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Eslovaquia
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No debe confundirse con Eslovenia .
Coordenadas : 48°40′N 19°30′E

República Eslovaca
Slovenská republika ( eslovaco )
Flag of Slovakia
Bandera
Coat of arms of Slovakia
Escudo de armas
Himno: Nad Tatrou sa blýska ( eslovaco )
(inglés: "Lightning over the Tatras" )
sello nacional
Statna pecat Slovenskej republiky.png
Slovakia on the globe (Europe centered).svg
EU-Slovakia.svg
Ubicación de Eslovaquia (verde oscuro)
– en Europa (verde y gris oscuro)
– en la Unión Europea (verde) – [ Leyenda ]

Capital
y la ciudad más grande
Bratislava 48°09′N 17°07′E
Lenguajes oficiales eslovaco
Grupos étnicos (2021) [1]
83,8% eslovacos
7,8% húngaros
1,2% romaní
1,2% Otros
6,0% Sin especificar
Religión(2021) [2]
67,6% cristianismo
—59,8% catolicismo
—6,9% protestantismo
—0.9% Ortodoxia
23,8% Sin religión
2,1% Otros
6,5% Sin especificar
demonio(s) eslovaco
Gobierno república parlamentaria unitaria
• Presidente
Zuzana Čaputová
• Primer Ministro
Eduardo Heger
Legislatura Concejo Nacional
historia del establecimiento
• Independencia de
la Monarquía Austro-Húngara
( Primera República Checoslovaca )
28 de octubre de 1918
• Segunda República Checoslovaca
30 de septiembre de 1938
• Tierra Autónoma de Eslovaquia (dentro de la Segunda República Checoslovaca)
23 de noviembre de 1938
• Primera República Eslovaca
14 de marzo de 1939
• Tercera República Checoslovaca
24 de octubre de 1945
• Cuarta República Checoslovaca
1948
• República Socialista Checoslovaca
11 de julio de 1960
• República Socialista Eslovaca (dentro de la República Socialista Checoslovaca,
cambio del estado unitario checoslovaco a una federación )
1 de enero de 1969
• República Eslovaca (cambio de nombre dentro de la República Federativa Checa y
Eslovaca establecida )
1 de marzo de 1990
• Independencia de
Checoslovaquia
1 de enero de 1993
Área
• Total
49.035 km 2 (18.933 millas cuadradas) ( 127 )
• Agua (%)
0,72 (a partir de 2015) [3]
Población
• Censo 2021
Neutral decrease5.449.270 ( 117 )
• Densidad
111 / km 2 (287,5 / milla cuadrada) ( 88 )
PIB ( PPA ) estimación 2021
• Total
Increase$ 190,277 mil millones [4] ( 70 )
• Per cápita
Increase$ 34,815 [4] ( 41 )
PIB (nominal) estimación 2021
• Total
Increase$ 117,664 mil millones [4] ( 59 )
• Per cápita
Increase$ 21,529 [4] ( 40 )
Gini (2019) Negative increase 22,8 [5]
bajo
IDH (2019) Increase 0,860 [6]
muy alto · 39º
Divisa euros ( € ) ( euros )
Zona horaria UTC +1 ( CET )
• Verano ( horario de verano )
UTC +2 ( CEST )
Formato de fecha dm aaaa
Lado de conducción derecho
código de llamada +421
Código ISO 3166 SK
Dominio de primer nivel de Internet .sk y .eu
Eslovaquia ( / s l oʊ ˈ v æ k i ə , - ˈ v ɑː k -/ ( escuchar )audio speaker icon ;
[7] [8] Eslovaco : Slovensko [ˈslɔʋenskɔ] ( escuchar )audio speaker icon ),
oficialmente la República Eslovaca (eslovaco: Slovenská republika [ˈslɔʋenskaː
ˈrepublika] ( escuchar )audio speaker icon ), es un país sin salida al mar en
Europa Central . Limita con Polonia al norte, Ucrania al este, Hungría al sur,
Austria al suroeste y la República Checa al noroeste. El territorio
mayoritariamente montañoso de Eslovaquia abarca unos 49.000 kilómetros cuadrados
(19.000 millas cuadradas), con una población de más de 5,4 millones. La capital y
ciudad más grande es Bratislava , mientras que la segunda ciudad más grande es
Košice .

Los eslavos llegaron al territorio de la actual Eslovaquia en los siglos V y VI. En

el siglo VII, jugaron un papel importante en la creación del Imperio de Samo . En
el siglo IX, establecieron el Principado de Nitra , que luego fue conquistado por
el Principado de Moravia para establecer la Gran Moravia . En el siglo X, tras la
disolución de la Gran Moravia, el territorio se integró en el Principado de Hungría
, que luego se convertiría en el Reino de Hungría en el año 1000. [9] En 1241 y
1242, tras la invasión mongola de Europa, gran parte del territorio fue destruido.
El área fue recuperada en gran parte gracias a Béla IV de Hungría , que también
asentó a los alemanes , llevándolos a convertirse en un grupo étnico importante en
el área, especialmente en lo que hoy son partes del centro y este de Eslovaquia.
[10]

Después de la Primera Guerra Mundial y la disolución de Austria-Hungría , se

estableció el estado de Checoslovaquia . Fue el único país de Europa central y
oriental que siguió siendo una democracia durante el período de entreguerras . Sin
embargo, los partidos fascistas locales gradualmente llegaron al poder en las
tierras eslovacas, y la primera República Eslovaca existió durante la Segunda
Guerra Mundial como un estado cliente parcialmente reconocido de la Alemania nazi .
Al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Checoslovaquia se restableció como un país
independiente. Después de un golpe de estado en 1948 , Checoslovaquia quedó bajo la
administración comunista .y se convirtió en parte del Bloque del Este liderado por
los soviéticos . Los intentos de liberalizar el comunismo en Checoslovaquia
culminaron en la Primavera de Praga , que fue aplastada por la invasión de
Checoslovaquia por el Pacto de Varsovia en agosto de 1968. En 1989, la Revolución
de Terciopelo terminó pacíficamente con el régimen comunista en Checoslovaquia.
Eslovaquia se convirtió en un estado independiente el 1 de enero de 1993 después de
la disolución pacífica de Checoslovaquia , a veces conocida como el Divorcio de
Terciopelo.

Eslovaquia es un país desarrollado con una economía avanzada de altos ingresos ,

que ocupa un lugar muy alto en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano . También se
desempeña favorablemente en las medidas de libertades civiles, libertad de prensa ,
libertad en Internet , gobernabilidad democrática y paz . El país mantiene una
combinación de una economía de mercado con un sistema integral de seguridad
social , brindando a los ciudadanos atención médica universal , educación gratuita
y una de las licencias parentales pagadas más largas de la OCDE .[11] Eslovaquia es
miembro de la OTAN , el CERN , la Unión Europea , la Eurozona , el Área Schengen ,
las Naciones Unidas , la OCDE, la OMC , el Consejo de Europa , el Grupo de Visegrád
y la OSCE . Es el mayor productor de automóviles per cápita del mundo; fabricó un
total de 1,1 millones de automóviles en 2019, lo que representa el 43% de su
producción industrial total. [12]

Contenido
1 Etimología
2 Historia
2.1 Edad de Bronce
2.2 Edad de Hierro
2.2.1 Período de Hallstatt
2.2.2 Período de La Tène
2.2.3 Período Romano
2.3 Grandes invasiones del siglo IV al VII
2.4 estados eslavos
2.5 Gran Moravia (830-antes de 907)
2.6 Reino de Hungría (1000-1918)
2.7 Checoslovaquia (1918-1939)
2.8 Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945)
2.9 Influencia soviética y gobierno del Partido Comunista (1948-1989)
2.10 República Eslovaca (1993-presente)
3 Geografía
3.1 montañas tatras
3.2 parques Nacionales
3.3 cuevas
3.4 ríos
3.5 Clima
3.6 Biodiversidad
4 Gobierno y políticas
4.1 Relaciones Extranjeras
4.2 Militar
4.3 Derechos humanos
4.4 divisiones administrativas
5 Economía
5.1 Industria
5.2 Energía
5.3 Transporte
5.4 Turismo
5.5 Ciencias
6 Demografía
6.1 Idiomas
6.2 Religión
6.3 Educación
7 Cultura
7.1 Tradición popular
7.2 Arte
7.3 Literatura
7.4 Cocina
7.5 Deporte
7.5.1 Hockey sobre hielo
7.5.2 Fútbol americano
8 Ver también
9 Referencias
10 Bibliografía
11 enlaces externos
Etimología
Ver también: Eslovacos § Nombre
El nombre de Eslovaquia en teoría significa la "Tierra de los eslavos " ( Slovensko
en eslovaco derivado de la forma más antigua Sloven/Slovienin ). Como tal, es un
cognado de las palabras Eslovenia y Eslavonia . En latín medieval, alemán e incluso
en algunas fuentes eslavas, el mismo nombre se ha utilizado a menudo para
eslovacos, eslovenos, eslavos y eslavos en general. Según una de las teorías, se
formó una nueva forma de nombre nacional para los antepasados de los eslovacos
entre los siglos XIII y XIV, posiblemente debido a la influencia extranjera; la
palabra checa Slovák (en fuentes medievales desde 1291 en adelante). [13]Esta forma
reemplazó lentamente el nombre de los miembros masculinos de la comunidad, pero el
nombre femenino ( Slovenka ), la referencia a las tierras habitadas ( Slovensko ) y
el nombre del idioma ( slovenčina ) permanecieron iguales, con su base en el
antiguo formulario (compárelo con sus homólogos eslovenos). La mayoría de las
traducciones extranjeras tienden a provenir de esta nueva forma ( Slovakia en
inglés, Slowakei en alemán, Slovaquie en francés, etc.).

En fuentes latinas medievales, se han utilizado los términos Slavus, Slavonia o

Slavorum (y más variantes, desde 1029) [13] . En fuentes alemanas, los nombres de
las tierras eslovacas eran Windenland o Windishen landen (principios del siglo XV),
[14] con las formas "Eslovaquia" y "Schlowakei" comenzando a aparecer en el siglo
XVI. [15] La forma eslovaca actual Slovensko se atestigua por primera vez en el año
1675. [16]

Historia
Artículo principal: Historia de Eslovaquia

Una Venus de Moravany nad Váhom , que data del 22.800 a.

Los artefactos humanos supervivientes más antiguos de Eslovaquia se encuentran
cerca de Nové Mesto nad Váhom y datan de 270.000 a. C., en la era del Paleolítico
temprano . Estas herramientas antiguas, hechas con la técnica Clactoniana , dan
testimonio de la antigua habitación de Eslovaquia. [17]

Otras herramientas de piedra de la era del Paleolítico Medio (200 000–80 000 a. C.)
provienen de la cueva Prévôt (Prepoštská) en Bojnice y de otros sitios cercanos.
[18] El descubrimiento más importante de esa época es un cráneo de neandertal (c.
200.000 a. C.), descubierto cerca de Gánovce , un pueblo en el norte de Eslovaquia.

Archaeologists have found prehistoric human skeletons in the region, as well as

numerous objects and vestiges of the Gravettian culture, principally in the river
valleys of Nitra, Hron, Ipeľ, Váh and as far as the city of Žilina, and near the
foot of the Vihorlat, Inovec, and Tribeč mountains, as well as in the Myjava
Mountains. The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of
mammoth bone (22,800 BCE), the famous Venus of Moravany. The statue was found in
the 1940s in Moravany nad Váhom near Piešťany. Numerous necklaces made of shells
from Cypraca thermophile gastropods of the Tertiary period have come from the sites
of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina, and Radošina. These findings provide the most
ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the Mediterranean and
Central Europe.

Bronze Age
During the Bronze Age, the geographical territory of modern-day Slovakia went
through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BCE. Major
cultural, economic, and political development can be attributed to the significant
growth in production of copper, especially in central Slovakia (for example in
Špania Dolina) and northwest Slovakia. Copper became a stable source of prosperity
for the local population.

Left: a Celtic Biatec coin

Right: five Slovak crowns
After the disappearance of the Čakany and Velatice cultures, the Lusatian people
expanded building of strong and complex fortifications, with the large permanent
buildings and administrative centres. Excavations of Lusatian hill forts document
the substantial development of trade and agriculture at that period. The richness
and diversity of tombs increased considerably. The inhabitants of the area
manufactured arms, shields, jewellery, dishes, and statues.

Iron Age
Hallstatt Period
The arrival of tribes from Thrace disrupted the people of the Kalenderberg culture,
who lived in the hamlets located on the plain (Sereď) and in the hill forts like
Molpír, near Smolenice, in the Little Carpathians. During Hallstatt times,
monumental burial mounds were erected in western Slovakia, with princely equipment
consisting of richly decorated vessels, ornaments and decorations. The burial rites
consisted entirely of cremation. Common people were buried in flat urnfield
cemeteries.

A special role was given to weaving and the production of textiles. The local power
of the "Princes" of the Hallstatt period disappeared in Slovakia during the century
before the middle of first millennium BC, after strife between the Scytho-Thracian
people and locals, resulting in abandonment of the old hill-forts. Relatively
depopulated areas soon caught the interest of emerging Celtic tribes, who advanced
from the south towards the north, following the Slovak rivers, peacefully
integrating into the remnants of the local population.

La Tène Period
From around 500 BCE, the territory of modern-day Slovakia was settled by Celts, who
built powerful oppida on the sites of modern-day Bratislava and Devín. Biatecs,
silver coins with inscriptions in the Latin alphabet, represent the first known use
of writing in Slovakia. At the northern regions, remnants of the local population
of Lusatian origin, together with Celtic and later Dacian influence, gave rise to
the unique Púchov culture, with advanced crafts and iron-working, many hill-forts
and fortified settlements of central type with the coinage of the "Velkobysterecky"
type (no inscriptions, with a horse on one side and a head on the other). This
culture is often connected with the Celtic tribe mentioned in Roman sources as
Cotini.

Roman Period

A Roman inscription at the castle hill of Trenčín (178–179 AD)

From 2 AD, the expanding Roman Empire established and maintained a series of
outposts around and just south of the Danube, the largest of which were known as
Carnuntum (whose remains are on the main road halfway between Vienna and
Bratislava) and Brigetio (present-day Szőny at the Slovak-Hungarian border). Such
Roman border settlements were built on the present area of Rusovce, currently a
suburb of Bratislava. The military fort was surrounded by a civilian vicus and
several farms of the villa rustica type. The name of this settlement was Gerulata.
The military fort had an auxiliary cavalry unit, approximately 300 horses strong,
modelled after the Cananefates. The remains of Roman buildings have also survived
in Devín Castle (present-day downtown Bratislava), the suburbs of Dúbravka and
Stupava, and Bratislava Castle Hill.

Near the northernmost line of the Roman hinterlands, the Limes Romanus, there
existed the winter camp of Laugaricio (modern-day Trenčín) where the Auxiliary of
Legion II fought and prevailed in a decisive battle over the Germanic Quadi tribe
in 179 CE during the Marcomannic Wars. The Kingdom of Vannius, a kingdom founded by
the Germanic Suebi tribes of Quadi and Marcomanni, as well as several small
Germanic and Celtic tribes, including the Osi and Cotini, existed in western and
central Slovakia from 8–6 BCE to 179 CE.

Great invasions from the fourth to seventh centuries

In the second and third centuries AD, the Huns began to leave the Central Asian
steppes. They crossed the Danube in 377 AD and occupied Pannonia, which they used
for 75 years as their base for launching looting-raids into Western Europe.
However, Attila's death in 453 brought about the disappearance of the Hunnic
empire. In 568, a Turko-Mongol tribal confederacy, the Avars, conducted its
invasion into the Middle Danube region. The Avars occupied the lowlands of the
Pannonian Plain and established an empire dominating the Carpathian Basin.

In 623, the Slavic population living in the western parts of Pannonia seceded from
their empire after a revolution led by Samo, a Frankish merchant.[19] After 626,
the Avar power started a gradual decline[20] but its reign lasted to 804.

Slavic states
The Slavic tribes settled in the territory of present-day Slovakia in the fifth
century. Western Slovakia was the centre of Samo's empire in the seventh century. A
Slavic state known as the Principality of Nitra arose in the eighth century and its
ruler Pribina had the first known Christian church of the territory of present-day
Slovakia consecrated by 828. Together with neighbouring Moravia, the principality
formed the core of the Great Moravian Empire from 833. The high point of this
Slavonic empire came with the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 863, during
the reign of Duke Rastislav, and the territorial expansion under King Svätopluk I.

Great Moravia (830–before 907)

Main article: Great Moravia

A statue of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius in Žilina. In 863, they introduced
Christianity to what is now Slovakia.
Great Moravia arose around 830 when Mojmír I unified the Slavic tribes settled
north of the Danube and extended the Moravian supremacy over them.[21] When Mojmír
I endeavoured to secede from the supremacy of the king of East Francia in 846, King
Louis the German deposed him and assisted Mojmír's nephew Rastislav (846–870) in
acquiring the throne.[22] The new monarch pursued an independent policy: after
stopping a Frankish attack in 855, he also sought to weaken the influence of
Frankish priests preaching in his realm. Duke Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor
Michael III to send teachers who would interpret Christianity in the Slavic
vernacular.

Upon Rastislav's request, two brothers, Byzantine officials and missionaries Saints
Cyril and Methodius came in 863. Cyril developed the first Slavic alphabet and
translated the Gospel into the Old Church Slavonic language. Rastislav was also
preoccupied with the security and administration of his state. Numerous fortified
castles built throughout the country are dated to his reign and some of them (e.g.,
Dowina, sometimes identified with Devín Castle)[23][24] are also mentioned in
connection with Rastislav by Frankish chronicles.[25][26]

The papal letter "Industriae Tuae"

Scire vos volumus, a letter written in 879 by Pope John VIII to Svatopluk I
During Rastislav's reign, the Principality of Nitra was given to his nephew
Svätopluk as an appanage.[24] The rebellious prince allied himself with the Franks
and overthrew his uncle in 870. Similarly to his predecessor, Svätopluk I (871–894)
assumed the title of the king (rex). During his reign, the Great Moravian Empire
reached its greatest territorial extent, when not only present-day Moravia and
Slovakia but also present-day northern and central Hungary, Lower Austria, Bohemia,
Silesia, Lusatia, southern Poland and northern Serbia belonged to the empire, but
the exact borders of his domains are still disputed by modern authors.[27]
Svatopluk also withstood attacks of the Magyar tribes and the Bulgarian Empire,
although sometimes it was he who hired the Magyars when waging war against East
Francia.[28]

In 880, Pope John VIII set up an independent ecclesiastical province in Great

Moravia with Archbishop Methodius as its head. He also named the German cleric
Wiching the Bishop of Nitra.

Certain and disputed borders of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I (according to

modern historians)
After the death of Prince Svatopluk in 894, his sons Mojmír II (894–906?) and
Svatopluk II succeeded him as the Prince of Great Moravia and the Prince of Nitra
respectively.[24] However, they started to quarrel for domination of the whole
empire. Weakened by an internal conflict as well as by constant warfare with
Eastern Francia, Great Moravia lost most of its peripheral territories.

In the meantime, the semi-nomadic Magyar tribes, possibly having suffered defeat
from the similarly nomadic Pechenegs, left their territories east of the Carpathian
Mountains,[29] invaded the Carpathian Basin and started to occupy the territory
gradually around 896.[30] Their armies' advance may have been promoted by
continuous wars among the countries of the region whose rulers still hired them
occasionally to intervene in their struggles.[31]

It is not known what happened with both Mojmír II and Svatopluk II because they are
not mentioned in written sources after 906. In three battles (4–5 July and 9 August
907) near Bratislava, the Magyars routed Bavarian armies. Some historians put this
year as the date of the break-up of the Great Moravian Empire, due to the Hungarian
conquest; other historians take the date a little bit earlier (to 902).

Great Moravia left behind a lasting legacy in Central and Eastern Europe. The
Glagolitic script and its successor Cyrillic were disseminated to other Slavic
countries, charting a new path in their sociocultural development. The
administrative system of Great Moravia may have influenced the development of the
administration of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1918)

Main article: Kingdom of Hungary

Stephen I, King of Hungary

Following the disintegration of the Great Moravian Empire at the turn of the tenth
century, the Hungarians annexed the territory comprising modern Slovakia. After
their defeat on the river Lech, the Hungarians abandoned their nomadic ways and
settled in the centre of the Carpathian valley, slowly adopting Christianity and
began to build a new state — the Hungarian kingdom.[32] Slovaks seemed to play an
important role during the development of the realm. as evident by large number of
loanwords into Hungarian language, concerning primarily economical, agricultural or
metallurgy fields.[33]

In the years 1001–1102 and 1018–1029, Slovakia was part of the Kingdom of Poland,
having been conquered by Boleslaus I the Brave.[34] After the territory of Slovakia
was returned to Hungary, a semi-autonomous polity continued to exist (or was
created in 1048 by king Andrew I) called Duchy of Nitra. Comprising roughly the
territory of Principality of Nitra and Bihar principality, they formed what was
called a tercia pars regni, third of a kingdom.[35] It used to be ruled by would-be
successors to the throne from the house of Arpád. Interestingly, in the Hungarian-
Polish chronicle from 13th century, ruler of said duchy, duke Emeric (son of
Stephen I of Hungary), is called "Henricus dux Sclavonie", in essence - duke of
Slovakia.[36]

This polity existed up until 1108/1110, after which it was not restored. After
this, until the year 1918, when the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed, the
territory of Slovakia was an integral part of the Hungarian state.[37][38][39] The
ethnic composition of Slovakia became more diverse with the arrival of the
Carpathian Germans in the 13th century and the Jews in the 14th century.

A significant decline in the population resulted from the invasion of the Mongols
in 1241 and the subsequent famine. However, in medieval times the area of Slovakia
was characterised by German and Jewish immigration, burgeoning towns, construction
of numerous stone castles, and the cultivation of the arts.[40] The arrival of
German element sometimes proved a problem for the autochthonous Slovaks (and even
Hungarians in the broader Hungary), since they often quickly gained most power in
medieval towns, only to later refuse to share it. Breaking of old customs by
Germans often resulted in national quarrels. One of which had to be sorted out by
the king Louis I. with the proclamation Privilegium pro Slavis (Privilege for
Slovaks) in the year 1381. According to this privilege, Slovaks and Germans were to
occupy each half of the seats in the city council of Žilina and the mayor should be
elected each year, alternating between those nationalities. This would not be last
such case.[41]

In 1465, King Matthias Corvinus founded the Hungarian Kingdom's third university,
in Pressburg (Bratislava), but it was closed in 1490 after his death.[42] Hussites
also settled in the region after the Hussite Wars.[43]

One of the commanders of a Slovak volunteers' army captain Ján Francisci-Rimavský

during the fight for independence from the Kingdom of Hungary
Owing to the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Hungarian territory, Bratislava was
designated the new capital of Hungary in 1536, ahead of the fall of the old
Hungarian capital of Buda in 1541. It became part of the Austrian Habsburg
monarchy, marking the beginning of a new era. The territory comprising modern
Slovakia, then known as Upper Hungary, became the place of settlement for nearly
two-thirds of the Magyar nobility fleeing the Turks and became far more
linguistically and culturally Hungarian than it was before.[43] Partly thanks to
old Hussite families and Slovaks studying under Martin Luther, the region then
experienced a growth in Protestantism.[43] For a short period in the 17th century,
most Slovaks were Lutherans.[43] They defied the Catholic Habsburgs and sought
protection from neighbouring Transylvania, a rival continuation of the Magyar state
that practised religious tolerance and normally had Ottoman backing. Upper Hungary,
modern Slovakia, became the site of frequent wars between Catholics in the west
territory and Protestants in the east, as well as against Turks; the frontier was
on a constant state of military alert and heavily fortified by castles and citadels
often manned by Catholic German and Slovak troops on the Habsburg side. By 1648,
Slovakia was not spared the Counter-Reformation, which brought the majority of its
population from Lutheranism back to Roman Catholicism. In 1655, the printing press
at the Trnava university produced the Jesuit Benedikt Szöllősi's Cantus Catholici,
a Catholic hymnal in Slovak that reaffirmed links to the earlier works of Cyril and
Methodius.

The Ottoman wars, the rivalry between Austria and Transylvania, and the frequent
insurrections against the Habsburg Monarchy inflicted a great deal of devastation,
especially in the rural areas.[44] In the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) a Turkish
army led by the Grand Vizier decimated Slovakia.[43] Even so, Thököly's kuruc
rebels from the Principality of Upper Hungary fought alongside the Turks against
the Austrians and Poles at the Battle of Vienna of 1683 led by John III Sobieski.
As the Turks withdrew from Hungary in the late 17th century, the importance of the
territory composing modern Slovakia decreased, although Pressburg retained its
status as the capital of Hungary until 1848 when it was transferred back to Buda.
[45]

During the revolution of 1848–49, the Slovaks supported the Austrian Emperor,
hoping for independence from the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy, but they
failed to achieve their aim. Thereafter relations between the nationalities
deteriorated (see Magyarisation), culminating in the secession of Slovakia from
Hungary after World War I.[46]

Czechoslovakia (1918–1939)
Main article: Czechoslovakia

A monument to Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Milan Štefánik—both key figures in early
Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovak declaration of independence by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in the United

States, 1918.
On 18 October 1918, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard
Beneš declared in Washington, D.C. the independence for the territories of Bohemia,
Moravia, Silesia, Upper Hungary and Carpathian Ruthenia from the Austro-Hungarian
Empire and proclaimed a common state, Czechoslovakia. In 1919, during the chaos
following the break-up of Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia was formed with numerous
Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians and Ruthenians within the newly set borders. The
borders were set by the Treaty of Saint Germain and Treaty of Trianon. In the peace
following the World War, Czechoslovakia emerged as a sovereign European state. It
provided what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minorities, at least
on paper.

During the Interwar period, democratic Czechoslovakia was allied with France, and
also with Romania and Yugoslavia (Little Entente); however, the Locarno Treaties of
1925 left East European security open. Both Czechs and Slovaks enjoyed a period of
relative prosperity. There was progress in not only the development of the
country's economy but also culture and educational opportunities. Yet the Great
Depression caused a sharp economic downturn, followed by political disruption and
insecurity in Europe.[47]

In the 1930s Czechoslovakia came under continuous pressure from the revisionist
governments of Germany, Hungary and Poland who used the aggrieved minorities in the
country as a useful vehicle. Revision of the borders was called for, as Czechs
constituted only 43% of the population. Eventually, this pressure led to the Munich
Agreement of September 1938, which allowed the majority ethnic Germans in the
Sudetenland, borderlands of Czechoslovakia, to join with Germany. The remaining
minorities stepped up their pressures for autonomy and the State became
federalised, with Diets in Slovakia and Ruthenia. The remainder of Czechoslovakia
was renamed Czecho-Slovakia and promised a greater degree of Slovak political
autonomy. This, however, failed to materialise.[48] Parts of southern and eastern
Slovakia were also reclaimed by Hungary at the First Vienna Award of November 1938.

World War II (1939–1945)

Main articles: Slovak Republic (1939–1945) and Slovakia during World War II

Adolf Hitler greeting Jozef Tiso, 1941

After the Munich Agreement and its Vienna Award, Nazi Germany threatened to annex
part of Slovakia and allow the remaining regions to be partitioned by Hungary or
Poland unless independence was declared.[citation needed] Thus, Slovakia seceded
from Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939 and allied itself, as demanded by Germany, with
Hitler's coalition.[49] Secession had created the first Slovak state in history.
[50] The government of the First Slovak Republic, led by Jozef Tiso and Vojtech
Tuka, was strongly influenced by Germany and gradually became a puppet regime in
many respects.

Meanwhile, the Czechoslovak government-in-exile sought to reverse the Munich

Agreement and the subsequent German occupation of Czechoslovakia and to return the
Republic to its 1937 boundaries. The government operated from London and it was
ultimately considered, by those countries that recognised it, the legitimate
government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War.

Troops of Slovak anti-Nazi resistance movement in 1944

As part of the Holocaust in Slovakia, 75,000 Jews out of 80,000 who remained on
Slovak territory after Hungary had seized southern regions were deported and taken
to German death camps.[51][52] Thousands of Jews, Gypsies and other politically
undesirable people remained in Slovak forced labour camps in Sereď, Vyhne, and
Nováky.[53] Tiso, through the granting of presidential exceptions, allowed between
1,000 and 4,000 people crucial to the war economy to avoid deportations.[54] Under
Tiso's government and Hungarian occupation, the vast majority of Slovakia's pre-war
Jewish population (between 75,000 and 105,000 individuals including those who
perished from the occupied territory) were murdered.[55][56] The Slovak state paid
Germany 500 RM per every deported Jew for "retraining and accommodation" (a similar
but smaller payment of 30 RM was paid by Croatia).[57]

After it became clear that the Soviet Red Army was going to push the Nazis out of
eastern and central Europe, an anti-Nazi resistance movement launched a fierce
armed insurrection, known as the Slovak National Uprising, near the end of summer
1944. A bloody German occupation and a guerilla war followed. Germans and their
local collaborators completely destroyed 93 villages and massacred thousands of
civilians, often hundreds at a time.[58] The territory of Slovakia was liberated by
Soviet and Romanian forces by the end of April 1945.

Soviet influence and Communist party rule (1948–1989)

The Velvet Revolution ended 41 years of authoritarian Communist rule in

Czechoslovakia in 1989.
After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and Jozef Tiso was executed in
1947 for collaboration with the Nazis. More than 80,000 Hungarians[59] and 32,000
Germans[60] were forced to leave Slovakia, in a series of population transfers
initiated by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference.[61] Out of about 130,000
Carpathian Germans in Slovakia in 1938, by 1947 only some 20,000 remained.[62]
[failed verification] The NKVD arrested and deported over 20,000 people to
Siberia[63]

As a result of the Yalta Conference, Czechoslovakia came under the influence and
later under direct occupation of the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact, after a coup
in 1948. Eight thousand two hundred and forty people went to forced labour camps in
1948–1953.[64]

In 1968, following the Prague Spring, the country was invaded by the Warsaw Pact
forces (People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Republic of Hungary, People's
Republic of Poland, and Soviet Union, with the exception of Socialist Republic of
Romania and People's Socialist Republic of Albania) in 1968, ending a period of
liberalisation under the leadership of Alexander Dubček. 137 Czechoslovak civilians
were killed[65] and 500 seriously wounded during the occupation.[66]

In 1969 Czechoslovakia became a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and the
Slovak Socialist Republic. Czechoslovakia became a puppet state of the Soviet
Union. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was never part of the Soviet Union and
remained independent to a degree.

Borders with the West were protected by the Iron Curtain. About 600 people, men,
women, and children, were killed on the Czechoslovak border with Austria and West
Germany between 1948 and 1989.[67]

Slovak Republic (1993–present)

Slovakia became a member of the European Union in 2004 and signed the Lisbon Treaty
in 2007.
The end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, during the peaceful Velvet
Revolution, was followed once again by the country's dissolution, this time into
two successor states. The word "socialist" was dropped in the names of the two
republics, with the Slovak Socialist Republic renamed as Slovak Republic. On 17
July 1992, Slovakia, led by Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar, declared itself a
sovereign state, meaning that its laws took precedence over those of the federal
government. Throughout the autumn of 1992, Mečiar and Czech Prime Minister Václav
Klaus negotiated the details for disbanding the federation. In November, the
federal parliament voted to dissolve the country officially on 31 December 1992.

The Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic went their separate ways after 1 January
1993, an event sometimes called the Velvet Divorce.[68][69] Slovakia has,
nevertheless, remained a close partner with the Czech Republic. Both countries co-
operate with Hungary and Poland in the Visegrád Group. Slovakia became a member of
NATO on 29 March 2004 and of the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 1 January 2009,
Slovakia adopted the Euro as its national currency.[70] In 2019, Zuzana Čaputová
became Slovakia's first female president.[71]

Geography
Main article: Geography of Slovakia
See also: Geomorphological division of Slovakia

Panorama of the High Tatras

Slovakia lies between latitudes 47° and 50° N, and longitudes 16° and 23° E. The
Slovak landscape is noted primarily for its mountainous nature, with the Carpathian
Mountains extending across most of the northern half of the country. Among these
mountain ranges are the high peaks of the Fatra-Tatra Area (including Tatra
Mountains, Greater Fatra and Lesser Fatra), Slovak Ore Mountains, Slovak Central
Mountains or Beskids. The largest lowland is the fertile Danubian Lowland in the
southwest, followed by the Eastern Slovak Lowland in the southeast.[72] Forests
cover 41% of Slovak land surface.[73]

Tatra mountains
Main article: Tatra Mountains

A topographical map of Slovakia

The Tatra Mountains, with 29 peaks higher than 2,500 metres (8,202 feet) AMSL, are
the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. The Tatras occupy an area
of 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi), of which the greater part 600 square
kilometres (232 sq mi) lies in Slovakia. They are divided into several parts.

To the north, close to the Polish border, are the High Tatras which are a popular
hiking and skiing destination and home to many scenic lakes and valleys as well as
the highest point in Slovakia, the Gerlachovský štít at 2,655 metres (8,711 ft) and
the country's highly symbolic mountain Kriváň. To the west are the Western Tatras
with their highest peak of Bystrá at 2,248 metres (7,375 ft) and to the east are
the Belianske Tatras, smallest by area.

Separated from the Tatras proper by the valley of the Váh river are the Low Tatras,
with their highest peak of Ďumbier at 2,043 metres (6,703 ft).

The Tatra mountain range is represented as one of the three hills on the coat of
arms of Slovakia.

National parks
Main article: List of national parks of Slovakia

Slovak Paradise National Park

There are 9 national parks in Slovakia, covering 6.5% of the Slovak land surface.
[74]

Name Established Area (km2)

Tatra National Park 1949 738
Low Tatras National Park 1978 728
Veľká Fatra National Park 2002 404
Slovak Karst National Park 2002 346
Poloniny National Park 1997 298
Malá Fatra National Park 1988 226
Muránska planina National Park 1998 203
Slovak Paradise National Park 1988 197
Pieniny National Park 1967 38
Caves
Main article: List of caves in Slovakia
Domica Cave
Slovakia has hundreds of caves and caverns under its mountains, of which 30 are
open to the public.[75] Most of the caves have stalagmites rising from the ground
and stalactites hanging from above. There are currently five Slovak caves under
UNESCO's World Heritage Site status. They are Dobšiná Ice Cave, Domica, Gombasek
Cave, Jasovská Cave and Ochtinská Aragonite Cave. Other caves open to the public
include Belianska Cave, Demänovská Cave of Liberty, Demänovská Ice Cave or
Bystrianska Cave.

Rivers
Main article: List of rivers of Slovakia

Belá River
Most of the rivers arise in the Slovak mountains. Some only pass through Slovakia,
while others make a natural border with surrounding countries (more than 620
kilometres [390 mi]). For example, the Dunajec (17 kilometres [11 mi]) to the
north, the Danube (172 kilometres [107 mi]) to the south or the Morava (119
kilometres [74 mi]) to the West. The total length of the rivers on Slovak territory
is 49,774 kilometres (30,928 mi).

The longest river in Slovakia is the Váh (403 kilometres [250 mi]), the shortest is
the Čierna voda. Other important and large rivers are the Myjava, the Nitra (197
kilometres [122 mi]), the Orava, the Hron (298 kilometres [185 mi]), the Hornád
(193 kilometres [120 mi]), the Slaná (110 kilometres [68 mi]), the Ipeľ (232
kilometres [144 mi], forming the border with Hungary), the Bodrog, the Laborec, the
Latorica and the Ondava.

The biggest volume of discharge in Slovak rivers is during spring, when the snow
melts from the mountains. The only exception is the Danube, whose discharge is the
greatest during summer when the snow melts in the Alps. The Danube is the largest
river that flows through Slovakia.[76]

Climate

Summer in Spišské Podhradie

Winter in Banská Štiavnica; the town is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Slovak climate lies between the temperate and continental climate zones with
relatively warm summers and cold, cloudy and humid winters. Temperature extremes
are between −41 to 40.3 °C (−41.8 to 104.5 °F) although temperatures below −30 °C
(−22 °F) are rare. The weather differs from the mountainous north to the plains in
the south.

The warmest region is Bratislava and Southern Slovakia where the temperatures may
reach 30 °C (86 °F) in summer, occasionally to 39 °C (102 °F) in Hurbanovo. During
night, the temperatures drop to 20 °C (68 °F). The daily temperatures in winter
average in the range of −5 °C (23 °F) to 10 °C (50 °F). During night it may be
freezing, but usually not below −10 °C (14 °F).

In Slovakia, there are four seasons, each season (spring, summer, autumn and
winter) lasts three months. The dry continental air brings in the summer heat and
winter frosts. In contrast, oceanic air brings rainfalls and reduces summer
temperatures. In the lowlands and valleys, there is often fog, especially in
winter.

Spring starts with 21 March and is characterised by colder weather with an average
daily temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) in the first weeks and about 14 °C (57 °F) in May
and 17 °C (63 °F) in June. In Slovakia, the weather and climate in the spring are
very unstable.
Summer starts on 22 June and is usually characterised by hot weather with daily
temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F). July is the warmest month with temperatures
up to about 37 to 40 °C (99 to 104 °F), especially in regions of southern Slovakia—
in the urban area of Komárno, Hurbanovo or Štúrovo. Showers or thunderstorms may
occur because of the summer monsoon called Medardova kvapka (Medard drop—40 days of
rain). Summer in Northern Slovakia is usually mild with temperatures around 25 °C
(77 °F) (less in the mountains).

Autumn in Slovakia starts on 23 September and is mostly characterised by wet

weather and wind, although the first weeks can be very warm and sunny. The average
temperature in September is around 14 °C (57 °F), in November to 3 °C (37 °F). Late
September and early October is a dry and sunny time of year (so-called Indian
summer).

Winter starts on 21 December with temperatures around −5 to −10 °C (23 to 14 °F).

In December and January, it is usually snowing, these are the coldest months of the
year. At lower altitudes, snow does not stay the whole winter, it changes into the
thaw and frost. Winters are colder in the mountains, where the snow usually lasts
until March or April and the night temperatures fall to −20 °C (−4 °F) and colder.
[77]

Biodiversity
See also: Endemic Plant Species in Slovakia

Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica in the Tatra Mountains

Slovakia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 19 May 1993, and
became a party to the convention on 25 August 1994.[78] It has subsequently
produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by
the convention on 2 November 1998.[79]

The biodiversity of Slovakia comprises animals (such as annelids, arthropods,

molluscs, nematodes and vertebrates), fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,
Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota), micro-organisms (including
Mycetozoa), and plants. The geographical position of Slovakia determines the
richness of the diversity of fauna and flora. More than 11,000 plant species have
been described throughout its territory, nearly 29,000 animal species and over
1,000 species of protozoa. Endemic biodiversity is also common.[80]

Slovakia is located in the biome of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and
terrestrial ecoregions of Pannonian mixed forests and Carpathian montane conifer
forests.[81] As the altitude changes, the vegetation associations and animal
communities are forming height levels (oak, beech, spruce, scrub pine, alpine
meadows and subsoil). Forests cover 44% of the territory of Slovakia.[82] The
country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.34/10, ranking
it 129th globally out of 172 countries.[83] In terms of forest stands, 60% are
broadleaf trees and 40% are coniferous trees. The occurrence of animal species is
strongly connected to the appropriate types of plant associations and biotopes.[80]

Over 4,000 species of fungi have been recorded from Slovakia.[84][85] Of these,
nearly 1,500 are lichen-forming species.[86] Some of these fungi are undoubtedly
endemic, but not enough is known to say how many. Of the lichen-forming species,
about 40% have been classified as threatened in some way. About 7% are apparently
extinct, 9% endangered, 17% vulnerable, and 7% rare. The conservation status of
non-lichen-forming fungi in Slovakia is not well documented, but there is a red
list for its larger fungi.[87]

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Slovakia and Law of Slovakia
See also: Prime Minister of Slovakia, President of Slovakia, and National Council
of the Slovak Republic

Eduard Heger,
Prime Minister since 2021

Zuzana Čaputová,
President since 2019
Slovakia is a parliamentary democratic republic with a multi-party system. The last
parliamentary elections were held on 29 February 2020 and two rounds of
presidential elections took place on 16 and 30 March 2019.

The Slovak head of state and the formal head of the executive is the president
(currently Zuzana Čaputová, the first female president), though with very limited
powers. The president is elected by direct, popular vote under the two-round system
for a five-year term. Most executive power lies with the head of government, the
prime minister (currently Eduard Heger),[88] who is usually the leader of the
winning party and who needs to form a majority coalition in the parliament. The
prime minister is appointed by the president. The remainder of the cabinet is
appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.

Slovakia's highest legislative body is the 150-seat unicameral National Council of

the Slovak Republic (Národná rada Slovenskej republiky). Delegates are elected for
a four-year term on the basis of proportional representation.

Slovakia's highest judicial body is the Constitutional Court of Slovakia (Ústavný

súd), which rules on constitutional issues. The 13 members of this court are
appointed by the president from a slate of candidates nominated by parliament.

The Constitution of the Slovak Republic was ratified 1 September 1992, and became
effective 1 January 1993. It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election
of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements. The
civil law system is based on Austro-Hungarian codes. The legal code was modified to
comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) and to expunge the Marxist–Leninist legal theory. Slovakia accepts the
compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction with reservations.

Main office-holders
Office Name Party Since
President Zuzana Čaputová Independent 15 June 2019
Prime Minister Eduard Heger OĽaNO 1 April 2021
National Council Chairman Boris Kollár SR 21 March 2020

Grassalkovich Palace in Bratislava is the seat of the President of Slovakia

The National Council building in Bratislava

Episcopal Summer Palace, the seat of the government of Slovakia

Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Slovakia
See also: List of diplomatic missions of Slovakia

Former Slovak Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini with former U.S. President Donald
Trump in the White House, 2019
The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Slovak: Ministerstvo zahraničných
vecí a európskych záležitostí) is responsible for maintaining the Slovak Republic's
external relations and the management of its international diplomatic missions. The
ministry's director is Ivan Korčok.[89][90] The ministry oversees Slovakia's
affairs with foreign entities, including bilateral relations with individual
nations and its representation in international organisations.

Slovakia joined the European Union and NATO in 2004 and the Eurozone in 2009.

Slovakia is a member of the United Nations (since 1993) and participates in its
specialised agencies. The country was, on 10 October 2005, elected to a two-year
term on the UN Security Council from 2006 to 2007. It is also a member of the
Schengen Area, the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe (OSCE), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Union for the Mediterranean
(UfM), the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and part of the
Visegrád Group (V4: Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland).

In 2020, Slovak citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 181 countries

and territories, ranking the Slovak passport 11th in the world.[91]

Embassy of Japan in Bratislava

Slovakia maintains diplomatic relations with 134 countries, primarily through its
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As of December 2013, Slovakia maintained 90 missions
abroad, including 64 embassies, seven missions to multilateral organisations, nine
consulates-general, one consular office, one Slovak Economic and Cultural Office
and eight Slovak Institutes.[92] There are 44 embassies and 35 honorary consulates
in Bratislava.

Slovakia and the United States retain strong diplomatic ties and cooperate in the
military and law enforcement areas. The U.S. Department of Defense programmes has
contributed significantly to Slovak military reforms. Hundreds of thousands of
Americans have their roots in Slovakia, and many retain strong cultural and
familial ties to the Slovak Republic. President Woodrow Wilson and the United
States played a major role in the establishment of the original Czechoslovak state
on 28 October 1918.

Military
Main article: Slovak Armed Forces

Slovak 5th Special Forces Regiment in eastern Afghanistan during the Operation
Enduring Freedom

Slovak members of UNFICYP peacekeepers patrolling the buffer zone in Cyprus

The president is formally the commander-in-chief of the Slovak armed forces.

Slovakia joined NATO in March 2004.[93] From 2006, the army transformed into a
fully professional organisation and compulsory military service was abolished. The
Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic number 14,000 uniformed personnel.[94]

The country has been an active participant in US- and NATO-led military actions and
involved in many United Nations peacekeeping military missions: UNPROFOR in the
Yugoslavia (1992-1995), UNOMUR in Uganda and Rwanda (1993-1994), UNAMIR in Rwanda
(1993-1996), UNTAES in Croatia (1996-1998), UNOMIL in Liberia (1993-1997), MONUA in
Angola (1997-1999), SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1999-2003), OSCE mission in
Moldova (1998-2002), OSCE mission in Albania (1999), KFOR in Kosovo (1999-2002),
UNGCI in Iraq (2000-2003), UNMEE in Ethiopia and Eritrea (2000-2004), UNMISET in
East Timor (2001), EUFOR Concordia in Macedonia (2003), UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone
(1999-2005), EU supporting action to African Union in Darfur (2006), Operation
Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan (2002-2005), Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq (2003-
2007) and UNDOF at the borders of Israel and Syria (1998-2008).[95]

As of 2021, Slovakia has 169 military personnel deployed in Cyprus for UNFICYP
United Nations led peace support operations [96][97] and 41 troops deployed in
Bosnia and Herzegovina for EUFOR Althea.[98]

Slovak Ground Forces are made up of two active Mechanised infantry brigades. The
Air and Air Defence Forces comprise one wing of fighters, one wing of utility
helicopters, and one SAM brigade. Training and support forces comprise a National
Support Element (Multifunctional Battalion, Transport Battalion, Repair Battalion),
a garrison force of the capital city Bratislava, as well as a training battalion,
and various logistics and communication and information bases. Miscellaneous forces
under the direct command of the General Staff include the 5th Special Forces
Regiment.

Human rights
The US State Department in 2017 reported:

The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there
were problems in some areas. The most significant human rights issues included
incidents of interference with privacy; corruption; widespread discrimination
against Roma minority; and security force violence against ethnic and racial
minorities government actions and rhetoric did little to discourage. The government
investigated reports of abuses by members of the security forces and other
government institutions, although some observers questioned the thoroughness of
these investigations. Some officials engaged in corrupt practices with impunity.
Two former ministers were convicted of corruption during the year.[99]

Human rights in Slovakia are guaranteed by the Constitution of Slovakia from the
year 1992 and by multiple international laws signed in Slovakia between 1948 and
2006.[100]

According to the European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC), Romani people in Slovakia
"endure racism in the job market, housing and education fields and are often
subjected to forced evictions, vigilante intimidation, disproportionate levels of
police brutality and more subtle forms of discrimination."[101]

Administrative divisions
Main articles: Regions of Slovakia, Districts of Slovakia, and List of
municipalities and towns in Slovakia

Bratislava, capital and largest city of Slovakia

Slovakia is divided into 8 kraje (singular—kraj, usually translated as "region"),
each of which is named after its principal city. Regions have enjoyed a certain
degree of autonomy since 2002. Their self-governing bodies are referred to as Self-
governing (or autonomous) Regions (sg. samosprávny kraj, pl. samosprávne kraje) or
Upper-Tier Territorial Units (sg. vyšší územný celok, pl. vyššie územné celky,
abbr. VÚC).

The kraje are subdivided into okresy (sg. okres, usually translated as districts).
Slovakia currently has 79 districts.

The okresy are further divided into obce (sg. obec, usually translated as
"municipality"). There are currently 2,890 municipalities.

In terms of economics and unemployment rate, the western regions are richer than
eastern regions. Bratislava is the third-richest region of the European Union by
GDP (PPP) per capita (after Hamburg and Luxembourg City); GDP at purchasing power
parity is about three times higher than in other Slovak regions.[102][103]

Slovakia location map no surrounding.svgPresovsky vlajka.svgPrešovKosicky

vlajka.svgKošiceZilinsky vlajka.svgŽilinaBanskobystricky vlajka.svgBanská
BystricaTrenciansky vlajka.svgTrenčínNitriansky vlajka.svgNitraTrnavsky
vlajka.svgTrnavaBratislavsky vlajka.svgBratislava
Name in English Name in Slovak Administrative seat Population (2019)
Bratislava Region Bratislavský kraj Coat of Arms of Bratislava.svg Bratislava 669
592
Trnava Region Trnavský kraj Coat of Arms of Trnava.svg Trnava 564 917
Nitra Region Nitriansky kraj Coat of Arms of Nitra.svg Nitra 674 306
Trenčín Region Trenčiansky kraj Coat of Arms of Trenčín.svg Trenčín 584 569
Žilina Region Žilinský kraj Coat of Arms of Žilina.svg Žilina 691 509
Banská Bystrica Region Banskobystrický kraj Coat of Arms of Banská Bystrica.svg
Banská Bystrica 645 276
Prešov Region Prešovský kraj Coat of Arms of Prešov.svg Prešov 826 244
Košice Region Košický kraj Coat of Arms of Košice.svg Košice 801 460
Economy
Main article: Economy of Slovakia

National Bank of Slovakia in Bratislava

High-rise buildings in Bratislava's new business district

The Slovak economy is a developed, high-income[104] economy, with the GDP per
capita equalling 78% of the average of the European Union in 2018.[105] The country
has difficulties addressing regional imbalances in wealth and employment.[106] GDP
per capita ranges from 188% of EU average in Bratislava to 54% in Eastern Slovakia.
[107] Although regional income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes.

The OECD in 2017 reported:

The Slovak Republic continues exhibiting robust economic performance, with strong
growth backed by a sound financial sector, low public debt and high international
competitiveness drawing on large inward investment.[108]

In 2021, Slovakia was ranked by the International Monetary Fund as the 45th richest
country in the world (out of 195 countries and territories), with purchasing power
parity per capita GDP of $34,815. The country used to be dubbed the "Tatra Tiger".
Slovakia successfully transformed from a centrally planned economy to a market-
driven economy. Major privatisations are completed, the banking sector is almost
completely in private hands, and foreign investment has risen.

Slovakia is part of the Schengen Area, the EU single market, and since 2009, the
Eurozone (dark blue)
As of 2021, with population only 5 million, Slovakia is the 61st largest economy in
the world (out of 213 countries and territories). The Slovak economy is one of the
fastest-growing economies in Europe and 3rd-fastest in eurozone (2017). In 2007,
2008 and 2010 (with GDP growth of 10.5%, 6% and 4%, retrospectively). In 2016, more
than 86% of Slovak exports went to the European Union, and more than 50% of Slovak
imports came from other European Union member states.[109]

The ratio of government debt to GDP in Slovakia reached 49.4% by the end of 2018,
far below the OECD average.[110]

Unemployment, peaking at 19% at the end of 1999, decreased to 4.9% in 2019, lowest
recorded rate in Slovak history.[111]

Slovakia adopted the Euro currency on 1 January 2009 as the 16th member of the
Eurozone. The euro in Slovakia was approved by the European commission on 7 May
2008. The Slovak koruna was revalued on 28 May 2008 to 30.126 for 1 euro,[112]
which was also the exchange rate for the euro.[113]
High-rise buildings in Bratislava's business districts
The Slovak government encourages foreign investment since it is one of the driving
forces of the economy. Slovakia is an attractive country for foreign investors
mainly because of its low wages, low tax rates, well educated labour force,
favourable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe, strong political
stability and good international relations reinforced by the country's accession to
the European Union. Some regions, mostly at the east of Slovakia have failed to
attract major investment, which has aggravated regional disparities in many
economic and social areas. Foreign direct investment inflow grew more than 600%
from 2000 and cumulatively reached an all-time high of $17.3 billion in 2006, or
around $22,000 per capita by the end of 2008.

Slovakia ranks 45th out of 190 economies in terms of ease of doing business,
according to the 2020 World Bank Doing Business Report and 57th out of the 63
countries and territories in terms of competitive economy, according to the 2020
World Competitiveness Yearbook Report.

Industry
See also: Automotive industry in Slovakia

ESET headquarters in Bratislava

Although Slovakia's GDP comes mainly from the tertiary (services) sector, the
industrial sector also plays an important role within its economy. The main
industry sectors are car manufacturing and electrical engineering. Since 2007,
Slovakia has been the world's largest producer of cars per capita,[114] with a
total of 1,090,000 cars manufactured in the country in 2018 alone.[115] 275,000
people are employed directly and indirectly by the automotive industry.[116] There
are currently four automobile assembly plants: Volkswagen's in Bratislava (models:
Volkswagen Up, Volkswagen Touareg, Audi Q7, Audi Q8, Porsche Cayenne, Lamborghini
Urus), PSA Peugeot Citroën's in Trnava (models: Peugeot 208, Citroën C3 Picasso),
Kia Motors' Žilina Plant (models: Kia Cee'd, Kia Sportage, Kia Venga) and Jaguar
Land Rover's in Nitra (model: Land Rover Discovery). Hyundai Mobis in Žilina is the
largest suppliers for the automotive industry in Slovakia.[117]

From electrical engineering companies, Foxconn has a factory at Nitra for LCD TV
manufacturing, Samsung at Galanta for computer monitors and television sets
manufacturing. Slovnaft based in Bratislava with 4,000 employees, is an oil
refinery with a processing capacity of 5.5 - 6 million tonnes of crude oil,
annually. Steel producer U. S. Steel in Košice is the largest employer in the east
of Slovakia with 12,000 employees.

A proportional representation of Slovakia's exports, 2019

ESET is an IT security company from Bratislava with more than 1,000[118] employees
worldwide at present. Their branch offices are in the United States, Ireland,
United Kingdom, Argentina, the Czech Republic, Singapore and Poland.[119] In recent
years, service and high-tech-oriented businesses have prospered in Bratislava. Many
global companies, including IBM, Dell, Lenovo, AT&T, SAP, and Accenture, have built
outsourcing and service centres here.[120] Reasons for the influx of multi-national
corporations include proximity to Western Europe, skilled labour force and the high
density of universities and research facilities.[121] Other large companies and
employers with headquarters in Bratislava include Amazon, Slovak Telekom, Orange
Slovensko, Slovenská sporiteľňa, Tatra banka, Doprastav, Hewlett-Packard Slovakia,
Henkel Slovensko, Slovenský plynárenský priemysel, Microsoft Slovakia, Mondelez
Slovakia, Whirlpool Slovakia and Zurich Insurance Group Slovakia.

Bratislava's geographical position in Central Europe has long made Bratislava a

crossroads for international trade traffic.[122][123] Various ancient trade routes,
such as the Amber Road and the Danube waterway, have crossed territory of present-
day Bratislava. Today, Bratislava is the road, railway, waterway and airway hub.
[124]

Energy

Nuclear Power Plant Mochovce

In 2012, Slovakia produced a total of 28,393 GWh of electricity while at the same
time consumed 28 786 GWh. The slightly higher level of consumption than the
capacity of production (- 393 GWh) meant the country was not self-sufficient in
energy sourcing. Slovakia imported electricity mainly from the Czech Republic
(9,961 GWh—73.6% of total import) and exported mainly to Hungary (10,231 GWh—78.2%
of total export).

Nuclear energy accounts for 53.8% of total electricity production in Slovakia,

followed by 18.1% of thermal power energy, 15.1% by hydro power energy, 2% by solar
energy, 9.6% by other sources and the rest 1.4% is imported.[125]

The two nuclear power-plants in Slovakia are in Jaslovské Bohunice and Mochovce,
each of them containing two operating reactors. Before the accession of Slovakia to
the EU in 2004, the government agreed to turn-off the V1 block of Jaslovské
Bohunice power-plant, built-in 1978. After deactivating the last of the two
reactors of the V1 block in 2008, Slovakia stopped being self-dependent in energy
production.[citation needed] Currently there is another block (V2) with two active
reactors in Jaslovské Bohunice. It is scheduled for decommissioning in 2025. Two
new reactors are under construction in Mochovce plant. The nuclear power production
in Slovakia occasionally draws the attention of Austrian green-energy activists who
organise protests and block the borders between the two countries.[citation needed]

Transportation
Main article: Transport in Slovakia

A train in the northern town of Vysoké Tatry

D1 motorway
There are four main highways D1 to D4 and eight expressways R1 to R8. Many of them
are still under construction.

The D1 motorway connects Bratislava to Trnava, Nitra, Trenčín, Žilina and beyond,
while the D2 motorway connects it to Prague, Brno and Budapest in the north–south
direction. A large part of D4 motorway (an outer bypass), which should ease the
pressure on Bratislava's highway system, is scheduled to open in 2020.[126] The A6
motorway to Vienna connects Slovakia directly to the Austrian motorway system and
was opened on 19 November 2007.[127]

Slovakia has four international airports. Bratislava's M. R. Štefánik Airport is

the main and largest international airport. It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 miles)
northeast of the city centre. It serves civil and governmental, scheduled and
unscheduled domestic and international flights. The current runways support the
landing of all common types of aircraft currently used. The airport has enjoyed
rapidly growing passenger traffic in recent years; it served 279,028 passengers in
2000 and 2,292,712 in 2018.[128] Košice International Airport is an airport serving
Košice. It is the second-largest international airport in Slovakia. The Poprad–
Tatry Airport is the third busiest airport, the airport is located 5 km west-
northwest of ski resort town Poprad. It is an airport with one of the highest
elevations in Central Europe, at 718 m, which is 150 m higher than Innsbruck
Airport in Austria. The Sliač Airport is the smallest international airport and
currently operates only summer charter flights to popular sea resort destinations.
Railways of Slovak Republic provides railway transport services on national and
international lines.

The Port of Bratislava is one of the two international river ports in Slovakia. The
port connects Bratislava to international boat traffic, especially the
interconnection from the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Rhine-Main-Danube
Canal. Additionally, tourist boats operate from Bratislava's passenger port,
including routes to Devín, Vienna and elsewhere. The Port of Komárno is the second
largest port in Slovakia with an area of over 20 hectares and is located
approximately 100 km east of Bratislava. It lies at the confluence of two rivers -
the Danube and Váh.

Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Slovakia
See also: List of castles in Slovakia and List of World Heritage Sites in Slovakia

Bojnice Castle
Slovakia features natural landscapes, mountains, caves, medieval castles and towns,
folk architecture, spas and ski resorts. More than 5,4 million tourists visited
Slovakia in 2017, and the most attractive destinations are the capital of
Bratislava and the High Tatras.[129] Most visitors come from the Czech Republic
(about 26%), Poland (15%) and Germany (11%).[130]

Slovakia contains many castles, most of which are in ruins. The best known castles
include Bojnice Castle (often used as a filming location), Spiš Castle, (on the
UNESCO list), Orava Castle, Bratislava Castle, and the ruins of Devín Castle.
Čachtice Castle was once the home of the world's most prolific female serial
killer, the 'Bloody Lady', Elizabeth Báthory.

The centre of Bardejov – a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Slovakia's position in Europe and the country's past (part of the Kingdom of
Hungary, the Habsburg monarchy and Czechoslovakia) made many cities and towns
similar to the cities in the Czech Republic (such as Prague), Austria (such as
Salzburg) or Hungary (such as Budapest). A historical centre with at least one
square has been preserved in many towns. Large historical centres can be found in
Bratislava, Trenčín, Košice, Banská Štiavnica, Levoča, and Trnava. Historical
centres have been going through a restoration in recent years.

Historical churches can be found in virtually every village and town in Slovakia.
Most of them are built in the Baroque style, but there are also many examples of
Romanesque and Gothic architecture, for example Banská Bystrica, Bardejov and
Spišská Kapitula. The Basilica of St. James in Levoča with the tallest wood-carved
altar in the world and the Church of the Holy Spirit in Žehra with medieval frescos
are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The St. Martin's Concathedral in Bratislava served
as the coronation church for the Kingdom of Hungary. The oldest sacral buildings in
Slovakia stem from the Great Moravian period in the ninth century.

Cable cars at Jasná in the Tatra Mountains.

Very precious structures are the complete wooden churches of northern and northern-
eastern Slovakia. Most were built from the 15th century onwards by Catholics,
Lutherans and members of eastern-rite churches.

Tourism in Slovak Republic is one of the main sectors of the economy, but not using
its whole capacity. It is based on internal tourism, where Slovaks spend holidays
within the country. Major areas are: Bratislava and Vysoké Tatry. To other regions
belong: Pieniny National Park, Malá Fatra NP, and Nízke Tatry NP.
Castles and châteaux
There are many castles located throughout the country. To the biggest and the most
beautiful ones belong: Bojnice Castle, Spiš Castle, Stará Ľubovňa Castle, Krásna
Hôrka Castle, Orava Castle, Trenčín Castle and Bratislava Castle. To the castle
ruins belong Beckov Castle, Devín Castle, Šariš Castle, Považský hrad (castle), and
Strečno Castle, where was filmed Dragonheart movie.

Caves
Caves opened for public are mainly located in Northern Slovakia. In the south-west
of the country only Jaskyňa Driny is opened to the public. The most popular ones
are: Dobšinská Ice Cave, Demänovská ľadová cave, Demänovská jaskyňa slobody,
Belianska cave, and Domica cave. To the other caves which are opened belong
Ochtinská aragonitová cave, Gombasecká cave, and Jasovská cave.

Spa resorts
There are many spas throughout the whole country. The biggest and the most
favourite centre is Piešťany spa, where a big portion of visitors come from The
Gulf countries, i.e. United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain. To the other
famous spas belong: Bardejovské kúpele, Trenčianske Teplice spa, Turčianske Teplice
spa, and Spa Rajecké Teplice. There are many smaller ones: Kúpele Štós, Kúpele Číž,
Kúpele Dudince, Kováčová, Kúpele Nimnica, Kúpele Smrdáky, Kúpele Lúčky, and Kúpele
Vyšné Ružbachy with treatments against schizophrenia.

Typical souvenirs from Slovakia are dolls dressed in folk costumes, ceramic
objects, crystal glass, carved wooden figures, črpáks (wooden pitchers), fujaras (a
folk instrument on the UNESCO list) and valaškas (a decorated folk hatchet) and
above all products made from corn husks and wire, notably human figures. Souvenirs
can be bought in the shops run by the state organisation ÚĽUV (Ústredie ľudovej
umeleckej výroby—Centre of Folk Art Production). Dielo shop chain sells works of
Slovak artists and craftsmen. These shops are mostly found in towns and cities.

Prices of imported products are generally the same as in the neighbouring

countries, whereas prices of local products and services, especially food, are
usually lower.

Science
The Slovak Academy of Sciences has been the most important scientific and research
institution in the country since 1953. Slovaks have made notable scientific and
technical contributions during history. Slovakia is currently in the negotiation
process of becoming a member of the European Space Agency. Observer status was
granted in 2010, when Slovakia signed the General Agreement on Cooperation[131] in
which information about ongoing education programmes was shared and Slovakia was
invited to various negotiations of the ESA. In 2015, Slovakia signed the European
Cooperating State Agreement based on which Slovakia committed to the finance
entrance programme named PECS (Plan for the European Cooperating States) which
serves as preparation for full membership. Slovak research and development
organisations can apply for funding of projects regarding space technologies
advancement. Full membership of Slovakia in the ESA is expected in 2020 after
signing the ESA Convention. Slovakia will be obliged to set state budget inclusive
ESA funding. Slovakia was ranked 39th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down
from 37th in 2019.[132][133][134][135]

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Slovakia
Further information: List of Slovaks

Largest cities or towns in Slovakia

Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky – 31 December 2011
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
Bratislava
Bratislava
Košice
Košice 1 Bratislava Bratislava 432,801 11 Prievidza Trenčín
48,866 Prešov
Prešov
Žilina
Žilina
2 Košice Košice 240,688 12 Zvolen Banská Bystrica 43,311
3 Prešov Prešov 91,638 13 Považská Bystrica Trenčín 41,153
4 Žilina Žilina 81,515 14 Michalovce Košice 39,940
5 Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica 79,775 15 Nové Zámky Nitra 39,585
6 Nitra Nitra 78,875 16 Spišská Nová Ves Košice 37,948
7 Trnava Trnava 66,219 17 Humenné Prešov 34,913
8 Martin Žilina 57,300 18 Levice Nitra 34,649
9 Trenčín Trenčín 55,832 19 Komárno Nitra 34,478
10 Poprad Prešov 52,791 20 Bardejov Prešov 33,625

Population density in Slovakia. The two biggest cities are clearly visible,
Bratislava in the far west and Košice in the east.
The population is over 5.4 million and consists mostly of Slovaks. The average
population density is 110 inhabitants per km2.[136] According to the 2021 census,
the majority of the inhabitants of Slovakia are Slovaks (83.82%). Hungarians are
the largest ethnic minority (7.75%). Other ethnic groups include Roma (1.23%),[137]
Czechs (0.53%), Rusyns (0.44%) and others or unspecified (6.1%).[138]

In 2018 the median age of the Slovak population was 41 years.[139]

The largest waves of Slovak emigration occurred in the 19th and early 20th
centuries. In the 1990 US census, 1.8 million people self-identified as having
Slovak ancestry.[140][needs update]

Languages
Main article: Slovak language
See also: History of the Slovak language

The Slovak alphabet has 46 characters, of which 3 are digraphs and 18 contain
diacritics.
The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family. Hungarian
is widely spoken in the southern regions, and Rusyn is used in some parts of the
Northeast. Minority languages hold co-official status in the municipalities in
which the size of the minority population meets the legal threshold of 15% in two
consecutive censuses.[141]

Slovakia is ranked among the top EU countries regarding the knowledge of foreign
languages. In 2007, 68% of the population aged from 25 to 64 years claimed to speak
two or more foreign languages, finishing second highest in the European Union. The
best known foreign language in Slovakia is Czech. Eurostat report also shows that
98.3% of Slovak students in the upper secondary education take on two foreign
languages, ranking highly over the average 60.1% in the European Union.[142]
According to a Eurobarometer survey from 2012, 26% of the population have knowledge
of English at a conversational level, followed by German (22%) and Russian (17%).
[143]

The deaf community uses the Slovak Sign Language. Even though spoken Czech and
Slovak are similar, the Slovak Sign language is not particularly close to Czech
Sign Language.[citation needed]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Slovakia

Basilica of St. James in Levoča

St. Elisabeth Cathedral in Košice is Slovakia's largest church

The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion. In 2011, 62.0% of Slovaks
identified themselves as Roman Catholics, 5.9% as Lutherans, 1.8% as Calvinists,
3.8% as Greek Catholics, 0.9% as Orthodox, 13.4% identified themselves as atheists
or non-religious, and 10.6% did not answer the question about their belief.[144] In
2004, about one third of the church members regularly attended church services.
[145] The Slovak Greek Catholic Church is an Eastern rite sui iuris Catholic
Church. Before World War II, an estimated 90,000 Jews lived in Slovakia (1.6% of
the population), but most were murdered during the Holocaust. After further
reductions due to postwar emigration and assimilation, only about 2,300 Jews remain
today (0.04% of the population).[146]

There are 18 state-registered religions in Slovakia, of which 16 are Christian, one

is Jewish, and one is the Baháʼí Faith.[147] In 2016, a two-thirds majority of the
Slovak parliament passed a new bill that would obstruct Islam and other religious
organisations from becoming state-recognised religions by doubling the minimum
followers threshold from 25,000 to 50,000; however, Slovakia's then-president
Andrej Kiska vetoed the bill.[147] In 2010, there were an estimated 5,000 Muslims
in Slovakia representing less than 0.1% of the country's population.[148] Slovakia
is the only member state of the European Union to not have any mosques.[149]

Education
Main article: Education in Slovakia

Comenius University headquarters in Bratislava

The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD,
currently ranks Slovak secondary education the 30th in the world (placing it just
below the United States and just above Spain).[150] Education in Slovakia is
compulsory from age 6 to 16. The education system consists of elementary school
which is divided into two parts, the first grade (age 6–10) and the second grade
(age 10–15) which is finished by taking nationwide testing called Monitor, in
Slovak and math. Parents may apply for social assistance for a child that is
studying on an elementary school or a high-school. If approved, the state provides
basic study necessities for the child. Schools provide books to all their students
with usual exceptions of books for studying a foreign language and books which
require taking notes in them, which are mostly present in the first grade of
elementary school.

After finishing elementary school, students are obliged to take one year in high
school.

After finishing high school, students can go to university and are highly
encouraged to do so. Slovakia has a wide range of universities. The biggest
university is Comenius University, established in 1919. Although it's not the first
university ever established on Slovak territory, it's the oldest university that is
still running. Most universities in Slovakia are public funded, where anyone can
apply. Every citizen has a right to free education in public schools.

Slovakia has several privately funded universities, however public universities

consistently score better in the ranking than their private counterparts.
Universities have different criteria for accepting students. Anyone can apply to
any number of universities.

Culture
Main article: Culture of Slovakia
Folk tradition
See also: Music of Slovakia and Architecture of Slovakia

Wooden folk architecture can be seen in the well-preserved village of Vlkolínec, a

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Folk tradition has rooted strongly in Slovakia and is reflected in literature,
music, dance and architecture. The prime example is a Slovak national anthem, "Nad
Tatrou sa blýska", which is based on a melody from "Kopala studienku" folk song.

The manifestation of Slovak folklore culture is the "Východná" Folklore Festival.

It is the oldest and largest nationwide festival with international participation,
[151] which takes place in Východná annually. Slovakia is usually represented by
many groups but mainly by SĽUK (Slovenský ľudový umelecký kolektív—Slovak folk art
collective). SĽUK is the largest Slovak folk art group, trying to preserve the
folklore tradition.

An example of wooden folk architecture in Slovakia can be seen in the well-

preserved village of Vlkolínec which has been the UNESCO World Heritage Site since
1993.[152] The Prešov Region preserves the world's most remarkable folk wooden
churches. Most of them are protected by Slovak law as cultural heritage, but some
of them are on the UNESCO list too, in Bodružal, Hervartov, Ladomirová and Ruská
Bystrá.

Slovaks wearing folk costumes from Eastern Slovakia

The best known Slovak hero, found in many folk mythologies, is Juraj Jánošík (1688–
1713) (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). The legend says he was taking from the
rich and giving to the poor. Jánošík's life was depicted in a list of literary
works and many movies throughout the 20th century. One of the most popular is a
film Jánošík directed by Martin Frič in 1935.[153]

Art

Main altar in the Basilica of St. James, crafted by Master Paul of Levoča, 1517. It
is the tallest wooden altar in the world.
Visual art in Slovakia is represented through painting, drawing, printmaking,
illustration, arts and crafts, sculpture, photography or conceptual art. The Slovak
National Gallery founded in 1948, is the biggest network of galleries in Slovakia.
Two displays in Bratislava are situated in Esterházy Palace (Esterházyho palác) and
the Water Barracks (Vodné kasárne), adjacent one to another. They are located on
the Danube riverfront in the Old Town.[154][155]

The Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961 is the second biggest Slovak gallery
of its kind. It stores about 35,000 pieces of Slovak international art and offers
permanent displays in Pálffy Palace and Mirbach Palace, located in the Old Town.
Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is situated near
Čunovo waterworks (part of Gabčíkovo Waterworks). Other major galleries include:
Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art (Warhol's parents were from Miková), East Slovak
Gallery, Ernest Zmeták Art Gallery, Zvolen Castle.

Literature
Further information: Slovak literature
See also: List of Slovak authors

Ľudovít Štúr, the creator of standard Slovak

Christian topics include poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial
translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, Zakon sudnyj ljudem.

Medieval literature, in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries, was written
in Latin, Czech and Slovakised Czech. Lyric (prayers, songs and formulas) was still
controlled by the Church, while epic was concentrated on legends. Authors from this
period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus,
both of them Hungarians.[156] The worldly literature also emerged and chronicles
were written in this period.

Two leading persons codified Slovak. The first was Anton Bernolák, whose concept
was based on the western Slovak dialect in 1787. It was the codification of the
first-ever literary language of Slovaks. The second was Ľudovít Štúr, whose
formation of the Slovak took principles from the central Slovak dialect in 1843.

Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik,
Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries and reformists, such Milan
Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.

Cuisine
Main article: Slovak cuisine
See also: Slovak wine and Beer in Slovakia

Halušky with bryndza cheese, kapustnica soup and Zlatý Bažant dark beer—examples of
Slovak cuisine
Traditional Slovak cuisine is based mainly on pork, poultry (chicken is the most
widely eaten, followed by duck, goose, and turkey), flour, potatoes, cabbage, and
milk products. It is relatively closely related to Hungarian, Czech, Polish and
Austrian cuisine. On the east it is also influenced by Ukrainian, including Lemko
and Rusyn. In comparison with other European countries, "game meat" is more
accessible in Slovakia due to vast resources of forest and because hunting is
relatively popular.[157] Boar, rabbit, and venison are generally available
throughout the year. Lamb and goat are eaten but are not widely popular.

The traditional Slovak meals are bryndzové halušky, bryndzové pirohy and other
meals with potato dough and bryndza. Bryndza is a salty cheese made of sheep milk,
characterised by a strong taste and aroma. Bryndzové halušky especially is
considered a national dish, and is very commonly found on the menu of traditional
Slovak restaurants.

A typical soup is a sauerkraut soup ("kapustnica"). A blood sausage called

"krvavnica", made from any parts of a butchered pig is also a specific Slovak meal.

Wine is enjoyed throughout Slovakia. Slovak wine comes predominantly from the
southern areas along the Danube and its tributaries; the northern half of the
country is too cold and mountainous to grow grapevines. Traditionally, white wine
was more popular than red or rosé (except in some regions), and sweet wine more
popular than dry, but in recent years tastes seem to be changing.[158] Beer (mainly
of the pilsener style, though dark lagers are also consumed) is also popular.

Sport
Main article: Sport in Slovakia
Sporting activities are practised widely in Slovakia, many of them on a
professional level. Ice hockey and football have traditionally been regarded as the
most popular sports in Slovakia, though tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball,
whitewater slalom, cycling, alpine skiing, biathlon and athletics are also popular.

Ice hockey

The Slovak national ice hockey team celebrating a victory against Sweden at the
2010 Winter Olympics
One of the most popular team sports in Slovakia is ice hockey. Slovakia became a
member of the IIHF on 2 February 1993[159] and since then has won 4 medals in Ice
Hockey World Championships, consisting of 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze. The most
recent success was a silver medal at the 2012 IIHF World Championship in Helsinki.
The Slovak national hockey team made five appearances in the Olympic games,
finishing fourth in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The country has 8,280
registered players and is ranked seventh in the IIHF World Ranking at present.
Before 2012, the Slovak team HC Slovan Bratislava participated in the Kontinental
Hockey League, considered the strongest hockey league in Europe, and the second-
best in the world.[160]

Slovakia hosted the 2011 IIHF World Championship, where Finland won the gold medal
and 2019 IIHF World Championship, where Finland also won the gold medal. Both
competitions took place in Bratislava and Košice.

Football

Football stadium Tehelné pole in Bratislava. Football is the most popular sport in
Slovakia.
Football is the most popular sport in Slovakia, with over 400,000 registered
players. Since 1993, the Slovak national football team has qualified for the FIFA
World Cup once, in 2010. They progressed to the last 16, where they were defeated
by the Netherlands. The most notable result was the 3–2 victory over Italy. In
2016, the Slovak national football team qualified for the UEFA Euro 2016
tournament, under head coach Ján Kozák. This helped the team reach its best-ever
position of 14th in the FIFA World Rankings.

In club competitions, only three teams have qualified for the UEFA Champions League
Group Stage, namely MFK Košice in 1997–98, FC Artmedia Bratislava in 2005–06
season, and MŠK Žilina in 2010–11. FC Artmedia Bratislava has been the most
successful team, finishing third at the Group Stage of the UEFA Cup, therefore
qualifying for the knockout stage. They remain the only Slovak club that has won a
match at the group stage.

See also
flag Slovakia portal
Outline of Slovakia
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