Printed in can
== Nortec
www.humidity.com
Ottawa, Ontario,
(618) 822.
ESTIMATING THE
HUMIDIFICATION LOAD
Relative humidity, RH, is the percentage of moisture in a volume
of air at a given temperature, compared to the maximum amount
of moisture that the volume of air can hold at the same tempera-
ture and atmospheric pressure. As air becomes warmer, it can
absorb more moisture per unit volume. Therefore a quantity of air
containing a specific amount of moisture will have different values
of relative humidity as the temperature changes.
Itis this process that causes dry air in buildings. As cold incoming
air is heated, its relative humidity value drops. Therefore moisture
must be added to attain an acceptable level of humidity within the
building.
object of this brochur
Determining how much moisture must be added is the
Table 2 on page 2 simplifies the calcula-
tions which are described here in detail.
Further information on humidity and temperature is located in
form 1244.
WB_OAD CALCULATION
SUMMARY
Factors to consider
There to determine the humid
cation load three basic values need
10 be known:
A. The design conditions of the
humidified space, ie., the tem-
perature and humidity required.
B. The conditions of the incoming,
air, Le., the temperature and.
humidity available.
C. Incoming air volume and sec-
ondary conditions that can affect,
the humidification load,
Data and calculations required to
estimate humidification load are
described in the tables on pages
2and 3
‘A. Temperature and humidity required
‘The design temperature and humidi-
ty of a space depends mostly upon
the job being performed. Once the
design temperature and humidity
have been established, the required
moisture can be found in gr/fv from
Table 3. Remember always to take
the worst case (highest temperature,
highest humidity).
Formula?
For example:
The press room of a printing plant
should be kept at
76 - 80°F at 4396 — 47% RE
‘Therefore, the worst case is:
80", 479 RH.
From Table 3 the required mois
ture is: 1.04 ghd Xx 4M = 5:19
B. Temperature and humidity available
‘The outdoor conditions tell us the
moisture available in the incoming
air, Approximate values can be
‘obsained from Table 4, on page 4 and
‘combined with Table 3 to find the
moisture available. Once again we
must take the worst case (here, itis
Jowest temperature, lowest humidity),
As can be seen, the contribution of
moisture from the outside air is
almost zero.
“Assume our printing plant is locat-
‘ed in Denver, Colorado.
From Table 4 we see as the worst
case:
10° F, 37% REL.
From Table 3:
029 gr/R3 X37 RA. = 0.11 grit
Combining this result with that of
Moisture Required (A) we see that
we will need: 5.19 ~ 0.11 = 5.08
‘grains of moisture for every cubic
foot of outside air brought in.
C. Incoming air volume
‘The following outlines the steps
necessary to determine the amount
of outside air being brought into the
humidified space and the correspon-
ding amount of moisture required.
‘There are three basic means by
which outside air is introduced into
‘a humidified space, ‘These are:
1. Through natural ventilation, ie,
‘opening and closing of doors ard
‘windows, and by infiltration
through cracks and openings in
the building construction,
2. Through mechanical ventilation,
ice, the introduction of make-up
air, or the exhausting of stale air
by the building HVAC system.
3. Though the economizer section
of the HVAC system — if this fea
ture is included in the system,
For maximum accuracy, all three
should be estimated and the largest
chosen.
1, Natural ventilation
Using this method requires knowing
the volume of the humidified space
and the type of construction, A
tightly constructed building will
have at least one air change per
hour. A loosely constructed build-
ing will have at least one and one-
half changes per hour, and this same
building with a large amount of
incoming or exiting trafic will have at
least rwo air changes per hour. z= Nortec
www.humidity.com
Formula 3
‘Assume our print shop has a floor
area of 100! X 100' with a 20! ceil-
ing with a large amount of traffic.
‘This gives us:
1007 X 100° 20° 2 = 400,000 3 /h;
Using our example, the moisture
required is:
400,000 X 5.08 = 290 Ibs/he
7000 grains
24. Make-up air
Formula d
Assume our print shop has a
15,000 CFM HVAC system and uses
10% make-up air during winter.
‘The amount of outside make-up
air entering the HVAC system will,
therefore, be 10% of 15,000 CFM =
1,500 CFM. Here, the moisture
required will be:
1,500 X 5.08 X 60 min/e~ 65 Ibs/he
7,000 grains
Table 1 Qutdoor/indoor relative humidity conversion chart
we pesseTeev waa ss
m [fi ti; tee eas SS
oe [23 ts 6th bee 2 So
pe [ist bss es oR SS
eee ee or ees ie apm on
te reels) ee ct ee a ara toe
E wm Ji 2 3 5 6 9 1 13 17 2 om ”
Bo |i 3 4 5 8 0 2 1 2 2
mr a tek ee ee te eee
eee a ee el es
Em li ies asec te a ee
ee le ey ee a et
2 wom eee ee
leaf: titi sect hes
Bm lot bbb a hs 8S RS
eae fn ee es eee ie ee
Sm foi:iie 2s 3 8s 59 3
8m loot i i Fe sa ES SS
Pepe Oe deka ad as
m [oc oo oot 1 1 2 ee 8
m ]o oo 0 oo ood oo
20 1 OG IO IGS 20 22S SOD OS aH ASP SO
Outdoor temperature
(Chart shows what the residual indoor LH, would be at 70°F under varying outdoor condone
if proper humiaticaton system wore not installed inthe bulking. Studies indicate that he
recommended RH should be between 40% and 60% for optimum benefits fo the occupants
(Refer to Figure 1)
2B. Exhaust air
Forma 5
Assume the print shop has a 1,000
(CEM fan to exhaust a drying room.
Here the moisture required to humid-
ify the drying room only will be:
1,000 x 5.08 x 60 min/he = 44 Ibs/hr
7,000 grains/Ib
(Refer to Figure 1)
3. Economizer Cycle
Care should be taken in sizing
hhumiification load when an econo-
mizer cycle is incorporated into @
building HVAC system. The purpose
of an economizer cycle is to provide
building cooling using outside ais,
rather than the building refrigeration
system when outside air conditions
permit
Table2 Load calevation summary sheet
Determine the moisture equed
inthe space (Table 3)
Gain tom Tale 3 x infor = A grin
SSacione
Deternine the moist ove!
of meoming a (Table*)
‘Gain tom Taio 4 x Outdoor = B gran?
‘Sor tnp
Therefore: moisture o beaded: (reise) Mw A-8 _ .
i ——orainsn? marina
Detarning the volume fat
tobe homie, Choose the
largest vate
1. Natural vention: Volume x number of One
ar changes
2. Exhast a CFM x 60 mine rine
3. Makeup ale CFM 60 mine Wn gc tine
“Teefore: Gross humic ld = oad L = Mac ane
7000
ote: 7000 grins = * pours a
"Note: VAG sytem uses economizer cyl, check lad using formula on page 3 == Wortec
www.humidity.com
Table 3
Note Moisture coment i ety popatona oR, sat: cote at 1008 x RAL
Grains of Water Per Cubic Foot - Saturated Air (100% R.H.)
“C Fonne “C “FOr “CF Grins °C “Frm °C “FGmins “C °F Gina
240 29 4 «0 286 © 58 Sar 76 975 35 5 1728 4 ZO
5 297 9 S60 77 1008 86 17BD 5 3033
0 308 16 60 $80 7% 1040 G7 1031 40 120 34.8
5 Sa" 61 600 79 10) 56 teas 25 3033
1210 78 332 2-620 27 6 110 BD 1030 st 100 eat
"9 15 99 7 45 S48 6 Sat Bt 1140 38 100 1995 195 5030
7 2 124 35 Gt Ge2 2 78 101 20S Go 140 Seat
42s 186 Seo 10 65 Gas GS zn toe 2A 5 6404
4 50 195 383” 6S 707 BA 1243105 2171 66 150 7200
31 208 397 G7 73 20 85 Tear io 2m 18S BOT?
a 213 10 §0 411 6s 757 86 Iazr 41 10S 2295 71 160 $049
B22 425 G8 7a0 G7 1967 | 106 2060 165 101.00
22 4a) 21 70 G10 88 408 fo? 2428 77 170 T1280
2% 238 a55 "| 71 age 69 tas) 108 2eg0 175 T2540
a8 247 472 72 B80 92 80 ase fon 2862 62 100 19020
37 25613 55 489 73 Bar St 1599 49 110 269 185 154.90
a3 206 505 74 GIS 82 1See 1M 2707 68 190 17070
w 278 523 20 75 945 sa Tem N12 278 195 188.60
iam 18 a7
Figure 1 Schematic of typicl print shop HVAC system
age wr GENERAL ANT SPACE DAYS ROO
£ YY = >
5] U Sager ose o
Co “+4000 6FM \00crM
| ce 00 or
cd] gl ri
‘The economizer cycle senses and
‘compares outdoor air temperature
and return air temperature during
the cooling season,
‘When the HVAC system calls for
cooling and the outdoor air tempera-
ture is low enough — typically 55° or
lower — the outside air and exhaust
air dampers are positioned to provide
the required supply air temperature
to maintain cooling, and the recircu-
lated air damper is positioned to
maintain the required supply air vol
ume. When the outdoor air tempera
ture is higher than the supply air
temperature required to maintain
cooling but is lower than the return
air temperature, the make-up air and
exhaust air dampers are 100% open.
‘The recirculation air damper closes,
and the building refrigeration system
provides the portion of cooling load.
that cannot be provided by outside
air intake.
From this it can be seen that it is
possible to introduce 100% outside
air into a building during the cooling
Forma
For example, if our print shop
were using 100% outdoor air at 55
degrees and 40% RH, then the
moisture required will be:
5.19 ~ 4.89 X 40% RED = 3.23 ax/t
‘Therefore, on 2 15,000 CFM system,
the humidification load will be:
15,000 X_ 3.28 X 60 min/he =415 Ibs/he
7,000 grains /Tb
In the above examples, the largest
humidification load was due to the
‘economizer cycle at 415 Ibs/br.
Cooling or refrigeration loads
As air is cooled, it loses its ability to
hold moisture. If itis cooled
‘enough, some of the moisture will
‘condense out. This is known as
cooling load. Cooling load calcula-
tions can be important for process
applications or refrigeration applica-
tions to product dehydration,
Forma 7
‘Assume that during the summer the
HIVAC system is in the cooling
mode. ‘The air leaving the cooling
‘coil is at 55°F and 90% RH. In
‘order to maintain the desired 47%
[RH in the space, moisture must be
addled using the Following formula:
Desired 80°F 4796 RH =5.19 gr/f3
space Formula 1)
55° 90% = 489x090 = 4.40 g/d
Grains 0 add = 0.79 go
15,000 x 0.79 x 60 min/br = 101.57 Ihs/he
7,000 grains/b Table 4 Design outdoor JANUARY JULY JANUARY JuLy
conditions Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Relative Humidity Relative Humiity
(RH) (%0R.H,) (% RH) (RA)
2 2 ox 2
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