1

Fórmulas básicas de teoría electromagnética *

Operaciones vectoriales puntuales
Coord. Cartesianas Cilíndricas circulares Esféricas
     i     i   i  
ix + iy + iz ir + + iz ir + +
x y z r r  z r r  r sen  
•A A x A y A z 1  1 A  A z 1  2 1  1 A 
+ + ( r Ar ) + + (r A r ) + (A  sen  ) +
x y z r r r  z r 2 r r sen   r sen  
 A z A y   A x A z   1 A z A    A r A z  ir   A   i   1 A r  
ix  −  + iy  −  ir  −  + i  −   (A  sen  ) − +  − (r A )
 y z   z x   r  z   z r  r sen     r  sen   r 
A
 A y A x  iz   A r  i   A r 
+ iz  −  +  ( rA  ) −  +  ( r A ) − 
 x y  r  r   r  r  

  2 2 2 1     1  2   2  1   2   1     1 2

+ 2 + 2 r + + 2 r +  sen  +
x 2 y z r r  r  r 2  2 z r 2 r  r  r 2 sen      r 2 sen 2   2
 2  A  A   
i r  2 A r − 2  A r + cot A  + cos c + 
 2 A  A r   r     
i r  2A r − 2 − 2
 r  r 
 1 A r A   
 A i x2A x + i y2A y + i z2A z +i  2 A  − 2  cos c2A  − 2 + 2 cot  cos c 
 2 A r A   r     
+i   2 A  + 2 − 2  + i z2A z 
 r  r 
 1 A r A   
+i  2 A  − 2  cos c2A  − 2 cos c − 2 cot  cos c 
 r     

Otras identidades vectoriales

• (A + B) = • A + • B () =  +  •(A) = A• + •A •(AB) = B•(A) − A•(B) (A) = A + A
(AB) = A(•B) − B(•A) + (B•)A − (A•)B •( ) =   2
•(A) = ( ) = 0 (A) = (•A) − A 2
•R = 0  R = AR
0
R = 0  R = −R (A•B) = (A•)B + (B•)A + A(B) + B(A) A•(BC) = B•(CA) = C•(AB) = [ABC] A(BC) = B(A•C) − C(A•B)

 R • dA =   • RdV  R • ds =  (  R ) • dA  (  −  )dV =  ( − ) • dA  dA = V cds = VdA  

 
 dV
S V c S V S S

Fuerza F21 = i12

q 1q 2
4 0 r12 2
Fuerza
F 21 =
0 
 

 I2 ds 2  I1 ds 1  (r2 − r1 ) 
entre cargas entre corrientes 4   3
c c r2 − r1
1 1

Carga y corriente eléctricas, y sus densidades

=
dq Q =  dV =
dq Q =   dA =
dq Q= cds J = iJ
dI I= SJ • dA K = iK
dI I =  K • i N ds
V S c
dV dA ds dA ds
Ecuaciones de Maxwell Otras relaciones
Integral Puntual Fasor Frontera p = ql P = dp/dV D = 0E + P D = E J = gE
•D =  •E = 0
 D • dA = Q
S
in•(D1 − D2) =  m = IA M = dm/dV B = 0(H + M) B = H

( ) ( )

B    r − r  dV    J   r − r  dV 
cE • ds = − d B • dA
dt S
E = −
t   E = − jH in(E1 −E2) = 0
E= B= 
 4  r − r  3 4  r − r
3
V V
•B = 0 •H = 0
SB • dA = 0 in•(B1 − B2) = 0 Fe = qE =  Edq = EdV = EdA = Eds
q V S c

  H = (g + j)E

D in(H1 − H2) = K Fm = qv  B =  J  B dV =  K  B dA =  Ids  B
cH •ds = I + dtd S D• dA H = J+
t
V S c

dQ   • J = − j  in•(P2 − P1) = p in•(M2 −M1) = m Jm =  M

SJ • dA = − dt
•J = −
t
in•(J1−J2)+• K = −
t P = − • P in(M1 − M2) = Km m = −•M
Teorema de Poynting
  M  d   S = EH
 (E • dD)dV  (H • dB)dV
Df Bf
P 2
We = Wm =
−  S • dA −  E • J B dV =  E • J + E •
2
+  0H •  dV +   0 E + 0 H  dV
S V
V  t t  dt V  2 2  V 0 V 0

P M    0 2  0 2 g 2   2  2 1 1 
− • S − E • J B = E • J + E • +  0H • +  E + H  − • S = E + 2j   H − E  S= E  H*  S  = Re E  H* 
t t t  2 2  2 4 4  2 2 

 gE      E dV    H dV
Pd =
2 g 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
dV  Pd = −  S • dA = E dV Ue =  E dV < Ue  = Um =  H dV < Um  =
V S 2 2 4 2 4
V V V V V

 i =4
SR • dA =  E • dA =  =  N 

Métodos N R N C E =  h   hh
−1

−1

aproximados = =  h = S l 1 0 = 1 + i  1 + i i+2   i
cR • ds N  R N h  E • ds c
N
i =1
 h i+2   h i +1 h i + 3 

 d 2   +  2 − 2 0 R0 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 − 40  R0 = −R0  R0  R0
 0 = (1 +  2 +  3 +  4 )
1
   1  0 = − R i =  0 = −
 dx 0
2
2 4 4 4

Fuente: Gaviria Ortiz, Álvaro, Teoría electromagnética. Proposiciones y soluciones, Medellín, Editorial U. de A.
 2

Coord. Armónicos generales Armónicos triviales Armónicos triviales

 e j   e j   e j   e j   e j 
         
x  sen   sen   sen   sen   sen  1 1  1
y  cos   cos   cos  1   cos   cos 
   ( x, y, z) = C      
( x, y, z) = C    x x    y y    z z ( x, y, z) = C      y    z s = 0 x  y  z 
z
s 0  e   e   e  x = 0 x  e   e 
senh  senh  senh  senh senh
         
cosh  cosh  cosh  cosh  cosh 
 e j   e j  e  j 
     rn 
    1
 In   I0  ( r , , z) = C − n  senn  
e  
j sen   sen 
    r 
    z 
r K n     cos 
 K 0   1   cos 
 z = 0
( r ,  , z) =C   z r sen n    z z ( r ,  , z) = C  z r      z z cos

n,  z  0  
J n  cos   e  n=0
J
 0    e 
z N n    senh N 0  senh   1   1  1
    ( x, y, z) = C     
ln r  z
cosh  cosh  n,  z = 0      
r e  j   r n   1   1  1
1
 rn     ( r , , z) = C − ( n + 1)  Pn (cos )    
 
( r , , ) = C − ( n + 1)  Pnm (cos )
r 
  senm
m=0
r   
( r , ,  ) = C 1  
m, n = 0  r  
ln( tan )   
2   
 m, n  0   cos
 
Imágenes con planos Imágenes con esferas Imágenes con cilindros
1  q q1 
  1  q q1 q 2  a2  r 
1/ 2 2dM
r1 = x + y + ( z − d )
2 a
=  + , 0z
2 2
=  + +  q1 = − q, b = =− ln 1  R=
4  1  r1 r2  4  r1 r2 r  d d 2   r2  1 − M2
q 2 = 4aV0
( )
1/ 2
q2 r1 = r 2 + d 2 − 2rd cos  r1
= , z0
  M=
1/ 2
r2 = x 2 + y 2 + (z + d) a
2
4 2 r1
= (r − 2rbcos ) q 2 = Q0 +
1/ 2
q r2
r2 2
+ b2 d dC 2
1 −  2 2 2 2dM 2 =
q1 = q , q2 = q xC = dz ln M 2
1 +  2 1 +  2 1− M 2
M1
i=K i=M
m =  B • dA  Bm A
B
Circuitos A H • ds  H m l
VmAB = 1 V l
magnéticos
S R= = m =
P m A  i = 0  Vm i = NI
i =1 i =1

V = ZI ZR = R
 gE PR = RI 2
B
Circuitos VAB =  E • ds Q Q2 CV 2 1 2
C= = Ue = ZC = V dV
R= =
 j C
A 2 V
eléctricos V  E dV 2 2
V I I



i=N i=N i=N
 H dV
2
LI 2 1 T 1/ 2


1 
 Ii = 0  Vi = 0 P =  Vi I i Pdt = ReP
P = VI * 1 T
 Um= P=
L= = V
2 Z L = jL i =1 i =1 i =1
2 T 0 Vef =  V 2 dt 
 T 
2
I I 0

− z z
c HT • ds
P2
Líneas de v( z, t ) =  ET • ds i( z, t ) = dV
= −( R z+ j L z ) I
dI
= − (G z + j Cz ) V V( z) = V + e + V−e
transmisión P1 dz dz

( ) Z( z) − Z 0  =  + j =  ( R z + j L z )(G z + j C z )
V − ( z) 1/ 2
1 − z z V ( z)  ( R + j L z ) 
1/ 2
I ( z) = V e − V−e Z( z) = ( z) = = Z0 =  z
Z0 + Z( z) + Z 0 
 (G z + j Cz ) 
I ( z) V + ( z)

1
( ) (
 2 =  R z G z −  2 L z C z + R z 2+  2 L z 2 ) (G )  1 2
( ) ( ) (G )  
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
2
+  2Cz 2  2 =  L z C z − R z G z + R z 2 + 2 L z 2 2
+ 2 C z 2 vF =  f =
2 2   
z z

p(z, t) = v(z, t)i(z, t) dP 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1+ c   +  Z(z - N/2) = Z(z)

− =  Rz I + Gz V  + j2  L z I − C z V  ROEV = d min =  c 
dz 2 2  4 4   4  Z(z - M/4)Z(z) = Z02
1− c

Propagación de 2 E −  2 E = 0 − z z iz − z  j 
1/ 2
E = E0e
−  •r i   E(r )
  E + e − E − e 
z
E = E +e +E −e H= H=
 = 
ondas  g + j  

 =  + j = j (g + j) 1 2
( )  1 2
( ) 
1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 2 1/ 2
 2  1 1
2= −   +  g 2 +  2  2 2 =   +  g 2 +  2  2 =  R AC = R AC =
2   2    g  g 2gR

 
−1/ 2
Guías de E, H(r, t ) = Re EG , HG (rT )e (
j  t −z z ) 2 = 2 C 2    2
1/ 2
   2
 = C =
G = () 1 −  C   v Fz = 1 −  C  
1/ 2 v
onda ()1/ 2  C ()1/ 2     
    

vFz vGz = v2
  D g D
1/ 2
 G = jG = C 1 − ( /  C )
1/ 2 1/ 2
2
C =
1 dPL D =   1   C 
  D =  D  RS = = 
1/ 2
2  PT  d z 2 1 − ( C /  )
2
 D  g C   2g C 

Radiación y Am B =   Am   
2
 2 A m r − r
E =  −  • A m +  =0 2 −   =−  2 A m −  = −J t = t −
antenas t t  t2  t2 c
  (r , t )    ( r  ) e − j r − r

 J (r , t )  J (r ) e − j r −r   S r (r ) 
(r , t ) =  dV  (r ) =  dV  A m (r , t ) =  dV  A m (r ) =  dV  D(, ) =  S 
V 4  r − r    V 4  r − r    − 
V 4  r − r V 4 r r r isot

I l − jr


A m (r) Di. = i z e − j r
l/2
 I 0 e − j r   m 2  1 1  − jr
e A m (r ) An. = i z I( z)e j zcos  dz A m (r) An. = i z cos cos  A m (r ) Dip. = −i  sen  + e
4 r 4 r 2 r  sen2  2  4   r) 2 
ele.
lar . − l/2
 /2 mag.  j r ( j

(r ) − N  1  0, si N  2 | d
V = − E • ds = −Ed cos V1
= Z12 = Z21 =
V2
Ae =
 PC 
A em =
| V|2
=
2
D max
0
I2 I1 S 8R R  S  4 