Unit 3. Family - Contents

Instituto de Idiomas.
“Charity begins at home”

Meaning: A person's first obligation should be to help
help the member of his own family before he can begin
thinking of talking about helping others.
Unit 3
“Family-The support for human beings”
ADJECTIVES
(ADJETIVOS)
 Adjectives are the words that qualify the noun. Example:

big, small, old, young, beautiful, etc.
Los adjetivos son las palabras que califican al sustantivo. Por ejemplo: grande,
pequeño, viejo, joven, hermoso(a), etc.
In English, most adjectives can go in two different places in a sentence:
 before nouns, as in a funny story

..… + Adjective + …..
Ex: The big city La ciudad grande

Ex: A nice park Un parque bonito
 after verbs, especially linking verbs like be and seem, as in Don´t laugh-It
isn´t funny.
Some adjectives can also go:
After nouns, as in: There was no money available.

 as in after nouns.
En ingles la mayoría de los adjetivos pueden ir en dos diferentes lugares en una oración:
Antes de los sustantivos, como por ejemplo: a funny story (una historia graciosa.
funny=adjetivo-graciosa y story=sustantivo-historia/cuento)
Después de los verbos, especialmente de like- be – seem, como por ejemplo: No te rías, no es
divertido.
Otros adjetivos pueden también ir después de los sustantivos, como por ejemplo: El dinero no
estuvo disponible.
“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 1

Instituto de Idiomas. “Charity begins at home”
1. Comparison of adjectives:
English has three degrees of adjectives comparisons: positive, comparatives (2

people, things) and superlatives. (3 or more people)Study these examples:
Comparación de los adjetivos

En Inglés hay 3 grados de comparación para los adjetivos y son: el positivo, el
comparativo (2 personas /objetos, etc.)y el superlativo (3 o más personas/objetos
etc.) Estudie estos ejemplos:
Spaghetti is cheap ( positive ) Spaghetti is barato.

Bread is cheaper ( comparative ) El pan es más barato.
Rice is the cheapest ( superlative ) El arroz es el comestible
más barato.
Fish is expensive ( positive ) El pescado es caro.
Pork is more expensive ( comparative ) la carne de cerdo es más
cara.
Beef is the most expensive ( superlative) La carne de res es la más
cara.
2. One- syllable Adjective
 Most adjectives with one syllable have -er –(for comparatives) and –est endings
(for superlatives).
La mayoría de las terminaciones de los adjetivos de una sola sílaba son –er (para
los comparativos=2 elementos) y –est (para los superlativos=3 o más elementos).
Positive Comparative Superlative

small smaller than the smallest

close closer than the closest

long ………… ……………
high …………. ……………
hard …………. ……………
cheap ………….. ……………
loud ………….. ……………
fast …………… …………….
One-syllable adjectives that end in a single stressed vowel followed by a single

consonant, must add another consonant.
Adjetivos de una sola sílaba que terminan en consonante, con vocal acentuada,
debe añadir otra consonante.
Hot hotter the hottest
Big …………… ……………..
Wet ……………. ………………
Fat ……………. ……………..
Thin ……………. ………………
(There are some exceptions to the rule of the double consonant. Adjectives that
end in w,x or y are not doubled.)
Hay algunas excepciones a la regla de duplicar la consonante. Los adjetivos que

terminan en w, x ó y, no se duplica.
Slow slower the slowest
New …………….. ………………

Low ………………. ……………….
Gray ………………. ………………
3. Two or more –Syllable Adjectives
Adjectives of two or more syllables take the words “more” and the “most” for
comparisons.
Important more important than the most important

Delicious ---------------- -------------------------
Expensive ----------------- -------------------------
Modern ----------------- --------------------------
Difficult ----------------- --------------------------
Dangerous ----------------- --------------------------
Two-syllable adjectives that end in –y can take –er and -est endings, but the y changes
to i before the ending.
Adjetivos de dos sílabas que terminan en y , cambie la y por i antes de adicionar –er o –
est.

Hungry hungrier the hungriest
Busy --------------- --------------------
Early --------------------- ---------------------
Noisy --------------------- ---------------------
Dirty --------------------- ----------------------
4. Irregular Adjetives (Adjetivos irregulares)

ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

BAD (MALO) WORSE (PEOR) THE WORST (EL PEOR)
GOOD (BUENO) BETTER (MEJOR) THE BEST (EL MEJOR)
THE LEAST (GENERALLY:
LITTLE (PEQUEÑO) LESS (MENOS)
EL/LO MENOS)
OLD (VIEJO) OLDER (MAYOR) THE ELDEST (EL MAYOR)
Examples:
Ex: My computer is faster than yours.

Mi computador es más rápido que el tuyo.
Ex: My computer is more reliable than yours.

Mi computador es más fiable que el tuyo.
Ex: My computer is the fastest.

Mi computador es el más rápido.
Ex: My computer is the most reliable.

Mi computador es el más fiable.
Ex: My computer is the slowest.

Mi computador es el más lento.
Ex: My computer is the least fast.

Mi computador es el menos rápido.
Practice the conversation and identify the main content of it.

Practica la conversación e identifique el contenido principal de la misma.

Sunny Day
A: It's good to see the sun again.
B: Better than yesterday.
A: They say it's going to cloud over again this afternoon.
B: As long as it doesn't rain.
A: Wow, it certainly is an awful day.
B: Yeah, I'm really fed up with all this rain.
A: Well, it was only drizzle when I got up at 7, but this is too much!
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Answer these Questions :
Is a sunny day better than a cold day?

……………………………………………………………..
Which is nicer : A sunny or a rainy day ?
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………...................................
Nota: Cuando varios adjetivos acompañan a un mismo sustantivo, estos adjetivos se colocan siguiendo un orden
determinado, que suele ser:
1.- Tamaño: Big, small....

2.- Características generales: Interesting, Spanish, beautiful....
3.- Edad: Old, young....
4.- Forma: Round, narrow, broad....
5.- Color: Red, blue....
6.- Material: Plastic, golden, silver....
7.- Procedencia: Spanish, Swiss....
Ejemplos:
Ex: A big Spanish car. Ex: A young pretty woman.
Un auto español grande. Una mujer joven y guapa.
Ex: An old, red, plastic table.

Una mesa vieja de plástico roja.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
 We use a possessive adjective + a noun for possession.
Utilizamos el adjetivo posesivo + sustantivo para denotar posesión.
MY CAR!
Ex: My car. [Mi carro]

Your folder. [Tu carpeta]
Her theory. [Suyo (de ella) teoría]
 In English there are eight possessive adjectives for the corresponding eight
personal pronouns.
Existen ocho adjetivos posesivos correspondientes a los ocho pronombres
personales.
SINGULAR PLURAL
PERSONAL POSSESIVE PERSONAL POSSESIVE
PRONOUN ADJETIVES PRONOUN ADJETIVES
I MY WE OUR
YOU YOUR YOU YOUR
HE HIS THEY THEIR
SHE HER
IT ITS

 Possessive adjectives always go before the noun.

Los adjetivos posesivos van siempre antes del sustantivo
Ex: My house is big.
MY HOUSE IS BIG
Possessive + Noun + Verb + Adjective
 Possessive adjectives will always be related to their previous referent.

Los adjetivos posesivos siempre tendrán su referente previo.
Ex: Kevin has a sister. His (Kevin’s) sister is very intelligent.

YES/NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH THE VERB BE
 We use the verb BE before the subject in YES/NO questions.

Utilizamos el verbo BE antes del sujeto en preguntas YES/NO.
YES/NO QUESTIONS WITH BE
BE SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Am
He
Is She
It OK ?
We
Are You
They
We write only a QUESTION MARK at the end of a question.

Escribimos únicamente un solo signo de interrogación al final de una pregunta.
Ex: Are you busy? [¿Estas ocupado?]
Some expressions of present time are:

Algunas expresiones de tiempo presente son:
now ahora
this moment este momento
today hoy
tonight esta noche
Este tipo de preguntas requieren de una respuesta Positiva o Negativa

Para formular preguntas se escribe primero el verbo luego el sujeto: Are you?:
(al escribir nunca olvide la coma Yes, No,)

Examples:
RESPUESTA
QUESTION SHORT ANSWER PREGUNTA
CORTA
Are you a student? Yes, I am. Eres estudiante? Sí, lo soy
Are you a teacher? No, I'm not. Es usted (un) profesor? No,no lo soy.
Is he an engineer? Yes, he is. Es él ingeniero? Sí, lo es.
Is she your mother? No, she isn't Es ella tu mamá? No, no lo es
Es este un libro de
Is it an English book? Yes, it is. Sí, lo es.
inglés?
Are we late? No, we're not. Estamos atrazados? No, no estamos.
Are you satisfied? Yes, we are. Están satisfechos/as? Sí, lo estamos.
Están ellos/llas en casa?
Are they at home? No, they are not. No, no están.
Hay tres clases de respuestas: corta, completa
Are you a student?
Short answer Yes, I am No, I'm not

Full answer Yes, I am a student No, I'm not a student

WH- QUESTIONS WITH THE VERB BE
To build Wh-questions follow this structure:

Para estructurar Wh-questions (preguntas informativas) siga esta estructura:
WH-WORD + BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT + ?
Wh-word Be S + C +?
What is it?
Where are they?
When is the meeting?
Preguntas de Información:
Las WH- son palabras que sirven para pedir información acerca de:

WHO = Ask about people – Para preguntar por personas

(Quién, quiénes?)
WHAT = Ask about things - Cosas (Qué, Cuál, Cuáles?)
WHAT IS HE (she/ it) LIKE= Ask about qualities or characteristics - Pregunta acerca
de cualidades o caracteristicas.
WHAT TIME = Ask for specific clock time – Pregunta por la hora
específica.
WHERE = Ask about places and directions - Lugares (Dónde?,

y directions)
WHEN = Ask about time, dates - Tiempo, fechas (Cuándo?)
HOW = Ask about mood, manners - Modos, maneras

(Cómo?)
HOW OLD = Ask about age- Para preguntar la edad.
WHY = Ask about reasons - Razones (Por qué?)
WHICH = Ask about people or things - Personas o cosas

(Quién, quiénes, Cuál, cuáles?) .
WHOSE = Ask about property or possession - Propiedad o

posesión (De quién?)
WHOM = Ask about intended Person - Persona intencional (a
quién, con quién, para quién?) + (to, with, for)
Examples:
QUESTION ANSWER PREGUNTA RESPUESTA
Who is your father? My father is George. Quién es tu padre? Mi padre es George.

What is your name? My name is John. Cuál es tu nombre? Mi nombre es John.
Where are you from? I am from Ecuador. De dónde eres? Soy de Ecuador.
When is your birthday? It is on October 11th. Cuándo es tu Es el 11 de Octubre.

cumpleaños?
How are you today? I am fine. Cómo estás? Estoy bien.
Why are you happy? Because I'm lucky Por qué estás feliz? Porque hoy estoy de
today. suerte.
Which city are you from? I'm from Loja city. De qué ciudad eres? Soy de Loja.
Whose is this book? This is George´s. De quién es este libro? Es de George.

Whom are you going to I'm going to invite A quién vas a invitar? Voy a invitar a Mary.
invite? Mary.
Practice easy questions in: http:/a4esl.org/q/h/mc006-ck.html
DEMONSTRATIVES
For Singular For Plural Uses

Nouns Nouns
THIS THESE when the person is near
(It´ is a / an) (They are) the object
DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
This and these ( esto – éstos )

Se usa These con sustantivos en
Se usa This con sustantivos en singular plural.
Ejemplo :
This is a watch ( éste es un reloj) Ejemplo : These are keys
Para preguntar : Para hacer preguntas :
- What is this? What are these ?
- It`s an eraser They’re Keys
- It´s a cell phone.
They´re dictionaries
- It’s a pen
They’re pens.
 Uses : This, singular ( ésto ) , These , plural (éstos ), se usa cuando el

objeto(s) se encuentran cerca de la persona que habla.

This hat is green.
Este sombrero es verde

EXAMPLES:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1. What´s this? (what is this?) 2. What are these?

It´s a clock. (It is a clock) They are watches
3 What´s this? 4. What are these?

It´s an eraser. They are erasers.
5. What´s this? 6. What are these?

It´s a box They are boxes


CARDINAL NUMBERS
La numeración tiene el mismo patrón que en español, y las cantidades igual. Observe la
fórmula al final.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
One Two Three Four Five Six Seven
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen
15 16 17 18 19 20 30
Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Thirty
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 One
Fourty Fifty Sixty Seventy Eighty Ninety Hundred
1000 One
thousand
Esta es la fórmula para contar grandes cantidades
 Las grandes cantidades se leen de tres en tres, empezando con - hundred

 En inglés la coma es para los miles y el punto para los decimales - thousand
 Casi todos los años se dicen en cifras de dos en dos: 1998 (nineteen ninety-eight)
 Solamente del 2000 al 2009 se dice toda la cantidad: 2007 (Two-thousand and seven)
 A partir del 2010 se volverá a decir de dos en dos: 2010 (twenty-ten)
 los números telefónicos se dicen de uno en uno, pero también se puede decir por
grupos: 212-234-6831 / 09-336 -0441www. thefreedictionary.com
ORDINAL NUMBERS
Estos números se usan para grados y órdenes, especialmente para los días del mes.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh
8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th

Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Thirteenth Fourteenth
15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 30th
Fifteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Thirtieth
40th 50th 60 70th 80th 90th 100th
Fourtieth Fiftieth Sixtieth Seventieth Eightieth Ninetieth One-
hundredth
1,000th
One-
thousandth

Use los Ordinal numbers para hablar de ORDEN y de FECHAS, especialmente.

GRADE:
First Grade, Second Grade, Third Grade, etc.
COURSE:
First Course, Second Course, Third Course, etc.
DATES:
January 1st, February 2nd, March 3rd, April 4th, December 25th, etc.
You can also say: January the 1st of 2009. (formal way)
FAMILY TREE
Grandparents
(abuelos)
Parents
Children
Here is a list of family members who are organized according to gender.
Married couple( casados)

Kids = children
husband (esposo)
mom = mother
wife(esposa)
dad = father
ex-husband ex-wife

Grandparents and Grandchildren
Grandfather Grandmother
Grandson Granddaughter
Parents and Children
Father (Dad) Mother (mom)

son daughter
Siblings = brother Sister
Other relatives
uncle aunt
nephew niece
cousins
In-laws
Father-in-law mother-in-law
son-in-law daughter-in-law
brother-in-law sister-in-law
 Your immediate family includes the people you are very closely related to, such
as your parents, brothers, sisters, and children.
 Your extended family includes all of your relatives such as aunts, uncles,
cousins, and grandparents.
 Abuela = Grandmother
 Abuelo = Grandfather
 Madre = Mother
 Padre = Father
 Tío = Uncle
 Tía = Aunt
 Primo/Prima = Cousin
 Cuñado = brother in law
 Cuñada = sister in law
 Hermano = Brother
 Hermana = sister
 Esposa = wife
 Esposo = husband

 Sobrina = Nephew
 Sobrino = Niece
 Hija = daugther
 Hijo = son
 Nieta = Granddaugther
 Nieto = grandson
 Padrino de bautizo) = godfather
(de boda) best man
 Madrina (de bautismo) = godmother
(de boda) matron of honour,
 Primo(a) = cousin
 Cuñado: (hombre) brother-in-law
 Cuñada: (mujer) sister-in-law
 Tatarabuela (la madre de la abuela) = great-grandmother
 Tatarabuelo (el padre del abuelo) = great-grandfather

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Instituto de Idiomas.

“Charity begins at home”

 Adjectives are the words that qualify the noun. Example:

In English, most adjectives can go in two different places in a sentence:

 before nouns, as in a funny story

Ex: The big city La ciudad grande

Some adjectives can also go:

After nouns, as in: There was no money available.

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 1

English has three degrees of adjectives comparisons: positive, comparatives (2

Comparación de los adjetivos

Spaghetti is cheap ( positive ) Spaghetti is barato.

2. One- syllable Adjective

Positive Comparative Superlative

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 2

close closer than the closest

One-syllable adjectives that end in a single stressed vowel followed by a single

Positive Comparative Superlative

Hot hotter the hottest

Big …………… ……………..

Wet ……………. ………………

Fat ……………. ……………..

Thin ……………. ………………

Hay algunas excepciones a la regla de duplicar la consonante. Los adjetivos que

Positive Comparative Superlative

Slow slower the slowest

New …………….. ………………

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 3

Low ………………. ……………….

Gray ………………. ………………

3. Two or more –Syllable Adjectives

Positive Comparative Superlative

Important more important than the most important

Positive Comparative Superlative

4. Irregular Adjetives (Adjetivos irregulares)

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 4

ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO

Ex: My computer is faster than yours.

Ex: My computer is more reliable than yours.

Ex: My computer is the fastest.

Ex: My computer is the most reliable.

Ex: My computer is the slowest.

Ex: My computer is the least fast.

Practice the conversation and identify the main content of it.

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 5

Is a sunny day better than a cold day?

Which is nicer : A sunny or a rainy day ?

1.- Tamaño: Big, small....

Ex: An old, red, plastic table.

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 6

Una mesa vieja de plástico roja.

 We use a possessive adjective + a noun for possession.

Utilizamos el adjetivo posesivo + sustantivo para denotar posesión.

Ex: My car. [Mi carro]

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 7

 Possessive adjectives always go before the noun.

Ex: My house is big.

Possessive + Noun + Verb + Adjective

 Possessive adjectives will always be related to their previous referent.

Ex: Kevin has a sister. His (Kevin’s) sister is very intelligent.

“Your eyes on the World”-UNL 8

YES/NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH THE VERB BE

 We use the verb BE before the subject in YES/NO questions.