”≈—ß∫«¡µ—«‡ªìπ
.ı · ¥ß惵‘°√√¡°“√·æ√à·∫∫øî°-
‡°’¬π º≈°“√∑¥≈Õߥ—ß°≈à“«¬àÕ¡∫àß™’È
«à“ ‚§√ß √â“ß¿“¬„π¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë
‰¥â¡’ Ú ≈—°…≥–  ”À√—∫‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë¡’

º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
866
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

Õ—µ√“ à«π¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å¡“° °“√ ‡¢â“¢ÕßπÈ” ŸàæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å™â“°«à“°“√·æ√à ‡«≈“∑’Ë„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π

‡ªï¬°µ—«¢ÕßπÈ”®–™â“°«à“‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë¡’
¡“‡≈Õ‘°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å¡“° ‡¡◊ËÕπÈ”‡¢â“‰ª
 Ÿà‚§√ß √â“ß∑’Ë¡’Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥åÕ¬Ÿà®”π«π
¡“° °Á®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°¥â«¬Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õß
§«“¡‰¡à ™ Õ∫πÈ” ¡“°π— ° „π‡«≈“Õ— π
√«¥‡√Á« ¥— ß π—È π °“√·æ√à‡¢â“¢ÕßπÈ”„π
°√≥’Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°¡“° ®÷ß¡’°“√·æ√à
ÕÕ°¢ÕßπÈ”®“°æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å  à«π„π°√≥’
∑’ˇªìπ non-Fickian ‡¡◊ËÕ‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π∑’Ë™Õ∫πÈ”¡“°¢÷Èπ
Õ—π‡π◊ËÕß®“°°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° πÈ”®“°¿“¬
πÕ°‡®≈®÷ß·æ√à‡¢â“‰¥âßà“¬·≈–√«¥‡√Á«
¢÷Èπ·≈–ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬πÈ”ÕÕ°®“°‡®≈¥â«¬
·√ß∫’∫µ—«¢Õ߇¡¡‡∫√π„π‡®≈ ®÷ ß ∑”
„ÀâπÈ”®“°¿“¬πÕ°‡®≈‡¢â“¡“‰¥âÕ’°„π
Û. °“√¥Ÿ ¥ ´— ∫  ’ ¬â Õ ¡ — ß ‡§√“–Àå „ π
πÈ”°≈—Ëπ¥â«¬æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å√à«¡Õ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
√âÕ¬≈–°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡¢ÕßæÕ-
≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë  — ß ‡§√“–Àå ‰ ¥â ·  ¥ß¥— ß µ“√“ß
∑’Ë ˜

µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˜ §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«πÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µà“ß Ê

Õ—µ√“ à«πÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° °“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ

(√âÕ¬≈–¢Õߧ«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ’¬âÕ¡‡√‘Ë¡µâπ)
˘Ú : ¯ ¯Ú
˘Û : ˜ ˆı
˘Ù : ˆ ˜Ò
˘ı : ı ıˆ
˘ˆ : Ù Ú˘
˘˜ : Û Ò¯
˘¯ : Ú ÚÚ
˘˘ : Ò Ò

¿“«–∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ :  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ (APS) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡ (TEMED) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß

¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß (MBA) √âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß §«“¡‡√Á«√Õ∫„π°“√°«π Úı √Õ∫/π“∑’ Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Ùı Õß»“‡´≈‡´’¬ 
‡«≈“ Û π“∑’

®“°µ“√“ß∑’Ë ˜ √âÕ¬≈–°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ª√–®ÿ≈∫®“°À¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õ°´‘≈‘°¢Õß°√¥ ´‘ ≈‘ ° ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ª√–®ÿ ≈ ∫„Àâ °— ∫  “¬‚´à ¢ Õß

 ’¬âÕ¡ BB-41 „ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕ
‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ‡æ√“– ’¬âÕ¡
∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∑¥≈Õß §◊Õ BB-41 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ
 ’ ¬â Õ ¡∑’Ë π‘ ¬ ¡„™â „ πÕÿ µ  “À°√√¡ ‘Ë ß ∑Õ
‡ªìπ ’¬âÕ¡ª√–‡¿∑ª√–®ÿ∫«° (cationic
dye)  à«πæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⡒
¡“‡≈Õ‘° ®÷߇°‘¥·√ߥ÷ߥŸ¥∑“߉øøÑ“ ∂‘µ
√–À«à“ߪ√–®ÿ≈∫¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å°—∫ª√–®ÿ
∫«°¢Õß ’ ¬â Õ ¡(Ù) ∑”„Àâ æ Õ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë
 — ß ‡§√“–Àå ‰ ¥â   “¡“√∂¥Ÿ ¥ ´— ∫ ‚¡‡≈°ÿ ≈
¢Õß ’¬âÕ¡‰¥â ·≈–‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘°´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡À¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õ°-
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å §à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò ·≈–√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú ´÷ËßÕ∏‘∫“¬°≈‰°
°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡ª√–‡¿∑ª√–®ÿ∫«°°—∫
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å·≈–°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
®÷ ß ∑”„Àâ   “¡“√∂¥Ÿ ¥ ´— ∫  ’ ¬â Õ ¡‰¥â ¡ “°
¢÷Èπµ“¡ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

867
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ò °≈‰°°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡ª√–‡¿∑ª√–®ÿ∫«°¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°

¢Õß°≈ÿà¡ -CONH2 ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ ÒÙıÛ

cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°¢Õß C-H asymmetric
bending ·≈–∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ ÒÛÚÒ · ¥ß
æ’°¢Õß C-N aliphatic stretching „π
 à«π¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å
 ”À√—∫√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù ‰¥âæ∫æ’°¥—ßµàÕ‰ª
˘Ú:¯ ˘Û:˜ ˘Ù:ˆ ˘ı:ı ˘ˆ:Ù ˘˜:Û ˘¯:Ú ˘˘:Ò  ’¬Õâ ¡ π’ȧ◊Õ ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ ÛÙÙÛ cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°
∑’Ë°«â“ߢÕß O-H stretching ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ
√Ÿª∑’Ë Ú  ’¢Õß “√≈–≈“¬ ’¬âÕ¡À≈—ß®“°∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫‚¥¬ poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)]
Ú˘Ûı cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°¢Õß Aliphatic
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°„πª√‘¡“≥¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µà“ß°—π C-H stretching ∑’Ë ‡ ≈¢§≈◊Ë π Òˆıı
cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°∑’™Ë ¥— ‡®π¢Õß C=O asym-
Ù. °“√»÷ ° …“≈— ° …≥–‡©æ“–¢Õß · ¥ß¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë Û ·≈– Ù ´÷ßË æ∫æ’°µà“ß Ê metric stretching „π°≈ÿà¡Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ¥—ßπ’È  ”À√—∫ ‡ª°µ√—¡¢Õß ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ ÒÙıÙ cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°¢Õß
Ù.Ò °“√»÷ ° …“≈— ° …≥–‡©æ“– polyacrylamide „π√Ÿª∑’Ë Û ¡’æ’°§àÕπ C-H asymmetric bending ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥₥¬ FTIR ¢â“ß°«â“ß ÛÙÚÛ cm-1 · ¥ß N-H ÒÙÒÚ cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°∑’Ë —Èπ·≈–·§∫¢Õß
À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π„πæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â stretching ∑’‡Ë ≈¢§≈◊πË Ú˘ÙÙ cm-1 · ¥ß C=O symmetric stretching „π°≈ÿà¡
„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È√–∫ÿ‚¥¬„™â Fourier trans- æ’°∑’Ë·À≈¡·≈–™—¥‡®π¢Õß Aliphatic §“√å∫Õ°´‘≈‘°  à«π∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ ÒÛÚÛ
form infrared spectrophotometer C-H stretching ∑’ˇ≈¢§≈◊Ëπ ÒˆˆÚ cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°¢Õß C-N aliphatic
‚¥¬ spectra ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å‡À≈à“π’ȉ¥â cm-1 · ¥ßæ’°¢Õß C=O stretching stretching „πÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å

º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
868
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

®“° ‡ª°µ√—¡¥—ß°≈à“« ∑”„Àâ “¡“√∂ √ÿª‰¥â«à“  “√∑’ˉ¥â‡ªìπ Poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)]

√Ÿª∑’Ë Û FTIR Spectrum ¢Õß Polyacrylamide

√Ÿª∑’Ë Ù FTIR Spectrum ¢Õß Poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)]

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

869
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Ù.Ú ≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–·≈– — ≥∞“π
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë  — ß ‡§√“–Àå ‰ ¥â ‚ ¥¬
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
°“√»÷°…“≈—°…≥–æ◊πÈ º‘«¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â„πß“π«‘®—¬π’È
‚¥¬ Scanning Electron Microscopy
· ¥ß¥—ß√Ÿª∑’Ë ı-¯ √Ÿª∑’Ë ı · ¥ß¿“æ
SEM ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë¡’ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘-
°‘√‘¬“ §◊Õ ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬¡‡æÕ√å´—≈‡øµ
„πª√‘¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß
¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ®“°√Ÿª· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ
«à “ æ◊È π º‘ « ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥
 “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“¡“°‡°‘π‰ª¡’≈—°…≥–
æ◊πÈ º‘«∑’¢Ë √ÿ¢√– À¬“∫ √Ÿª∑√߉¡à·πàπÕπ
·µà‰¡à¡’™àÕß«à“ß¢π“¥„À≠à∑’Ëæ◊Èπº‘«‡≈¬
®÷ß∑”„À⧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√°—°‡°Á∫πÈ”
¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ߢÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√剥âπâÕ¬
‚¥¬¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ ıı ± ÒÚ
°√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß  à«π√Ÿª
∑’Ë ˆ · ¥ß¿“æ SEM ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
∑’Ë ¡’   “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡¢«“ß §◊ Õ ‡ÕÁ π , ‡ÕÁ π û,
-‡¡∑‘≈’π∫‘ Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å „πª√‘¡“≥
√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å
[ CH2 CH ]x
CONH2
+ H+
CONH2
[ CH2 CH ]y
∑—Èß Õß ®“°√Ÿª· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“æ◊Èπº‘«
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë ¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥ “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡
¢«“ß¡“°‡°‘ 𠉪¡’ ≈— ° …≥–æ◊È π º‘ « ∑’Ë
‡√’¬∫°«à“·≈–·πàπ ¡’™àÕß«à“߇≈Á°πâÕ¬
∑’Ëæ◊Èπº‘«´÷Ëß¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á° ®÷ß∑”„À⧫“¡
 “¡“√∂„π°“√°— ° ‡°Á ∫ πÈ” ¿“¬„π
‚§√ß √â “ ߢÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ‰ ¥â πâ Õ ¬¡“°
‚¥¬¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ Ò˜ ± Ú
°√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
√Ÿ ª ∑’Ë ˜ · ¥ß¿“æ SEM ¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ
ÛÒ ± Ú °√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
‚¥¬æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’Õ—µ√“ à«π¢ÕßÕ–§√‘-
≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘Ú : ¯ ¡’ª√‘¡“≥
 “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°
¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å ∑—È ß  Õß ª√‘ ¡ “≥ “√
√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”
Àπ—°¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ·≈–ª√‘-
¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”
Àπ— ° ¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å ∑—È ß  Õß ®“°√Ÿ ª
· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“æ◊Èπº‘«¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’
§«“¡¢√ÿ¢√–·≈–¡’™àÕß«à“ß¢π“¥„À≠à
‚¥¬§“¥«à“ à«π∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡√–À«à“ß™àÕß«à“ß
[ CH2 CH ]x
C=O
➤ NH
C=O
[ CH2 CH ]y
º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
870
·µà≈–™àÕß¡’≈—°…≥–∑’ˬ◊¥À¬ÿàπ‰¥â ®÷ß
∑”„Àâ § «“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√°— ° ‡°Á ∫ πÈ”
Õ¬Ÿà„π‚§√ß √â“ß¿“¬„π¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
¡’¡“°
√Ÿª∑’Ë ¯ · ¥ß¿“æ SEM ¢Õß
æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë ¡’ Õ –§√‘ ≈ “‰¡¥å ‡ æ’ ¬ ßÕ¬à “ ß
‡¥’¬« ®“°√Ÿª· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ æ◊Èπº‘«
¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å¡’√Ÿæ√ÿπ¢π“¥‡≈Á°®”π«π
¡“° ´÷Ë߇ªìπ≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–¢Õß poly-
acrylamide ‡°‘¥®“° Imidization ·≈–
 à«π∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ¡√–À«à“ß™àÕß«à“ß¡’¢π“¥‡≈Á°
·≈–‰¡àπà“®–¡’§«“¡¬◊¥À¬ÿàππ—° πÕ°
®“°π’ÈÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π -CO
NH- ´÷Ë ß ¡’ § «“¡™Õ∫πÈ” πâ Õ ¬°«à “ À¡Ÿà
-COOH ·≈–°“√‡°‘¥ Imidization ´÷Ë ß
‡ªìπ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ߢÕßÀ¡Ÿà
-CONH- Ú À¡Ÿà„π‚´à Ú ‚´à ‡ªìπº≈
∑”„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”πâÕ¬≈ß °“√‡°‘¥
Imidization(ˆ) ‰¥â ·  ¥ß„π ¡°“√ ¯
®÷ ß ∑”„Àâ § «“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√°— ° ‡°Á ∫
πÈ”¿“¬„π‚§√ß √â“ߢÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√åπâÕ¬
‚¥¬¡’§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ Ùˆ ± ı
°√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß
+ NH4+
(¯)
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

√Ÿª∑’Ë ı ¿“æ SEM ¢Õß poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)] ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß :

Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√âÕ¬≈– Ú ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß (§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ ıı ± ÒÚ °√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)

√Ÿª∑’Ë ˆ · ¥ß¿“æ SEM ¢Õß poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)] ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß :

Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥ “√
√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√âÕ¬≈– Ú ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß (§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ Ò˜ ± Ú °√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)

√Ÿª∑’Ë ˜ ¿“æ SEM ¢Õß poly[acrylamide-co-(maleic acid)] Õ—µ√“ à«πÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ‡∑à“°—∫ ˘Ú : ¯ : ª√‘¡“≥ “√
‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß (§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫ ÛÒ ± Ú °√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)

ª«’≥“ ‡≈‘»®√√¬“°ÿ≈ ·≈–§≥–

871
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
√Ÿª∑’Ë ¯ ¿“æ SEM ¢Õß polyacrylamide : ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√âÕ¬≈– Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß (§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”‡∑à“°—∫
Ùˆ ± ı °√—¡/°√—¡¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß)
 √ÿªº≈°“√∑¥≈Õß
ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥â —߇§√“–ÀåæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ‚¥¬ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “
‚§æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ‰√‡´™— π ·∫∫Õπÿ ¡Ÿ ≈ Õ‘   √–
(free radical copolymerization) »÷°…“
º≈¢Õßµ—«·ª√µà“ß Ê µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡
πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⠉¥â·°à
ª√‘ ¡ “≥ “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “  “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡  “√‡™◊ËÕ¡¢«“ß Õ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥å·≈–°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘·≈–‡«≈“
∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ Õ—µ√“°“√‰À≈
¢Õß·°ä ‰π‚µ√‡®π√–À«à“ß∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
µàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—߉¥â
»÷ ° …“®≈πæ≈»“ µ√å „ π°“√·æ√à ¢ Õß
πÈ”‡¢â“ ŸàæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å °“√π”æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë
 —߇§√“–À剥≪¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡ª√–‡¿∑
ª√–®ÿ∫«°™π‘¥Àπ÷Ëß∑’Ëæ∫„ππÈ”‡ ’¬®“°
‚√ßß“π ‘Ëß∑Õ ≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–¢ÕßæÕ-
≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥₥¬‡∑§π‘§ FTIR
·≈– SEM ®“°º≈°“√∑¥≈Õß “¡“√∂
 √ÿªº≈∑’ˉ¥â®“°ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥â¥—ßµàÕ‰ªπ’È
Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈¢Õߪ√‘ ¡ “≥ “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚§æÕ-
≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—πµàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥âπ—Èπ ª√‘¡“≥
 “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “‡æ‘Ë ¡ ¢÷È π ¡’ º ≈∑”„Àâ
‡°‘ ¥ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ‰√‡´™— 𠉥â ßà “ ¬
·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“
®“°√âÕ¬≈– Ò ®π∂÷ß Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°
¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å ∑—È ß  Õß §à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡ πÈ”
°≈—∫≈¥≈ß ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑’Ë
„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈– Ò
‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß ª√‘¡“≥
 “√√‘ ‡ √‘Ë ¡ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “√à « ¡∑’Ë „ ™â „ π°“√∑”
ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—πµàÕ§à“°“√
¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡ πÈ” ¢ÕßæÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ∑’Ë  — ß ‡§√“–Àå
‰¥âπ—Èπ ª√‘¡“≥ “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡
∑’Ë„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈–
Ò ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß
Õ‘ ∑ ∏‘ æ ≈¢Õߪ√‘ ¡ “≥ “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡
¢«“ß∑’„Ë ™â„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “‚§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ-
‰√‡´™—πµàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘-
‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥âπ—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ¡’ª√‘¡“≥
 “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡¢«“ß∑’Ë æ Õ‡À¡“–§à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥
´÷¡πÈ”‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ·µà‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥ “√
‡™◊ËÕ ¡¢«“ß¡“°¢÷Èπ §à “ °“√¥Ÿ¥ ´÷¡ πÈ”
º≈¢Õß°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°µàÕ°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√‡´™—π
872
°≈—∫ ≈¥≈ß ª√‘ ¡ “≥ “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡¢«“ß∑’Ë
„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈– Ò
‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õß
Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢Õߪ√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‚§æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√-
‡´™—πµàÕ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¢ÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥âπ—Èπ ‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°√¥
¡“‡≈Õ‘ ° ¡“°¢÷È π §à “ °“√¥Ÿ ¥ ´÷ ¡ πÈ” ‡æ‘Ë ¡
¡“°¢÷Èπ °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ‰√-
‡´™—π¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å°—∫°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
‡ªì π °“√‡°‘ ¥ ªØ‘ °‘ √‘ ¬ “∑’Ë ° √¥¡“‡≈Õ‘ °
¡’Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπ “√‡µ‘¡·µàß (∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘Ú : ¯-
˘˘ : Ò) ¡“°°«à“∑’Ë®–‡ªìπ¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å
√à « ¡ (comonomer) (∑’Ë Õ— µ √“ à « π
Õ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘ : Ò)
Õ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘ ≈“‰¡¥å :
°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°∑’Ë„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”¡“°
∑’Ë ÿ¥ §◊Õ ∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘
≈“‰¡¥å : °√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘° ˘Ú : ¯ ¡’§à“
°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” ÛÒ ± Ò °√—¡/°√—¡
æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å · Àâ ß ¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥ “√‡™◊Ë Õ ¡
¢«“ß  “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“·≈– “√√‘‡√‘Ë¡
¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“‰¡¥å/°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°·≈–§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ”

ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“√à«¡√âÕ¬≈– Ò, Ò ·≈– Ò ‚¥¬
πÈ”Àπ—°¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑—Èß Õßµ“¡≈”¥—∫
„π¥â“π®≈πæ≈»“ µ√å °“√·æ√à
¢ÕßπÈ”‡¢â“ ŸàæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥â
π—Èπ¡’°≈‰°°“√·æ√à‡ªìπ·∫∫πÕπøî°-
‡°’¬π (Non-fickian diffusion) · ¥ß«à“
Õ— µ √“°“√·æ√à ‡ ¢â “  Ÿà æ Õ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å ‡ ∑à “ °— ∫
Õ—µ√“°“√¢¬“¬‚§√ß √â“ߢÕßæÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å
°“√¥Ÿ ¥ ´— ∫  ’ ¬â Õ ¡„ππÈ” °≈—Ë π ¢Õß
æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥âπ—Èπ ¡’§à“√âÕ¬
≈–°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ’¬âÕ¡„ππÈ”°≈—Ëπ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ
‡¡◊ËÕ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√‘¡“≥°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°
°“√»÷°…“≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–¢ÕßæÕ-
≈‘‡¡Õ√å∑’Ë —߇§√“–À剥⠂¥¬ FTIR „π
°√≥’∑’ËÕ—µ√“ à«π‚¥¬‚¡≈¢ÕßÕ–§√‘≈“-
‰¡¥åµàÕ°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°‡∑à“°—∫ ˘Ú : ¯
´÷Ëß„Àâ§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡πÈ” Ÿß ÿ¥ §◊Õ ÛÒ ±
Ò °√—¡/°√—¡æÕ≈‘‡¡Õ√å·Àâß ª√“°Ø
æ’°µà“ß Ê ®“° ‡ª°µ√—¡ ¥—ßπ’È O-H
stretching ∑’Ë ÛÙÙÛ cm-1, Aliphatic
C-H stretching ∑’Ë Ú˘Ûı cm-1, C=O
asymmetric stretching for the amide
ion ∑’Ë Òˆıı cm-1, C-H asymmetric
bending ∑’Ë ÒÙıÙ cm-1, C=O sym-
metric stretching for the carboxylate
ion ∑’Ë ÒÙÒÚ cm-1, C-N aliphatic
stretching ∑’Ë ÒÛÚÛ cm-1 · ¥ß«à“
°“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°√‘ ¬‘ “¢Õß¡ÕπÕ‡¡Õ√å∑ß—È  Õß
‡ªì π æÕ≈‘ ‡ ¡Õ√å √à « ¡‚¥¬¡’ ª √‘ ¡ “≥¢Õß
°√¥¡“‡≈Õ‘°„π —¥ à«π∑’ËπâÕ¬¡“°
°“√»÷°…“≈—°…≥–‡©æ“–¢ÕßæÕ-
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Abstract Effects of Maleic Acid on Acrylamide/Maleic Acid Polymerization and Water Absorption
Paweena Lertchanyakul 1
Somsak Damronglerd 1
Fellow of the Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Thailand
Suda Kiatkamjornwong 2 *
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Science, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Poly[acrylamide/maleic acid] hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization,

initiated by a redox initiator of ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N’,N’ - tetramethylethylenediamine
(TEMED). The crosslinking agent N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and N2 flow rate, were used
in the copolymerization. The copolymerization was carried out at 250 rpm, 45 oC under nitrogen
atmosphere for 30 minutes. The synthesized polymers were dewatered by precipitation with excess
methanol and drying at 60 oC in a vacuum oven for 24 hours. Various important parameters of maleic
acid content, initiator content, co-initiator content, crosslinking agent content, N2 flow rate and polymer-
ization time in the polymerization were studied. The water absorbencies of the synthesized polymers
in distilled water were investigated. The synthesized polymers were tested on swelling and adsorption
of a water-soluble cationic dye of CI BB 41 (11154). The kinetic of water diffusion of the synthesized
polymers was investigated. The synthesized polymers were characterized by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The effects of the influential reaction
parameters on water absorbency of the synthesized polymers were investigated from which they
were produced from the following recipe: molar ratio of acrylamide: maleic acid, 92 : 8; MBA 1% by
weight of the monomers; APS 1% by weight of the monomers and TEMED 10% by weight of the
monomers. The highest water absorbency of the synthesized polymer was 310 + 10 times its dry
weight. The water absorbencies and dye adsorptions of the synthesized polymers increased with
increasing maleic acid content. A kinetic study of the water absorption determining the transport
mechanism was as a whole as the non-Fiction type diffusion.

Key words : hydrogel, poly[acrylamide/maleic acid], dyestuff

1
Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
2
Multidisciplinary Program of Petrochemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Photographic Science and Printing Technology, Faculty of
Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
* Corresponding author; e-mail: ksuda@chula.ac.th Phone: 0-2218-5347; fax: 0-2218-5041

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»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.Õ¡√ ‰¥â√—∫·µàßµ—È߇ªìπ°√√¡°“√«‘™“°“√¢Õß√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π„π Ú §≥– §◊Õ ‡ªìπ°√√¡°“√
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(»“ µ√“®“√¬å‰æ±Ÿ√¬å æß»–∫ÿµ√)
√“™∫—≥±‘µ
ª√–∏“π ”π—°∏√√¡»“ µ√å·≈–°“√‡¡◊Õß

¢à“«¡√≥°√√¡
883
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.ª√“‚¡∑¬å ‰™¬‡«™ ¿“§’ ¡“™‘°

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§ÿ≥§«“¡¥’ àß∑à“π‰ª Ÿà ÿ§µ‘·≈–ª√– ∫∑‘欠ÿ¢„π —¡ª√“¬¿æ

(»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√. πæ.ª≥µ ¡‘§–‡ π)

ª√–∏“π ”π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å √“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π

¢à“«¡√≥°√√¡
884
∫√√≥“∏‘°·∂≈ß
“√ «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

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¢≥–π’È ¬— ß §ß¡’ ‡ π◊È Õ À“ “√–∑’Ë À π“·πà 𠇙à 𠇥‘ ¡ ‚¥¬¡’ æ √–¥”√—    ¡‡¥Á ® æ√–‡®â “ æ’Ë π “߇∏Õ ‡®â “ øÑ “ °— ≈ ¬“≥‘ «— ≤ π“
°√¡À≈«ßπ√“∏‘«“ √“™π§√‘π∑√å „πæ‘∏’‡ªî¥°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ —¡¡π“∑“ß«‘™“°“√‡√◊ËÕß ç°ÆÀ¡“¬µ√“ “¡¥«ß : ·«àπ àÕß
 —ߧ¡‰∑¬é ´÷Ëß√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π·≈– ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) ‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥ ·≈–¡’∫∑§«“¡ Úı ‡√◊ËÕß
πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ß¡’ª°‘≥°– ¢à“«√“™∫—≥±‘µ ¬ ∂“π ·≈–¢à “ «°“√ Ÿ ≠ ‡ ’ ¬ §√—È ß  ”§— ≠ ¢Õß√“™∫— ≥ ±‘ µ ¬ ∂“π §◊ Õ ¢à “ «
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»“ µ√“®“√¬å ¥√.ª√“‚¡∑¬å ‰™¬‡«™
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°—∫æ—≤π“°“√∑“ß®√‘¬∏√√¡ Ú. §”«à“À—«ªÉ“°å·≈–À—«ªÉ“ Û. ‡«∑’‚≈°·Ààß«√√≥°√√¡ : «√√≥§¥’‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫
π‘æπ∏åµâπ©∫—∫„π‡≈à¡π’È¡’‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ëπà“ π„®∂÷ß ˜ ‡√◊ËÕß ‰¥â·°à Ò. °“√µÕ∫ πÕßµàÕæ‘∫—µ‘¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õߪ√–™“™π :
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 ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡º—߇¡◊Õß Ú.  ¡—¬·Ààߧ«“¡¬ÿà߬“° (§.». Òı˘¯-ÒˆÒÛ) ·≈–°“√ ∂“ªπ“√“™«ß»å‚√¡“πÕø Û. ∫∑∫“∑
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∫∑∫√√≥π‘∑—»πå „π©∫—∫¡’ ˆ ‡√◊ËÕß ‰¥â·°à Ò. ‡ ’¬ßÀπ—°‡∫“°—∫§”∂“¡‡°’ˬ«°—∫§”„π¿“…“‰∑¬ Ú. µà“ߺ‘«-
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ª√–‚¬™π宓°«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û ªï∑’Ë Û ‰¥âÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡Õ‘Ë¡§√—∫

»“ µ√“®“√¬å 𓬷æ∑¬åπ‘æπ∏å æ«ß«√‘π∑√å

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√

∫√√≥“∏‘°“√·∂≈ß
885
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

SPIRITUALITY IN ART : Lertsiri Bovornkitti*

Faculty of Fine and Applied Art,

BUDDHIST VALUES IN Burapha University, Chon Buri,

Thailand

THAILAND

Abstract
The increasing importance of alternative spiritual meanings and values apparent in the modern
Western world certainly indicate that the significance and the presence of “spirituality” in art is enhanced.
The meaning of the word “spirituality” and the way Thais interpret it will be introduced in order to open
a discussion on this concept in contemporary Thai art. The emphasis of the discussion will be the
philosophical characteristics and values of the concept of spirituality in art, and of its relationship with
Buddhism. The conclusion that Buddhism is the main source of Thai spirituality will be supported by
the views of selected Thai artists.
In the subsequent phase, Buddhism and its teachings are briefly described along with the
significance of Buddhist values in Thailand. Thus, the Thai concept of karma (cause and effect) and
kan-tham-bun (merit-making) in relation to Buddhist practices will be discussed in the context of
Buddhist values.
Overall, this communication will lay the groundwork for understanding the characteristics and
values of “spirituality in art” in Thailand as perceived by artists and by the public. The result will be
the emergence of a theoretically framed dialogue that provides a basis for understanding the term
spirituality in art in the Thai context, and the relationship between Thai art and Buddhism.

Key words : spirituality, Buddhism, Thai art

Spirituality: A Definition 1. of the spirit or the soul, of- not corporeal;

According to Webster’s New
World English Dictionary1, “spiritu-
ality” (noun) means spiritual char-
acter, quality, or nature : opposed to
sensuality, worldliness. From this
comes the adjective “spiritual” which
means:
ten in a religious or moral aspect,
as distinguished from the body;
2. of, from, or concerned with
the intellect, or what is often thought
of as the better or higher part of the
mind;
3. of or consisting of spirit;
4. characterized by the ascend-
ancy of the spirit; showing much
refinement of thought and feeling;
5. of religion or the church;
sacred, devotional, or ecclesiastical;
not lay or temporal;
6. spiritualistic or supernatural.

* Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand

SPIRITUALITY IN ART :
BUDDHIST VALUES IN THAILAND
732

In general, the meaning of
“spirituality” is profound, and be-
yond physical dimensions, thus
relating to the philosophical and
abstract. “Spirituality” in Thai culture
is strongly connected with the spir-
itual values of religion and the spir-
ituality of nature, as opposed to
attachment to what is material and
to the corporeal. Moreover, the Thai
notions of “spirituality” are deeply
connected with the spirit of the
“soul”.
“Spirituality” in the Thai Context
Thai people have long been
associated with spiritualism. This
is due to the numerous mystic ele-
ments, folk beliefs and more formal
sacred beliefs that are deeply em-
bedded in Thai culture. It is true that
mystical power and the sacredness
of the unknown still have some
effect on the life of Thai people even
in this century, when science and
technology are influencing every
aspect of living. The majority of
Thai people believe in the world
of spirits, where one cannot under-
stand without having real expe-
rience.
In conjunction with the percep-
tion of “spirituality” as a value that
is opposed to sensuality or world-
liness, or simply as mind as op-
posed to body, Thai people also
connect the word “spiritual” with the
ideas of the “sacred” in religion.
In the context of religion, they think
of spirituality as an extension of
Buddhist values, as well as in terms
of the sacredness of Buddhism.
Lertsiri Bovornkitti
Buddhism as a Thai cultural
signifier has been the greatest source
in the search for spiritual wisdom for
the Thai people. They are familiar
with the teachings of Buddhism and
of the Buddhist values that influence
their way of living. These values are
elementary to the moral and ethical
standards of Thai culture. Buddhist
values underline the Thai “moral”
practices in relation to the law of
karma that encourage kan-tham-
di (right action). This is how human
response to spiritual awareness
works: Buddhist teachings create
moral and ethical values in human
thought and therefore influence all
human behaviour.
The term “spirituality” is in-
tangible and is connected with the
sacred nature of Thai religion. The
idea and meaning of “spirituality”
has become established as a philo-
sophical doctrine, upholding and
supporting the meaning of life.
Through a strong manifestation
of religious thought in the Thai
cultural system, most Thai people
comprehend “spirituality” by way
of these Buddhist values. The search
for balance and harmony in life
through spiritual values is also an
alternative to oppositional values
caused by worldly problems and
struggles.
Art and Spirituality
The world is changing radically
as we advance into the “Information
Age”, central to contemporary
globalisation. World economics
(as opposed to regional economics)
733
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
is becoming increasingly para-
mount, creating a more competitive
and self-conscious world. Con-
sumerism is now a dominant global
principle that blatantly encourages
material values above all offers.
Thai people have been drawn
towards this consumerist culture,
becoming ever more concerned with
the comfort and luxury accessible
through material gains. But many
believe passionately that there must
be a balance between the material
world and the spiritual world. In
society at large, there is a great need
for an alternative to the dominance
of the culture of consumerism.
Optimistically, globalisation
also creates an awareness of the
integrity of the world’s religions,
languages, and cultures. Many deve-
loping countries are encouraged
to preserve their art and culture
regardless of economic change.
In principle, the visual arts are
closely associated with the spiritual-
ity of the Thai people. Consequently,
art is one area that is directly related
to their inner feelings and expres-
sions. Prinya Tantisuk (1998), a
lecturer at Silpakorn University,
believes that art gives aesthetic ex-
pression to the inner thoughts and
feelings of the artist (interview with
the artist, 1999). He said that his art
brings his audiences closer to virtue,
the reflection of his idea of aesthetic
value. Thus, his art is a means of
fulfilling the aesthetics, which is in
turn viewed as a way of expressing
spirituality.
Spiritual awareness is undoubt-
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
edly accessible through art. Kind-
ness, peace and spiritual wisdom
among human beings may result
from engagement with art that ex-
presses spirituality.3
Artist and art lecturer, Panya
Vijinthanasarn (1998), whose art
works are discussed later in this
exegesis, believes that art can bring
the Thai public closer to virtue and
to the subject of morality (interview
with the artist, 1999).
Similarly, Chalermchai Kosit-
pipat (1998) sees art as a tool that
directly serves his spiritual need
through association with Buddhism.
Chalermchai (1998) dedicates his
artworks to Buddhism. He believes
that the art that serves religion can
bring peace and spirituality to the
people. Ark Fongsamut (2000), a
Thai art curator and critic, believes
that visual forms can represent
spirituality and reflect its abstract
meanings effectively.4
Many scholars have addressed
the current search for spirituality, and
the world’s major and minor religions
have been playing a wider role in
bringing kindness, peace and spiritual
wisdom to their followers. Thai
people turn to Buddhism and to the
sacred in times of spiritual need,
whilst others turn to magical power
to solve their problems. The attitude
of Thais towards spiritualism is
mainly due to their religious aware-
ness. This religious awareness is
evident in Thai art and a significant
number of contemporary Thai artists
have been pursuing spiritual wisdom
through their works. Assistant
Professor Somporn Rodboon5, an
art scholar and curator, believes that
spiritual notions and values are not
only true and important for life gen-
erally but also for art and artists
(Bangkok Post Outlook, 2002).
There is some evidence that
contemporary Thai art has also been
a catalyst for social, political and
spiritual change. This will be dis-
cussed later.
Concept of Spirituality in Thai Art
The concept of “spirituality” is
essentially intangible, and interpreted
in many ways in art. The concept
does not convey only formal religious
faith or beliefs where traditional
symbols of religion have been repre-
sented, but also a wide range of
abstract images and intellectual con-
ditions.
In the West, “spirituality ex-
presses itself across a wide spectrum
of religious allegiances and belief
systems” (Drury et al., 1996:7)6. It
is aware that artistic expression
such as that of the Thai involves the
concept of “spirituality” through such
systems.
Spiritual dimension in art can
be expressed in a number of ways,
ranging from overt mythic and reli-
gious symbolism through to intangi-
ble and metaphysical resonances
which somehow arise instinctually
within the work (Drury et al.,
1996:9).
The instinctive response of
artists to spirituality is seen as a
natural response to the spiritual
“background system” of each artist.
734
Prinya Tantisuk (1998) and many
other Thai artists believe that art crea-
tion is embued with the inner spirit
of the artist involved in the process
of making.
However, while artists may re-
late to the concept of “spirituality”
through an extension of the conscious
mind that involves “mystery”, there
are also “instinctual” and “doctrinal”
responses available.
The potential of human secular
awareness and a sacred potential
innate in all humans are also related
to this particular artistic practice, and
as a consequence, some artworks are
potentially related to “spirituality”
without actual knowing it. The
expression of spirituality is not at
once evident, but is inherent in the
work.
A number of the Thai artists
interviewed agreed that the process
of artistic creation at certain levels
is associated with “spirituality”,
embodying the concepts of “soul” or
“essence”. This is fundamental for
many Thai artists; their work reflect
both human awareness and an inner
state of consciousness. Thavorn
Ko-udomvit (1998) gave his opinion
that artworks that carried the essence
of spirituality also reflected the
artists’ instinctual awareness.
Drury et al. (1996:7) described
spirituality in art:
In its broadest connotation it
relates to the sacred and transcen-
dental dimensions of human con-
sciousness and touches directly on
the fundamental mystery which
underlies the process of creation.
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BUDDHIST VALUES IN THAILAND
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Thus, spirituality in art com- Wasily Kandinsky, 1912) Such trends are also identifiable
prises mysterious transcendental For example, the idea of “spir- in contemporary Thai art practice.
experiences imbued in the conscious ituality in art” emerged in the work The significance of the concept of
mind, and reflects the artists’ instinc- of Wasily Kandinsky, a precursor of “spirituality in art” has associate
tual awareness present during the abstract art. Kandinsky developed themes explored by many Thai
process of creation. many theories regarding abstraction artists in the past. The level of un-
The making of art in this way and its relationship to spiritualism derstanding of “spirituality in art” by
refers mainly to the spiritual expres- in his book, Concerning the Spiritual historical Thai artists is immeasur-
sions of the artist and the meanings in Art, published in 1912. His able. Though it is now a strong ele-
of the subject matter, rather than to abstract paintings depict obvious ment in contemporary Thai art, we
techniques, skills or aesthetic quali- spiritual qualities, such as the series must look at spiritual aspects of the
ties of the work. This spirituality is of Improvision and Composition contemporary to understand its con-
about the relationship between an (1911-1913), (Figure 1). text.
artist’s conscious/unconscious en- In the aftermath of World War Although spirituality in art has
gagement with the spiritual dimen- Two, the concept of spirituality be- not been articulated in terms of
sions of expression. came less popular and unfashionable current art theory nor has it been
In this interpretation, artworks in the context of the onslaught of taught in visual art programmes in
are able to convey the essence of the post-modernism. By the end of the Thailand. Panya Vijinthanasarn
spiritual world - the underlying meta- twentieth century, “the spiritual in (1998) suggested that the idea of
physical truth which extends well art” had re-emerged as “spirituality” spirituality in art and the significance
beyond individual, ego - based per- and an international response to the of such concepts should be developed
ceptions - concerning the mystery global ideas of consumerism and and theorised within the discourse
and the sacred nature of life. materialism. of art theory.
In the past several decades,
there was much speculation of a
Western revival of the spiritual and
the sacred in art. “Spirituality” had
been a significant concept in histori-
cal Western artistic expression. Cur-
rently, its unique quality has once
again become more identifiable
among contemporary artistic prac-
tices. Kuspit (1996) described this
tendency: “spirituality is an espe-
cially unique quality today... Spiritu-
ality legitimizes the abstract work’s
worldly success”.
Evidence that artists have been
re-exploring the concept of spiritu-
ality in art can be seen in the West
since early in the twentieth century.
(Concerning the Spiritual in Art,
Figure 1 Study for Composition No.2 (1911-1913)

Lertsiri Bovornkitti
735
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Currently, art theory in Thailand
deals with conventional art methods
and studies; with few exceptions,
contemporary issues and concepts
are not emphasised (with few
exceptions). Most Thai art scholars
perceive spirituality in art as an
unrealistic subject and thus insignifi-
cant.
However, it is perhaps logical
to study contemporary Thai art in
relation to its spiritual elements in
order to further identify the concept
of spirituality as an art form. We
should be able to more readily iden-
tify the characteristics and nature
of the concept of “spirituality”.
In order to find meaning in the
transcendental and metaphysical
world, contemporary Thai artists
have associated with religion and
with philosophy in an attempt to find
the spiritual. As such, many have
created a spiritual atmosphere of
peace, serenity, calmness and tran-
quillity in their artworks.
In contemporary Thai artistic
practice, the concept of “spirituality”
depends largely on the formal reli-
gious faith and belief in Buddhism,
the dominant religion in Thailand.
Consequently many Thai artists ex-
press spirituality derived from their
understanding of Buddhist values and
ideas. This concern with “spiritual-
ity” has been an indigenous main-
stream in the history of contemporary
Thai art.
Thai scholars have connected
Thai artists with the idea of “spiritu-
ality” since the late 1950s. Apinan
(1992) asserted that some artists, such
as Pichai Nirand, Pratuang Emjaroen,
Tang Chang, Damrong Wong-Uparaj,
Somsak Chowtadapong, Kanya
Chareonsupkul, Chamruang Vichien-
khet and Vichai Sithirat, explored
abstract art with Buddhism to find
the spiritual in art.7
Buddhism and Its Influence on
Thai Arts and Culture
Buddhism is the state religion
in Thailand. Its existence is evident
in that it is central to the moral and
ethical values of the nation. Certainly,
Buddhism underlines Thai cultural
identity and belief systems regardless
of the increasing awareness of the
materialism and consumerism inher-
ent in globalisation. The impact of
Buddhism on Thai culture and belief
systems is visible in all aspects of
Thailand’s cultural heritage; Thailand
is called the “Land of Dhamma”*.
(*Also, “Land of Buddhist teaching”
is a slogan used to depict Thailand
as a land of many Buddhist temples,
since Buddhism predominates in
the Thai Kingdom.)
Religion is deeply rooted in the
national culture. The Thai monarchy,
the country’s administration and the
majority of the people are devotees
of Buddhist doctrines.
For centuries, with the domi-
nance of Buddhism in the kingdom,
religion’s value system developed as
part of Thai thought and discipline.
Being a religion as well as a philoso-
phy that is based on understanding
and rational thought, it is actually a
way of life of a people, an all-encom-
passing, multi-leveled lifestyle, and
736
the instrument of a people’s identity
and cultural continuity. (Ishii, 1986)
This influence is strongly evi-
dent in Thai arts, and the culture that
characterises Thailand today. Art as
an important element in Thai arts
and culture has been the subject of
Buddhist teachings, as exemplified
by Buddhist manuscripts and temple
wall paintings.
Thai art and Buddhism have
long been interrelated, and one his-
torical purpose of early Thai art was
its use for teaching Buddhism to a
growing population. Today, as Thai
society still emphasises Buddhist
values and the ultimate goal of Bud-
dhism, the way to enlightenment, it
is Buddhism and its teaching that
inform spirituality. It is now relevant
to review the principles of the doc-
trine to give a clearer understanding
of the nature of the spiritual in Thai
art.
A Brief Outline of the History and
Teachings of Buddhism
There are two major Buddhist
sects, one is Theravada8 Buddhism
or “Hinayana”, (widely practised in
South-East Asia) and the other is
“Mahayana” Buddhism, practised
mainly in China, Japan and other
parts of East Asia. The difference
between the two sects lies in their
goals and practices.
According to Lester (1973),
though Buddhism has been divided
into two main sects, all Buddhists
adhere to Buddhism per se as a way
of life. As he describes it:
Hinayana or Lesser Vehicle and
SPIRITUALITY IN ART :
BUDDHIST VALUES IN THAILAND

Mahayana or Greater Vehicle basi-
cally represent different responses to
the historical Buddha. Largely monks
who sought to follow the Buddha
to enlightenment elaborated the
Theravada (Hinayana) definition of
Buddhism. The Mahayana definition
was informed from the side of both
popular devotion and meditative in-
sight and emphasised the compassion
of the Buddha for the salvation of all
beings. Thus in the Mahayana, en-
lightenment is only instrumental to
a larger end.
The Theravada Buddhism
practised today in Thailand is also
practised in Sri Lanka, Myanmar,
Laos, Cambodia, and other parts of
South-East Asia.
The heart of the Buddha’s teach-
ing lies in the Four Noble Truths
(cattari ariyasaccani)9:
1. Dukkha or “The Noble
Truth of Suffering”. Life according
to Buddhism is nothing but suffering
and pain. Dukkha includes deeper
ideas such as “imperfection”, “imper-
manence”, and “emptiness”, and
“insubstantiality”.
2. Samudaya, the arising or
origin of dukkha. It is the “thirst”
(tan⁄ha), desire, greed, craving, mani-
festing themselves in various ways
that give rise to all forms of suffer-
ing and the continuity of beings.
3. Nirodha, the cessation of
dukkha, where there is no desire, and
* There is a Buddhist tale used in teaching that there are three types of lotus on earth. First is the lotus that stays in the mud, which refers to a
person who does not try to understand anything: who therefore is ignorant. Second is the lotus that stays underneath the water, so would not see the light
of dhamma. Third is the lotus that rises above the water, which refers to people who learn and understand the teachings (dhamma) well.
Lertsiri Bovornkitti
there is no suffering. This is the truth
of “nibbana”, or in Sanskrit, nirvan⁄a.
4. Magga (The Path), the way
leading to the cessation of dukkha,
known as the “Middle Path” which
leads to calm, insight, enlightenment,
nirvan⁄a, and is referred to as the No-
ble Eightfold Path that is composed
of eight categories, namely:
1. Right Understanding
2. Right Thought
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
5. Right Livelihood
6. Right Effort
7. Right Mindfulness
8. Right Concentration (Ishii,
1986)
The teaching of Buddhism
regarding the Four Noble Truths
shows the way to enlightenment and
to freedom from human suffering
through following the Buddhist way
of life. Basic human suffering comes
from being born, aging, falling ill and
dying. The Lord Buddha himself
made an inquiry into these aspects
before he left his normal life to search
for the truth of life.
The Buddha’s teachings reveal
the true nature of life and they pro-
vide Buddhist people with a way of
life to be followed, to be developed
and practised by each individual. It
is the path leading to the realisation
of ultimate reality, complete freedom,
737
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
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happiness and peace through moral,
spiritual and intellectual perfection.
However, not everyone can follow
the path completely. Each individual
may have specific difficulties to deal
with. This is the true nature of hu-
man beings; otherwise, everyone
would be entitled to enlightenment*.
Thai perceptions of life have
been a basic response to the teach-
ings of Buddha, and as such, under-
lie the society’s structural thinking.
As Buddhist teachings have a direct
impact on Thai society, many other
elements of Buddhism have influ-
enced the culture conventionally.
Buddhism in Thailand has many
customs and ceremonies for religious
occasions and celebrations. In addi-
tion, Buddhism has value in satisfy-
ing certain religious emotions and
personal needs as devotees gradually
practise the path. Such religious cer-
emonies have been absorbed into
Thai tradition and custom. For exam-
ple, the temple is both a sacred place
and a community meeting place. Thai
people go to temples to obtain peace
of mind, to listen to monks preach-
ing, and to make merit.
Merit-making in Buddhism
Corrupt monks and their asso-
ciates who had recently exploited the
religion for monetary gain have se-
verely damaged the concept of merit-
making. Recently, there have been a
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

number of such scandals.* However,

the nature of merit-making through
genuine practices is perceived as
highly sacred in Thailand. Thai peo-
ple believe that, to be prosperous and
happy in the future, it is necessary to
make merit in the present; “merit-
making” is perceived as making a
good and right distribution of a por-
tion of what one possesses to ensure
that one can receive merit in the fu-
ture life. The direct way of making
merit includes Buddhist practices
such as meditation, making food
offerings to monks, going to temples
to chant and pray to Buddha and Figure 2 The offering of food takes place each morning. Thai Buddhist
staying on the Buddha’s path. (See
figure 2 for a merit-making scene
laypersons bring food for monks. This is one way of making merit in
with people queuing up to offer food Buddhism. Customarily, Thai people consider special occasions such as
during food offering session.) In New Yearûs Day as a perfect time for alms-giving (tak-bat) in order to
addition, the concept of making merit
receive a blessing from monks.
has been expanded to those making
donations through charity works and
by distributing personal possessions where I think this sort of aesthetic is my artistic practice serves as merit
to disadvantaged people. equivalent to right attitude; hence, making. (Chalermchai, 1999)
As a result of the interviews this action is in a way making merit I was also told by several art-
with artists, it appears that there are (Prinya, 1999). ists that they had been making dona-
a large number of who believe that tions to charities from part of their
their production of art is equivalent The opinions of Chalermchai sales proceeds. (interviews with the
to making merit. Kositpipat and Panya Vijinthana- artists, 1999)
They agreed that the creation of sarn are united in that their artworks Thai people generally go to tem-
the aesthetic in art is much the same are a direct contribution to Buddhism ples to make offerings to monks, on
as the creation of virtue, that in turn and thus merit-making is part of the the occasion of their birthdays, on
can be compared with the concept of end result. taking new jobs, and whenever life’s
merit-making. As one artist asserted: I dedicated my artworks to circumstances demand it. People
My artistic creation is focused Buddhism and it is to Buddhism, have their loved ones cremated at
on the aesthetic quality of my works, too, that I devoted myself. Therefore, temples, and monks control the cre-

* Nowadays, merit-making also involves a donation of money to Buddhist monks individually and to temples as a way of supporting the
religion. Money therefore is used for maintaining and improving temples and their facilities.

SPIRITUALITY IN ART :
BUDDHIST VALUES IN THAILAND
738
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mation process as part of traditional

life. Buddhist cremation sends off
the spirit of the dead in peace, an im-
portant end to life on earth.
Consequently, the majority of
older people are now more actively
involved in Buddhist practices. They
visit temples more often than the
young, because the temple is a spir-
itual place, a place for protecting the
spirit until its time on earth ends.
Older people assist monks in
many ways, especially in organising
temple festivals (see figure 3) and
praying together. Older folk also take
their children and grandchildren with
them to visit temples and therefore Figure 3 During the Thai New Year festival on 13 April each year,
introduce them to Buddhist tradi-
tions.
people gather together at temples to make merit through activities such as
Buddhist festivals and activities offering alms and listening to monks preach. People shower water over the
help in bringing different generations Buddha statue. Then they enjoy throwing water at each other at this
together in an unending cycle of
festival known as the songkran or the Water Festival.
practice. An ordination ceremony
normally brings together a large
number of people: family, relatives
and friends. In modern Thai culture,
it is still widely believed that, after
20, a Thai man should join a monas-
tery as a monk for a period of at least
one month (see figure 4). It has been
a custom that Thai laymen become
ordained at least once in their life-
time as a way of making merit on
behalf of their parents. It is believed
that through such a practice, the par-
ents who see yellow robes will reach
heaven after death. Anyone who has
undergone the process of ordination
realises a great sense of spiritual feel-
ing and enters totally into another
spiritual dimension.
By contrast, Thai laywomen Figure 4 An ordination ceremony for new monks in an ubosot (chapel).

Lertsiri Bovornkitti
739
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
cannot be ordained as monks in
Theravada Buddhism. This has
provoked charges of discrimination
against women in modern Thai
society. Varangkhana Vonvijayane,
once a Thai University professor, is
now a “lady monk”. She faces many
pressures from the Thai Buddhist
monk organisation (sangha); her
ordination was strongly opposed by
this body. Her comment that it is not
the religion that stops women from
being monks but monks who created
such an inequitable rule* raises
questions about the way Buddhism
has been altered by the followers of
the religion, especially Thai monks
and their established organisation
(sangha). That organisation has the
highest authority in overseeing the
legitimacy of the religion in Thailand.
The sangha maintains the sover-
eignty of the religion, a role that is
supported by the king, the royal
family and the government.
In the case of Thailand the
historical continuity of the institution
of the sangha (monks or rahan) and
its relationship to the Thai state up
to present day has meant that Bud-
dhist doctrines and practices in that
country have retained an especially
high degree of symbolic significance
and relevance to political activities
and debates (Jackson, 1993:64).
Buddhism is symbolic of the
sanctity of the nation. Thai people
regard Buddhism as the way of
righteousness and believe that the
country’s solidarity and prosperity
* She appeared on Australian television (ABC) at the end of October 2001 on being interviewed by the BBC.
are directly related to the religion. that “to the Buddhists there is some-
At the same time, Thai people have thing special in degree about a Bud-
the highest respect for the king who dha image, a monastery, and a Bud-
is the symbolic figure of the nation dhist monk as much as all life is
itself. The present king, King understood in terms of Buddhist
Bhumibhol Adulyadej, is a devotee values, everything is sacred”. Here
of Buddhism; he once was ordained Lester suggests that the Buddhist
as a Buddhist monk for a period of people in Thailand hold that all
three months. The king’s upholding Buddhist elements, whether material
of Buddhism greatly influences the or nonmaterial, have sacred power.
religion. Ishii (1986) suggests that, For example, he mentions the Bud-
in the Thai public view, “the magical dha image as one of the most sacred
power of sanctity” inherent in the elements of Buddhism, receiving the
king and in Buddhism “leads to the highest respect. Devotees believe in
fusion of the two in the minds of the the sacredness, and even magical
people”. power of such objects (see figure 5).
The magical power of sanctity This psychological effect, which
is not confined in the popular mind often has a positive outcome, is an
to the bounds of Buddhism. Among example of the spiritual strength the
things sacred is, as pointed out ear- people gain from various elements
lier, the king, in whom sanctity is of the religion.
inherent; and the common sanctity
of the king and Buddhism leads to the
fusion of the two in the minds of the
people. This bond of sanctity
between them enhances the effective-
ness of the combination of king and
Buddhism as a nationalist symbol
(Ishii, 1986:154).
Buddhism has a direct input into
the formation of the national and
cultural identity of Thailand and is
consequently the most significant
spiritual symbol in the minds of the
people.
Among all things sacred, Bud-
dhism is regarded as the most sacred
to Thai Buddhists. They also see
many superficial elements of Bud-
dhism as sacred. Lester (1973) says Figure 5 Amulet
SPIRITUALITY IN ART :
BUDDHIST VALUES IN THAILAND
740
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Lester (1973) also stated : “Thai
people pay highest respect to these
sacred figures as they speak of their
way of life as the Buddha-Sasana-
the ‘Buddha context’ (the teaching
of the Buddha) and all are on the path
of the Buddha.”
This indicates that the way of
life in Thailand is lived in associa-
tion with Buddhism, by way of the
teaching of the Buddha and in the
sacred elements of the religion.
In all walks of life in Thailand,
from simple village life to complex
city living, the various symbols,
rituals, beliefs, and patterns of life
reveal the impact of Buddhism.
Thais are constantly reminded of
Buddhism through such means; these
serve to encourage them to strive to
live in accordance with Buddhism’s
values and its teachings.
References
1. Webster’s New World English Diction-
ary of the American Language, College
Edition. Cleveland and New York :
The World Publishing Company,
1958. p. 1406.
2. Poshayannanda A. Modern art in
Thailand : ninteenth and twentieth
century. Singapore : Oxford University
Press, 1992.
3. Wijers L. Art meets sciences and spir-
ituality. London : Academy Editions,
1990.
4. Fongsmut A. Root. Bangkok : Bangkok
Post Publishing Company Ltd., 1998.
5. Samudthavanij C. Globalization and
the future of Thailand. Bangkok :
Manager Publishing Company, 1995.
Cited in Fongsmut A. Localization :
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paintings. Chiang Mai : Chotana Print
Co. Ltd., 1999.
6. Drury N, Voigt A. Fire and shadow :
spirituality in Contemporary Austra-
lian Art. Roseville, NSW : Craftsman
House, 1996:7,9.
7. Ishii Y. Sangha, state, and society : Thai
Buddhism in history. Honolulu : Uni-
versity of Hawaii Press, 1986.
8. Jackson, P A. Re-Interpreting the
Traiphum Phra Ruang : Political
Functions of Buddhist Symbolism in
Contemporary Thailand. In : Trevor
Ling, ed., Buddhist Trends in Southeast
Asia, Singapore : Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies, 1993. pp. 64-100.
9. Lester RP. Theravada Buddhism in
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10. Rodboon S. Spiritual art exhibition.
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Lertsiri Bovornkitti
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ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

The Role of Thai Energy Policy Chavalit Pichalai*

and Strategies in Sustainable

Development

Abstract
Thailand’s energy demand is increasing each year. Measures to reduce dependency on imported
energy are implemented to reduce the trade deficit. Therefore, establishing proper energy policy and
strategies, together with efficient energy management, is crucial to ensure energy supply security for
sustainable growth of the country. Energy diversification is an important means to enhance security of
energy supply. Thailand has indigenous natural gas reserves and abundant renewable energy sources;
therefore, efforts will be made to maximize the use of our own energy resources. Moreover, natural
gas and renewable energy are cleaner energy that will help to reduce adverse environmental impact
of energy supply.
More importantly, to promote greater use of alternative and renewable energy as well as R&D
on technology and utilization of such energy, of which the costs are still high, financial incentives
from the government are available, mainly through the Energy Conservation Promotion Fund. This
aims to create a greater market for alternative and renewable energy and to make it competitive with
conventional fuels in the long run.

Key words : biofuels, energy, environmental impact, policy and strategies, sustainable development

1. Overview on Thailand’s Energy
Sector Management
In the past, energy management
was handled by various departments
under different ministries. However,
the overall management of the energy
sector was under the National Energy
Policy Council (NEPC), established
under the National Energy Policy
Council Act, B.E. 2535 (1992) and
chaired by the Prime Minister.
To enhance efficient manage-
ment, the Energy Policy Committee
(EPC) was established to assist with
the work of the NEPC, chaired by
the Minister to the Prime Minister’s
Office responsible for energy.
Additionally, the NEPC is res-
ponsible for the promotion of energy
conservation and the management of
the Energy Conservation Promotion
Fund (ENCON Fund) according to
the Energy Conservation Promotion
Act, B.E. 2535 (1992). The Energy
Conservation Promotion Fund Com-
mittee has been established to assist
the NEPC with the ENCON Fund
management and to ensure that allo-
cations from the ENCON Fund are
made in compliance with the regula-

* Director, Energy System Analysis Bureau Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), Ministry of Energy

Chavalit Pichalai
717
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Figure 1 Thai Oil Rig in Kamphaeng Phet Province
tions stipulated in the Act.
The Energy Policy and Planning
Office (EPPO), formerly known as
the National Energy Policy Office
under the Office of the Prime Minis-
ter, served as the Secretariat to the
NEPC, EPC and the ENCON Fund
Committee.
In October 2002, after the bu-
reaucratic reform of the Thai govern-
ment, the Ministry of Energy was
established. Various energy-related
agencies that used to be scattered
under different ministries have been
transferred to be under the Ministry
of Energy so that the energy sector
The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in
718
management and the planning and
development of national energy pro-
grams, including regulation, would
be more streamlined.
The Energy Policy Committee
(EPC) was renamed as the Commit-
tee on Energy Policy Administration
(CEPA), chaired by the Minister of
Energy.
Sustainable Development
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯

Former Organizational Structure of Thailand’s 2. Thailand’s Energy Situation

Energy Sector Management Thailand is the biggest consumer
of energy in the Southeast Asian re-
gion. Since energy is a major driv-
Cabinet
ing force for the economic growth,
it is essential that the Ministry of
Energy ensure energy supply secu-
National Energy Policy Council
(NEPC) rity to fuel the country’s growth and
development.
In 2004, the demand for primary
commercial energy increased by
Energy Policy Committee Energy Conservation Promotion Fund
(EPC) Committee (ENCON Fund Committee) 7.6% compared with that in 2003.
The demand for refined oil products
increased by 10.5% and natural gas
Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO) and lignite by 3.6% and 18.7% res-
(formerly under the Office of the Prime Minister) pectively. The demand for imported
coal increased by 6.2% and imported
electricity/hydropower decreased by
11.8%. The demand for electric
power in 2004 increased by 7.4%
compared with the previous year.
Current Organizational Structure of Thailand’s On the supply side, the produc-
Energy Sector Management tion of primary commercial energy
in 2004 increased by 1.0% from the
Cabinet previous year. Crude oil production
decreased by 11% due to the mainte-
nance shutdown of Benjamas oil field
National Energy Policy Council of Chevron for two weeks in Jan-
(NEPC)
uary and the three-week shutdown in
April of the Big Oil Project for new
pipeline connection for new tankers.
Committee on Energy Energy Conservation Lignite production increased by 6.8%
Policy Administration Ministry of Energy Promotion Fund Committee
while the hydropower decreased
(CEPA) (MOEN) (ENCON Fund Committee)
by 18.2% due to long drought.

* EPPO, now under the MOEN, still serves as Secretariat to

the NEPC, CEPA and ENCON Fund Committee.

Chavalit Pichalai
719
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

The total installed generating ing for 31%, 8% and 2% respectively.

capacity of Thailand as at the end of
2004 is 26,056 MW, 59% of which
belongs to the EGAT Public Com-
pany Limited (Formerly Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand, or
EGAT, which has been corporatized
since 24 June 2005). The remainder
is constituted by Independent Power
Producers (IPPs), Small Power Pro-
ducers (SPPs) and exchange/import
from neighboring countries, account-
The ratio of commercial primary
energy import to the total demand in
2004 was 68%, increasing from 64%
in 2003. The total value of Thailand’s
energy import in 2004 was 536 bil-
lion Baht (or almost 13.4 billion
US$). Of this amount, 89% was spent
on the import of crude oil and refined
oil products. The total expenditure
on energy of the country in 2004
amounted to 15.4% of the GDP.

Figure 2 Biodiesel Station

Demand, Production, (Net) Import of Primary Commercial Energy (a)

Unit : ktoe

2003 2004 Change

(%)
Demand(b) 67,219 72,292 7.6
Production 33,382 33,695 1.0
(Net) Import 43,368 49,460 14.0
Import/total demand (%) 64.0 68.0
Economic Growth Rate (%)* 6.9 6.1
(*Source : NESDB)

(a)
Commercial primary energy comprises crude oil, natural gas, condensate, petroleum products, hydro-
electricity and coal/lignite
(b)
Exclusive of stock change and non-energy use, i.e. use of asphalt, NGL, condensate, LPG and naphtha
as feedstock in the petrochemical industry.

The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in

Sustainable Development
720
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Total Installed Generating Capacity

(as of December 2004 : 26,056 MW)

IPP 31%
SPP 8%
Import 2%

EGAT 59%

Thailand had a trade surplus
during 2001 to 2004. However dur-
ing January to April of 2005, Thai-
land experienced a trade deficit of
approximately 185 billion baht. One
of the main reasons of the trade
deficit was oil and other fuel import.
The ratio of oil and other fuel import
value to the total import value
increased from 11.6% in 2001 to
14.0% and 15.3% in 2004 and 2005
(January to April) respectively. The
growth of oil and other fuel import,
compared with the same period in
the past, increased from 15.7% in
2001 to 44.1% and 60.8% in 2004
and 2005 (January to April) respec-
tively.

Balance of Trade
UNIT : Billion Baht
Value 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (JAN-APR)
Export 2,887 2,924 3,326 3,922 1,287
Import 2,752 2,775 3,138 3,840 1,472
Balance of Trade 135 149 188 82 -185
Source : Customs Department

The Component of Oil and Other Fuel Import

UNIT : Billion Baht
Value 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (JAN-APR)
Oil and other fuels 318 320 372 536 225
Others 2,434 2,455 2,766 3,304 1,247
Total import 2,752 2,775 3,138 3,840 1,472
Ratio of oil and other fuels (%) 11.6 11.5 11.9 14.0 15.3
Growth of oil and other fuels (%) 15.7 0.7 16.1 44.1 60.8
Source : Customs Department

Chavalit Pichalai
721
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
3. Thailand’s Energy Policy
Framework
With a view to reducing depen-
dency on imported energy and
strengthening energy supply security
in order to achieve sustainable de-
velopment, the Thai government has
emphasized secure, adequate energy
supply and sustainable energy use
while mitigating the impact of energy
development and utilization on the
environment through the following
energy policy framework:
• to promote energy supply
diversities, emphasizing the use of
indigenous energy resources, such
as natural gas;
• to promote efficient procure-
ment and use of alternative energy
sources; and
• to emphasize energy manage-
ment to increase competitiveness of
Thailand’s production sector and to
enhance stability of energy prices.
4. Thailand’s Energy Strategies
The cabinet passed a resolution
at its meeting on 2 September 2003
approving the targets and strategies
for the national energy development,
as presented by the Ministry of En-
ergy. The objectives are to enhance
energy supply security, to increase
energy efficiency of the country, to
enhance Thailand to be the “Regional
Energy Center” and to provide access
to energy with fair prices so as to
improve the quality of life of people
nationwide. In this regard, the Mi-
nistry of Energy has proposed the
targets, among others, to reduce the
national energy elasticity, or the
ratio of energy consumption growth
rate to the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) growth, from 1.4:1 to 1:1 by
the year 2007 and to increase the
share of renewable energy in the
national energy mix from 0.5% to
8% by 2011.
In this connection, four major
strategic plans in the energy sector
have been formulated as follows :
a) Strategic Plan for Energy
Efficiency
b) Strategic Plan for New&
Renewable Energy Development
c) Strategic Plan for Energy
Security Enhancement
d) Strategic Plan for Thailand
to Be the “Regional Energy Center.”
a) Strategic Plan for Energy Ef-
ficiency
An important strategy to help
decrease the growth rate of the na-
tional commercial energy demand is
to increase energy efficiency and eco-
nomic value of energy consumption.
The proactive national energy policy
matrix is, therefore, aimed at reduc-
ing the national energy elasticity from
1.4:1 to 1:1 by the year 2007.
The implementation under this
strategy involves the study, R&D and
support to bring about efficient use
of energy in the transportation, indus-
trial and household sectors. Impor-
tance is attached to the two major
energy intensive sectors, that is,
transportation and industrial sectors
which accounted for about 38% and
36% of the total energy demand
respectively in 2004. The implemen-
tation is expected to help save 20-
The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in
722
25% of energy consumption by the
year 2009, equivalent to 169 billion
baht, which means a substantial re-
duction of dependency on imported
energy.
• Energy Efficiency Improve-
ment in the Transportation Sector
In the transportation sector, in
order to increase energy efficiency,
emphasis is placed on the improve-
ment of efficient multi-mode trans-
portation infrastructure. Thailand’s
mass transport networks will undergo
a massive 900 billion Baht (or 22
billion US$) expansion to improve
access and reduce oil consumption.
Investment by both the public
and private sectors will be encou-
raged in the multi-modal transport
system, coastal navigation and logis-
tic networks related to transportation.
Focus will be on the improvement
and promotion of greater use of the
energy-efficient rail mode for both
freight and passenger transport, in-
stead of using cars and light/heavy
trucks. Also, oil transportation via
pipeline networks will be promoted.
The mass transport infrastruc-
ture in Bangkok and suburbs will be
integrated and expanded. It is ex-
pected that the implementation of
this mega-project will be completed
within 5 years.
• Energy Efficiency Improve-
ment in the Industrial Sector
For the industrial sector, em-
phasis is placed on the improvement
of the industrial structure to increase
competitive potential and review of
Sustainable Development

the investment promotion direction
to shift high-energy intensive to low-
energy intensive manufacturing, pay-
ing greater importance to the eco-
nomic value. Major measures include
tax incentive to boost energy effi-
ciency improvement in factories and
goods transportation and tax exemp-
tion for auditable energy saving for
industrial and commercial firms.
Besides, implementation of the fol-
lowing will be speeded up--energy
efficiency labeling for electrical
appliances and cars, establishment
of energy conservation certification
for factories, and promotion of
co-generation and district cooling/
heating systems.
Mandatory preliminary energy
audits, development of the energy
conservation target and plan of each
designated factory/building, and
energy conservation investment ac-
cording to the plan are still going on
under the Energy Efficiency Im-
provement Program of the national
Energy Conservation Plan, with fi-
nancial assistance from the ENCON
Fund.
To stimulate serious energy
efficiency implementation in de-
signated facilities, review is being
carried out on the introduction of
punitive measures, that is, the sur-
charge rates for designated facilities,
pursuant to Article 43 of the Energy
Conservation Promotion Act (1992),
for violation or failure to comply with
relevant laws and regulations on
energy efficiency in designated
facilities.
1
The regulatory requirement for new power plants that 5% of their energy generation must be generated by renewable
energy.
Chavalit Pichalai
b) Strategic Plan for New & Re-
newable Energy Development
The Thai government fully re-
cognizes the importance of renew-
able energy with a view to achieving
sustainable development, diversifica-
tion of energy supply, and protection
of the environment.
However, from the projects on
renewable energy applications
funded by the government, it has
shown that capital cost is the most
important factor affecting competi-
tiveness and hence the viability of
renewable energy technologies. Our
TE
Commercial 16.5%
NRE
0.5%
Commercial
Energy
2002
Share of Thailandûs Final Fuel Mix in 2002 and Target in 2011
Some major measures are :
1) To promote the use of bio-
fuels via provision of tax incentive
and eventually introduction of
mandatory measures;
2) To encourage renewable en-
ergy utilization for power generation
via the regulations for power pur-
chase from Small Power Producers
(SPPs) using renewable energy as
723
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challenge is to lower the cost while
increasing efficiency of these tech-
nologies. This is to create sufficient
market demand, which will in turn
create the “economy of scale” that
will further pull the prices down.
Therefore, the government has
set the national goal to increase the
share of renewable energy in the
total energy mix from 0.5% in 2002
to 8% by the year 2011. Several sup-
portive measures have been devised
to establish market-driven mecha-
nisms.
TE = Traditional Energy
NRE = New & Renewable Energy
TE
11%
NRE
81%
N8%
R
E
2011
fuel in accordance with the policy
on Renewable Portfolio Standard
(RPS)1 and via fiscal and financial
incentives, for example, tax credit
and subsidies, including supportive
measures on externality (social and
environmental) costs and on carbon
tax, including improvement of the
power purchase regulations;
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
Figure 3 Solar for Roof Top for Department Store
3) To promote the use of renew-
able energy for heat generation via
the establishment of minimum effi-
ciency of the Combined Heat and
Power (CHP) system, measures on
biomass management in industrial
factories, tax incentive for industries
using biomass fuel, and legislative
measures on wastewater treatment
and waste disposal;
4) To support policy study and
R&D on renewable energy of which
Thailand has high potential, such as
solar, micro-hydropower and bio-
mass energy; and
5) To continue carrying out pub-
lic relations work to create positive
attitude and correct understanding of
renewable energy use.
• Promotion of Biofuels
In order to cope with the un-
stable supply of world crude oil and
oil price fluctuation, many countries
are trying to search for alternative
fuels to reduce the heavy reliance on
petroleum fuels, partially or entirely.
Under the strategic plan for
new&renewable energy develop-
ment, measures have been initiated
to promote the biofuel development,
particularly ethanol and biodiesel.
By the year 2011, a target has been
set to make use of oil plants, alcohol
or used cooking oil, via an appropri-
ate production process, to produce an
oil additive or to replace diesel and
gasoline consumption.
• Gasohol
For gasohol, the strategic plan
aims to utilize 4.0 million litres of
gasohol per day, or a half of gasoline
95 consumption to blend with gaso-
The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in
724
line at 10% ratio in 2005. In Addi-
tion, gasohol 95 stations will be
expanded from 800 to 4,000 stations
by the end of the same year. Impor-
tantly, as from 1 January 2007,
gasohol 95 will be distributed nation-
wide and gasoline 95 will be removed
from the market. A pilot product,
gasohol 95 (or the so-called “E-10”),
which is the mixture of gasohol and
Octane 91 gasoline at a ratio of 1 to
9, has been introduced into the Thai
market. In order to promote greater
production and use of gasohol, the
government has exempted the excise
tax imposed on the 10% ethanol
mixed with gasoline. This makes the
price of gasohol cheaper than the
price of Octane 95 gasoline (currently
it is 1.50 baht lower per litre), which
will induce consumers to use gasohol
instead of gasoline.
Other major supportive mea-
sures include:
- to reduce/exempt the contri-
bution rates to the Oil Fund and the
Energy Conservation Promotion
Fund;
- to establish the gasohol
specifications;
- to support R&D related to
ethanol production and utilization;
- to phase out the use of
MTBE in octane 95 gasoline by
2006; and
- to encourage the govern-
ment vehicle fleets to use gasohol as
the priority fuel option.
• Biodiesel
For biodiesel, the target is to
replace 10% of diesel consumption
Sustainable Development

in the year 2012 by biodiesel, ac-
counting for biodiesel utilization of
about 8.5 million litres per day or
3,100 million litres/year, by blending
biodiesel with diesel at 10% ratio.
Also, the blending of biodiesel at
various ratios will be encouraged
for other specific purposes, for ex-
ample, to fuel agricultural machines
in rural communities and to use in
combination with natural gas for
buses of the Bangkok Mass Transit
Authority (BMTA). Raw materials
suitable for biodiesel production are
raw palm oil and used cooking oil.
• Promotion of Renewable
Energy Utilization in Power Ge-
neration
This will help not only diver-
sify fuel sources for power genera-
tion and reduce energy import but
also develop alternative energy op-
Figure 4 Biodiesel Van
Chavalit Pichalai
tions to enhance the power system
stability through the use of clean and
environmentally friendly energy.
Focus is made on four renew-
able energy sources of which the
domestic potential is high, namely:
solar, wind, biomass/biogas and
mini-hydro.
• Solar Energy
With regard to the PV techno-
logy for power generation, about
6 MW of PV applications has been
reported so far. Most of them are in
remote areas and are off-grid, such
as solar cell battery charging stations,
PV pumping for village water sup-
ply and integrated systems of PV/
wind turbine/diesel engine for power
generation in national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries. One major grid-
connected project is EGAT’s 500-
725
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kW Pha Bong Solar Cell Power Plant
operated by EGAT in mountainous
Mae Hong Sorn province in north-
ern Thailand. The opening ceremony
of this largest solar cell power plant
in Indochina, worth 187.11 million
baht, was launched on 23 July 2004.
It is expected to help reduce diesel
consumption by 215,385 litres/year.
In addition, the government has
a policy to speed up electrification
nationwide. Pursuant to this, the Pro-
vincial Electricity Authority (PEA)
is carrying out a project on “solar
home system” to electrify about 250
thousand households in remote rural
areas, which will be more cost-
efficient than the conventional grid-
connected extension. The project is
to be accomplished by 2007, account-
ing for a total capacity of 24 MW.
By 2011, it is targeted that 250
MW of the PV system will be in-
stalled. Of this, 140 MW will be
boosted via the RPS to be imposed
on new power plants. The remain-
ing 86 MW will be promoted by
incentive measures to cover stand-
alone systems in remote areas and
PV rooftop for factories, buildings,
private homes and government build-
ings mainly for on-site consumption.
Promotion has also been made
on the use of solar thermal energy in
the form of solar water heaters for use
in households and new buildings,
solar herbicide extracting system
units, and solar dryers in the indus-
tries that require the drying process,
such as vegetable and fruit drying.
Financial support from the ENCON
Fund is provided to help reduce the
system installation costs.
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
• Wind Energy
There are currently two main
types of windmills used in Thailand,
according to their applications--one
is for agricultural water pumping and
the other is for electricity generation.
So far, a 192-kW generation system
from windmills has been installed in
Phuket province in the south of Thai-
land. Besides, wind turbines have
been installed as part of the hybrid
systems (PV/wind turbine/diesel en-
gine) at Tarutao and Phu Kradueng
National Parks with a capacity of 10
kW and 2.5 kW respectively.
Given the government policy
to promote renewable energy utiliza-
tion in power generation, it is pro-
jected that by the year 2011, 100 MW
of capacity can be generated by wind
energy. However, due to expected
associated high investment costs,
support from the government in the
form of subsidy, for example, may be
necessary.
Moreover, power generation
of no greater than 150 kW using wind
turbines will be promoted. R&D will
be supported on the production of
wind turbines for power generation
of no greater than 150 kW, based on
the wind energy potential in Thai-
land. In addition, demonstration and
promotion of domestically produced
wind turbine installation for power
generation will be carried out,
totaling 100 systems with a total ge-
nerating capacity of 15 MW.
• Biomass Energy
In the power generation sec-
tor, power producers, in the form of
“Small Power Producers (or SPPs)”
using renewable energy as fuel in-
stead of fossil fuel, have continuously
been supported by the government,
which can be summarized into four
phases up to now.
Phase I: Started in 1992, with a
view to encouraging the private sec-
tor participation in power generation
of the country, promotion has been
made on power purchase from SPPs
by the Electricity Generating Autho-
rity of Thailand (EGAT). The result
has been satisfactory. Various SPPs,
using either fossil fuel such as coal
and natural gas or renewable energy
such as bagasse, rice husk, wood
chips and palm shells, have proposed
sale of capacity to the grid system.
Phase II: In May 2001, the govern-
ment initiated the pricing subsidy
from the ENCON Fund in the form
of energy payment adder for the
capacity generated by renewable
energy at a maximum rate of 0.36
baht/kWh, for a five-year period. To
date, 19 SPPs using renewable en-
ergy are in the pipeline under this
program, accounting for a total pro-
posed sale of 235 MW of electricity
to the grid. The program has resulted
in fuel diversification used for power
generation, including hydropower.
Phase III: In May 2002, to further
promote the use of renewable energy
for power generation by small-scale
(less than 1 MW) generators, the Thai
government approved the Regula-
tions for the Purchase of Power from
The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in
726
Very Small Renewable Energy Power
Producers (VSPPs).
Phase IV: Currently, given the re-
quirement on the Renewable Port-
folio Standard (RPS) that 5% of en-
ergy to be dispatched into the grid
system by new power plants must
be generated by renewable energy,
a total capacity of about 100 MW
generated by biomass is expected
through this RPS measure.
By the year 2011, a target has
been set to make use of wood-chips,
firewood or agricultural wastes to
generate about 955 MW of electric-
ity, which can replace the use of about
3,441 ktoe of commercial energy.
Biogas Technology
In addition to the use of biomass
residues for power generation,
wastewater containing organic mat-
ters from livestock farms and in-
dustries has increasingly been used
as a potential source of biogas energy.
Biogas systems using anaerobic di-
gestion techniques such as Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
and Fixed Film technology have in-
creasingly been established nation-
wide especially for pig farms and
food processing industries. In ge-
neral, the biogas systems can be
locally produced and installed.
The biogas technology has been
rapidly and widely accepted in both
large and small-sized livestock farms
chiefly because the production of
biogas helps reduce not only the pol-
lution problems but also the energy
cost by substituting the on-site use
Sustainable Development

of fuel oil, LPG or electricity from
the grid. It is expected that about 50
MW of electricity will be generated
by biogas in 2011.
Figure 5 Biogas Engine
• Hydropower Energy
The installed capacity of
hydropower in Thailand as at the
end of 2004 is 3,424 MW. As of
December 2004, EGAT produced
5,896 GWh of hydropower, which
accounted for 5% of the total EGAT
power generation by fuel type. How-
ever, hydropower resources are dif-
ficult to exploit due to the environ-
mental impact on the resource areas
that a large-scale power project
would entail.
Therefore, future development
of hydropower resources will likely
be in the form of small or mini/mi-
cro-hydropower projects which are
considered most economical and en-
vironmentally friendly. In addition,
there are possibilities to utilize the
existing irrigation dams for small to
mini/micro hydropower generators.
For example, of the 19 SPP projects
under the subsidized SPP program,
three are small hydropower projects,
Chavalit Pichalai
with an installed capacity of 8 MW,
10 MW and 14 MW, utilizing water
resources from three irrigation dams.
Small hydropower potential is
estimated at 350 MW. Expansion
of generator installation at other
potential dams is being explored.
• Investment for the Future
It is expected that the approach
taken by the government in using
market-based mechanisms to stimu-
late demand and in supporting re-
search and innovation will greatly
speed up the development and appli-
cation of new and renewable energy
technologies in Thailand. What we
are doing now is an investment for
the future, aiming at the following
goals :
- To enhance energy supply
security of the country in the long run
Investment for the Future
Development
Renewable Energy
Energy Security
Conventional Energy
New Policies and Measures
New Energy Development and Business Challenges
727
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
– if the share of renewable energy in
the fuel mix increase as targeted, the
country’s dependency on imported
energy can be considerably reduced;
- To protect and solve environ-
mental problems – as renewable en-
ergy is considered clean energy;
- To establish the knowledge-
based economy – the know-how in
renewable technologies will help
increase the product value. In the
past, new technologies were deve-
loped to enhance wider use of con-
ventional energy. Now, a new S
curve of renewable energy techno-
logy and business is enhanced
by the government. Research and
development work on renewable
energy technologies will be strongly
supported; and
- To open up many new busi-
ness opportunities.
Time
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
c) Strategic Plan for Energy Secu-
rity Enhancement
This strategic plan aims to en-
hance security of energy resources,
which the country depends upon, in-
volving electrical energy and fossil
fuel energy resources, such as oil,
natural gas and coal, with a view to
optimizing their utilization and ex-
tending the energy reserve availabil-
ity.
• Electric Energy
To strengthen the power sup-
ply security, the targets under this
Strategic Plan include:
- The power supply must be
in balance with the demand to pre-
vent an electrical outage or a voltage
drop or an excessive reserve margin.
In this regard, it has been determined
that the appropriate level of the
annual minimum reserve margin
should be 15%.
- The power tariff structure
must be reasonable and fair, with due
consideration on fuel options to keep
the generation costs at low levels and
on fuel diversification to reduce sup-
ply risks while increasing the bar-
gaining power.
- Due consideration must be
given to the quality of life of the com-
munities and localities as well as the
environmental impact.
In this regard, the EGAT Plc. is
responsible for the generation and
transmission systems of the country.
Thailand has been purchasing
power from two projects in Lao PDR,
i.e. Houay Ho and Theun-Hin Boun,
accounting for a capacity of about
300 MW. A power purchase agree-
ment (PPA) has been signed for
another project, Nam Theun 2, with
a supply capacity of 920 MW by
2009. There are five more projects
proposed by Lao PDR, with a total
sale capacity of 1,760 MW, and ne-
gotiations on the purchasing rates
with the project developers are in
progress. With Myanmar, a Memo-
randum of Understanding on hydro-
power development cooperation was
signed on 30 May 2005. Feasibility
studies will be carried out on four
power projects, with a total capacity
of 5,300 MW. As for the power de-
velopment cooperation with Cam-
bodia, a feasibility study is being
carried out on the Stung Mnam
hydropower project, from which a
capacity of 140 MW is expected.
These potential hydropower
projects will be able to accommodate
Thailand’s increasing power demand
in the future, and the future power
tariffs are expected to be cheaper than
the avoided cost of domestic power
plants owing to these hydropower
sources.
• Fossil Fuel Energy
Thailand has limited reserves
of natural gas, crude oil and lignite/
coal, accounting for a supply avail-
ability of 30, 20 and 60 years res-
pectively. Each year Thailand has
to import a considerable amount of
fossil fuel energy and hence has to
face the risk of price volatility.
Therefore, the target is set to
expand the availability of energy re-
serves in order to adequately meet the
The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in
728
domestic demand. To meet this tar-
get, the government will:
- Promote domestic energy
exploration and production;
- Speed up negotiations and
agreements with neighboring coun-
tries on energy development in joint
development areas;
- Cooperate in energy deve-
lopment with other countries in the
region;
- Support the Trans-ASEAN
Gas Pipeline Project; and
- Encourage PTT Public
Company Limited (PTT), PTT Ex-
ploration and Production (PTTEP),
and potential Thai private companies
to invest in overseas energy projects.
Figure 6 Thai Oil Rig in the Gulf
of Thailand
d) Strategic Plan for Thailand to
Be the “Regional Energy Center”
This Strategic Plan is a signifi-
cant move to maximize the geo-
graphical advantage of Thailand.
Being located in the central of the
Indochina, Thailand can link energy
supply sources, mainly countries in
Sustainable Development

the Middle East, and consumer
markets, like China, Japan, Korea
and Taiwan, and at the same time
serving as a gateway to Indochina
and Southern China.
• Key Measures--This Strate-
gic Plan consists of key measures
as follows :
- Review the taxation system
and structure to eliminate duplication
of tax collection and barriers to oil
trading, and establish the Customs
Free Zones to further facilitate over-
seas oil trading in line with interna-
tional standards.
- Develop the power transmis-
sion network, the natural gas pipe-
line network, and the networks of
other energy sources. This requires
international cooperation between the
public and private sectors, and go-
vernment to government collabora-
tion for efficient development of
natural resources and optimum use
of energy infrastructure.
- Connect the north and north-
east oil pipeline transmission systems
and support intra-regional connection
of various transport modes from east
to west and south to north of the
country, linking Thailand to Burma,
Indochina and the southern part of
China to expand the energy market.
- Encourage integration, sy-
nergies, and merger or acquisition
among domestic producers to create
a world-scale petrochemical busi-
ness.
• Si Racha Trading Hub
To pave the way for Thailand
to become the “Regional Energy
Chavalit Pichalai
Center”, efforts have been made to
utilize the existing but underutilized
energy infrastructure, along with the
potential for further expansion in
Si Racha. On 29 January 2004, there
was an inauguration of “Si Racha
Trading Hub” in Chon Buri province
--about one and a half (1.5) hour
drive east of Bangkok. Si Racha
Trading Hub will serve as a gateway
for petroleum and petrochemical
trading to cater the demand of
Indochina and the Far East. This
involves the establishment of the
Tax Free Zones on Si Chang Island
and at Si Racha, both of which are
already equipped with energy infra-
structure, able to accommodate
350,000 dead-weight-ton tankers.
To fully operate as a Tax Free
Zone, the taxation system and struc-
ture has been made more favorable
for oil trading and export. The cor-
porate income tax payable on oil
trading profits has been reduced
from 30% to 10%. There is a possi-
bility for this rate to fall to 5% if the
trading volumes are high. Laws and
regulations relevant to the storage
and transportation of energy have
also been amended to facilitate the
trade in petroleum products. A One-
Stop Service has been established
to facilitate all transactions concern-
ing the Tax Free Zones.
Si Racha and the surrounding
areas already have extensive oil
storage as well as refinery facilities,
which means that Thailand can im-
mediately take on the role of energy
trader. With surging demand from
China and Japan, the Asian region is
729
«“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
ªï∑’Ë Û ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °.§.-°.¬. ÚıÙ¯
faced with tight supply. Therefore,
Thailand can come in and offer an
alternative market aiming to comple-
ment the existing regional trading
activities for the benefit of the whole.
5. Environmental Impact of En-
ergy Supply
Thailand’s rapid economic
growth and hence increased con-
sumption of energy, particularly in
the industrial and transportation
sectors, have brought about adverse
impact on the environment. The
most visible environmental effect is
the growing problem of air pollution
in major urban cities where traffic
congestion has been a difficult pro-
blem to tackle. The Thai government
has introduced various measures to
address urban air pollution problems.
One prominent measure is the phas-
ing out of leaded gasoline, which was
absolutely abolished from the mar-
ket as from 1 January 1996 and which
has much improved air quality in
major cities, particularly Bangkok.
With a view to reducing the car-
bon intensity level resulting from
energy development and utilization,
Thailand has diversified the types of
fuel supply, emphasizing cleaner
energy, like natural gas, and more
renewable energy sources. Also in-
tensified is the energy efficiency im-
provement and biofuel promotion,
such as fuel ethanol and biodiesel,
to reduce fossil fuel consumption.
Besides, environmental impact as-
sessments (EIAs) are required for
major energy projects, and more pub-
lic participation in the development
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
of energy infrastructure projects are
encouraged.
In addition, the government has
promoted and supported other non-
conventional, alternative energy pro-
duction. For example, owners of pig
farms and food processing factories
are encouraged to install biogas sys-
tems to better handle their wastewater
management and to make use of
biogas in power generation. With the
installment of such a system, they can
make a saving from electricity ge-
nerated from biogas and gain extra
revenues from by-products of the
waste treatment process (such as
organic fertilizer), while the environ-
mental problems on their farms
would also be solved.
In the case of a micro-hydroelec-
tricity project, communities that be-
nefit from the electricity generated
will also have a motive to preserve
the watershed so as to ensure healthy
flow of water for electricity genera-
tion. Electricity generated from
renewable sources, e.g. solar, wind,
biomass/biogas and hydro energy,
can replace electricity generated from
more polluting fossil fuels and thus
help reduce the environmental im-
pacts resulting from electricity ge-
neration in the country as a whole.
6. Conclusion
Thailand’s energy demand is
increasing each year. Measures to
reduce dependency on imported en-
ergy are implemented to reduce the
trade deficit. Therefore, establishing
proper energy policy and strategies,
together with efficient energy ma-
nagement, is crucial to ensure energy tually lead to sustainable develop-
supply security for sustainable ment of the energy sector and hence
growth of the country. Energy diver- contribute to sustainable economic
sification is an important means to growth of the country.
enhance security of energy supply.
Thailand has indigenous natural gas References
reserves and abundant renewable
energy sources; therefore, efforts will 1. Ministry of Energy, 2003, New Dimen-
be made to maximize the use of our sion of Thai Energy : The Competitive
own energy resources. Moreover, Potential of the Country, Rum Thai
natural gas and renewable energy are Press Printing, Bangkok.
cleaner energy that will help to re- 2. The Department of Alternative Energy
duce adverse environmental impact Development and Efficiency, Ministry
of energy supply. of Energy, 2004, Renewable Energy in
More importantly, to promote Thailand : Ethanol and Biodiesel, Plan
greater use of alternative and renew- Printing, Bangkok.
able energy as well as R&D on tech- 3. Energy Policy and Planning Office,
nology and utilization of such energy, ‘Thai Energy Situation in 2004’,
of which the costs are still high, Energy Policy Journal, vol. 67, January-
financial incentives from the govern- March 2005, pp. 38-51.
ment are available, mainly through
the Energy Conservation Promotion
Fund. This aims to create a greater
market for alternative and renewable
energy and to make it competitive
with conventional fuels in the long
run.
In addition, energy conservation
campaigns have been launched and
measures introduced on a continuous
basis, aiming to change energy con-
sumption behavior of the people to
be more economical and efficient
and to raise their energy conservation
consciousness. International co-
operation in energy development will
continue to be a significant strategy
of Thailand so as to enhance national
energy development.
It is hoped that the aforemen-
tioned energy policy framework and
implementation strategies will even-
The Role of Thai Energy Policy and Strategies in
Sustainable Development
730
 «“√ “√√“™∫—≥±‘µ¬ ∂“π
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Chavalit Pichalai
731
The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand
Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005
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The Journal of the Royal Institute of Thailand

Vol. 30 No. 3 Jul.-Sep. 2005

Abstract Postage Stamps of Thai Novelists

Ruenruthai Sujjapun
Associate Fellow of the Academy of Arts, The Royal Institute, Thailand

Thailand Post Co., Ltd. has printed many postage stamps of high important people of Thailand
many times. Those outstanding people created many kinds of works including literary works
such as King Rama II, King Rama VI, Somdej Krom Phra Poramanuchitchinoros and Sunthorn Phu.
In the year 2005, Thailand Post Co., Ltd. prints postage stamps of Thai novelists on the occasion
of the centenary of modern Thai writers whose pen names are Momchao Agasdamkoeng,
Dok Mai Sot, Sriburapha and Mai Mueng Doem. On each postage stamp is the portrait of the novelist
and the cover page of his/her most famous novel. Those 4 novelists are the ones who begin writing
Thai novels in the early period of Thai contemporary literature which has influences to the present
time.

Key words : postage stamps, the centenary of modern Thai writers

· µ¡ªáπ—°‡¢’¬π‰∑¬
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