ÍNDICE

INTRODUCCIÓN. EL PUNTO DE PARTIDA 9

Salvador Martí i Puig, José Aylwin, Claire Wright, Nancy Yáñez
y Anna Ayuso

PRIMERA PARTE. RECURSOS NATURALES, DESARROLLO

Y DEMANDAS: ¿LUCHAS Y FRUSTRACIONES? 19

CAPÍTULO 1. BALANCE Y RETOS DE LA LUCHA DE LAS

POBLACIONES INDÍGENAS EN EL CAMBIO DE CICLO 21
Salvador Martí i Puig

CAPÍTULO 2. LOS MECANISMOS INTERNACIONALES

PARA LA RECLAMACIÓN DE DERECHOS INDÍGENAS
EN AMÉRICA LATINA: AVANCES Y TENSIONES 43
José Aylwin

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 5 2/10/13 13:40:28

 CAPÍTULO 3. ESTADOS LATINOAMERICANOS FRENTE
A LA CONSULTA INDÍGENA: TENSIÓN CULTURAL EN LA
IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS TERRITORIALES 68
Jorge Rowlands

CAPÍTULO 4. DERECHO DE CONSULTA INDÍGENA E INNOVACIÓN

DEMOCRÁTICA: UN DEBATE COMPLEJO 99
Sebastián Linares

SEGUNDA PARTE. EXPERIENCIAS DESDE AMÉRICA LATINA

Y FILIPINAS 131

CAPÍTULO 5. CHILE: EL AGUA, LOS DILEMAS JURÍDICOS QUE

PLANTEA UNA PERSPECTIVA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS,
INDÍGENAS Y AMBIENTALES, A PARTIR DEL CASO
DE LA COMUNIDAD DIAGUITA DE LOS HUASCOALTINOS 133
Nancy Yáñez

CAPÍTULO 6. BOLIVIA: DESARROLLO O BUEN VIVIR. EL CASO

DEL TIPNIS 168
José Aylwin

CAPÍTULO 7. ARGENTINA Y PARAGUAY: MOVILIZACIONES

INDÍGENAS EN ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS 201
Sara Mabel Villalba Portillo

CAPÍTULO 8. FILIPINAS: DERECHOS DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS

Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS RECURSOS NATURALES 227
Isabel Inguanzo

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 6 2/10/13 13:40:28

 TERCERA PARTE. RESPUESTAS DE LOS ESTADOS
Y LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS 263

CAPÍTULO 9. PERÚ: EL ESTADO DE EMERGENCIA COMO

MECANISMO DE REPRESIÓN DE LA PROTESTA INDÍGENA
EN EL CONTEXTO DE CONFLICTOS SOBRE RECURSOS
NATURALES 265
Claire Wright

CAPÍTULO 10. CHILE: PASANDO DE LA GALERÍA

A LA CANCHA. PARTIDO POLÍTICO MAPUCHE WALLMAPUWEN:
UN INSTRUMENTO DESCOLONIZADOR HACIA
LA AUTODETERMINACIÓN 293
Víctor Tricot

CONCLUSIÓN. ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES TENTATIVAS 323

Salvador Martí i Puig, José Aylwin, Claire Wright y Nancy Yáñez

AUTORES 333

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 7 2/10/13 13:40:28

 CAPÍTULO 1
BALANCE Y RETOS DE LA LUCHA DE LAS POBLACIONES
INDÍGENAS EN EL CAMBIO DE CICLO

SALVADOR MARTÍ I PUIG

Eftef! gjobmft! efm! tjhmp! YY! ibtub! ipz! tf! ib! ifdip! fwjefouf! mb!
fnfshfodjb! fo! Bnsjdb! Mbujob! ef! qspdftpt! ef! bvupefufsnj.
obdj˜o! z! mjefsb{hp! joe“hfob! dpnp! gfo˜nfop! qpm“ujdp/! Tpo!
nvdipt! mpt! bdpoufdjnjfoupt! rvf! ebo! nvftusb! ef! fmmp/! Ftub!
jssvqdj˜o!sfdjfouf!fo!fm!ftdfobsjp!qpm“ujdp!)rvf!op!fydmvzf!mb!
fyjtufodjb!ef!puspt!fqjtpejpt!ijtu˜sjdpt*!tf!ib!ebep!ef!gpsnbt!
nvz! ejgfsfouft! z! dpo! vo! yjup! nvz! eftjhvbm! ef! qb“t! b! qb“t/!
Qsfdjtbnfouf!qps!fmmp!ft!qfsujofouf!qsfhvoubstf!qps!mbt!sb{p.
oft! ef! ejdib! fnfshfodjb! z! tv! jnqbdup-! bt“! dpnp! ef! tpcsf! mb!
gpsnb!fo!rvf!qvfef!qspmpohbstf!ftuf!gfo˜nfop!fo!fm!gvuvsp/!
Dpo!ftuf!pckfujwp-!fm!qsftfouf!dbq“uvmp!eftbsspmmb-!fo!qsjnfs!
mvhbs-!mpt!fmfnfoupt!dsvdjbmft!qbsb!foufoefs!mb!fnfshfodjb!ef!
bdupsft!qpm“ujdpt!ef!dbsˆdufs!uojdp!fo!mb!sfhj˜o!eftef!gjobmft!
efm!tjhmp!YY!ibtub!ipz/!Fo!tfhvoep!mvhbs-!tf!tf—bmb!fm!jnqbdup!
qpm“ujdp! z! kvs“ejdp! rvf! ibo! ufojep! ftupt! Óovfwpt! bdupsftÔ! fo!
mpt!tjtufnbt!qpm“ujdpt!obdjpobmft!z!sfhjpobmft/!Qptufsjpsnfouf-!
tf!ftcp{b!dvˆm!qvfef!tfs!mb!ejoˆnjdb!rvf!joev{db!)p!op*!b!mb!
dsfbdj˜o!ef!qbsujept!qpm“ujdpt!uojdpt!ipz!fo!ejgfsfouft!qb“tft!
z-!gjobmnfouf-!tf!nvftusb!dvˆmft!tpo!mpt!dbnjopt!ibdjb!fm!gvuvsp!

32

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 21 2/10/13 13:40:29

 rvf! qvfefo! jnqvmtbs! ovfwbt! nbojgftubdjpoft! ef! nbusj{! jo!.
e“hfob/!

2/!MB!FNFSHFODJB!EF!MPT!QVFCMPT!JOEëHFOBT!!
FO!MB!QPMëUJDB

ÁQps! rv! mp! nˆt! bodftusbm! ef! Bnsjdb! Mbujob! efdjej˜! ibdf! vo!
qbs!ef!edbebt!qpofs!gjo!b!tv!tjmfodjp!qbsb!tjuvbstf!fo!fm!dfousp!
ef!mb!bsfob!qpm“ujdb!ef!mb!nbzps“b!ef!qb“tft!efm!tvcdpoujofouf@!
Mb!sftqvftub!op!ft!tfodjmmb;!ft!gsvup!ef!mb!dpokvodj˜o!ef!nmuj.
qmft!gbdupsft/
Qbsb!ftcp{bs!vob!ijq˜uftjt!qmbvtjcmf!ft!ofdftbsjp!joebhbs!
fo!mpt!dbncjpt!bdpoufdjept!fo!mpt!b—pt!jonfejbubnfouf!bouf.
sjpsft!b!ftuf!sftvshjnjfoup!qpm“ujdp!ef!mp!uojdp/!Fo!ftub!ejsfd.
dj˜o-!vop!ef!mpt!uf˜sjdpt!ef!mb!bddj˜o!dpmfdujwb-!Tzeofz!Ubsspx!
)2::8*-! fyqpof! rvf! fm! dvˆoep! ef! vob! npwjmj{bdj˜o! fyqmjdb! fo!
hsbo!nfejeb!fm!qpsrv!z!fm!d˜np/!Z!ftf!dvˆoep!tf!sfgjfsf!b!mb!
dpzvouvsb! rvf! gbdjmjub! mb! bdujwbdj˜o! ef! djfsubt! fyqsftjpoft! p!
npwjnjfoupt! z! ft! mp! rvf! mb! bdbefnjb! ib! dbmjgjdbep! dpnp! mb!
ftusvduvsb! ef! pqpsuvojebeft! qpm“ujdb2! )FPQ*/! Mb! FPQ! qpof!
ogbtjt! fo! mpt! Ósfdvstpt! fyufsjpsftÔ! bm! hsvqp! rvf! sfevdfo! mpt!
dptuft! ef! mb! bddj˜o! dpmfdujwb-! eftdvcsfo! bmjbept! qpufodjbmft! z!
nvftusbo!fo!rv!mbt!bvupsjebeft!tpo!wvmofsbcmft!b!tvt!efnbo.
ebt!z!qsftjpoft/!Fo!hfofsbm-!ftupt!Ósfdvstpt!fyufsjpsftÔ!qvfefo!
tfs! ef! usft! ujqpt;! jotujuvdjpobmft-! Óef! npebÔ! z! sfmbdjpobmft!
)Nbsu“!j!Qvjh-!3121*/
Eftef!fm!qvoup!ef!wjtub!ef!mb!FPQ-!mpt!sfdvstpt!jotujuvdjpob.
mft!tf!sfgjfsfo!b!mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!ftqbdjpt!qpm“ujdpt!fo!vo!shjnfo/!
Ftub!bqfsuvsb!hfofsbmnfouf!ft!dbvtbeb!qps!vo!dbncjp!ef!sfhmbt!
qpm“ujdbt! rvf! ibdfo! nfopt! pofsptb! z! dptuptb! mb! npwjmj{bdj˜o!
qpm“ujdb/!Qps!pusp!mbep-!mpt!sfdvstpt!Óef!npebÔ!tf!sfgjfsfo!b!mb!
dpowfshfodjb! ef! vo! npwjnjfoup! p! qspuftub! dpo! fm! djdmp! wjubm! ef!

33

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 22 2/10/13 13:40:29

 vob!dpouftubdj˜o!tfnfkbouf!b!ftdbmb!hmpcbm/!Ftuf!ujqp!ef!sfdvstp!
ubncjo!tf!dpopdf!dpnp!mb!fyjtufodjb!ef!vob!Ódpofyj˜oÔ!dpo!fm!
xpsme!ujnf!p!{fjuhftju-!ft!efdjs-!tj!ibz!vob!dpjodjefodjb!fousf!vob!
efnboeb! ftqfd“gjdb! z! vob! dpzvouvsb! joufsobdjpobm! gbwpsbcmf/!
Dvboep!ftup!pdvssf-!bqbsfdfo!ejoˆnjdbt!ef!dpoubhjp!z!ejgvtj˜o!
rvf!fkfnqmjgjdbo!qspdftpt!ef!npwjmj{bdj˜o!fo!dbefob/!Fo!ufsdfs!z!
mujnp!mvhbs!ftuˆo!mpt!sfdvstpt!ef!dbsˆdufs!sfmbdjpobm-!rvf!tf!gjkbo!
fo!fm!dbncjp!ef!mb!dpssfmbdj˜o!ef!gvfs{bt!fousf!mpt!bdupsft!qpm“uj.
dpt/!Fo!ftuf!ujqp!ef!sfdvstpt!tf!ujfofo!fo!dvfoub!mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!
bmjbept!qpm“ujdpt!rvf!bzvebo!b!mpt!rvf!qspuftubo-!mb!sfmbujwb!joftub.
cjmjebe!ef!mbt!fmjuft!p!mb!fyjtufodjb!ef!dpzvouvsbt!tfotjcmft!)dpnp!
qvfef! tfs! vob! dbnqb—b! fmfdupsbm*! rvf! qvfefo! ebs! wjtjcjmjebe! b!
rvjfoft!hfofsbmnfouf!obejf!mpt!ujfof!fo!dvfoub/!Fo!fm!dbtp!rvf!
opt! pdvqb-! ft! qptjcmf! pctfswbs! d˜np! b! gjobmft! efm! tjhmp! YY! z!
evsbouf! mb! edbeb! qptufsjps! fo! Bnsjdb! Mbujob! fm! npwjnjfoup!
joe“hfob!ib!ufojep!mb!gpsuvob!ef!fodpousbs!)z!fyqmpubs!gbwpsbcmf.
nfouf*!mpt!usft!ujqpt!ef!sfdvstpt!b!mpt!rvf!tf!ib!ifdip!sfgfsfodjb/!
Fo! ftuf! fq“hsbgf! tf! fyqpoesˆ! fm! jnqbdup! rvf! ibo! ufojep!
ept!ujqpt!ef!sfdvstpt-!mpt!hfofsbept!qps!vo!dbncjp!sfmbdjpobm!z!
qps!Ómb!npebÔ-!bncpt!dpofdubept!dpo!fm!jnqbdup!rvf!ib!ufojep!
mb!hmpcbmj{bdj˜o!fo!mb!gpsnb!ef!pqfsbs!mpt!Hpcjfsopt!z!efm!rvf!
bqbsfdf!fm!dpodfqup!ef!hpwfsobodf/
Fm! dpodfqup! ef! hpwfsobodf! qsfufoef! nptusbs! mpt! dbncjpt!
fo!mb!gpsnb!fo!rvf!fm!Ftubep!fkfsdf!fm!qpefs!b!sb“{!efm!qspdftp!
ef!hmpcbmj{bdj˜o-!rvf!ib!tvqvftup!vob!qspgvoeb!sfwjtj˜o!ef!mp!
rvf!tvqpof!mb!tpcfsbo“b!obdjpobm3!)Qjfssf!z!Qfufst-!3111;!274.
277*/!Mb!hpwfsobodf!eb!dvfoub!ef!mb!qsphsftjwb!eftbqbsjdj˜o!ef!
mb!qpm“ujdb!eftbsspmmbeb!cbkp!mpt!qbsˆnfuspt!ef!mb!tpdjfebe!ftub.
ubm!dmˆtjdb!)Hbssfu˜o!fe/-!3114*!z!efm!eftqmb{bnjfoup!efm!qpefs!
z!efm!dpouspm!ftububm!ibdjb!pusbt!jotubodjbt;!ibdjb!bssjcb!)vqxbse*!
b!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!joufsobdjpobmft-!b!mbt!sfeft!usbotobdjpob.
mft! z! b! hsboeft! fnqsftb! hmpcbmft<! ibdjb! bcbkp! )vqxbse*! b! mpt!
hpcjfsopt! mpdbmft-! efqbsubnfoupt! z! sfhjpoft<! z! ibdjb! gvfsb!

34

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 23 2/10/13 13:40:29

 )pvuxbse*!b!dpnvojebeft!z!b!pshboj{bdjpoft!tjo!gjoft!ef!mvdsp!
efm!ufsdfs!tfdups!dpnp!POH!z!bewpdbdz!ofuxpslt!)Qjfssf!z!Qfufst-!
3111;!88*/!
Fm!jnqbdup!ef!ftuf!usjqmf!qspdftp!ef!Óeftqmb{bnjfoup!efm!
qpefsÔ! fo! mpt! Hpcjfsopt! mbujopbnfsjdbopt! ib! tjep! b! nfovep!
joftqfsbep!z!ib!hfofsbep!vob!djfsub!gsbhjmjebe!fo!tvt!dbqbdjeb.
eft/!Fo!ftuf!tfoujep-!ft!qptjcmf!joufsqsfubs!rvf!ftub!efcjmjebe!
efm!Ftubep!ft!vop!ef!mpt!fmfnfoupt!rvf!ib!gbdjmjubep!mb!fnfs.
hfodjb!ef!mpt!npwjnjfoupt!joe“hfobt-!rvf!ibo!bqspwfdibep!mbt!
pqpsuvojebeft! rvf! mft! ib! csjoebep! mb! ovfwb! dpzvouvsb! qps!
ÓbssjcbÔ-!ÓbcbkpÔ!z!ÓbgvfsbÔ/
Fo! ftuf! dpoufyup! ef! hpwfsobodf! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt!
uvwjfspo!ovfwpt!bmjbept!rvf!gmvzfspo!eftef!mb!ftgfsb!joufsob.
djpobm!b!usbwt!ef!mpt!ftqbdjpt!fo!mpt!rvf!mpt!Hpcjfsopt!dfejf.
spo! tpcfsbo“b/! Ftupt! bmjbept! uvwjfspo! vo! spm! dsvdjbm! )Csztl-!
3118*-!ibtub!fm!qvoup!ef!rvf!jnqvmtbspo!mb!dsfbdj˜o!ef!d˜ejhpt!
kvs“ejdpt!joufsobdjpobmft!jotqjsbept!fo!vo!dpokvoup!ef!qsjodj.
qjpt-!opsnbt!z!sfhmbt!tpcsf!fm!ˆsfb!ufnˆujdb!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!
mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/!Fm!usbcbkp!ef!ftupt!bmjbept!gvf!ubo!joufotp!
z!gsvdu“gfsp-!rvf!mb!mjufsbuvsb!ftqfdjbmj{beb!)Csztl-!3111*!dpjodj.
ef!fo!bgjsnbs!rvf!evsbouf!mb!edbeb!ef!mpt!opwfoub!tf!dsf˜!shj.
nfo!joufsobdjpobm!tpcf!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!b!mb!
qbs! rvf! tf! dporvjtubspo! ftqbdjpt! fo! fm! tjtufnb! joufsobdjpobm-!
fousf!mpt!rvf!eftubdbo!fm!Gpsp!Qfsnbofouf!qbsb!mbt!Dvftujpoft!
Joe“hfobt!)GQDJ*!z!mb!gjhvsb!efm!Sfmbups!Ftqfdjbm4/!

3/!JNQBDUPT!EF!MP!JOEëHFOB!FO!MBT!BSFOBT!!
QPMëUJDBT!EPN„TUJDBT

Bobmj{bs!fm!jnqbdup!rvf!ib!ufojep!mb!fnfshfodjb!ef!mpt!npwjnjfo.
upt!joe“hfobt!fo!mbt!bsfobt!qpm“ujdbt!ef!dbeb!qb“t!z!fo!mbt!njtnbt!
dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt! ft! ejg“djm-! qps! fmmp! opt! dfousbsfnpt! fo!

35

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 24 2/10/13 13:40:29

 usft!btqfdupt!rvf!dsffnpt!dfousbmft;!mb!btvodj˜o!fo!mbt!Dpot!.
ujuvdjpoft! ef! nvdipt! qb“tft! mbujopbnfsjdbopt! ef! vob! ovfwb!
opsnbujwjebe! tpcsf! mpt! efsfdipt! ef! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! mb!
sfhvmbdj˜o!tpcsf!mpt!ufssjupsjpt!joe“hfobt!b!usbwt!efm!bvuphp.
cjfsop-!mb!sfqsftfoubdj˜o!z!mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!ovfwbt!gpsnbdjpoft!
joe“hfobt/!

3/2/!MBT!DPOTUJUVDJPOFT

Mb!ovfwb!pmb!ef!sfgpsnbt!z!ef!sfebddj˜o!ef!mbt!Dpotujuvdjpoft!
fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob!b!sb“{!ef!mpt!qspdftpt!ef!bqfsuvsb!z!mjcfsbmj.
{bdj˜o!ef!mpt!tjtufnbt!qpm“ujdpt-!evsbouf!mpt!opwfoub!z!mb!qsjnf.
sb!njube!efm!tjhmp!YYJ-!gvf!bqspwfdibeb!dpo!cbtubouf!yjup!qps!
qbsuf!ef!mpt!sfqsftfoubouft!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/!Ib!tjep!b!
sb“{!ef!mb!jotfsdj˜o!z!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!ef!ftuf!ovfwp!dpmfdujwp!fo!
mpt!qspdftpt!ef!ejtf—p!jotujuvdjpobm!rvf!Wbo!Dpuu!)3111*!mbo{˜!
mb!ijq˜uftjt!ef!mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!vo!ovfwp!ujqp!ef!dpotujuvdjpob.
mjtnp!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob-!bm!rvf!dbmjgjd˜!ef!ÓnvmujdvmuvsbmÔ/!
Tfho!wbsjpt!bvupsft!)Wbo!Dpuu-!3111<!Bqbsjdjp!Xjmifmnj-!
fe/-!3122*!ft!qptjcmf!ibcmbs!ef!vo!dpotujuvdjpobmjtnp!nvmujdvm.
uvsbm! dvboep! fo! vob! Dpotujuvdj˜o! bqbsfdfo! mb! nbzps“b! ef! mpt!
fmfnfoupt!rvf!tf!tjhvfo!b!dpoujovbdj˜o;!2*!fm!sfdpopdjnjfoup!
gpsnbm!ef!mb!obuvsbmf{b!nvmujdvmuvsbm!ef!mbt!tpdjfebeft!z!ef!mb!
fyjtufodjb! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! dpnp! dpmfdujwpt! obdjpobmft!
ejgfsfodjbept<!3*!fm!sfdpopdjnjfoup!ef!mb!mfz!dpotvfuvejobsjb!
joe“hfob!dpnp!pgjdjbm!z!dpnp!efsfdip!qcmjdp<!4*!fm!sfdpopdj.
njfoup!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qspqjfebe!z!sftusjddjpoft!b!mb!bmjf.
obdj˜o! z! ejwjtj˜o! ef! mbt! ujfssbt! dpnvobmft<! 5*! efsfdip! b! mb!
qspqjfebe! joufmfduvbm! dpmfdujwb<! 6*! fm! vtvgsvdup! ef! sjrvf{bt!
obuvsbmft!fo!tvt!ufssjupsjpt<!7*!fm!sfdpopdjnjfoup!efm!ftubuvt!
pgjdjbm! ef! mbt! mfohvbt! joe“hfobt! fo! fm! ufssjupsjp! z! ftqbdjpt!
epoef!mpt!qvfcmpt!ftuˆo!vcjdbept!z!fm!jnqvmtp!ef!vo!tjtufnb!ef!
fevdbdj˜o! cjmjoh f<! 8*! fm! efsfdip! b! bqmjdbdj˜o! ef! kvtujdjb!

36

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 25 2/10/13 13:40:29

 joe“hfob<! 9*! fm! sfdpopdjnjfoup! efm! efsfdip! b! dsfbs! ftqbdjpt!
ufssjupsjbmft!bvu˜opnpt<!:*!fm!efsfdip!b!mb!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!ef!mpt!
qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! fo! brvfmmbt! efdjtjpoft! rvf! bgfdufo! b! tvt!
sfdvstpt!z!ufssjupsjpt<!z!21*!mb!qsftfodjb!ef!dvqpt!ef!sfqsftfo.
ubdj˜o!p!djsdvotdsjqdjpoft!fmfdupsbmft!ftqfdjbmft/!
Tj! opt! gjkbnpt! fo! mb! ubcmb! rvf! tf! bekvoub-! z! fo! mb! rvf! tf!
qsftfoub!vo!sftvnfo!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!sfdpopdjept!fo!mbt!dpot.
ujuvdjpoft! ef! mpt! qb“tft! mbujopbnfsjdbopt-! qvfef! pctfswbstf!
rvf!Cpmjwjb-!Fdvbeps!p!Wfof{vfmb!ujfofo!Dpotujuvdjpoft!qmfob.
nfouf!nvmujdvmuvsbmft/!Z!rvf!mbt!Dpotujuvdjpoft!ef!Dpmpncjb-!
Nyjdp-!Qbsbhvbz!z!Qfs!ubncjo!qvfefo!dpotjefsbstf!Ónvmuj.
dvmuvsbmftÔ!qps!sfdpopdfs!bm!nfopt!djodp!ef!mpt!ejf{!fmfnfoupt!
bobmj{bept/!
Ft! djfsup-! tjo! fncbshp-! rvf! b! qftbs! efm! sfdpopdjnjfoup!
gpsnbm!rvf!tf!bqsfdjb!fo!mpt!psefobnjfoupt!kvs“ejdpt-!fm!eftb.
sspmmp!mfhbm!z!fm!bmdbodf!ef!mbt!qpm“ujdbt!jnqmfnfoubebt!fo!dbeb!
Hpcjfsop!ft!nvz!eftjhvbm5/!Ef!upebt!gpsnbt-!ft!fwjefouf!rvf!fm!
fgfdup!ef!mb!Ófuojgjdbdj˜oÔ!ef!mpt!ufyupt!dpotujuvdjpobmft!ib!tjh.
ojgjdbep!fm!gjo!ef!vo!mbshp!qfsjpep!ef!ÓjowjtjcjmjebeÔ-!b!mb!qbs!
rvf!ib!tvqvftup!mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!jodfoujwpt!jotujuvdjpobmft!rvf!
qpufodjbo! mb! dsfbdj˜o! ef! jefoujebeft! dpmfdujwbt! joe“hfobt! fo!
ftupt! qb“tft-! bt“! dpnp! mb! ejhojgjdbdj˜o! ef! tvt! efnboebt/! Ef!
upep!fmmp!ft!qptjcmf!jogfsjs!vo!qsphsftjwp!gpsubmfdjnjfoup!ef!mpt!
joe“hfobt!z!ef!tvt!npwjmj{bdjpoft-!bt“!dpnp!vo!vtp!dsfdjfouf!ef!
nfdbojtnpt!kvs“ejdpt!qps!qbsuf!ef!mbt!dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!
qbsb!qspufhfs!tvt!efsfdipt!gsfouf!b!mbt!bhsftjpoft!ef!rvf!tpo!
pckfup/
Tpcsf!ftuf!ufnb!ft!ofdftbsjp!fyqpofs!mb!opwfebe!rvf!tjh.
ojgjdb! mb! Dpotujuvdj˜o! cpmjwjbob! ef! 311:/! Ejdib! dpotujuvdj˜o!
)ef!dpotjefsbcmf!fyufotj˜o-!dpo!522!bsu“dvmpt*!tvqpof!vo!qbtp!
nˆt!rvf!fm!nvmujdvmuvsbmjtnp!dpotujuvdjpobm!bssjcb!qmboufbep6/!
Mb! dpotbhsbdj˜o! ef! vob! dvpub! ef! qbsmbnfoubsjpt! joe“hfobt! b!
usbwt!ef!vob!djsdvotdsjqdj˜o!ftqfdjbm-!fm!frvjqbsbnjfoup!efm!

37

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 26 2/10/13 13:40:29

 TABLA 1

DERECHOS RECONOCIDOS EN LAS CONSTITUCIONES MULTICULTURALES

DERECHO DERECHO USUFRUCTO DERECHO CUPOS DE

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 27

A LA A LA DE RIQUEZAS DERECHO A LA REPRESENTACIÓN O
EXISTENCIA PROPIEDAD PROPIEDAD NATURALES A LA APLICACIÓN CIRCUNSCRIPCIONES
DE GRUPOS DERECHO COLECTIVA INTELECTUAL EN SUS EDUCACIÓN DE JUSTICIA AUTONOMÍAS DERECHO A LA ELECTORALES
PAÍSES INDÍGENAS CONSUETUDINARIO DE LA TIERRA COLECTIVA TERRITORIOS BILINGÜE INDÍGENA TERRITORIALES PARTICIPACIÓN ESPECIALES

Argentina Sí No Sí No Sí1 Sí No No No No

Bolivia Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí2 Sí Sí Sí

Brasil Sí Sí Sí No Sí3 Sí4 No No No No

Chile No No No No No No No No No No

Colombia Sí5 Sí Sí No No Sí Sí Sí Sí6 Sí

Costa Rica No No No No No No No No No No

Ecuador Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

El Salvador No No No No No No No No No No

Guatemala Sí Sí7 Sí No No Sí No No No No

México Sí No Sí No No Sí No No Sí Sí

Nicaragua Sí8 No Sí No Sí No No Sí No No

Panamá Sí No Sí No No Sí No No Sí No

Paraguay Sí Sí Sí No No Sí No No Sí No

2/10/13 13:40:29
 TABLA 1

DERECHOS RECONOCIDOS EN LAS CONSTITUCIONES MULTICULTURALES (CONT.)

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 28

DERECHO DERECHO USUFRUCTO DERECHO CUPOS DE
A LA A LA DE RIQUEZAS DERECHO A LA REPRESENTACIÓN O
EXISTENCIA PROPIEDAD PROPIEDAD NATURALES A LA APLICACIÓN CIRCUNSCRIPCIONES
DE GRUPOS DERECHO COLECTIVA INTELECTUAL EN SUS EDUCACIÓN DE JUSTICIA AUTONOMÍAS DERECHO A LA ELECTORALES
PAÍSES INDÍGENAS CONSUETUDINARIO DE LA TIERRA COLECTIVA TERRITORIOS BILINGÜE INDÍGENA TERRITORIALES PARTICIPACIÓN ESPECIALES

Perú Sí Sí Sí No No Sí Sí No No Sí

Venezuela Sí Sí Sí Sí No Sí Sí No Sí Sí

1. CONCRETAMENTE, EL TEXTO CONSTITUCIONAL SE REFIERE A LA “PARTICIPACIÓN EN LA GESTIÓN REFERIDA A SUS RECURSOS NATURALES Y A LOS DEMÁS INTERESES QUE LOS AFECTAN”.
2. ES RECONOCIDA DE MANERA INDIRECTA, DADO QUE EL ARTÍCULO 119 SOSTIENE QUE “LAS PARTES EN CONFLICTO GOZARÁN DE IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES PARA EJERCER DURANTE EL PROCESO LAS FACULTADES
Y LOS DERECHOS QUE LES ASISTAN, SEA POR LA VÍA ORDINARIA O POR LA INDÍGENA ORIGINARIA CAMPESINA”.
3. EL ARTÍCULO 231 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN SEÑALA QUE “EL APROVECHAMIENTO DE LOS RECURSOS HIDRÁULICOS, INCLUIDO EL POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO, LA BÚSQUEDA Y EXTRACCIÓN DE LAS RIQUEZAS MINERALES EN
TIERRAS INDÍGENAS SOLO PUEDEN SER EFECTUADAS CON AUTORIZACIÓN DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL, OÍDAS LAS COMUNIDADES AFECTADAS,
QUEDÁNDOLES ASEGURADA LA PARTICIPACIÓN EN LOS RESULTADOS DE LA EXTRACCIÓN EN LA FORMA DE LA LEY”.
4. NO SE HABLA DE MANERA EXPRESA DE “EDUCACIÓN BILINGÜE”, PERO EL ARTÍCULO 206 SEÑALA QUE “LA ENSEÑANZA FUNDAMENTAL REGULAR SERÁ IMPARTIDA EN LENGUA PORTUGUESA
Y SE ASEGURARÁ, TAMBIÉN, A LAS COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS EL USO DE SUS LENGUAS MATERNAS Y MÉTODOS PROPIOS DE APRENDIZAJE”.
5. EL ARTÍCULO 7 DE LA CONSTITUCIÓN RECONOCE “LA DIVERSIDAD ÉTNICA Y CULTURAL”. DE HECHO, NO HAY UNIFORMIDAD EN CUANTO A LA TERMINOLOGÍA QUE UTILIZA PARA REFERIRSE A LOS GRUPOS INDÍGENAS
(PUEBLOS, MINORÍAS, ETNIAS, COMUNIDADES, ETC.).
6. EL ARTÍCULO 330 CONTEMPLA “LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE LOS REPRESENTANTES DE LAS RESPECTIVAS COMUNIDADES”, EN CUANTO A LAS DECISIONES
QUE SE ADOPTEN RESPECTO A LA EXPLOTACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES.
7. CONCRETAMENTE HACE REFERENCIA A “LAS COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS Y OTRAS QUE TENGAN
TIERRAS QUE HISTÓRICAMENTE LES PERTENECEN Y QUE TRADICIONALMENTE HAN ADMINISTRADO EN FORMA ESPECIAL, MANTENDRÁN ESE SISTEMA (ART. 67).
8. SE HABLA DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE LA COSTA ATLÁNTICA DE MANERA CONCRETA, NO DE LOS PUEBLOS INDÍGENAS.

2/10/13 13:40:29
 Efsfdip! dpotvfuvejobsjp! dpo! fm! psejobsjp-! mb! dsfbdj˜o! ef! vo!
Usjcvobm! Dpotujuvdjpobm! qmvsjobdjpobm! epoef! ftuo! qsftfouft!
mpt!ept!tjtufnbt!)fm!sfhvmbs!z!fm!joe“hfob*-!mb!dpotbhsbdj˜o!ef!mb!
bvupopn“b!joe“hfob!b!usbwt!ef!jotujuvdjpoft!z!foujebeft!ufssj.
upsjbmft! qbsb! mpt! 47! qvfcmpt! psjhjobsjpt! z! fm! dpouspm! ef! mpt!
sfdvstpt! gpsftubmft! fo! nbopt! ef! mbt! dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt!
tpo!qsvfcb!ef!fmmp/!Mb!dvftuj˜o-!fo!ftuf!dbtp-!tfsˆ!wfs!d˜np!tf!
jnqmfnfoub!ftuf!psefobnjfoup!kvs“ejdp!z!tj-!fo!dbtp!ef!tvqp.
ofs!bwbodft!tjhojgjdbujwpt!fo!fm!cjfoftubs!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“.
hfobt!ef!Cpmjwjb-!tjswf!ef!fkfnqmp!)z!sfdmbnp*!qbsb!qvfcmpt!ef!
puspt!qb“tft/!

3/3/!UFSSJUPSJPT!Z!BVUPOPNëB

Fo!dvboup!b!mb!bvupopn“b!z!fm!bvuphpcjfsop!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“.
hfobt-!tf!ib!pctfswbep!fo!mpt!mujnpt!b—pt!rvf!tf!ib!jep!ftub.
cmfdjfoep! fo! fm! ejtdvstp! ef! mpt! m“efsft! joe“hfobt! vo! w“odvmp!
dbeb!wf{!nˆt!ftusfdip!fousf!mb!ufssjupsjbmjebe-!fm!bvuphpcjfsop!z!
mb!kvsjtejddj˜o-!dpnp!fyqsftjpoft!efm!efsfdip!b!mb!mjcsf!efufs.
njobdj˜o/!Ftuf!qmboufbnjfoup!ib!ebep!mvhbs!b!mb!ctrvfeb!ef!
sfh“nfoft!ef!bvupopn“b!)Qmbou-!3113*-!upnboep!fo!dpotjefsb.
dj˜o!mbt!dpnbsdbt!qbobnf—bt!rvf!bcbsdbo!qsˆdujdbnfouf!fm!31!
qps!djfoup!ef!mb!tvqfsgjdjf!efm!qb“t-!jotujuvdjpoft!rvf!qvfefo!
tfs! ipnpmphbcmft! bm! nvojdjqjp! z! qps! mp! uboup! qbsujdjqbs! fo! mb!
benjojtusbdj˜o!ef!dpnqfufodjbt!z!tfs!tvkfup!ef!usbotgfsfodjbt!
joufshvcfsobnfoubmft/!Tjo!fncbshp-!ubncjo!tf!ib!ufojep!fo!
dvfoub!fm!dbtp!ef!mbt!Sfhjpoft!Bvu˜opnbt!efm!Bumˆoujdp!Opsuf!z!
efm!Bumˆoujdp!Tvs!fo!Ojdbsbhvb-!rvf!qsfwo!fm!gvodjpobnjfoup!
ef!foujebeft!ufssjupsjbmft!tvcobdjpobmft!ef!dbsˆdufs!nvmujuoj.
dp!dpo!vob!dˆnbsb!sfqsftfoubujwb!z!dpo!djfsub!dbqbdjebe!fkfdv.
ujwb!z!gjobodjfsb/!
Dpo!upep-!bo!op!ibz!bdvfsep!tpcsf!dvˆm!ft!mb!nfkps!gpsnb!
ef! bsujdvmbs! mpt! ftqbdjpt! bvu˜opnpt/! Efousp! efm! npwjnjfoup!

3:

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 29 2/10/13 13:40:29

 joe“hfob! njtnp! fyjtufo! qptuvsbt! rvf! wbo! eftef! qptjdjpoft!
ÓdpnvobmjtubtÔ! ibtub! ÓsfhjpobmjtubtÔ/! Mbt! qsjnfsbt! tptujfofo!
rvf! mb! dpnvojebe! mpdbm! dpotujuvzf! fm! ftqbdjp! wjubm! z! fm! tjujp!
epoef!dsfbs!mb!bvupopn“b-!njfousbt!rvf!mbt!mujnbt!sftqpoefo!
rvf! vo! ojwfm! tvqsbdpnvojubsjp! ef! bvupopn“b! sfhjpobm! ft! vo!
sfrvfsjnjfoup! qbsb! mb! dpfyjtufodjb! ef! dpnvojebeft! mpdbmft!
qmvsjuojdbt-!zb!rvf!bm!usbubstf!ef!ftqbdjpt!nˆt!bnqmjpt!bufob!
fm!w“odvmp!fousf!mpt!sfdmbnpt!ef!ufssjupsjp!dpo!mpt!sbthpt!uojdpt!
ftqfd“gjdpt/! Befnˆt-! ubncjo! fyjtuf! fm! efcbuf! efm! spm! ef! mb!
bvupsjebe! efm! Ftubep! fo! mbt! bvupopn“bt! joe“hfobt! z-! fo! ftuf!
tfoujep-! fm! dbtp! ef! mpt! Ónvojdjqjpt! bvu˜opnptÔ! ef! Dijbqbt!
dpousbtub! dpo! mpt! sfdmbnpt! ef! mbt! dpnvojebeft! fo! Ojdbsbhvb-!
Fdvbeps!p!Cpmjwjb-!rvf!qjefo!sftqfup!z!nfdbojtnpt!qbsb!efgfo.
efstf!ef!mb!qfstjtufodjb!efm!npefmp!fyusbdujwjtub!rvf!nboujfof!
fm!Hpcjfsop/!
Ibtub! mb! gfdib-! z! b! mb! ftqfsb! efm! eftbsspmmp! ef! mb! ovfwb!
Dpotujuvdj˜o!ef!Cpmjwjb-!tpo!qpdpt!mpt!bwbodft!dpotfhvjept!fo!
ftub!ejsfddj˜o/!Mb!qbsbmj{bdj˜o!ef!mb!mfz!ef!bvupopn“b!joe“hfob!
fo!fm!mfhjtmbujwp!nfyjdbop!)b!qftbs!efm!eftbsspmmp!b!ojwfm!ftub.
ubm*-!mb!ofhbujwb!efm!Ftubep!dijmfop!b!pupshbs!dvbmrvjfs!ujqp!ef!
sfdpopdjnjfoup! dpotujuvdjpobm! bm! qvfcmp! nbqvdif! )z! b! mpt!
efnˆt!qsftfouft!fo!fm!ufssjupsjp!dijmfop*-!mb!dsfdjfouf!joufotj.
ebe!efm!dpogmjdup!bsnbep!fo!Dpmpncjb!z!mb!bqmjdbdj˜o!ef!qpm“uj.
dbt! ofpmjcfsbmft! rvf! ibo! wbdjbep! ef! sfdvstpt! b! mbt! foujebeft!
joe“hfobt-!z!mb!fsptj˜o!ef!dpnqfufodjbt!z!sfdvstpt!fo!mbt!sfhjp.
oft!bvu˜opnbt!ojdbsbh fotft!ibo!efdfqdjpobep!mbt!fyqfdubuj.
wbt!hfofsbebt!evsbouf!mpt!b—pt!opwfoub/!
Pusb! dvftuj˜o! nvz! jnqpsubouf! Òz! wjodvmbeb! dpo! mb! bouf.
sjpsÒ!ft!mb!ef!mb!ujfssb/!Dbcf!tf—bmbs!rvf!fm!psefo!opsnbujwp!ef!mb!
usbejdj˜o!mjcfsbm!tf!ib!mjnjubep!b!dpotbhsbs!fm!Óefsfdip!jssftusjd.
up!ef!mb!qspqjfebe!joejwjevbmÔ!z!b!dpogfsjs!bm!Ftubep!fm!sftup!ef!
qspqjfebeft!cbkp!mb!dbmjgjdbdj˜o!ef!Óujfssbt!cbme“btÔ/!Fo!ftuf!tfo.
ujep-!ft!qsfdjtp!qsfhvoubstf!d˜np!dbcf!dpodjmjbs!ftub!dpodfqdj˜o!

41

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 30 2/10/13 13:40:29

 dpo! mbt! efnboebt! ef! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! bmsfefeps! ef! mbt!
ujfssbt! bodftusbmft! gvoebebt! fo! fm! Efsfdip! dpotvfuvejobsjp!
rvf!tf!fyqsftb!fo!fm!vtp!jonfnpsjbm!ef!mbt!ujfssbt!z!mpt!sfdvstpt!
obuvsbmft/!Ftub!dpousbejddj˜o!ib!tjep!nˆt!qpufouf!fo!mpt!Ftubept!
rvf!ibo!gjsnbep!usbubept!z!dpowfojpt!)dpnp!ft!mb!Dpowfodj˜o!
27:!ef!mb!PJU!p!mb!Efdmbsbdj˜o!ef!mbt!Obdjpoft!Vojebt!tpcsf!mpt!
Efsfdipt!ef!mpt!Qvfcmpt!Joe“hfobt!ef!3118*!efcjep!b!rvf!ibo!
jnqvmtbep! nfejebt! ef! joejwjevbmj{bdj˜o-! sfhjtusp! z! ujuvmbdj˜o!
ef!mb!qspqjfebe-!z!ibo!qfsnjujep!dpodftjpoft!ef!fyqmpubdj˜o!ef!
sfdvstpt!gpsftubmft-!njofsbmft!z!ef!hbt!fo!ufssjupsjpt!tvqvftub.
nfouf! qspufhjept! qps! mb! qsftfodjb! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt7/!
Tpcsf!ftuf!ufnb-!ft!gˆdjm!qsfefdjs!rvf!ovfwpt!z!ufotpt!dpogmjdupt!
fousf! mbt! dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt! z! Ftubept! z! fnqsftbt! rvf!
dpejdjbo! tvt! sfdvstpt! ftuˆo! btfhvsbept! )Bqbsjdjp! Xjmifmnj-!
fe/-!3122<!Bttjft-!3118*/!

3/4/!QPMëUJDB!EFTEF!QBSUJEPT!ÕJOEëHFOBTÖ

Pusp!ufnb!sfmfwbouf!kvoup!dpo!)p!eftqvt!ef*!mb!fnfshfodjb!ef!
mbt!sfjwjoejdbdjpoft!joe“hfobt-!ib!tjep!mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!gpsnb.
djpoft!qpm“ujdbt!rvf!ujfofo!fousf!tvt!sfdmbnpt!gvoebnfoubmft!
efgfoefs!b!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/!B!ftubt!gpsnbdjpoft!tf!mbt!ib!
mmbnbep! Òqps! qbsuf! ef! mpt! qpmju˜mphptÒ! qbsujept! uojdpt8-!
foufoejoepmpt! dpnp! Ópshboj{bdjpoft! bvupsj{bebt! b! dpnqfujs!
fo!fmfddjpoft!fo!mbt!dvbmft!mb!nbzps“b!ef!tvt!m“efsft!tf!jefouj.
gjdbo! dpnp! njfncspt! ef! vo! hsvqp! uojdp! op! epnjobouf! z! fo!
dvzbt! qspqvftubt! qsphsbnˆujdbt! ftuˆo! qsftfouft! efnboebt!
sfmbdjpobebt! dpo! dvftujpoft! dvmuvsbmft! z! uojdbtÔ! )Wbo! Dpuu-!
3116;!4*/!
Ftubt! gpsnbdjpoft! ibo! ufojep-! fo! bmhvopt! dbtpt-! djfsub!
dbqbdjebe!ef!dpoejdjpobs!mb!qpm“ujdb!ef!tv!qb“t!efcjep!b!mb!pqps.
uvojebe! ef! gpsnbs! qbsuf! ef! vob! dpbmjdj˜o! hvcfsobnfoubm! p!
qpsrvf!ibo!qpejep!qsftjpobs!efdjtjpoft!efm!Hpcjfsop!eftef!mb!

42

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 31 2/10/13 13:40:29

 pqptjdj˜o/!Ftub!sfmfwbodjb!ib!tjep!Òfo!bmhvopt!qb“tftÒ!b!oj!.
wfm! obdjpobm!z!fo!puspt!sfhjpobm/!Mpt!dbtpt!nˆt!jnqpsubouft!b!
ojwfm!obdjpobm!ibo!tjep!mpt!ef!Fdvbeps!z!Cpmjwjb/!Fo!Fdvbeps!mb!
gpsnbdj˜o!Qbdiblvujl!Ovfwp!Qb“t!)QOQ*!uvwp!vo!spm!nvz!sfmf.
wbouf! eftef! 2::1! ibtub! 3116-! pcufojfoep! 9! ejqvubept! fo! mbt!
fmfddjpoft!ef!2::7-!:!fo!mbt!ef!2::9!z!22!fo!mbt!ef!3113/!Z!fo!fm!
dbtp! ef! Cpmjwjb! dbcf! tf—bmbs! fm! eftfnqf—p! efm! qbsujep!
Npwjnjfoup!bm!Tpdjbmjtnp!)NBT*!fo!mb!qsjnfsb!edbeb!efm!qsf.
tfouf!tjhmp-!qvft!fo!mbt!fmfddjpoft!ef!3113!pcuvwp!38!ejqvubept!
obdjpobmft! z! 9! tfobepsft-! fo! 3116! pcuvwp! 83! ejqvubept! z! 23!
tfobepsft<!z!fo!311:!pcuvwp!ept!ufsdjpt!ef!mpt!ftdb—pt!fo!kvfhp!
z!mb!nbzps“b!fo!fm!Tfobep/
B!ojwfm!sfhjpobm-!ft!qsfdjtp!tf—bmbs!mpt!dbtpt!ef!Ojdbsbhvb!
dpo! mb! gpsnbdj˜o! Zbubnb9-! dpodsfubnfouf! fo! mb! Sfhj˜o! Bv!.
u˜opnb!efm!Bumˆoujdp!Opsuf!)SBBO*!z!fo!nfops!nfejeb!fo!mb!
Sfhj˜o!Bvu˜opnb!efm!Bumˆoujdp!Tvs!)SBBT*/!Puspt!dbtpt!b!eft.
ubdbs! tpo! mpt! ef! mbt! gpsnbdjpoft! Bvupsjebeft! Joe“hfobt! ef!
Dpmpncjb! )BJDP*! z! Bvupsjebeft! Joe“hfobt! efm! Tvspftuf! )BTJ*!
fo!Dpmpncjb-!z!mbt!efm!Qbsujep!Vojep!Nvmujuojdp!efm!Bnb{pobt!
)QVBNB*!z!efm!Dpotfkp!Obdjpobm!Joejp!ef!Wfof{vfmb!)DPOJWF*!
fo!Wfof{vfmb-!epoef!fo!dpbmjdj˜o!dpo!pusbt!gvfs{bt!ibo!dpotf.
hvjep!dvpubt!ef!qpefs!fo!jotujuvdjpoft!sfhjpobmft:/!
Tjo! fncbshp-! vob! ef! mbt! qsfhvoubt! dsvdjbmft! tpcsf! ftuf!
ufnb!ft!mb!ef!qps!rv!tpmp!fo!mpt!qb“tft!djubept!mpt!npwjnjfoupt!
joe“hfobt!ibo!ufojep!mb!gvfs{b!z!mb!dbqbdjebe!ef!dsfbs!qbsujept!
dpo!qptjcjmjebe!ef!hbobs!ftdb—pt!z!bmdbo{bs!dvpubt!ef!qpefs!b!
ojwfm! obdjpobm! p! sfhjpobm/! Ejdib! dvftuj˜o! ft! sfmfwbouf-! tpcsf!
upep-!qbsb!brvfmmpt!qb“tft!epoef!mb!qsftfodjb!ef!dpnvojebeft!
joe“hfobt!ft!nvz!bnqmjb-!dpnp!fo!Qfs-!Qbsbhvbz!p!Hvbufnbmb-!
p!fo!sfhjpoft!epoef!bmhvopt!qb“tft!dpodfousbo!qpcmbdj˜o!joe“.
hfob-!dpnp!fo!Dijmf-!Nyjdp!v!Ipoevsbt/!
Mbt!sftqvftubt!b!ftuf!gfo˜nfop!tpo!ejwfstbt!z!tvfmf!sfdvssjstf!
b! fyqmjdbdjpoft! be! ipd/! Fo! fm! dbtp! ef! Nyjdp-! mb! qbsujdjqbdj˜o!

43

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 32 2/10/13 13:40:29

 joe“hfob!fo!fm!nvoep!mpdbm!tf!ib!djsdvotdsjup-!dpo!ejgfsfodjbt!
tfho! fm! Ftubep-! bm! nfdbojtnp! ef! Óvtpt! z! dptuvncsftÔ/! Mb!
fydfqdj˜o!b!ftub!m˜hjdb!gvf!mb!dsfbdj˜o!efm!qbsujep!joe“hfob!pyb.
rvf—p!Npwjnjfoup!ef!Vojgjdbdj˜o!z!Mvdib!Usjrvj!)NVMU*-!dpo!
sftvmubept!npeftupt!ef!vop!p!ept!ejqvubept!ftububmft-!evsbouf!
mpt!b—pt!opwfoub/!Bduvbmnfouf-!tj!cjfo!fyjtuf!vo!joufotp!efcbuf!
tpcsf!mb!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!joe“hfob!fo!Nyjdp!fo!fm!ˆncjup!nvoj.
djqbm-!mb!fyqfsjfodjb!ef!mpt!nvojdjqjpt!bvu˜opnpt!ef!Dijbqbt!
tf! ib! sfbmj{bep! gvfsb! ef! mbt! jotujuvdjpoft! qpm“ujdbt! pgjdjbmft/!
Sftqfdup!b!mpt!dbtpt!ef!Qfs!z!ef!Hvbufnbmb-!mb!qsftfodjb!joe“.
hfob!fo!mb!qpm“ujdb!tf!ib!ifdip!b!usbwt!ef!mb!jotfsdj˜o!ef!tvt!
m“efsft!fo!mpt!qbsujept!usbejdjpobmft/!Dpo!upep-!eftef!mpt!b—pt!
opwfoub! fo! mpt! ept! qb“tft! mbt! dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt! tf! ibo!
fnqf{bep!b!pshboj{bs!qpm“ujdbnfouf-!qfsp!tjfnqsf!fo!fm!ˆncj.
up! mpdbm! b! usbwt! ef! dboejebuvsbt! joefqfoejfouft/! Fo! Qfs!
eftubdb! mb! qsftfodjb! ef! bmdbmeft! joe“hfobt! eftef! jojdjpt! ef! mb!
edbeb!boufsjps!fo!Qvop-!Dv{dp-!Bqvs“nbd-!Bzbdvdip!z!Ivbodb.
!wfmjdb-!qfsp!ovodb!cbkp!mb!njtnb!pshboj{bdj˜o/!Z!fo!fm!dbtp!ef!
Hvbufnbmb-!tj!cjfo!mb!wjeb!qpm“ujdb!mpdbm!op!qvfef!dpnqsfoefs.
tf!tjo!mb!jogmvfodjb!ef!mbt!dpgsbe“bt-!ovodb!ib!ibcjep!vo!qspzfd.
up!qbo.nbzb!ibtub!mb!dsfbdj˜o!ef!mb!gpsnbdj˜o!Xjobr-!mjefsbeb!
qps!Sjhpcfsub!Nfodi-!z!rvf!fo!mbt!fmfddjpoft!qsftjefodjbmft!
ef!3118!z!efm!3122!pcuvwp!nfopt!efm!4!qps!djfoup!ef!mpt!tvgsb.
hjpt/!Pusp!dbtp!b!eftubdbs!ft!fm!ef!Dijmf!dpo!mb!qpcmbdj˜o!nbqv.
dif-!dvzbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!bvu˜opnbt!op!ibo!ufojep!dbqbdjebe!
ef! ftubs! sfqsftfoubebt! jotujuvdjpobmnfouf! z! epoef! mb! ovfwb!
gpsnbdj˜o!Xbmmnbqvxfo!op!ib!qpejep!mfhbmj{bstf!efcjep!b!rvf!
fm!Tfswjdjp!Fmfdupsbm!dpotjefsb!rvf!tvt!ftubuvupt!z!cbtft!qsphsb.
nˆujdbt!dpoujfofo!qspqvftubt!)dpnp!mpt!dpodfqupt!ef!bvupop.
n“b-! obdj˜o! nbqvdif! z! t“ncpmpt! dpnp! vob! cboefsb! qspqjb*!
jodpotujuvdjpobmft/!
Eftqvt!ef!mp!fyqvftup!dbcf!tf—bmbs!rvf!dvbmrvjfs!boˆmjtjt!
dpotjtufouf!eb!dvfoub!ef!rvf!op!fyjtuf!vob!sfmbdj˜o!mjofbm!fousf!

44

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 33 2/10/13 13:40:29

 mb!dboujebe!ef!qpcmbdj˜o!joe“hfob-!vob!qmvsbmjebe!ef!mfohvbt!p!
hsboeft! bhsbwjpt! z! mb! fyjtufodjb! ef! pshboj{bdjpoft! qpm“ujdbt!
uojdbt!qbsb!efgfoefs!tvt!sfdmbnpt/!Vo!ftuvejp!qpsnfopsj{bep!
tf—bmb! rvf! ibz! fmfnfoupt! fyufsopt! b! mpt! njtnpt! qvfcmpt! rvf!
dpoejdjpobo!qspgvoebnfouf!mb!qsftfodjb!z!mb!sfmfwbodjb!ef!mpt!
qbsujept!joe“hfobt!)Nbsu“!j!Qvjh-!3119*/!Fmfnfoupt!ef!ujqp!jot.
ujuvdjpobm!)dpnp!tpo!fm!sfdpopdjnjfoup!mfhbm-!mb!qfsnjtjwjebe!
efm!tjtufnb!fmfdupsbm!p!fm!ojwfm!ef!eftdfousbmj{bdj˜o!ufssjupsjbm*!
z!sfmbdjpobm!)dpnp!tpo!mpt!bmjbept!qpm“ujdpt-!mb!efcjmjebe!ef!mpt!
qbsujept! usbejdjpobmft-! mb! wpmbujmjebe! fmfdupsbm! p! qpufodjbm! ef!
bnfob{b*!tpo!dsvdjbmft!qbsb!dpnqsfoefs!qps!rv!fo!vopt!qb“.
tft!p!sfhjpoft!fyjtufo!qbsujept!joe“hfobt!z!fo!puspt!op/!
Fo! djfsub! gpsnb! tf! qpes“b! bgjsnbs! rvf! qbsb! rvf! fyjtubo!
qbsujept!joe“hfobt!sfmfwbouft!efcf!pdvssjs!rvf!vob!Ófmjuf!joe“.
hfobÔ! upnf! efdjtjpoft! ftusbuhjdbt! b! tbcjfoebt! ef! rvf! ftubt!
tpmp!ufoesˆo!tfoujep!fo!vo!foupsop!jotujuvdjpobm!bcjfsup!sft.
qfdup! bm! sfdpopdjnjfoup! ef! mb! ejgfsfodjb! )Ávob! Dpotujuvdj˜o!
nvmujdvmuvsbm@*-!dpo!vob!pshboj{bdj˜o!ufssjupsjbm!efm!qpefs!eft.
dfousbmj{beb!rvf!mft!tvqpohb!vo!gˆdjm!bddftp!b!sfdvstpt!jotujuv.
djpobmft-!dpo!vobt!sfhmbt!ef!kvfhp!fmfdupsbmft!qfsnfbcmft!z!fo!
vo!foupsop!epoef!mpt!bdupsft!qpm“ujdpt!dmˆtjdpt!ftuo!gsbddjp.
obept! p! fo! dsjtjt/! Z! upep! fmmp! dpo! mb! qsfwfodj˜o! ef! rvf! fm!
sfdvfsep! ef! fqjtpejpt! sfdjfouft! ef! wjpmfodjb! fyusfnb! pqfsb!
dpnp!vo!fmfnfoup!joijcjeps!fo!ftuf!qspdftp!ef!dpotusvddj˜o!
ef!bdupsft!qpm“ujdpt-!ubm!dpnp!mp!ibo!efnptusbep!ibtub!bipsb!mpt!
dbtpt!ef!Hvbufnbmb!z!Qfs!)Nbsu“!j!Qvjh-!3119*/!
Tj! mbt! dpoejdjpoft! bssjcb! fyqvftubt! tf! ebo-! ft! qptjcmf! mb!
bqbsjdj˜o! ef! qbsujept! uojdpt! sfmfwbouft/! Qfsp! ftb! Óqptjcjmj.
ebeÔ!efqfoefsˆ!ef!mb!dbqbdjebe!rvf!ufohbo!ubncjo!ftubt!gps.
nbdjpoft!ef!fmbcpsbs!vo!ejtdvstp!jefoujubsjp!bnqmjp!)z!op!tpmp!
ef!vob!dpnvojebe*-!joufhsbeps!z!dpo!djfsupt!qvoupt!ef!dpofyj˜o!
dpo!mpt!nbsdpt!dphojujwpt!epnjobouft<!ef!rvf!ufohbo!vob!sfe!
tpdjbm! rvf! bhsvqf! btpdjbdjpoft! ef! qsjnfs-! tfhvoep! z! ufsdfs!

45

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 34 2/10/13 13:40:29

 ojwfm<! z! ef! rvf! ejtqpohbo! ef! sfdvstpt! nbufsjbmft! z! ivnbopt!
qbsb! qpefs! eftbgjbs! )zb! tfb! fo! ˆncjupt! jotujuvdjpobmft! p! op!
dpowfodjpobmft*! b! mpt! pqpofouft/! Qps! bipsb-! upep! ftp! tpmp! ib!
pdvssjep! fo! Fdvbeps! )tj! cjfo! tf! ib! fyqfsjnfoubep! vo! efdmjwf!
efm!Qbdiblvujl!fo!mpt!mujnpt!b—pt*-!Cpmjwjb!z-!fo!nfops!nfej.
eb-!fo!Ojdbsbhvb-!Dpmpncjb!z!Wfof{vfmb/!Z!ftuˆ!qps!wfs!bo!mb!
dbqbdjebe! ef! mb! ovfwb! gpsnbdj˜o! nbqvdif! Xbmmnbmmqvxfo! fo!
Dijmf!z!mb!qbo.nbzb!Xjobr!fo!Hvbufnbmb/

4/!MPT!NPWJNJFOUPT!JOEëHFOBT!FO!FM!TJHMP!YYJ

4/2/!NFOPT!BMJBEPT!Z!NBZPSFT!BNFOB[BT

Vob!wf{!ftcp{bep!fm!ufnb!ef!mb!fnfshfodjb!z!fm!jnqbdup!ef!mpt!
npwjnjfoupt! joe“hfobt! evsbouf! mb! mujnb! edbeb-! ft! qsfdjtp!
qsfhvoubstf!dvˆm!qvfef!tfs!b!gvuvsp!mb!fyqsftj˜o!z!mb!sfmfwbodjb!
qpm“ujdbt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!b!dbtj!vob!edbeb!ef!mb!Óedb.
eb!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobtÔ!rvf!mbt!Obdjpoft!Vojebt!qspdmb.
nbspo!fousf!2::4!z!3113/
Evsbouf!mpt!mujnpt!b—pt!qbsfdf!ibcfstf!bhpubep!fm!djdmp!
ef!hsboeft!npwjmj{bdjpoft!z-!tpcsf!upep-!ef!mb!qsffnjofodjb!fo!
mb! bhfoeb! hvcfsobnfoubm! ef! mbt! efnboebt! joe“hfobt/! Fo! ftuf!
tfoujep-!qbsfdf!rvf!mbt!wfoubobt!ef!pqpsuvojebe!rvf!tf!bcsjf.
spo!fo!mb!edbeb!ef!mpt!opwfoub!)z!rvf!tf!tf—bmbo!bm!jojdjp!efm!
qsftfouf!ufyup*!tf!ftuˆo!dfssboep!efcjep!bm!dbncjp!ef!ftusvduv.
sb!ef!pqpsuvojebeft!qpm“ujdbt/!Tj!b!fmmp!mf!tvnbnpt!rvf!ept!ef!
mpt!bmjbept!gvoebnfoubmft!ef!mbt!dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!)dpnp!
tpo!mb!Jhmftjb!dbu˜mjdb!dbeb!wf{!nˆt!dpotfswbepsb!z!mb!sfe!ef!POH!
nˆt!joufsftbeb!fo!Psjfouf!Qs˜yjnp!z!ègsjdb*!ftuˆo!dbncjboep!
ef!qptjdj˜o!z!ef!joufst-!fm!gvuvsp!tf!wjtmvncsb!dpnqmjdbep!qbsb!
ftupt!npwjnjfoupt/!B!mb!qbs-!fm!ufnb!joe“hfob!ib!qbefdjep!ubn.
cjo! mpt! fgfdupt! qfswfstpt! efm! jnqbdup! ef! mb! mfhjtmbdj˜o!

46

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 35 2/10/13 13:40:29

 boujufsspsjtub!)jnqvmtbeb!qps!mpt!Ftubept!Vojept*!eftqvt!efm!
22.T/! Dbcf! eftubdbs! rvf! cbkp! fm! ejtdvstp! ef! mvdib! dpousb! fm!
ufsspsjtnp! bmhvopt! Hpcjfsopt! ibo! qspnpwjep! mb! sfqsftj˜o!
gsfouf!b!dvbmrvjfs!gpsnb!ef!ejtjefodjb-!ubm!dpnp!ib!pdvssjep!fo!
Dijmf! dpo! wbsjpt! m“efsft! nbqvdift! rvf! fodbcf{bspo!qspuftubt!
fo! efgfotb! ef! tvt! ujfssbt! z! rvf! gvfspo! fodbsdfmbept! qps! mbt!
bvupsjebeft!efm!Hpcjfsop!cbkp!mb!Mfz!Boujufsspsjtub/
Djfsubnfouf-! fo! bmhvopt! qb“tft! epoef! mpt! npwjnjfoupt!
joe“hfobt!gvfspo!qjpofspt!tv!qsftfodjb!ib!eftdfoejep/!Mb!sfmf.
wbodjb! efm! npwjnjfoup! joe“hfob! fo! Fdvbeps! ib! ejtnjovjep!
eftef!gjoft!ef!mb!Benjojtusbdj˜o!ef!Mvdjp!Hvujssf{!z!ef!mb!mmfhb.
eb!ef!Dpssfb-!z!fo!Cpmjwjb-!qps!qsjnfsb!wf{!eftef!ibdf!vob!edbeb!
mpt!ejqvubept!efm!NBT!fmfhjept!fo!311:!op!tpo!nbzpsjubsjbnfo.
uf!joe“hfobt-!tjop!rvf!tpo!mbejopt/!Ubnqpdp!fo!Nyjdp-!eftqvt!
efm!bvhf!rvf!uvwp!fm!ejtdvstp!joe“hfob!dpo!fm!mfwboubnjfoup!fo!
2::5! efm! Fksdjup! [bqbujtub! ef! Mjcfsbdj˜o! Obdjpobm! )F[MO*-! fm!
ufnb!zb!op!ftuˆ!fo!mb!bhfoeb!obdjpobm/!
Dpo! mpt! ebupt! fyqvftupt! op! tf! qsfufoef! bovodjbs! rvf! mpt!
npwjnjfoupt!z!mbt!efnboebt!joe“hfobt!efkfo!ef!ftubs!qsftfouft!
fo!mb!sfhj˜o/!Ft!nˆt-!ft!nvz!qptjcmf!rvf!tf!e!vo!jodsfnfoup!ef!
dpogmjdujwjebe!fousf!pshboj{bdjpoft!joe“hfobt!z!puspt!bdupsft!)zb!
tfbo!bvupsjebeft!qcmjdbt!p!fnqsftbt!qsjwbebt*/!Fm!ifdip!ef!rvf!
mb!nbzps“b!ef!mpt!sfdvstpt!ftusbuhjdpt!efm!tjhmp!YYJ!)bhvb-!cjpej.
wfstjebe-! hbt-! qfus˜mfp-! njofsbmft-! cptrvft*! ftuo! vcjdbept! fo!
{pobt!epoef!ibcjubo!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ibdf!qsfwfs!rvf!fqjtpejpt!
dpnp!mpt!ef!Cbhvb!fo!Qfs-!ef!Bxbt!Ujhoj!fo!Ojdbsbhvb-!UJQOJT!
fo! Cpmjwjb! p! ef! Sbmdp! fo! Dijmf! op! tfbo! dbtpt! bjtmbept/! Befnˆt-!
bmhvopt!Hpcjfsopt!rvf!fo!vo!jojdjp!tf!qsftfoubspo!dpnp!bmjbept!
ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!Òdpnp!fm!ef!Npsbmft-!Dpssfb!p!Diˆwf{Ò!
eftef!ibdf!ujfnqp!ibo!dbncjbep!tv!qptjdj˜o!sftqfdup!b!ejwfstpt!
ufnbt! tfotjcmft! qbsb! mbt! dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt-! dpnp! tpo! mb!
hftuj˜o!ef!jogsbftusvduvsbt-!mb!qsptqfddj˜o!ef!sfdvstpt!efm!tvc.
tvfmp!p!mb!dpotusvddj˜o!ef!dfousbmft!ijespfmdusjdbt/!

47

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 36 2/10/13 13:40:30

 Bt“-!b!qftbs!efm!djfssf!ef!mbt!ÓpqpsuvojebeftÔ!ef!ftuf!ovfwp!
djdmp-! mb! mvdib! ef! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! qps! tvt! efsfdipt! wb! b!
dpoujovbs-! bvorvf! b! usbwt! ef! pusb! dpbmjdj˜o! ef! bdupsft-! dpo!
nbzps! qsftfodjb! ef! bdupsft! mpdbmft! z! nfops! bqpzp! ef! sfeft!
joufsobdjpobmft-! nˆt! joufsftbebt! fo! pusbt! ˆsfbt! efm! qmbofub/!
Qfsp!b!qftbs!ef!mpt!dbncjpt!fo!mb!dpssfmbdj˜o!ef!gvfs{bt!joufs.
obt-!fm!bqsfoej{bkf!pshboj{bujwp!fyqfsjnfoubep!fo!mbt!mujnbt!
edbebt! qps! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! z! mb! dpotbhsbdj˜o! ef! tvt!
efsfdipt!gsvup!ef!mbt!sfgpsnbt!dpotujuvdjpobmft!ubncjo!ftuˆo!
eboep!ÒtjmfodjptbnfoufÒ!tvt!gsvupt/
Pusb!dvftuj˜o!ft!rvf!b!qbsujs!ef!bipsb!mb!mvdib!ef!mpt!qvf.
cmpt!joe“hfobt!tf!mmfwf!b!dbcp!dpo!nfopt!wjtjcjmjebe-!tjo!uboub!
dpotjefsbdj˜o!qps!qbsuf!ef!mpt!Hpcjfsopt!z!tjo!vo!usbup!nfejˆuj.
dp!gbwpsbcmf/!Vo!fkfnqmp!dmbsp!ef!ftub!Óovfwb!fsbÔ!ft!fm!dpogmjdup!
ftdfojgjdbep!evsbouf!mpt!b—pt!3122!z!3123!fousf!wbsjpt!npwjnjfo.
upt! joe“hfobt! ef! mbt! fuojbt! npyf—p-! dijnˆ! z! zvsbdbs! z! mpt!
Hpcjfsopt! ef! Cpmjwjb! b! sb“{! ef! mb! dpotusvddj˜o! ef! vob! db!!ssfufsb!
wjodvmbeb!b!vo!Ónfhb!qspzfdupÔ!rvf!tf!jotdsjcf!fo!mb!Joj!!djbujwb!ef!
Eftbsspmmp!f!Joufhsbdj˜o!ef!Jogsbftusvduvsb!Tv!!sbnfsjdbob!)JJSTB*!
z!dvzp!usb{bep!qbtb!qps!fm!Qbsrvf!Obdjpobm!Jtjcpsp!Tdvsf!UJQOJT/!
B!sb“{!ef!ftuf!dpogmjdup-!bmhvopt!njfncspt!efm!njtnp!qbsujep!ef!
Fwp!Npsbmft!)NBT*!z!ejwfstbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!rvf!fo!tv!e“b!gvf.
spo! qs˜yjnbt! bm! Hpcjfsop! )dpnp! mb! Dpogfefsbdj˜o! ef! Qvfcmpt!
Joe“hfobt!ef!Cpmjwjb-!DJEPC*!tf!ibo!ejtubodjbep!efm!Hpcjfsop!z!
ibo!dsjujdbep!mb!nfejeb/!Befnˆt-!bmhvopt!npwjnjfoupt!joe“hfobt!
Òupept!dpousbsjpt!b!mbt!nfejebt!efm!Hpcjfsop!tpcsf!fm!dbtpÒ!tf!
ibo!pshboj{bep!qps!qsjnfsb!wf{!qbsb!qspubhpoj{bs!vob!npwjmj{b.
dj˜o!qpqvmbs!f!joe“hfob!Òmmbnbeb!Ómb!Opwfob!Nbsdib!Joe“hfob!fo!
Efgfotb!efm!ufssjupsjp!z!mb!WjebÔÒ!dpousb!Fwp!Npsbmft/!
Mbt!sb{poft!ef!mpt!fogsfoubnjfoupt!fousf!vo!tfdups!efm!np!.
wjnjfoup!joe“hfob!fo!mpt!ept!qb“tft!z!tvt!sftqfdujwpt!Hpcjfsopt!
tpo! dpnqmfkbt-! qfsp! ftuˆo! sfmbdjpobebt! dpo! mbt! ufotjpoft! rvf!
tvqpof!jnqvmtbs!Òqps!qbsuf!ef!mpt!hpcfsobouftÒ!qspzfdupt!ef!

48

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 37 2/10/13 13:40:30

 eftbsspmmp! Óobdjpobmft! z! qpqvmbsftÔ! rvf! fousbo! fo! dpogmjdup!
dpo!mb!qspufddj˜o!ef!sfdvstpt!obuvsbmft!)gpsftubmft-!njofsbmft!p!
g˜tjmft*!dsvdjbmft!qbsb!mb!qfswjwfodjb!ef!mbt!dpnvojebeft!joe“.
hfobt/!
ÁRv!tjhojgjdb!ftuf!ovfwp!ftdfobsjp@!Qspcbcmfnfouf!ept!
dvftujpoft/!Mb!qsjnfsb!ft!rvf!mbt!npwjmj{bdjpoft!joe“hfobt!wbo!
b!dpoujovbs!z-!mb!tfhvoeb-!rvf!ftubt!npwjmj{bdjpoft!zb!op!qpesˆo!
tfs!ÓdbquvsbebtÔ!qps!Hpcjfsopt!z!m“efsft!obdjpobmft!joefqfo.
ejfoufnfouf!ef!tv!jefpmph“b/!Qsfdjtbnfouf!qps!fmmp!ft!qsfwjtj.
cmf! rvf! mbt! gvuvsbt! npwjmj{bdjpoft! z! mvdibt! joe“hfobt! ufohbo!
pusp!gpsnbup;!tfsˆo!nˆt!tjmfodjptbt!)p!tjmfodjbebt*!z!dpo!nbzps!
ogbtjt! fo! mb! qspufddj˜o! ef! mpt! sfdvstpt! obuvsbmft! z-! qps! mp!
uboup-! nˆt! gpdbmj{bebt! fo! fm! ˆncjup! efm! ufssjupsjp! z! ef! mb! wjeb!
mpdbm/!Qps!fmmp-!vob!nfops!bufodj˜o!nfejˆujdb-!tpdjbm!p!qpm“ujdb!
ef!mb!sfbmjebe!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob!op!wb!
b!tfs!gsvup!ef!vob!nfops!joufotjebe!ef!tvt!mvdibt-!tjop!ef!vob!
nfops!tjnqbu“b!qps!qbsuf!ef!brvfmmpt!rvf!bouft!fsbo!tvt!bmjb.
ept!z!ef!vob!nbzps!iptujmjebe!ef!rvjfoft!bouft!fsbo!joejgfsfo.
uft!p-!tjnqmfnfouf-!mpt!jhopsbcbo/!

4/3/!BMHVOB!FTQFSBO[B;!DPNVOJEBEFT!MFUSBEBT!! !
Z!SFJWJOEJDBUJWBT!FO!VO!NVOEP!HMPCBM

B!qftbs!ef!mp!fyqvftup-!fm!ujfnqp!op!ib!qbtbep!fo!wbop!qbsb!mbt!
dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!oj!qbsb!tvt!njfncspt!fo!dvboup!bm!sfdp.
opdjnjfoup!ef!tvt!jefoujebeft-!fm!jodsfnfoup!ef!tv!gpsnbdj˜o!
z!tv!nbofkp!ef!mpt!nfejpt!ef!dpnvojdbdj˜o/!Eftef!zb!ibdf!nˆt!
ef!nfejp!tjhmp-!nvdipt!qvfcmpt!ibo!jep!opsnboep!)z!bmhvopt!
ftuboebsj{bep*!tvt!mfohvbt!z!ibo!jnqvmtbep!nfdbojtnpt!qbsb!
dpnvojdbstf!z!bnqmjgjdbs!tvt!tf—bt!ef!jefoujebe!)Csztl-!311:*/!
Befnˆt-!evsbouf!mb!mujnb!edbeb!tf!ibo!fyqboejep!z!nvmujqmj.
dbep!jotujuvdjpoft!ef!gpsnbdj˜o!joe“hfob-!nvdibt!wfdft!b!usb.
wt!ef!Vojwfstjebeft!Joe“hfobt!z!Nvmujdvmuvsbmft/!

49

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 38 2/10/13 13:40:30

 Gsvup!ef!ftuf!qspdftp-!fo!mb!bduvbmjebe!fo!nvdipt!qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt! ibo! bqbsfdjep! Ódpnvojebeft! mfusbebtÔ! rvf-! b! ejgf.
sfodjb!ef!edbebt!boufsjpsft-!op!tpo!oj!njopsjubsjbt!oj!sfqsf.
tfoubo! joufsftft! ef! vob! njops“b! bdbvebmbeb/! Ipz! fo! nvdibt!
dpnvojebeft!fyjtufo!k˜wfoft!hfofsbdjpoft!rvf!tf!ibo!gpsnbep!
fo!tv!mfohvb!f!jefoujebe-!b!mb!wf{!rvf!ibo!bervjsjep!eftusf{bt!z!
ibcjmjebeft!fo!ovfwbt!ufdopmph“bt-!fo!nbofkp!ef!ÓtvtÔ!sfdvstpt!
z!fo!mb!efgfotb!ef!tvt!efsfdipt/!Tjo!fncbshp-!mb!gpsnbdj˜o!rvf!
ibo!bervjsjep!ftupt!k˜wfoft!op!ib!tvqvftup!rvf!ftupt!btdfoejf.
sbo! fdpo˜njdbnfouf! oj! tf! ÓbdpnpebsboÔ! z-! dpo! fmmp-! op! ib!
ibcjep!vob!ejtnjovdj˜o!ef!tv!qpufodjbm!sfjwjoejdbujwp/!
Bt“-!dpo!ftubt!ovfwbt!hfofsbdjpoft!tf!ib!jodsfnfoubep!mb!
dbqbdjebe!ef!ftupt!qvfcmpt!ef!hfofsbs!sfeft-!dpnqbsujs!z!efcb.
ujs! mbt! qspcmfnˆujdbt! z! bsujdvmbs! efnboebt/! Fo! ftub! mbcps! mbt!
sbejpt!dpnvojubsjbt-!mpt!ufmgpopt!n˜wjmft-!mb!bvupqspevddj˜o!
ef!nbufsjbm!bvejpwjtvbm!z-!tpcsf!upep-!mb!sfe!joufsobvub!ibo!tjep!
dmbwf/!B!usbwt!ef!ftubt!ifssbnjfoubt!nvdibt!dpnvojebeft!tf!
ibo! qpejep! jotfsubs! fo! Ósfeft! usbotobdjpobm! ef! efgfotbÔ! rvf!
usbcbkbo!hmpcbmnfouf!fo!upsop!b!ufnbt!dpnp!tpo!mb!efgfotb!efm!
nfejp!bncjfouf-!fm!fuop.eftbsspmmp!p!mb!efgfotb!ef!dpnvojeb.
eft! joe“hfobt! )Lfdl! z! Tjlljol-! 3111*/! Ft! efdjs-! mpt! ovfwpt!
dpmfdujwpt!mfusbept!tf!ibo!dpofdubep!dpo!sfeft!dvzp!npups!ft!mb!
mvdib! qps! wbmpsft! dpnqbsujept-! dpo! vo! ejtdvstp! dpno! z! vo!
efotp!joufsdbncjp!ef!jogpsnbdj˜o!dpo!fm!gjo!ef!efgfoefs!dbv.
tbt!p!mvdibs!dpousb!nfejebt!rvf!mft!qfskvejdbo/!
Fo!mb!ejoˆnjdb!eftdsjub!boufsjpsnfouf!tf!foujfoef!rvf!mbt!
ovfwbt! ufdopmph“bt! ibo! qptjcjmjubep! ejoˆnjdbt! tjncj˜ujdbt!
fousf!mbt!dbnqb—bt-!mbt!sfeft!usbotobdjpobmft!z!mbt!dpnvojeb.
eft/!ÁDvˆm!ib!tjep!mb!dmbwf!ef!ftub!sfmbdj˜o@!Tfho!Csztl!)3118*!
ftup!ib!tjep!qptjcmf!qpsrvf!mbt!sfeft!usbotobdjpobmft!ibo!bqps.
ubep!b!mbt!dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!mbt!mmbnbebt!Ó6!DtÔ-!b!tbcfs-!
mpt! djodp! dpnqpofouft! efm! bqpzp! tjhvjfouft;! fm! dpoubdup-! mb!
dpotdjfodjb-!fm!dpsbkf-!fm!dbti!z!mbt!dbnqb—bt/

4:

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 39 2/10/13 13:40:30

 Fm! dpoubdup! ft! fm! qbqfm! joufsnfejbsjp! rvf! ibo! kvhbep! mbt!
ovfwbt!ufdopmph“bt!bm!sfmbdjpobs!POH-!Jhmftjbt!p!npwjnjfoupt!
ef!tpmjebsjebe!dpo!sfeft!joe“hfobt!z0p!joejhfojtubt/!Ft!qsfdjtp!
tf—bmbs!rvf!fo!tvt!jojdjpt!fm!dpoubdup!uvwp!nvdib!jnqpsubodjb!
efcjep!b!mb!mfkbo“b!hfphsˆgjdb!z!tpdjbm!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hf.
obt-!tj!cjfo!ipz!bo!tjhvfo!ufojfoep!vo!spm!wjubm!b!mb!ipsb!ef!
dsfbs!ÓopeptÔ!rvf!tvqpohbo!ftqbdjpt!ef!qspufddj˜o!p!joufsmp.
dvdj˜o!rvf!bcsfo!)p!djfssbo*!mbt!qvfsubt!b!puspt!ˆncjupt!sfmb.
djpobmft-!dpnp!tpo!fm!bddftp!b!pshbojtnpt!joufsobdjpobmft!p!b!
nfejpt!ef!dpnvojdbdj˜o/!Mb!dpotdjfodjb!ujfof!rvf!wfs!dpo!mb!
dsfbdj˜o! ef! ovfwbt! gpsnbt! ef! foufoefs! efufsnjobebt! tjuvb.
djpoft-!fmbcpsbs!sfmbupt-!joufsqsfubs!mb!sfbmjebe!z!ibdfs!ejbh.
o˜tujdpt!ejgfsfouft!z!ds“ujdpt/!Pcwjbnfouf-!mb!dpotusvddj˜o!ef!
mbt!efnboebt!ft!tjfnqsf!vo!ejˆmphp!fousf!mbt!dpnvojebeft-!z!
fo! ftf! ejˆmphp! qvfef! hfofsbstf! dbncjpt! fo! mb! obuvsbmf{b! ef!
mpt!bdupsft-!ovfwbt!bmjbo{bt!z!dbncjpt!fo!mbt!dpssfmbdjpoft!ef!
qpefs/!Fm!dpsbkf!ft!mb!gvfs{b!rvf!ib!ebep!fm!Ónpojupsfp!hmp.
cbmÔ-! hsbdjbt! bm! dvbm! nvdibt! wfdft! tf! ib! qpejep! gsfobs! Òp! bm!
nfopt!tvbwj{bsÒ!mb!sfqsftj˜o!efm!Ftubep/!Fm!dbti!tf!sfgjfsf!b!
mb! qsftubdj˜o! ef! sfdvstpt! nbufsjbmft-! rvf! tpo! ef! hsbo! bzveb!
dvboep! tf! tvnbo! b! sfdvstpt! pshboj{bujwpt/! Ft! jnqpsubouf!
tvcsbzbs! rvf! mb! hsbo! nbzps“b! ef! mbt! dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt!
op!qvfefo!tptufofs!vo!dpoubdup!qfsnbofouf!dpo!tvt!bmjbept!
tjo! vob! btjtufodjb! fyufsob/! Gjobmnfouf-! dbcf! opncsbs! b! mbt!
dbnqb—bt! rvf-! jnqvmtbebt! qps! sfeft! usbotobdjpobmft-! ibo!
ufojep! mb! dbqbdjebe! ef! jogmvjs! fo! mpt! Ftubept-! zb! rvf! mpt! ib!
qvftup!fo!fm!qvoup!ef!njsb!ef!mb!dpnvojebe!joufsobdjpobm/!
Fo!sftvnfo-!mbt!ovfwbt!ufdopmph“bt!ef!mb!dpnvojdbdj˜o!z!
mb!bqbsjdj˜o!ef!dpnvojebeft!mfusbebt!ibo!tvqvftup!mb!hfofsb.
dj˜o! ef! vo! npwjnjfoup! joe“hfob! rvf-! tj! cjfo! mvdib! qps! mb!
efgfotb!ef!tvt!sfdvstpt!z!dptnpwjtjpoft!eftef!mp!mpdbm-!mp!ibdf!
jotfsubep!fo!mb!sfe!d“wjdb!usbotobdjpobm!z!dpo!qsftfodjb!hmpcbm/!

51

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 40 2/10/13 13:40:30

 OPUBT

! 2/! Tf!ib!efgjojep!dpnp!FPQ!b!mbt!ejnfotjpoft!dpotjtufouft!Òbvorvf!op!ofdftb.
sjbnfouf! gpsnbmft-! qfsnbofouft! oj! obdjpobmftÒ! efm! foupsop! qpm“ujdp! rvf!
gpnfoubo!p!eftjodfoujwbo!mb!bddj˜o!dpmfdujwb!fousf!mbt!hfouft/
! 3/! Mb!hpwfsobodf!tvqpof!rvf!mb!hftuj˜o!ef!mpt!btvoupt!qcmjdpt!z!mb!dbqbdjebe!ef!
tbujtgbdfs!mbt!efnboebt!tpdjbmft!zb!op!efqfoefo!ef!mb!wpmvoube!efm!Ftubep-!tj!op!
rvf!ftuˆo!b!nfsdfe!ef!mb!joufsbddj˜o!ef!vo!bnqmjp!dpokvoup!ef!bdupsft!ef!obuv.
sbmf{b! nvz! ejwfstb/! Fo! ftuf! tfoujep-! fm! usnjop! hpwfsobodf! eb! dvfoub! ef! vo!
Óovfwp!ftujmpÔ!ef!hpcjfsop!dbsbdufsj{bep!qps!mb!joufsbddj˜o!fousf!fm!Ftubep!z!mpt!
bdupsft!op!ftububmft/
! 4/! Tjo! mb! mbcps! ef! ejdibt! sfeft! ejg“djmnfouf! tf! ivcjfsb! dpotfhvjep! bqspcbs! fm!
Dpowfojp! 27:! tpcsf! Qvfcmpt! Joe“hfobt! z! Usjcbmft! ef! mb! Pshboj{bdj˜o!
Joufsobdjpobm!efm!Usbcbkp!ef!2:9:!z!nfopt!mb!Efdmbsbdj˜o!ef!Efsfdipt!ef!mpt!
Qvfcmpt! Joe“hfobt! ef! Obdjpoft! Vojebt-! bqspcbeb! fm! 24! ef! tfqujfncsf! ef!
3118/
! 5/! Befnˆt-!ft!ofdftbsjp!ufofs!fo!dvfoub!rvf!fo!bmhvopt!qb“tft-!dpnp!Nyjdp-!tf!
ib!eftbsspmmbep!ubncjo!vob!dpnqmfkb!z!ejgfsfodjbeb! sfhvmbdj˜o! tpcsf! efsf.
dipt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!b!ojwfm!tvcobdjpobm!)fo!ftuf!tfoujep-!ftububm*/!Mpt!
dbtpt!ef!Pbybdb-!Tbo!Mvjt!Qpupt“!p!Hvfssfsp!tpo!fncmfnˆujdpt/
! 6/! Fm!qsjnfs!bsu“dvmp!ef!mb!Dpotujuvdj˜o!sf{b!rvf!ÓCpmjwjb!tf!dpotujuvzf!fo!vo!
Ftubep!Vojubsjp!Tpdjbm!ef!Efsfdip!Qmvsjobdjpobm!Dpnvojubsjp-!mjcsf-!joef.
qfoejfouf-! tpcfsbop-! efnpdsˆujdp-! joufsdvmuvsbm-! eftdfousbmj{bep! z! dpo!
bvupopn“bt/!Cpmjwjb!tf!gvoeb!fo!mb!qmvsbmjebe!z!fm!qmvsbmjtnp!qpm“ujdp-!fdp.
o˜njdp-! kvs“ejdp-! dvmuvsbm! z! mjoh “tujdp-! efousp! efm! qspdftp! joufhsbeps! efm!
qb“tÔ/
! 7/! Vo!dbtp!fkfnqmbs!ft!fm!dijmfop-!epoef!mbt!dvftujpoft!tpcsf!mb!qspqjfebe!ftuˆo!
ftujqvmbebt! fo! fm! bsu“dvmp! 6:1! efm! D˜ejhp! Djwjm/! Qptufsjpsnfouf-! mbt! sfgpsnbt!
mfhbmft! qbsb! mb! qsjwbuj{bdj˜o! ef! sfdvstpt! obuvsbmft! tf! jnqvmtbspo! evsbouf! mb!
ejdubevsb!ef!Qjopdifu-!fo!mb!edbeb!ef!mpt!pdifoub!z!tf!dpotpmjebspo!nˆt!ubsef!
qps!nfejp!ef!mpt!usbubept!ef!mjcsf!dpnfsdjp!z!ef!sfhvmbdjpoft!tfdupsjbmft/!Pusp!
dbtp! tfnfkbouf! ft! fm! qfsvbop-! epoef! tf! ibo! usbtmbqbep! ufssjupsjpt! joe“hfobt!
dpo!dpodftjpoft!b!fnqsftbt!qsjwbebt/!
! 8/! Op!ibz!bdvfsep!fo!mb!mjufsbuvsb!tpcsf!fm!dpodfqup!ef!Óqbsujep!uojdpÔ/!Fo!ftuf!
ufyup!tf!vujmj{b!fm!dpodfqup!bdv—bep!qps!Wbo!Dpuu!)3116*-!qfsp!ft!djfsup!rvf!b!
nfovep! ftubt! gpsnbdjpoft! tvfmfo! tfs! dpbmjdjpoft! ef! gpsnbdjpoft! ejwfstbt!
bouft! rvf! qbsujept! qspqjbnfouf! uojdpt<! fo! ftuf! tfoujep! ujfofo! vo! dbsˆdufs!
tpcsf!upep!qmvsjuojdp/!
! 9/! Fo! mb! SBBO! Zbubnb! ib! hpcfsobep! mb! sfhj˜o! )fo! dpbmjdj˜o! dpo! fm! Gsfouf! Tbo!.
ejojtub! ef! Mjcfsbdj˜o! Obdjpobm-! GTMO*! eftef! fm! b—p! 3111! z! ib! pcufojep! mb!
Qsftjefodjb!ef!mb!njtnb-!z!fo!mb!SBBT-!epoef!ejdip!qbsujep!ft!nˆt!ecjm-!ib!
ufojep!tvgjdjfouf!gvfs{b!dpnp!qbsb!dpoejdjpobs!qpm“ujdbt/!Sftqfdup!b!mb!sfqsf.
tfoubdj˜o!fo!mbt!ept!dˆnbsbt!bvupo˜njdbt!)ef!vo!ubnb—p!ef!59!ftdbmpt!ibtub!
3113!z!ef!56!b!qbsujs!ef!3117*!mb!gpsnbdj˜o!uojdb!Zbubnb!pcuvwp!34!ftdb—pt!fo!
2::1-!9!fo!2::5-!9!fo!2::9-!22!fo!3113-!24!fo!3117<!z!fo!mb!SBBT-!5-!6-!5-!3-!7!
fo!mbt!njtnbt!dpowpdbupsjbt/
! :/! Qbsb!vo!boˆmjtjt!efm!eftfnqf—p!ef!ejdibt!gpsnbdjpoft!wbtf!mb!pcsb!ef!Wbo!Dpuu!
)3116;!288.322*/

52

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 41 2/10/13 13:40:30

 CJCMJPHSBGëB!
BQBSJDJP!XJMIFMNJ-!N/!)3122*;!Mpt!efsfdipt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!b!mpt!sfdvstpt!obuvsb.
mft!z!fm!ufssjupsjp/!Dpogmjdupt!z!eftbg“pt!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob/!Jdbsjb-!Cbsdfmpob/!
CSZTL-!B/!)3118*;!ÓHmpcbmj{bdj˜o!z!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt;!fm!spm!ef!mb!tpdjfebe!djwjm!joufs.
obdjpobm! fo! fm! tjhmp! YYJÔ-! fo! T/! NBSUë! J! QVJH! )fe/*;! Qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! z! qpm“ujdb! fo!
Bnsjdb!Mbujob/!Fejupsjbm!Cfmmbufssb.DJEPC-!Cbsdfmpob/!
Ò!! )311:*;!Ef!mb!bmefb!b!mb!usjcv!hmpcbm;!Efsfdipt!joe“hfobt!z!sfmbdjpoft!joufsobdjpobmft!fo!
Bnsjdb!Mbujob/!Fejdjpoft!Cfmmbufssb-!Cbsdfmpob/!
HBSSFUïO-! B/! )fe/*! )3114*;! Mbujo! Bnfsjdb! jo! uif! Uxfouz.Gjstu! Dfouvsz;! Upxbse! b! Ofx!
Tpdjpqpmjujdbm!Nbusjy/!Opsui0Tpvui!Dfoufs!Qsftt-!Njbnj/
LFDL-!N/!z!TJLLJOL-!L/!)3111*;!Bdujwjtubt!tjo!gspoufsbt/!Fejupsft!Tjhmp!YYJ-!Nyjdp/
NBSUë! J!QVJH-!T/!)3119*;!ÓMbt!sb{poft!ef!qsftfodjb!z!yjup!ef!mpt!qbsujept!uojdpt!fo!
Bnsjdb! Mbujob/! Mpt! dbtpt! ef! Cpmjwjb-! Fdvbeps-! Hvbufnbmb-! Nyjdp-! Ojdbsbhvb! z!
Qfs!)2::1.3116*Ô-!Sfwjtub!Nfyjdbob!ef!Tpdjpmph“b-!wpm/!5-!qq/!786.835/
Ò!! )3121b*;! ÓEftqvt! ef! mb! edbeb! ef! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! Árv@Ô-! Sfwjtub! Ovfwb!
Tpdjfebe-!338-!qq/!76.93/
Ò!! )3121c*;!ÓUif!Fnfshfodf!pg!Joejhfopvt!Npwfnfout!jo!Mbujo!Bnfsjdb!boe!Uifjs!Jnqbdu!
po!uif!Mbujo!Bnfsjdbo!Qpmjujdbm!TdfofÔ!Mbujo!Bnfsjdbo!Qfstqfdujwft-!286-!wpm/!48-!o½!7-!
qq/!85.:3/
NBSUë! J!QVJH-!T/!)fe/*!)3118*;!Qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!z!qpm“ujdb!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob/!DJEPC.
Fejupsjbm!Cfmmbufssb-!Cbsdfmpob/
QJFSSF-! K/! z! QFUFST-! H/! )3111*;! Hpwfsobodf-! Qpmjujdt! boe! uif! Tubuf/! NdNjmmbo-! Ovfwb!
Zpsl/
QMBOU-!S/!)3113*;!ÓFm!jnqfsjp!ef!mb!mfz!z!mpt!eftgbwpsfdjept!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob;!vob!
qfstqfdujwb!svsbmÔ-!fo!K/!F/!N„OEF[-!H/!PÖEPOOFMM!z!Q/!T/!QJOIFJSP;!Mb!)jo*fgfdujwjebe!
ef!mb!mfz!z!mb!fydmvtj˜o!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob/!Qbje˜t-!Cvfopt!Bjsft/!
UBSSPX-!T/!)2::8*;!Fm!qpefs!fo!npwjnjfoup/!Npwjnjfoupt!tpdjbmft-!bddj˜o!dpmfdujwb!z!qpm“uj.
db!ef!nbtbt!fo!fm!ftubep!npefsop/!Bmjbo{b-!Nbesje/
WBO!DPUU-!E/!)3111*;!Uif!Gsjfoemz!Mjrvjebujpo!pg!uif!Qbtu;!Uif!Qpmjujdt!pg!Ejwfstjuz!jo!Mbujo!
Bnfsjdb/!Qjuutcvshi!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt-!Qjuutcvshi/!
Ò!! )3116*;!Gspn!Npwfnfout!up!Qbsujft/!Dbncsjehf!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt-!Ovfwb!Zpsl/

53

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 42 2/10/13 13:40:30

 CAPÍTULO 2
LOS MECANISMOS INTERNACIONALES PARA
LA RECLAMACIÓN DE DERECHOS INDÍGENAS
EN AMÉRICA LATINA: AVANCES Y TENSIONES+

JOSÉ AYLWIN

2/!JOUSPEVDDJïO

Mb! dsjtjt! hfofsbeb! fo! 3122! fo! fm! Tjtufnb! Joufsbnfsjdbop! ef!
Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!)TJEI*-!eftfodbefobeb!qps!dbtpt!fo!rvf!
ftubcbo!fo!kvfhp!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!bnf.
ob{bept! z0p! wjpmbept! qps! hsboeft! qspzfdupt! ef! jowfstj˜o!
Òdpnp! fm! qspzfdup! ijespfmdusjdp! Cfmp! Npouf! fo! Csbtjm! z! mb!
njob!Nbsmjo!fo!HvbufnbmbÒ!ibdfo!ofdftbsjp!vo!boˆmjtjt!ef!
mb! fgfdujwjebe! ef! ftuf! z! puspt! nfdbojtnpt! joufsobdjpobmft!
rvf! fo! mpt! mujnpt! b—pt! ibo! wfojep! tjfoep! vujmj{bept! qps!
ftupt!qvfcmpt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o!qbsb!mb!qspufddj˜o!z!efgfotb!ef!tvt!
ef!!sfdipt/
Fo! fgfdup-! eftef! ibdf! bm! nfopt! usft! edbebt! busˆt! z! usbt!
bhpubs! mbt! jotubodjbt! epntujdbt! ef! mpt! Ftubept-! mpt! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt! ibo! mmfwbep! tvt! sfdmbnbdjpoft! qsfgfsfoufnfouf! bm!
TJEI/!Fmmp!fo!mb!ftqfsbo{b!ef!mphsbs!qspufddj˜o!b!tvt!efsfdipt!
ivnbopt-!fo!qbsujdvmbs!mpt!ef!dbsˆdufs!dpmfdujwp-!bt“!dpnp!kvt.
ujdjb!z!sfqbsbdj˜o!gsfouf!b!tv!wjpmbdj˜o!qps!mpt!Ftubept/!Dpnp!
tbcfnpt-! mbt! efovodjbt! joe“hfobt! fodpousbspo! bmm“! eftef! mb!

54

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 43 2/10/13 13:40:30

 edbeb! ef! mpt! pdifoub! Òdpnp! fo! fm! dbtp! ef! mpt! zbopnbnj! ef!
Csbtjm! z! ef! mpt! njtljup! fo! OjdbsbhvbÒ! vob! dsfdjfouf! bdphjeb/!
Fmmp!mmfw˜!fo! mbt! edbebt! tjhvjfouft! b! vob! joufotjgjdbdj˜o! ef!
mbt! efovodjbt! )qfujdjpoft*! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! bouf! fm!
TJEI-! fo! nbufsjbt! ubo! ejwfstbt! dpnp! fm! efsfdip! b! mb! wjeb!
)dbtp!Nbtbdsf!Qmbo!ef!Tˆodif{!d0!Hvbufnbmb-!dbtp!Dpnvojebe!
Npjxbob!d0!Tvsjobn*-!fm!efsfdip!b!mb!qspqjfebe!ef!mb!ujfssb!
)dbtpt! Dpnvojebe! Bxbt! Ujohoj! d0! Ojdbsbhvb-! Zblzf! Byb! d0!
Qbsbhvbz-! Tbxpzbnbyb! d0! Qbsbhvbz! z! Lblnpl! Lbtfl! d0! Qb!.
sbhvbz-!z!dbtp!Tbsbnblb!d0!Tvsjobn*-!fm!efsfdip!b!mb!qbsujdj.
qbdj˜o!qpm“ujdb!)dbtp!Zbubnb!d0!Ojdbsbhvb*-!z!fm!efsfdip!b!vo!
kvjdjp! kvtup! )dbtp! Mpolpt! nbqvdif! Bojdfup! Opsjo! z! Qbtdvbm!
Qjdio!z!puspt!d0!Dijmf*2/
Ubmft! efovodjbt! fodpousbspo! hfofsbmnfouf! bdphjeb-! qsj.
nfsp!fo!mb!Dpnjtj˜o!z!mvfhp!fo!mb!Dpsuf/!Fmmp!b!usbwt!ef!vob!
joufsqsfubdj˜o!fwpmvujwb!z!fyufotjwb!ef!mbt!opsnbt!ef!efsfdipt!
ivnbopt! fyjtufouft! fo! fm! TJEI-! mjnjubebt! hfofsbmnfouf! b!
efsfdipt! ef! dbsˆdufs! joejwjevbm! z! ef! dbsˆdufs! hfofsbm-! zb! rvf!
ibtub!mb!gfdib!op!fyjtuf!fo!ejdip!tjtufnb!vob!opsnbujwb!ftqfd“.
gjdb!sfgfsjeb!b!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/!Ubncjo!b!usbwt!
ef!mb!bqmjdbdj˜o!qps!mpt!˜shbopt!efm!TJEI!b!mpt!dbtpt!bobmj{bept!
ef!opsnbt!dpoufojebt!fo!puspt!dvfsqpt!kvs“ejdpt!)dpsqvt!kvsjt*!
sfgfsjept! b! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! dpnp! fm! Dpowfojp! 27:! ef! mb!
Pshboj{bdj˜o!Joufsobdjpobm!efm!Usbcbkp!)PJU*-!z!nˆt!ubsef!mb!Ef!.
dmbsbdj˜o! ef! Obdjpoft! Vojebt! tpcsf! mpt! Efsfdipt! ef! Qvfcmpt!
Joe“hfobt!)EOVEQJ*3/
Op!pctubouf!mb!vujmj{bdj˜o!qsjpsjubsjb!qps!qbsuf!ef!mpt!qvf.
cmpt!joe“hfobt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o!efm!TJEI!Òqptjcmfnfouf!efufs.
njobeb!qps!tv!dfsdbo“b!hfphsˆgjdbÒ!tvt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ubn.
cjo!ibo!sfdvssjep!dsfdjfoufnfouf!bm!tjtufnb!ef!mb!POV-!fo!
ftqfdjbm! bouf! mbt! jotubodjbt! rvf! ujfofo! dpnqfufodjb! qbsb! mb!
sfdfqdj˜o!z!boˆmjtjt!ef!efovodjbt!p!sfdmbnbdjpoft!ef!dbsˆd.
ufs! joejwjevbm-! dpnp! mp! tpo! fm! Dpnju! ef! Efsfdipt! Ivnbopt!

55

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 44 2/10/13 13:40:30

 )DEI*!z!nˆt!sfdjfoufnfouf!fm!Dpnju!qbsb!mb!Fmjnjobdj˜o!ef!mb!
Ejt!!dsjnjobdj˜o! Sbdjbm! )DFES*/! Ubncjo! mp! ijdjfspo! qps! nˆt!
ef!ept!edbebt!mmfwboep!tvt!efovodjbt!bouf!fm!Hsvqp!ef!Usbcbkp!
ef!Qpcmbdjpoft!Joe“hfobt-!jotubodjb!rvf!dvmnjo˜!tvt!ubsfbt!dpo!
mb!bepqdj˜o!fo!3118!ef!mb!EOVEQJ/!Mp!njtnp!dbcf!tf—bmbs!dpo!
sfmbdj˜o! bm! Gpsp! Qfsnbofouf! ef! mb! POV! qbsb! mbt! Dvftujpoft!
Joe“hfobt-! jotubodjb! b! mb! rvf! eftef! tv! dsfbdj˜o! fo! 3111! mpt!
qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! ef! mb! sfhj˜o! ibo! mmfwbep! tvt! qsfpdvqbdjp.
oft/! Jhvbmnfouf-! z! ef! nbzps! sfmfwbodjb! qbsb! mb! efovodjb! ef!
tjuvbdjpoft!wjpmbupsjbt!b!tvt!efsfdipt-!ib!tjep!mb!Sfmbups“b!Ft!.
qfdjbm!tpcsf!mb!Tjuvbdj˜o!ef!mpt!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!z!Mjcfsubeft!
Gvoebnfoubmft!ef!mpt!Joe“hfobt-!b!mb!rvf!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hf.
obt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o!ibo!ejsjhjep!eftef!tv!dsfbdj˜o!ibdf!zb!vob!nˆt!
ef! vob! edbeb! ovnfsptbt! dpnvojdbdjpoft-! dpo! mb! fyqfdubujwb!
Ònvdibt!wfdft!gsvtusbebÒ!ef!rvf!ftuf!nfdbojtnp!qvfeb!jodj.
ejs!fo!mbt!qpm“ujdbt!ef!mpt!Ftubept!rvf!mft!dpodjfsofo/!
Pusp!gpsp!bm!rvf!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ubncjo!ibo!sfdv.
ssjep!eftef!mb!bqspcbdj˜o!efm!Dpowfojp!27:-!b!usbwt!ef!ufsdf.
spt! bvupsj{bept! Òhfofsbmnfouf! tjoejdbupt! ef! usbcbkbepsft! p!
qspgftpsftÒ!ib!tjep!mb!PJU-!foujebe!rvf!b!usbwt!ef!tvt!˜shbopt!
ef!tvqfswjtj˜o!sfdjcf!sfdmbnbdjpoft!joe“hfobt!qps!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!
ef!tvt!efsfdipt-!z!ef!mb!dvbm!ibo!fnbobep!sftpmvdjpoft!z!sfdp.
nfoebdjpoft!ef!sftqbmep!b!tvt!sfdmbnbdjpoft/
Fm!ftdfobsjp!bduvbm!efm!TJEI-!fo!fm!nbsdp!efm!qspdftp!ef!
sfgpsnb! qsftjpobep! qps! mpt! Ftubept-! ibdf! ofdftbsjp! sfwjtbs!
mbt!ftusbufhjbt!joe“hfobt!bouf!ftub!z!pusbt!jotubodjbt!joufsob.
djpobmft-!z!b!qfotbs!fo!qptjcmft!sffogprvft-!ef!npep!ef!rvf!
ftubt!qvfebo!ufofs!mb!jodjefodjb!rvf!fmmbt!ipz!sfrvjfsfo/!Fmmp!
fo!vo!dpoufyup!ef!hmpcbmj{bdj˜o!fdpo˜njdp!bdfmfsbep-!fo!rvf!
mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!op!pctubouf!tv!sfdpopdj.
njfoup! gpsnbm-! ftuˆo! tjfoep! dpotuboufnfouf! usbthsfejept!
qps! mpt! Ftubept-! bt“! dpnp! ubncjo! qps! mbt! dpsqpsbdjpoft-!
nvdibt! wfdft! usbtobdjpobmft-! qsftfouft! fo! tvt! ufssjupsjpt/

56

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 45 2/10/13 13:40:30

 3/!FM!TJTUFNB!JOUFSBNFSJDBOP!EF!EFSFDIPT!
IVNBOPT

Dpnp!tf!tf—bmbsb-!mb!dsjtjt!efm!TJEI!gvf!eftfodbefobeb!qps!ept!
dbtpt!ef!nfejebt!dbvufmbsft!efnboebebt!qps!qvfcmpt!joe“hf.
obt!gsfouf!b!hsboeft!qspzfdupt!ef!jowfstj˜o/!Fo!kvmjp!ef!3122!mb!
Dp!!njtj˜o!Joufsbnfsjdbob!ef!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!)DJEI*!npej.
gjd˜! tv! sftpmvdj˜o! ef! nfejebt! dbvufmbsft! pupshbebt! fo! bcsjm! ef!
ftf!b—p-!fo!mb!rvf!ibc“b!tpmjdjubep!bm!Ftubep!ef!Csbtjm!tvtqfoefs!
mb! dpotusvddj˜o! ef! mb! sfqsftb! ijespfmdusjdb! ef! Cfmp! Npouf! fo!
dpotusvddj˜o!tpcsf!fm!s“p!Yjohv-!ftubep!ef!Qbsˆ-!wjpmboep!efsf.
dipt! ef! dpnvojebeft! joe“hfobt! z! dbnqftjobt/! Fm! Hpcjfsop! ef!
Csbtjm-! fo! vo! dmbsp! joufoup! ef! qsftjpobs! b! mb! DJEI-! sfbddjpo˜!
gsfouf! b! ftubt! nfejebt! sfujsboep! b! tv! fncbkbeps! bouf! mb! Pshb!.
oj{bdj˜o!ef!Ftubept!Bnfsjdbopt!)PFB*!z!tvtqfoejfoep!tv!bqps.
uf! gjobodjfsp! bovbm/! Fo! mbt! ovfwbt! nfejebt! bepqubebt! qps! mb!
DJEI-!ftub!tf!mjnjubcb!b!tpmjdjubs!bm!Hpcjfsop!ef!Csbtjm!rvf!bepq.
ubtf!nfejebt!qbsb!qspufhfs!mb!wjeb!z!tbmve!ef!mb!qpcmbdj˜o!bgfdub.
eb-!z!ef!njujhbdj˜o!ef!mpt!fgfdupt!ef!mb!dpotusvddj˜o!ef!mb!qsftb4/
Nˆt! ubsef-! fo! ejdjfncsf! ef! 3122! mb! DJEI! npejgjd˜! mbt!
nfejebt! dbvufmbsft! pupshbebt! fo! nbzp! ef! 3121! b! gbwps! ef! 29!
dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!nbzbt!)nbn!z!nbzb!tjqblfotft*!bgfd.
ubebt!qps!vob!hsbo!njob!ef!psp!b!djfmp!bcjfsup!Òmb!njob!Nbs!.
mjoÒ! jnqvmtbeb! qps! vob! fnqsftb! dbobejfotf! fo! fm! bmujqmbop!
pddjefoubm! ef! Hvbufnbmb/! Mb! DJEI! npejgjd˜! tv! sftpmvdj˜o! z!
sfwpd˜!mb!tpmjdjuve!ef!tvtqfotj˜o!ef!pqfsbdjpoft!ef!ftub!njob-!
b!qftbs!ef!rvf!mbt!qfstpobt!bgfdubebt-!sftqbmebebt!qps!ftuvejpt!
joefqfoejfouft-! efovodjbcbo! rvf! ftub! dpoubnjobcb! fm! bhvb!
qpubcmf!ef!mbt!dpnvojebeft-!bgfduboep!mb!tbmve!qcmjdb<!z!rvf!
befnˆt!fyjtu“bo!bnfob{bt!b!mb!tfhvsjebe!qfstpobm!ef!efgfotp.
sft!efm!nfejp!bncjfouf5/
Ftupt! dbtpt! z! mb! qsftj˜o! ef! bmhvopt! Ftubept! ef! ejwfstp!
tjhop! qpm“ujdp-! rvf! dpotjefsbo! rvf! fm! TJEI! z! fo! qbsujdvmbs! mb!

57

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 46 2/10/13 13:40:30

 DJEI! ftuˆo! zfoep! nvz! mfkpt! fo! tvt! dpnqfufodjbt-! mjnjuboep!
tvt! joufsftft! tpcfsbopt! )mbtf! fdpo˜njdpt-! ubmft! dpnp! mbt!
jowfstjpoft!fyusbdujwbt!z!qspevdujwbt!fo!ufssjupsjpt!joe“hfobt*-!
ibo!mmfwbep!b!mb!PFB!b!joufswfojs!fm!tjtufnb!b!usbwt!ef!vo!qsp.
dftp! ef! sfgpsnb! rvf! qsfpdvqb! b! mpt! pshbojtnpt! ef! efsfdipt!
ivnbopt6/!B!usbwt!ef!ftuf!qspdftp-!fo!ufps“b!dpotvmubep!dpo!
mpt! bdupsft! ef! mb! tpdjfebe! djwjm-! qfsp! ejsjhjep! qps! mbt! bhfoebt!
ftububmft-! fm! Dpotfkp! Qfsnbofouf! ef! mb! PFB! dsf˜! fo! kvojp! ef!
3122! vo! Hsvqp! ef! Usbcbkp! Ftqfdjbm! ef! Sfgmfyj˜o! tpcsf! fm!
Gvodjpobnjfoup!ef!mb!DJEI!qbsb!fm!Gpsubmfdjnjfoup!efm!TJEI/!
Fousf!mpt!ufnbt!dpotvmubept!fo!ftub!sfgpsnb!tf!fodpousbcbo!fm!
efm!nfdbojtnp!ef!qfujdjpoft!z!dbtpt!joejwjevbmft!z!ef!tpmvdjp.
oft!bnjtuptbt<!mbt!nfejebt!dbvufmbsft<!fm!npojupsfp!ef!mb!tjuvb.
dj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!fo!mpt!Ftubept!njfncspt<!z!mb!mbcps!
ef!qspnpdj˜o!ef!mb!DJEI/!Tf!usbub!fo!upept!mpt!dbtpt!ef!btqfd.
upt!dfousbmft!ef!mb!mbcps!eftbsspmmbeb!qps!mb!DJEI!fo!mpt!mujnpt!
fo!mb!qspnpdj˜o!z!qspufddj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt7/!Upep!fmmp!
ibdf!bwj{psbs!vo!qbopsbnb!bm!nfopt!jodjfsup!qbsb!mb!qspufddj˜o!
ef!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!bouf!ftub!jotubodjb!fo!fm!gvuv.
sp!dfsdbop-!gsfouf!bm!dvbm!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!op!tf!ibo!qsp.
ovodjbep!dpo!gvfs{b8/!
B!fmmp!tf!bhsfhb!pusb!tjuvbdj˜o!ds“ujdb-!dvbm!ft!mb!ef!mb!fops.
nf! qsftj˜o! rvf! eftef! ejgfsfouft! tfdupsft! ef! mb! qpcmbdj˜o!
sfhjpobm!ipz!tf!fkfsdf!tpcsf!fm!TJEI-!z!fm!sf{bhp!rvf!ftuf!ujfof!
qbsb!ebs!vob!sftqvftub!befdvbeb!b!ftuf!sfrvfsjnjfoup-!jodmv.
zfoep! brvfmmpt! qspwfojfouft! ef! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt/! Ef!
bdvfsep!b!vo!jogpsnf!ef!mb!DJEI!ef!3123-!fyjtu“bo!bmsfefeps!
ef!9/611!btvoupt!qfoejfouft!bouf!mb!DJEI;!8/111!fo!mb!fubqb!ef!
ftuvejp!jojdjbm<!2/111!fo!mb!fubqb!ef!benjtjcjmjebe!z!611!fo!mb!
fubqb!ef!gpoep/!Tpmp!fo!3122!sfdjcj˜!2/711!ovfwbt!qfujdjpoft-!
fo! uboup! rvf! evsbouf! ftf! b—p! tpmp! bqspc˜! 78! jogpsnft! tpcsf!
benjtjcjmjebe-! 22! ef! jobenjtjcjmjebe-! 9! ef! tpmvdj˜o! bnjtuptb-!
65!ef!bsdijwp-!36!ef!gpoep-!z!tpnfuj˜!34!dbtpt!bm!dpopdjnjfoup!

58

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 47 2/10/13 13:40:30

 ef! mb! Dpsuf! Joufsbnfsjdbob! ef! Efsfdipt! Ivnbopt! )Dpsuf!
JEI*9/! B! fmmp! tf! bhsfhbo! nˆt! ef! 511! tpmjdjuveft! bovbmft! ef!
nfejebt!dbvufmbsft!z!ef!tfhvjnjfoup!b!vo!vojwfstp!ef!696!tpmj.
djuveft!dpo!ftubep!qspdftbm!ef!nfejebt!wjhfouft-!tpmjdjuveft!ef!
jogpsnbdj˜o! b! mpt! Ftubept! z! tpmjdjuveft! ef! jogpsnbdj˜o! b! mpt!
tpmjdjubouft:/! Fm! dptup! ftujnbep! qps! mb! DJEI! qbsb! btvnjs! fm!
tjtufnb!ef!dbtpt!joejwjevbmft!tpcsf!fm!ftuvejp!jojdjbm!ef!qfuj.
djpoft-!benjtjcjmjebe!z!gpoep!ft!ef!2/911/111!e˜mbsft!ftub.
epvojefotft!z!qbsb!mbt!nfejebt!dbvufmbsft-!ef!638/111!e˜mbsft!
ftubepvojefotft-!gpoept!ef!mpt!rvf!ftuˆ!mfkpt!ef!dpoubs21/!
Mb!DJEI-!befnˆt-!ft!mb!foujebe!fodbshbeb!ef!mmfwbs!bef.
mbouf!mb!ejtdvtj˜o!sfgfsjeb!b!mb!fmbcpsbdj˜o!ef!vob!Efdmbsbdj˜o!
Bnfsjdbob!ef!Efsfdipt!ef!Qvfcmpt!Joe“hfobt/!Tf!usbub!ef!vob!
ejtdvtj˜o!jojdjbeb!fo!mb!edbeb!ef!mpt!opwfoub-!rvf!tf!ib!ejmb.
ubep!fydftjwbnfouf-!z!rvf!op!pctubouf!dpodjubs!fm!joufst!joj.
djbm!ef!nvdibt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ef!mb!sf!.
hj˜o-! ipz! ib! qfsejep! joufst/! Fmmp! qps! mb! bqspcbdj˜o! ef! mb!
EOVEQJ!fo!3118-!mb!rvf!ejp!sfdfqdj˜o!b!nvdipt!ef!mpt!efsf.
dipt! qpm“ujdpt! z! ufssjupsjbmft! rvf! ftupt! qvfcmpt! sfjwjoejdbo-! z!
rvf! gvfsb! bqspcbeb! qps! dbtj! upept! mpt! Ftubept! ef! mb! sfhj˜o-! b!
fydfqdj˜o!ef!Dpmpncjb-!rvf!tf!beijsj˜!b!fmmb!qptufsjpsnfouf/!
Ubncjo!ib!qfsejep!joufst!qps!mb!sftjtufodjb!ef!wbsjpt!ef!mpt!
Ftubept! njfncspt! ef! mb! PFB! b! jodpsqpsbs! fo! fmmb! efsfdipt!
dfousbmft! rvf! gvfspo! sfdphjept! qps! mb! qspqjb! EOVEQJ-! ubmft!
dpnp! mpt! efsfdipt! ef! mjcsf! efufsnjobdj˜o! z! bvupopn“b-! mpt!
efsfdipt!ef!qspqjfebe!z!qptftj˜o!tpcsf!mbt!ujfssbt!z!ufssjupsjpt!
ef! pdvqbdj˜o! bodftusbm-! z! mpt! efsfdipt! fnbobept! ef! usbubept!
dfmfcsbept!qps!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt22/
Op! pctubouf! mp! boufsjps-! op! tf! qvfef! qfsefs! ef! wjtub! mpt!
sftvmubept!mphsbept!fo!mpt!mujnpt!b—pt!b!usbwt!ef!mb!bddj˜o!ef!
mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!bouf!fm!TJEI/!Fmmp!fo!qbsujdvmbs!fo!mb!kv!.
sjtqsvefodjb!ef!mb!Dpsuf!JEI!fo!ufnbt!ef!mb!qspufddj˜o!efm!ef!.
sfdip!b!mb!wjeb!f!joufhsjebe!dpmfdujwb!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!

59

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 48 2/10/13 13:40:30

 fo!nbufsjb!ef!efsfdip!ef!qspqjfebe!tpcsf!mbt!ujfssbt!bodftusb.
mft-!z!fo!nbufsjb!ef!dpotfoujnjfoup!mjcsf!qsfwjp!f!jogpsnbep!ef!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!dpnqfotbdj˜o!qps!eb—p!z!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!fo!
mpt! cfofgjdjpt! gsfouf! b! hsboeft! qspzfdupt! ef! jowfstj˜o/!
Efdjtjpoft!dpnp!mb!ef!mb!Dpsuf!fo!fm!dbtp!efm!Qvfcmp!Ljdixb!ef!
Tbsbzbdv!d0!Fdvbeps!fo!312323-!rvf!wjfofo!b!dpotpmjebs!mb!kvsjt.
qsvefodjb! fo! ufnbt! dpnp! fm! efsfdip! ef! dpotvmub! qsfwjb-! mb!
jefoujebe-!mb!op!ejtdsjnjobdj˜o!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!tpo!
sfmfwbouft!qbsb!mb!efgfotb!ef!mpt!ufssjupsjpt!joe“hfobt/!Op!tf!wf!
gbdujcmf!fo!fm!dpoufyup!bduvbm-!tjo!fncbshp-!fm!mphsp!ef!nfejebt!
dbvufmbsft!rvf!bouft!gvfsbo!pupshbebt!eftef!mpt!˜shbopt!ef!mb!
DJEI!qbsb!jnqfejs!mb!nbufsjbmj{bdj˜o!ef!ftupt!qspzfdupt!fyusbd.
ujwpt! z! gsfobs! bt“! tvt! dpotfdvfodjbt! bewfstbt! fo! mpt! efsfdipt!
joe“hfobt/!Tf!nboujfof!befnˆt!mb!qsfpdvqbdj˜o!tpcsf!mb!efcj.
mjebe!ef!mpt!nfdbojtnpt!ef!jnqmfnfoubdj˜o!ef!mpt!gbmmpt!ef!mb!
Dpsuf!JEI-!dpnp!ib!rvfebep!fo!fwjefodjb!fo!gbmmpt!dpnp!fm!ef!
Bxbt! Ujohoj! d0! Ojdbsbhvb-! rvf! efnps˜! dbtj! vob! edbeb! fo!
sftvmubs! fo! mb! ujuvmbdj˜o! ef! mbt! ujfssbt! dpnvojubsjbt-! p! fo! mpt!
dbtpt!ef!Zblzf!Byb24!z!Tbxpzbnblb!d0!Qbsbhvbz-!mpt!dvbmft!ftuˆo!
bo!mfkpt!ef!tfs!jnqmfnfoubept!dbcbmnfouf/
Dbcf!sfgfsjstf!ubncjo!bm!vtp!qps!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!
bt“!dpnp!qps!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!rvf!mpt!bqpzbo-!ef!puspt!nfdb.
ojtnpt!fyjtufouft!fo!fm!TJEI/!Vop!ef!fmmpt!ft!fm!ef!mbt!bvejfo.
djbt/!Mb!fgfdujwjebe!ef!mbt!bvejfodjbt!efcf!tfs!fwbmvbeb/!Tj!cjfo!
fo!bmhvopt!dbtpt-!dpnp!fm!ef!mbt!dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!dbvuj.
wbt!fo!fm!Dibdp!cpmjwjbop-!ibo!mphsbep!jnqbdup!usbotgpsnboep!
mb!qpm“ujdb!qcmjdb!qbsb!ibdfs!gsfouf!b!mb!sfbmjebe!efovodjbeb-!
nvdipt!puspt!dbtpt-!dpnp!mpt!sfgfsjept!b!mpt!nfhb!qspzfdupt!f!
joevtusjbt! fyusbdujwbt! fo! mb! sfhj˜o! p! bm! efsfdip! ef! mb! dpotvmub!
wfsjgjdbebt! fo! mpt! mujnpt! b—pt-! op! ibo! ufojep! mpt! sftvmubept!
ftqfsbept/!Upep!joejdb!rvf!mbt!jnqmjdbdjpoft!ef!mbt!bvejfodjbt!
ftuˆo! nˆt! cjfo! wjodvmbebt! b! mb! tfotjcjmjebe! qpm“ujdb! ef! mpt!
Ftubept! rvf! b! mb! TJEI! dpnp! ubm/! Mp! njtnp! dbcf! tf—bmbs! fo!

5:

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 49 2/10/13 13:40:30

 sfmbdj˜o! b! mb! Sfmbups“b! ef! mb! DJEI! tpcsf! efsfdipt! ef! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt-! dvzb! fgfdujwjebe! qbsb! mb! qspufddj˜o! ef! efgfotb! ef!
efsfdipt!joe“hfobt!ftuˆ!nˆt!btpdjbeb!bm!Dpnjtjpobep!b!dbshp!
ef!ejdib!gvodj˜o-!rvf!b!mb!Sfmbups“b!dpnp!ubm/!Mbt!jnqmjdbdjpoft!
ef!tv!usbcbkp!qbsb!mb!qspufddj˜o!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“.
hfobt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o-!ibo!tjep!djfsubnfouf!nfopsft!rvf!mbt!ef!mb!
Sfmbups“b!Ftqfdjbm!tpcsf!mb!Tjuvbdj˜o!ef!mpt!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!z!
Mjcfsubeft!Gvoebnfoubmft!ef!mpt!Joe“hfobt/

4/!FM!TJTUFNB!EF!MB!POV!Z!MPT!NFDBOJTNPT!! !
QBSB!MB!QSPUFDDJïO!EF!EFSFDIPT!JOEëHFOBT

Dpnp!tf!boujdjqbsb-!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o!ubncjo!
ibo! vujmj{bep! dsfdjfoufnfouf! mpt! ejtujoupt! nfdbojtnpt! ef! mb!
POV-!fo!qbsujdvmbs!mbt!jotubodjbt!rvf!ujfofo!dpnqfufodjb!qbsb!
mb!sfdfqdj˜o!z!boˆmjtjt!ef!efovodjbt!qps!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!efsf.
dipt! ivnbopt! sfdpopdjept! fo! usbubept! joufsobdjpobmft/! Ef!
ftqfdjbm!jnqpsubodjb!ib!tjep!fo!ftuf!tfoujep!mb!vujmj{bdj˜o!qps!
ftupt! qvfcmpt! efm! Dpnju! ef! Efsfdipt! Ivnbopt! )DEI*! z! efm!
Dpnju!qbsb!mb!Fmjnjobdj˜o!ef!mb!Ejtdsjnjobdj˜o!Sbdjbm!)DFES*/!
Vo!fkfnqmp!ef!fmmp!ft!fm!ef!vob!nvkfs!bznbsb!ef!Qfs!)èohfmb!
Qpnb!Qpnb!d0!Qfs*-!rvf!qsftfou˜!vob!efovodjb!p!sfdmbnbdj˜o!
joejwjevbm! gsfouf! bm! DEI! b! dpotfdvfodjb! ef! mb! qsjwbdj˜o! ef!
bhvbt!z!mb!efhsbebdj˜o!ef!mbt!ujfssbt!ef!tv!dpnvojebe-!bmfhboep!
mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!efm!Qbdup!Joufsobdjpobm!ef!Efsfdipt!
Djwjmft!z!Qpm“ujdpt!)bsu/!38*-!efovodjb!rvf!fodpous˜!mb!bdphjeb!
efm!DEI!fo!311:25/
Wbsjpt! dbtpt! ibo! tjep! mmfwbept! bouf! fm! DFES! qps! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o/!Tpmp!fousf!fm!311:!z!fm!3121!tf!sftpmwjf.
spo! ejf{! efovodjbt! qsftfoubebt! qps! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! ef!
Bnsjdb!Mbujob!nfejbouf!fm!nfdbojtnp!ef!bmfsub!ufnqsbob-!fo!
dbtpt! ef! dpnvojebeft! bgfdubebt! qps! joevtusjbt! fyusbdujwbt! p!

61

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 50 2/10/13 13:40:30

 qspzfdupt!ef!jowfstj˜o!)Dpmpncjb-!Dptub!Sjdb-!Qfs-!Dijmf*-!
ef!wjpmfodjb!fo!dpousb!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!)Cbhvb-!Qfs*!p!ef!
efnbsdbdj˜o! ef! ufssjupsjpt! joe“hfobt! )Csbtjm*/! Fo! upept! ftupt!
dbtpt-!fm!DFES!ib!mmbnbep!mb!bufodj˜o!ef!mpt!Ftubept!ef!mb!wjp.
mbdj˜o! ef! mpt! efsfdipt! ef! mb! Dpowfodj˜o! ef! Fmjnjobdj˜o! ef!
Ejtdsjnjobdj˜o!Sbdjbm-!f!jotubep!b!ftupt!b!bepqubs!nfejebt!qbsb!
fm!usnjop!ef!ejdibt!tjuvbdjpoft/
B! qftbs! ef! rvf! qbsb! mb! vujmj{bdj˜o! ef! ftubt! jotubodjbt! tf!
sfrvjfsf!rvf!mpt!Ftubept!ibzbo!bdfqubep!fm!nfdbojtnp!qbsb!mb!
sfdfqdj˜o!ef!efovodjbt26-!z!efm!ifdip!ef!rvf!tf!usbub!ef!qspdf.
ejnjfoupt!ef!dbsˆdufs!dvbtj!kvejdjbm-!fo!rvf!op!fyjtufo!nfdb.
ojtnpt!qbsb!ibdfs!fyjhjcmf!fm!dvnqmjnjfoup!qps!mpt!Ftubept!ef!
mbt!efdjtjpoft!rvf!fnbobo!ef!mpt!˜shbopt!ef!usbubep-!fmmbt!ibo!
bervjsjep!jnqpsubodjb/!Bt“-!mpt!Ftubept!tf!wfo!fogsfoubept!b!mb!
dpnvojebe!joufsobdjpobm-!z!efcfo!ebs!dvfoub!qfsj˜ejdbnfouf!
ef! mbt! nfejebt! benjojtusbujwbt! z! mfhjtmbujwbt! jnqvmtbebt! qbsb!
btvnjs!mbt!efdjtjpoft!rvf!fnbobo!ef!ftupt!˜shbopt!ef!usbubep/
Mbt!sfdmbnbdjpoft!joejwjevbmft-!bvorvf!op!ubo!vujmj{bebt!
qps! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! ubncjo! tpo! qptjcmft! bouf! fm! Dpnju!
Dpousb!mb!Upsuvsb-!bt“!dpnp!bouf!fm!Dpnju!qbsb!mb!Fmjnjobdj˜o!ef!
mb!Ejtdsjnjobdj˜o!fo!dpousb!ef!mb!Nvkfs-!z!b!gvuvsp-!bouf!fm!Dp!.
nju! ef! Efsfdipt! Fdpo˜njdpt-! Tpdjbmft! z! Dvmuvsbmft! )DEFTD*-!
fo!ftuf!mujnp!dbtp-!tjfnqsf!rvf!mpt!Ftubept!rvf!ibzbo!sbujgj.
dbep!dbtp!fm!Qspupdpmp!Pqdjpobm!bm!DEFTD27/
Mp!njtnp!dbcf!tf—bmbs!tpcsf!mpt!ftgvfs{pt!jnqvmtbept!qps!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!p!qps!pshbojtnpt!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!dpo!
rvf! usbcbkbo-! qbsb! fm! fow“p! z0p! qsftfoubdj˜o! ejsfdub-! dvboep!
fmmp!ft!qptjcmf-!ef!jogpsnft!bmufsobujwpt!)bouft!dpopdjept!dpnp!
jogpsnft! tpncsb*! bouf! mpt! njtnpt! ˜shbopt! ef! usbubep! ef! mb!
POV-!fo!fm!dpoufyup!efm!boˆmjtjt!ef!mpt!jogpsnft!qfsj˜ejdpt!rvf!
mpt!Ftubept!efcfo!fmbcpsbs!eboep!dvfoub!efm!dvnqmjnjfoup!ef!
mbt! pcmjhbdjpoft! qps! fmmpt! dpousb“ebt! bm! sbujgjdbs! ejdipt! usbub.
ept/!Fmmp!b!pckfup!ef!ibdfs!wfs!mb!tjuvbdj˜o!ef!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!tvt!

62

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 51 2/10/13 13:40:30

 efsfdipt! z! ef! pcufofs! qspovodjbnjfoupt! z! sfdpnfoebdjpoft!
ef!bddjpoft!dpodsfubt!ef!mpt!Ftubept!qbsb!fogsfoubsmbt/!Vop!ef!
mpt! dbtpt! nˆt! joufsftbouft! fo! ftuf! tfoujep! ft! ovfwbnfouf! fm!
DFES-!fm!rvf-!tpcsf!mb!cbtf!ef!jogpsnbdj˜o!qspqpsdjpobeb!qps!
mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! ib! fnjujep! jogpsnft! nbojgftuboep! mb!
qsfpdvqbdj˜o!qps!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ef!ftupt!qvfcmpt-!f!
jotubep!b!mb!bepqdj˜o!qps!mpt!Ftubept!ef!qpm“ujdbt!z!mfhjtmbdj˜o!
bm!sftqfdup/!Bt“!tpmp!fo!311:!z!3121!fm!DFES!fnjuj˜!jogpsnft!
tpcsf!tjfuf!qb“tft!ef!Bnsjdb!Mbujob!eboep!dvfoub!ef!mb!ejtdsj.
njobdj˜o! sbdjbm! fyjtufouf! fo! dpousb! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! fo!
sb{˜o!ef-!fousf!pusbt!tjuvbdjpoft-!mbt!qpm“ujdbt!ef!ujfssbt!ef!mpt!
Ftubept-!mb!qsftfodjb!ef!joevtusjbt!fyusbdujwbt-!fud/-!jotuboep!b!
mpt!Ftubept!b!bepqubs!qpm“ujdbt!z!mfhjtmbdj˜o!qbsb!qpofs!usnjop!b!
ejdipt! ifdipt! ejtdsjnjobupsjpt/! Ef! ftqfdjbm! sfmfwbodjb! ft! mb!
jotjtufodjb!efm!DFES!ef!mb!ofdftjebe!ef!rvf!mpt!Ftubept!eftbssp.
mmfo!qspdftpt!ef!dpotvmub!z!sfdbcfo!fm!dpotfoujnjfoup!mjcsf!qsf.
wjp!f!jogpsnbep!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!dvboep!tf!usbuf!ef!mb!fyqmp.
ubdj˜o! ef! sfdvstpt! obuvsbmft! fo! tvt! ujfssbt! z! ufssjupsjpt! )dbtpt!
Dijmf!z!Qfs-!311:-!Bshfoujob!z!Qbobnˆ-!3121-!fousf!puspt*/!
Ef!jhvbm!nbofsb-!efcf!wbmpsbstf!ftqfdjbmnfouf!fm!ftqbdjp!
bcjfsup! dpo! mb! dsfbdj˜o! efm! Dpotfkp! ef! Efsfdipt! Ivnbop! fo!
3117! z! fm! ftubcmfdjnjfoup! efm! Fybnfo! Qfsj˜ejdp! Vojwfstbm!
)FQV*-! nfdbojtnp! bm! rvf! upept! mpt! Ftubept! efcfo! tpnfufstf!
qbsb!ebs!dvfoub!efm!dvnqmjnjfoup!ef!mbt!pcmjhbdjpoft!dpousb“.
ebt!fo!wjsuve!ef!usbubept!z!ef!puspt!jotusvnfoupt!z!ef!dpnqsp.
njtpt! wpmvoubsjpt! ef! efsfdipt! ivnbopt/! Fo! fm! dpsup! ujfnqp!
eftef!tv!jotubvsbdj˜o!fm!FQV!tf!ib!usbotgpsnbep!fo!vo!nfdb.
ojtnp! dmbwf! qbsb! mb! ejgvtj˜o! ef! mbt! tjuvbdjpoft! wjpmbupsjbt! ef!
efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!mbt!rvf!fo!nvdipt!Ftubept!ef!mb!
sfhj˜o!ibo!tjep!jefoujgjdbebt!dpnp!mbt!tjuvbdjpoft!nˆt!ds“ujdbt!
ef!jodvnqmjnjfoup!ef!ejdibt!pcmjhbdjpoft!ef!efsfdipt!ivnb.
opt/!Mb!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!fo!ftub!jotubodjb!ef!mpt!Ftubept!njfncspt!
efm! Dpotfkp! )58*! z! ef! mpt! Ftubept! njfncspt! ef! mb! POV! fo!

63

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 52 2/10/13 13:40:30

 hfofsbm-!ib!qptjcjmjubep!mb!joufsbddj˜o!ef!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!z!ef!mbt!POH!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!dpo!mbt!
rvf!ftubcmfdfo!bmjbo{bt-!dpo!mpt!Ftubept-!hfofsboep!tfotjcjmj.
{bdj˜o!gsfouf!b!tv!sfbmjebe/!Fmmp!ib!efufsnjobep!rvf!fo!mpt!FQV!
ibtub! bipsb! wfsjgjdbept! fo! mb! sfhj˜o-! tf! ibzbo! jodmvjep! sfdp.
nfoebdjpoft!sfgfsjebt!bm!sfdpopdjnjfoup!dpotujuvdjpobm!z!mfhbm!
ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!b!mb!qspufddj˜o!fgfdujwb!
ef!tvt!ujfssbt!z!sfdvstpt!obuvsbmft-!b!mb!qspufddj˜o!ef!mpt!efgfo.
tpsft!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!b!mb!hbsbou“b!
ef! mpt! efsfdipt! ef! mbt! nvkfsft! z! ef! mpt! oj—pt! joe“hfobt-! bt“!
dpnp!ef!mb!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!qpm“ujdb!joe“hfob!fo!jhvbmebe!ef!dpo.
ejdjpoft!dpo!puspt!tfdupsft!ef!mb!qpcmbdj˜o/!
Fo! dvboup! b! mb! fgfdujwjebe! ef! mbt! sfdpnfoebdjpoft! efm!
Dpotfkp!ef!EI-!tj!cjfo!mp!tf—bmbep!fo!sfmbdj˜o!dpo!mbt!efdjtjp.
oft!z!sfdpnfoebdjpoft!ef!mpt!˜shbopt!ef!usbubep!ft!bqmjdbcmf!
ubncjo!b!ftuf!dbtp-!op!dbcf!eveb!ef!rvf!ftubt!ujfofo!vo!jn!.
qbdup!joufsobdjpobm!tjhojgjdbujwp/!Befnˆt-!fm!ifdip!ef!rvf!mpt!
Ftubept! efcfo! tfs! ovfwbnfouf! fybnjobept! bm! dbcp! ef! dvbusp!
b—pt!tpcsf!fm!dvnqmjnjfoup!ef!ejdibt!sfdpnfoebdjpoft!efufs.
njob! rvf! mpt! Hpcjfsopt! op! qvfebo! gˆdjmnfouf! eftftujnbsmbt/!
Ubncjo!ftuˆ!mb!qptjcjmjebe!ef!rvf!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvf.
cmpt!joe“hfobt-!bt“!dpnp!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!efsfdipt!ivnb.
opt!rvf!usbcbkbo!dpo!fmmbt-!tfbo!ftdvdibebt!qps!fm!Dpotfkp!ef!
EI-!joufswfodjpoft!rvf!bvorvf!nvz!mjnjubebt!fo!ujfnqp-!tpo!
ef!bmup!jnqbdup!qpm“ujdp/!Tf!usbub!qps!mp!njtnp!ef!vo!ftqbdjp!b!
tfs!nbt!bqspwfdibep!qps!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o/
Dbcf!sfgfsjstf!brv“!b!mpt!ftqbdjpt!ftqfd“gjdbnfouf!dpotj.
efsbept!fo!fm!Tjtufnb!ef!mb!POV!qbsb!bcpsebs!mb!sfbmjebe!ef!mpt!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt<!mb!Sfmbups“b!Ftqfdjbm!)SF*!ef!mb!POV!tpcsf!
efsfdipt!z!mjcfsubeft!gvoebnfoubmft!ef!mpt!joe“hfobt-!fm!Gpsp!
Qfsnbofouf!ef!mb!POV!qbsb!mbt!Dvftujpoft!Joe“hfobt!)GQDJ*-!z!
fm! Nfdbojtnp! ef! Fyqfsupt! tpcsf! mpt! Efsfdipt! ef! mpt! Qvfcmpt!
Joe“hfobt!)NFEQJ*/

64

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 53 2/10/13 13:40:30

 Fo!dvboup!b!mb!SF-!ftub!ib!dpodjubep!fm!joufst!ef!mbt!pshb.
oj{bdjpoft! joe“hfobt! ef! mb! sfhj˜o-! mbt! rvf! tf! ibo! sfmbdjpobep!
bdujwbnfouf!dpo!mpt!ept!SF!ibtub!bipsb!opncsbept!qps!mb!POV!
)Tubwfoibhfo!z!Bobzb*/!Mb!mbcps!ef!ftupt!SF!tf!ib!dfousbep!fo!
mb!wjtjub!b!qb“tft-!z!dpnp!dpotfdvfodjb!ef!ejdibt!wjtjubt-!fo!mpt!
jogpsnft!ef!qb“tft/!B!fmmp!tf!bhsfhbo!mpt!jogpsnft!ufnˆujdpt!fo!
nbufsjbt!ubo!ejwfstbt!dpnp!kvtujdjb!z!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!joevt.
usjbt!fyusbdujwbt-!eftbsspmmp-!fud/!Ftub!mbcps!ubncjo!ib!jodmvjep!
mb! bufodj˜o! ef! mbt! ovnfsptbt! dpnvojdbdjpoft! rvf! sfdjcfo! ef!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!qps!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!tvt!efsfdipt/!Mbt!wjtjubt!
efm!SF!ibo!hfofsbep!hsboeft!fyqfdubujwbt!ef!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!
joe“hfobt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o/!Ftubt!op!tpmp!mbt!ibo!efnboebep-!tjop!
befnˆt!ibo!tjep!qspubhpojtubt!ef!tv!eftbsspmmp!)op!pctubouf!mbt!
mjnjubdjpoft!qvftubt!qps!mpt!Ftubept*/!Ubncjo!ibo!qbsujdjqbep!
bdujwbnfouf! efm! tfhvjnjfoup! p! npojupsfp! ef! mbt! sfdpnfoeb.
djpoft!sfbmj{bebt!qps!fm!SF!mvfhp!ef!fmmbt/!Mpt!jnqbdupt!rvf!mpt!
jogpsnft!ef!wjtjub!uvwjfspo!cbkp!mb!SF!ef!Spepmgp!Tubwfoibhfo!
tpo!eftubdbcmft!)fkfnqmp!ef!fmmp!gvfspo!mpt!jogpsnft!ef!njtj˜o!
b!Hvbufnbmb-! Nyjdp-! Dijmf-! Dpmpncjb*/!Mp!njtnp!dbcf!efdjs!
ef! mpt! jnqbdupt! ef! mpt! jogpsnft! ef! njtj˜o! b! Ftubept! efm! SF!
Kbnft!Bobzb28/!
Fo!dvboup!b!mpt!jogpsnft!bovbmft!ufnˆujdpt!qsftfoubept!bm!
Dpotfkp! ef! EI-! dbcf! eftubdbs! rvf! wbsjpt! ef! fmmpt-! dpnp! mpt!
sfgfsjept!bm!efsfdip!ef!dpotvmub-!b!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt! tpcsf! sfdvstpt! obuvsbmft-! fmbcpsbept! qps! fm! SF!
Bobzb-! tf! ibo! usbotgpsnbep! fo! epdvnfoupt! dfousbmft! qbsb! mb!
joufsqsfubdj˜o! rvf! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! z! pshboj{bdjpoft! ef!
efsfdipt! ivnbopt-! f! jodmvtp! bmhvopt! Ftubept! fo! mb! sfhj˜o-!
ibdfo! ef! mpt! efsfdipt! sfdpopdjept! qps! fm! Dpowfojp! 27:! z! mb!
EOVEQJ/! Ubncjo! sfmfwbouf! ib! tjep! fm! eftbsspmmp! qps! fm! SF!
Bobzb!ef!jogpsnft!ftqfdjbmft!tpcsf!tjuvbdjpoft!hsbwft!ef!wjp.
mbdj˜o!p!bnfob{b!ef!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!ef!qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o-!dpnp!fm!jogpsnf!tpcsf!Cbhvb-!Qfs-!fm!

65

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 54 2/10/13 13:40:30

 jogpsnf!tpcsf!mb!njob!Nbsmjo-!fo!Hvbufnbmb-!fo!3121-!z!fm!jogps.
nf!tpcsf!fm!qspzfdup!ijespfmdusjdp!Fm!Ejrvjt!fo!Dptub!Sjdb!fo!
3122-!upept!fmmpt!bgfduboep!b!dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt29/!
Qptjcmfnfouf! vop! ef! mpt! nfdbojtnpt! rvf! hfofsb! nˆt!
fyqfdubujwb-!z!b!mb!wf{!gsvtusbdj˜o-!ft!fm!efm!tjtufnb!ef!dpnvoj.
dbdjpoft! bm! SF/! Mbnfoubcmfnfouf-! mpt! jnqbdupt! ef! mbt! dpnv!.
ojdbdjpoft!fowjbebt!bm!SF!op!tpo!mpt!ftqfsbept/!Op!tjfnqsf!tf!
dpopdfo!mpt!sftvmubept!ef!ejdibt!dpnvojdbdjpoft/!Ftubt!ubn.
qpdp!tpo!sfhvmbsnfouf!ejgvoejebt!qcmjdbnfouf!Òtbmwp!fo!mpt!
jogpsnft!bovbmft!efm!SF!bm!Dpotfkp!ef!EIÒ-!qps!mp!rvf!tf!nbo.
ujfofo! dpnp! dpnvojdbdjpoft! sftfswbebt! dbsfouft! ef! jnqbdup!
qcmjdp/!Fo!t“ouftjt-!tf!usbub!ef!vo!nfdbojtnp!sfmfwbouf-!rvf!
ujfof! qpufodjbmjebeft! qbsb! mb! qspufddj˜o! ef! efsfdipt! ef! qvf.
cmpt!joe“hfobt-!qfsp!sftqfdup!bm!dvbm!tf!ibo!djgsbep!fyqfdubujwbt!
nvz! bmubt! rvf! sftvmub! ejg“djm! dvnqmjs! qbsb! ftuf! qspdfejnjfoup!
ftqfdjbm!ef!mb!POV-!fo!fm!rvf!tv!ujuvmbs!)fm!SF!fo!ftuf!dbtp*!op!
ujfof!nˆt!bvupsjebe!rvf!mb!ef!tv!fyqfsujdjb!z!fm!sftqbmep!rvf!mb!
POV!mf!pupshb!dpo!tv!opncsbnjfoup!dpnp!ubm/!Ef!hsbo!joufst!
tfs“b!fm!eftbsspmmp!ef!vob!ftusbufhjb!dpnvojdbdjpobm!nˆt!gvfsuf!
qps!qbsuf!ef!mpt!SF!qbsb!ebs!b!dpopdfs!fm!ejˆmphp!rvf!ftupt!tpt.
ujfofo! dpo! mpt! Ftubept! fo! tjuvbdjpoft! ds“ujdbt! ef! wjpmbdj˜o! ef!
efsfdipt!ivnbopt-!dvftuj˜o!rvf-!qps!djfsup-!op!efqfoef!ef!mbt!
pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/
Fo!dvboup!bm!GQDJ-!ftuf!gvf!jotubvsbep!fo!3111!dpnp!˜shb.
op!efm!Dpotfkp!Fdpo˜njdp!z!Tpdjbm!ef!Obdjpoft!Vojebt!)FDPTPD*!
fodbshbep!ef!psjfoubs!fm!usbcbkp!ef!mb!POV!fo!nbufsjbt!joe“hf.
obt/!Ejdib!jotubodjb!ftuˆ!joufhsbep!qps!27!njfncspt-!mb!njube!ef!
fmmpt!eftjhobept!qps!mb!POV!b!qspqvftub!ef!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!mb!pusb!njube!qps!mpt!Ftubept/!Eftef!tv!dsfb.
dj˜o-!ftuf!tf!ib!wfojep!sfvojfoep!evsbouf!tv!qfsjpep!bovbm!ef!
tftjpoft-! hfofsbmnfouf! fo! Ovfwb! Zpsl/! Fo! ejdibt! sfvojpoft!
qbsujdjqbo!bovbmnfouf!vo!hsbo!onfsp!ef!sfqsftfoubouft!joe“.
hfobt!)vo!njmmbs*-!nvdipt!ef!fmmpt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o-!81!Ftubept!z!nˆt!

66

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 55 2/10/13 13:40:30

 ef!41!foujebeft!joufshvcfsobnfoubmft2:/!Fo!mp!gpsnbm-!fm!GQDJ!
fnjuf! sfdpnfoebdjpoft! pgjdjbmft! qbsb! fm! FDPTPD-! bt“! dpnp!
qbsb! mpt! qsphsbnbt-! gpoept! z! bhfodjbt! ef! mb! POV-! rvf! efcfo!
tfswjs!ef!cbtf!qbsb!mb!efgjojdj˜o!ef!tvt!qsphsbnbt!ef!usbcbkp/!
Ubncjo! fnjuf! sfdpnfoebdjpoft! qbsb! mpt! Ftubept! njfncspt!
ef!mb!POV/!Fo!fmmbt!tf!ibo!bcpsebep!ufnbt!ejwfstpt-!jodmvzfo.
ep!mb!sfbmjebe!ef!mb!oj—f{!z!ef!mb!nvkfs!joe“hfob-!mpt!efsfdipt!
tpcsf!mbt!ujfssbt!z!ufssjupsjpt-!fm!dbncjp!dmjnˆujdp-!mb!epdusjob!
efm! eftdvcsjnjfoup-! fud/! Mpt! ftuvejpt! z! sfdpnfoebdjpoft! efm!
GQDJ-! fo! ufnbt! qps! fkfnqmp! dpnp! fm! sfgfsjep! bm! bmdbodf! f!
jnqmjdbodjbt!kvs“ejdpt!ef!mb!EOVEQJ-!tpo!sfmfwbouft/!Uboup!mb!
qbsujdjqbdj˜o!ef!eftubdbept!m“efsft!joe“hfobt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o!fo!fm!
dpotfkp!efm!gpsp-!dpnp!fo!mbt!tftjpoft!bovbmft-!tpo!wbmpsbebt!
qps!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob/!
Ubncjo!fm!GQDJ!dpodjub!fm!joufst!ef!nvdibt!POH!ef!bqpzp-!
rvf!mmfhbo!ibtub!tvt!tftjpoft!bovbmft/!Mb!jogpsnbdj˜o!ef!upept!
rvjfoft!ibo!qbsujdjqbep!fo!ftupt!fwfoupt-!tjo!fncbshp-!joejdb!
rvf!ftupt!tjswfo!dpnp!ftqbdjpt!ef!sfvoj˜o!joe“hfob!z!ef!dpot.
usvddj˜o!ef!sfeft-!qfsp!rvf!mb!jodjefodjb!rvf!tf!qvfef!mphsbs!b!
usbwt!ef!ftupt!fo!fm!Tjtufnb!ef!mb!POV!ft!nfops/!Qps!mp!njtnp!
op!qbsfdf!bdpotfkbcmf!hfofsbs!fyqfdubujwbt!fo!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“.
hfobt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o!ef!rvf!b!usbwt!ef!tv!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!fo!ftub!
jotubodjb!tf!qpesˆ!ebs!sftqvftub!b!tvt!qspcmfnbt!nˆt!ds“ujdpt!
ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!Fmmp!befnˆt!efm!dptup!rvf!ujfof!mb!qbsuj.
djqbdj˜o!joe“hfob!fo!gpspt!dpnp!ftuf-!mb!rvf!dpousbtub!dpo!mbt!
ofdftjebeft!nˆt!vshfouft!ef!mbt!dpnvojebeft/
Dbcf!ibdfs!sfgfsfodjb!ubncjo!bm!NFEQJ!dpogpsnbep!qps!
mb!POV!fo!3118-!joufhsbep!qps!djodp!fyqfsupt!joefqfoejfouft-!
hfofsbmnfouf! joe“hfobt-! opncsbept! qps! fm! Dpotfkp! ef!
Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!ef!mbt!ejtujoubt!sfhjpoft!efm!hmpcp-!fm!rvf!
eftbsspmmb!ftuvejpt!f!jogpsnb!bm!Tjtufnb!ef!mb!POV!tpcsf!dvft.
ujpoft!ef!sfmfwbodjb!qbsb!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt31/!Mbt!pqjojp.
oft! f! jogpsnft! ef! ftuf! nfdbojtnp! dpotujuvzfo! vo! bqpsuf! z!

67

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 56 2/10/13 13:40:30

 psjfoubo!b!mpt!˜shbopt!ef!mb!POV-!z!ubncjo!b!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“.
hfobt!fo!mbt!nbufsjbt!rvf!bcpseb-!dpnp!fm!efsfdip!b!mb!qbsujdj.
qbdj˜o! fo! mb! upnb! ef! efdjtjpoft! z! fm! efsfdip! b! mb! fevdbdj˜o!
joe“hfob/
Gjobmnfouf-!dbcf!ibdfs!vob!sfgfsfodjb!b!pusbt!jotubodjbt!
p! qspdftpt! efm! Tjtufnb! ef! mb! POV! fo! mbt! dvbmft! mpt! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt!ibo!ftubep!hfofsbmnfouf!bvtfouft-!qfsp!rvf!sftvm.
ubo! dfousbmft! qbsb! mb! qspufddj˜o! z! efgfotb! ef! tvt! efsfdipt/!
Vo!dbtp!ef!ftqfdjbm!sfmfwbodjb!ft!fm!qspdftp!wfsjgjdbep!fo!fm!
tfop!ef!mb!POV!dpo!sfmbdj˜o!b!mb!ufnˆujdb!ef!mbt!fnqsftbt!z!
efsfdipt! ivnbopt/! Mvfhp! ef! rvf! fo! 3114! mb! eftbqbsfdjeb!
Dpnjtj˜o!ef!Qspnpdj˜o!z!Qspufddj˜o!ef!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!
ef! mb! POV! fmbcps˜! vo! qspzfdup! ef! opsnbt! tpcsf! Sft!!qpo!.
tbcjmjebe! ef! Fnqsftbt! Usbotobdjpobmft! fo! mb! ftgfsb! ef! Ef!.
sfdipt!Ivnbopt-!z!ef!rvf!ftub!gvftf!eftfdibeb!qps!mpt!Ft!.
ubept!njfncspt!ef!mb!POV-!fo!3116!fm!Tfdsfubsjp!Hfofsbm!ef!
ftub!foujebe!opncs˜!b!vo!Sfqsftfoubouf!Ftqfdjbm!ef!mb!POV!
tpcsf! Efsfdipt! Iv!!nb!o ! pt! z! Fnqsftbt! Usbotobdjpobmft! z!
Pusbt!Fnqsftbt!Dpnfsdjbmft!)Kpio!Svhhjf*/!Ejdip!Sf!!qsf!!tfo.
!ubouf!Ftqfdjbm!)SFT*!usbcbk˜!evsbouf!wbsjpt!b—pt!fmbcpsboep!vo!
nbsdp! dpodfquvbm! z! ef! qpm“ujdbt! dpo! fm! pckfup! ef! psjfoubs! fm!
bddjpobs!ef!mpt!Ftubept!z!ef!mbt!fnqsftbt!fo!mb!sfmbdj˜o!dpo!mbt!
jnqmjdbodjbt!ef!mb!bddj˜o!ef!ftubt!mujnbt!qbsb!dpo!mpt!efsfdipt!
ivnbopt/!Ejdip!qspdftp-!rvf!gvf!ef!!tbsspmmbep!dpo!nvz!qpdb-!
tjop! ojohvob-! qbsujdjqbdj˜o! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! dpodmvz˜!
dpo!mb!qspqptjdj˜o!ef!vo!nbsdp!cbtbep!fo!usft!qsjodjqjpt!sfd.
upsft!tpcsf!fnqsftbt!z!efsfdipt!ivnbopt<!fm!ftubcmfdjnjfoup!
efm!efcfs!efm!Ftubep!ef!qspufhfs!gsfouf!b!mpt!bcvtpt!ef!efsfdipt!
ivnbopt!dpnfujept!qps!ufsdfspt-!fo!qbsujdvmbs!mbt!fnqsftbt<!mb!
pcmjhbdj˜o! z! sftqpotbcjmjebe! ef! mbt! fnqsftbt! ef! sftqfubs! mpt!
efsfdipt!ivnbopt<!z!mb!ofdftjebe!ef!ftubcmfdfs!sfdvstpt!fgfd.
ujwpt! qbsb! mb! sfqbsbdj˜o! ef! mpt! bcvtpt! ef! efsfdipt! ivnbopt!
dpnfujept!qps!ftupt!ufsdfspt/!Ubmft!qsjodjqjpt!gvfspo!ifdipt!

68

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 57 2/10/13 13:40:30

 tvzpt!fo!3122!qps!fm!Dpotfkp!ef!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!)Dpotfkp!
ef!Efsfdipt!Ivnb!!opt-!3122*/
Op! pctubouf! fm! bwbodf! rvf! ftuf! nbsdp! jouspevdf! fo! mb!
efufsnjobdj˜o! ef! mb! sftqpotbcjmjebe! ef! mpt! Ftubept! z! mbt!
fnqsftbt!fo!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!rvf!sftvmub!ef!
mbt!bdujwjebeft!ef!ftupt!mujnpt-!ftuf!nbsdp!ib!tjep!dvftujpobep!
qps!pshbojtnpt!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!Fmmp!qps!dvboup!op!ftub.
cmfdf! dpo! dmbsjebe! mbt! pcmjhbdjpoft! fyusbufssjupsjbmft! ef! mpt!
Ftubept-! nˆt! bmmˆ! ef! tvt! gspoufsbt-! fo! sfmbdj˜o! dpo! mpt! eb—pt!
dbvtbept!b!mbt!qfstpobt!qps!bdupsft!op!ftububmft<!z!op!dpotjefsb!
befdvbebnfouf! tv! sftqpotbcjmjebe! gsfouf! b! mpt! bdvfsept!
dpnfsdjbmft! rvf! ejtnjovzfo! mb! dbqbdjebe! ftububm! ef! dvnqmjs!
dpo!tvt!pcmjhbdjpoft!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!Ubnqpdp!ftubcmfdf!
vo! sfdvstp! fgfdujwp! joufhsbep! fo! vo! jotusvnfoup! kvs“ejdp!
joufsobdjpobm! ef! dbsˆdufs! wjodvmbouf! qbsb! ibdfs! fgfdujwp! fm!
efcfs!ef!qspufddj˜o!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!qps!mbt!w“dujnbt!
ef! mb! bduvbdj˜o! ef! mbt! fnqsftbt! )Gfefsbdj˜o! Joufsobdjpobm! ef!
Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt-!311:*/!
Qbsb!ebs!dpoujovjebe!b!ftub!nbufsjb-!fm!Dpotfkp!ef!Efsfdipt!
Ivnbopt! ef! mb! POV! dsf˜! fo! 3122! vo! Hsvqp! ef! Usbcbkp! ef! mb!
POV! tpcsf! Fnqsftbt! z! Efsfdipt! Ivnbopt-! rvf! tf! dpnqpof!
ef!djodp!njfncspt!dpo!nboebupt!ef!usft!b—pt-!vop!ef!fmmpt!
vo!sfqsftfoubouf!joe“hfob!ef!mb!Gfefsbdj˜o!Svtb32/!Fm!nbo.
ebup! efm! Hsvqp! ef! Usbcbkp! ft! cbtubouf! mjnjubep! z! tf! gpdbmj{b!
qsjodjqbmnfouf!fo!mb!ejgvtj˜o!ef!mpt!qsjodjqjpt!sfdupsft!)QS*!
jojdjbmnfouf!fmbcpsbept!qps!fm!SFT!Svhhjf-!fo!btftpsbs!z!gps.
nvmbs!sfdpnfoebdjpoft!fo!dvboup!bm!eftbsspmmp!ef!mfhjtmbdj˜o!
z!ef!qpm“ujdbt!obdjpobmft!tpcsf!fnqsftbt!z!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!
Fm! Hsvqp! op! fybnjob! dpnvojdbdjpoft! joejwjevbmft/! Tj! qvfef!
wjtjubs!qb“tft-!z!op!eftdbsub!mb!fmbcpsbdj˜o!b!gvuvsp!ef!qspqvft.
ubt! ef! opsnbt! fo! fm! Tjtufnb! ef! mb! POV! tpcsf! mb! nbufsjb/! Tjo!
fncbshp-! pshboj{bdjpoft! ef! efsfdipt! ivnb!!opt! )GJEI-! Sfe!
EFTD-! JXHJB*! ibo! nbojgftubep! joufst! fo! qbsujdjqbs! ef! ftuf!

69

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 58 2/10/13 13:40:31

 qspdftp!qbsb!qpefs!jodjejs!fo!mb!bhfoeb!ef!ftuf!Hsvqp/!Fmmp!b!
usbwt! ef! mb! qsftfoubdj˜o! ef! dbtpt! ftqfd“gjdpt! rvf! mp! mmfwfo! b!
qspovodjbstf! tpcsf! mb! wjpmbdj˜o! ef! efsfdipt! ivnbopt! qps!
fnqsftbt-!z!mb!qsftj˜o!qbsb!fm!ftubcmfdjnjfoup!ef!opsnbt!fo!fm!
tjtufnb! ef! mb! POV! qbsb! ibdfs! fyjhjcmf! mb! sftqpotbcjmjebe! ef!
fnqsftbt!qps!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!Sftvmub!sfmf.
wbouf! fm! jowpmvdsbnjfoup! ef! mbt! pshboj{bdjpoft! ef! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt!fo!ftqbdjpt!dpnp!ftuf!Hsvqp!ef!Usbcbkp-!upeb!wf{!rvf!
nvdibt!ef!mbt!wjpmbdjpoft!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!ef!tvt!dpnv.
ojebeft! tpo! sftvmubouft! ef! mb! qsftfodjb! ef! fnqsftbt! fo! tvt!
ufssjupsjpt/! Bvorvf! mbt! qptjcjmjebeft! ef! jodjefodjb! fo! ftuf!
ftqbdjp!tpo!jodjfsubt-!mb!qbsujdjqbdj˜o!joe“hfob!fo!m!qfsnjujs“b!
tv! fnqpefsbnjfoup! fo! vo! efcbuf! dfousbm! qbsb! mpt! efsfdipt!
ivnbopt! fo! mb! sfhj˜o-! bt“! dpnp! ftubcmfdfs! sfeft! z! bmjbo{bt!
joufsdvmuvsbmft! dpo! pshboj{bdjpoft! ef! efsfdipt! ivnbopt! rvf!
mmfwbo!b—pt!usbcbkboep!ftubt!ufnˆujdbt/

5/!MB!PSHBOJ[BDJïO!JOUFSOBDJPOBM!EFM!USBCBKP

Gjobmnfouf-!pusp!gpsp!wjodvmbep!bm!Tjtufnb!ef!mb!POV-!qfsp!dpo!
vob!ftqfdjgjdjebe!qspqjb-!rvf!ib!tjep!dfousbm!qbsb!mpt!qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt! ef! mb! sfhj˜o-! ft! mb! PJU/! Fmmp! ebep! rvf! tpo! ipz! 26!
Ftubept! ef! mb! sfhj˜o! mpt! rvf! ibo! sbujgjdbep! fm! Dpowfojp! 27:/!
Bvorvf! mb! jogmvfodjb! nbzps! efm! 27:! fo! mb! sfhj˜o! ib! ftubep!
efufsnjobeb!qps!mb!jodpsqpsbdj˜o!ef!tvt!opsnbt!fo!mpt!psef.
obnjfoupt! joufsopt! Òdpotujuvdjpobmft! z! mfhbmftÒ! ef! mpt!
Ftubept-!z!tv!sfdfqdj˜o!dsfdjfouf!qps!mbt!jotubodjbt!ef!kvtujdjb!
psejobsjb! z! dpotujuvdjpobm-! dvftuj˜o! fo! mb! rvf! qps! djfsup! mbt!
pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ibo!kvhbep!vo!spm!dfo.
usbm-! fm! vtp! ef! mpt! nfdbojtnpt! ef! npojupsfp! rvf! mb! PJU! ib!
ftubcmfdjep!qbsb!ftuf!z!puspt!dpowfojpt!qps!qbsuf!ef!mbt!njt.
nbt! pshboj{bdjpoft! Òhfofsbmnfouf! b! usbwt! ef! ufsdfspt!

6:

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 59 2/10/13 13:40:31

 bvupsj{bept-!dpnp!tjoejdbupt!ef!usbcbkbepsft!p!qspgftpsftÒ!ib!
tjep!ubncjo!eftubdbcmf/!
Fo! fgfdup-! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! fo! wbsjpt! qb“tft! ibo!
vtbep!bdujwbnfouf!fm!qspdfejnjfoup!ef!sfdmbnbdjpoft!efm!bs!.
u“dvmp!35!ef!mb!Dpotujuvdj˜o!ef!mb!PJU-!gsfouf!bm!jodvnqmjnjfoup!
qps!mpt!Ftubept!ef!mbt!pcmjhbdjpoft!efm!Dpowfojp!27:/!Mbt!sfdmb.
nbdjpoft-!rvf!tpo!bobmj{bebt!qps!mb!Dpnjtj˜o!ef!Fyqfsupt!fo!
Bqmjdbdj˜o!ef!Dpowfojpt!z!Sfdpnfoebdjpoft!ef!mb!PJU!)DFBDS*!
z! qps! mb! Dpogfsfodjb! ef! mb! PJU-! ibo! sfdb“ep! tpcsf! ejgfsfouft!
nbufsjbt-! fo! qbsujdvmbs! ept! ufnbt! dfousbmft! qbsb! mbt! mvdibt!
joe“hfobt!fo!Bnsjdb!Mbujob<!fm!bmdbodf!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qsp.
qjfebe!joe“hfob!tpcsf!tvt!ujfssbt!)bsu/!25*-!z!fm!efm!efsfdip!ef!
dpotvmub!)bsu/!7*/!Mbt!efdjtjpoft!ef!mb!PJU!fo!bncbt!nbufsjbt!
ibo!fousfhbep!vo!dmbsp!sftqbmep!b!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!fyjt.
ujfoep!qspovodjbnjfoupt!t˜mjept!ef!tvt!˜shbopt!fo!fm!tfoujep!
ef!rvf!mpt!efsfdipt!tpcsf!mb!ujfssb!bmdbo{bo!op!tpmp!b!mpt!sfdp.
opdjept!mfhbmnfouf!qps!mpt!Ftubept-!tjop!ubncjo!b!mpt!ef!qsp.
qjfebe!bodftusbm!)bouf!sfdmbnbdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ef!
Nyjdp!z!Qfs-!fousf!pusbt*/!Mp!njtnp!dbcf!tf—bmbs!fo!sfmbdj˜o!
dpo!mbt!sfdmbnbdjpoft!qps!fm!efsfdip!ef!dpotvmub-!gsfouf!b!mbt!
dvbmft!mb!PJU!ib!tjep!dbufh˜sjdb!fo!bgjsnbs!rvf!ftubt!jnqmjdbo!fm!
efsfdip!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!b!Ójodjejs!ef!nbofsb!fgfdujwbÔ!
fo! mbt! efdjtjpoft! rvf! tf! bepqubo! tvtdfqujcmft! ef! bgfdubsmft!
ejsfdubnfouf! )Dpogfsfodjb! Joufsobdjpobm! efm! Usbcbkp-! 3122*/!
Mbnfoubcmfnfouf-!b!mb!ipsb!ef!mb!jnqmfnfoubdj˜o!ef!mbt!
efdjtjpoft! ef! mpt! ˜shbopt! ef! mb! PJU-! ftub! foujebe! jhvbmnfouf!
dbsfdf!ef!nfdbojtnpt!qbsb!ibdfs!fyjhjcmf!tv!dvnqmjnjfoup!qps!
qbsuf!ef!mpt!Ftubept-!qps!mp!rvf!mb!nbzps“b!ef!fmmbt!tf!nboujf.
ofo!tjo!nbufsjbmj{bstf/
Ubncjo!sfmfwbouf!ft!fm!vtp!ef!mpt!nfdbojtnpt!ef!dpouspm!
qfsj˜ejdp!qbsb!mb!bqmjdbdj˜o!efm!Dpowfojp!27:-!upeb!wf{!rvf!fo!
wjsuve!efm!bsu“dvmp!33!ef!mb!Dpotujuvdj˜o!ef!mb!PJU-!mpt!Hpcjfsopt!
efcfo! fowjbs! tvt! nfnpsjbt! qfsj˜ejdbt! tpcsf! mb! bqmjdbdj˜o! ef!

71

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 60 2/10/13 13:40:31

 mpt!Dpowfojpt!ef!ftub!foujebe!rvf!ibo!sbujgjdbep/!Fo!fm!dbtp!efm!
27:-!ftubt!tf!qsftfoubo!dbeb!djodp!b—pt-!b!fydfqdj˜o!ef!mb!qsj.
nfsb!nfnpsjb-!rvf!efcf!tfs!qsftfoubeb!bm!b—p!ef!mb!fousbeb!fo!
wjhfodjb!efm!Dpowfojp/!Bm!jhvbm!rvf!fo!fm!tjtufnb!ef!mb!POV-!mpt!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ibo!tjep!bdujwpt!fo!mb!fmbcpsbdj˜o!ef!jogps.
nft! bmufsobujwpt-! mpt! rvf! ubncjo! ibo! ifdip! mmfhbs! nvdibt!
wfdft!b!usbwt!ef!pshboj{bdjpoft!tjoejdbmft!z0p!fo!bmjbo{bt!dpo!
pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!Tf!efcf!eftubdbs!rvf!ef!
bdvfsep! b! mb! sfhmbnfoubdj˜o! ef! mb! PJU-! mpt! jogpsnft! ef! mpt!
Ftubept!tpcsf!fm!dvnqmjnjfoup!efm!27:!efcfo!tfs!sfbmj{bept!fo!
dpotvmub! b! mbt! pshboj{bdjpoft! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! dvftuj˜o!
rvf-!bvorvf!op!tjfnqsf!ibdfo-!bcsf!vo!ftqbdjp!bejdjpobm!qbsb!
mb! jodmvtj˜o! ef! mb! wjtj˜o! z! mb! qbsujdjqbdj˜o! joe“hfob! bouf! ftub!
jotubodjb/!Mpt!jogpsnft!bmufsobujwpt!fowjbept!dpo!fm!dpodvstp!
ef!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!ibo!tjep!sfmfwbouft!
fo! qb“tft! dpnp! Qfs! z! Dijmf-! tfotjcjmj{boep! b! mb! PJU! tpcsf! mb!
gbmub!ef!jnqmfnfoubdj˜o!efm!27:!qps!ftupt!Ftubept/!Tjo!fncbs.
hp-!mb!ejgjdvmube!qbsb!ibdfs!fyjhjcmft!mbt!sfdpnfoebdjpoft!rvf!
mb!PJU!ibdf!b!mpt!Ftubept!fo!tvt!jogpsnft!tpcsf!jnqmfnfoub.
dj˜o! efm! 27:! efcjmjub! fm! nfdbojtnp! rvf! brv“! tf! bobmj{b/! Upep!
fmmp!mmfwb!ubncjo!b!sfmbujwj{bs!mb!jnqpsubodjb!ef!mbt!ftusbufhjbt!
joe“hfobt!jnqvmtbebt!bouf!fm!tjtufnb!ef!mb!PJU/!Fmmp!joejdb!rvf!
tj!fmmbt!op!wbo!vojebt!b!pusbt!ftusbufhjbt!qpm“ujdbt!p!kvs“ejdbt!b!
tfs!jnqvmtbebt!bm!ojwfm!obdjpobm-!mbt!sfdmbnbdjpoft!ef!mpt!qvf.
cmpt!joe“hfobt!qps!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!efm!Dpowfojp!27:!op!fodpousb.
sˆo!bdphjeb!fo!mpt!Ftubept/

6/!DPODMVTJPOFT

Mb! dsjtjt! efm! TJEI! efcf! tfs! wjtub! dpnp! vob! pqpsuvojebe! qbsb!
sfqmboufbs!mbt!ftusbufhjbt!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!fm!ftqbdjp!
joufsobdjpobm/! Fmmb! qfsnjuf! dpotububs! rvf! mpt! tjtufnbt! ef!

72

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 61 2/10/13 13:40:31

 qspufddj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!tpo!bo!ftqbdjpt!fo!dsfbdj˜o-!
z!rvf-!b!qftbs!ef!mpt!bwbodft!mphsbept!qps!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!
b!usbwt!ef!fmmpt!fo!fm!sfdpopdjnjfoup!z!qspufddj˜o!ef!tvt!efsf.
dipt-!ftupt!tjtufnbt!Òop!pctubouf!tv!tvqvftub!joefqfoefodjbÒ!
ujfofo!ejgjdvmubeft!qbsb!js!nˆt!bmmˆ!ef!mb!wpmvoube!ef!mpt!Ftubept!
rvf! mpt! dsfbspo/! Ftub! tjuvbdj˜o! tf! ibdf! fwjefouf! dvboep! mpt!
Ftubept!wfo!tvt!pqdjpoft!qpm“ujdbt!p!fdpo˜njdbt!bnfob{bebt-!
dpnp! ib! pdvssjep! dpo! mpt! qspzfdupt! fyusbdujwpt! fo! ufssjupsjpt!
joe“hfobt!fo!mb!sfhj˜o/
Mb!sfbmjebe!brv“!qmboufbeb!fo!ojoho!dbtp!efcf!mmfwbs!b!mpt!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!z!b!mpt!pshbojtnpt!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!rvf!
usbcbkbo! dpo! fmmpt-! b! sfovodjbs! bm! vtp! ef! mpt! nfdbojtnpt! efm!
TJEI/!Qps!mp!qspoup!tfs“b!sfdpnfoebcmf!rvf!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“.
hfobt! tf! jowpmvdsbsbo! nˆt! bdujwbnfouf! fo! fm! efcbuf! tpcsf! mb!
sfgpsnb!efm!TJEI-!ibdjfoep!p“s!tv!wp{!fo!m-!f!jodjejfoep!qbsb!
mb!dpotpmjebdj˜o!efm!njtnp!dpnp!nfdbojtnpt!joefqfoejfouf!
ef!qspufddj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt/!Tfs“b!ejg“djm!ftqfsbs!fo!
fm!dpoufyup!bduvbm!rvf!mb!Dpnjtj˜o!p!mb!Dpsuf!pupshbtfo!nfej.
ebt!dbvufmbsft!p!qspwjtjpobmft!qbsb!qpofs!usnjop!b!mbt!bnf.
ob{bt! ef! wjpmbdj˜o! ef! efsfdipt! ivnbopt! qspwpdbebt! qps!
qspzfdupt! ef! jowfstj˜o/! Tjo! fncbshp-! ubmft! nfejebt! qspcb.
cmfnfouf!qvfebo!pcufofstf!usbuˆoeptf!ef!vo!dbtp!ef!bnfob.
{b! ef! wjpmbdj˜o! efm! efsfdip! b! mb! wjeb! g“tjdb! ef! mpt! joe“hfobt/!
Ubnqpdp! ft! qsfwjtjcmf! rvf! mb! Dpnjtj˜o! z! mb! Dpsuf! bmufsfo! tv!
kvsjtqsvefodjb! fo! mpt! ufnbt! rvf! ibo! tjep! dfousbmft! b! mbt!
efnboebt!joe“hfobt!fo!mpt!mujnpt!b—pt-!dpnp!fm!efsfdip!ef!
qspqjfebe!tpcsf!ujfssbt!bodftusbmft-!fm!efsfdip!b!mb!qbsujdjqb.
dj˜o!qpm“ujdb!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!z!fm!efsfdip!b!mb!dpo.
tvmub! z! bm! dpotfoujnjfoup-! mjcsf! qsfwjp! f! jogpsnbep! tpcsf!
hsboeft!qspzfdupt!ef!jowfstj˜o/!Qps!mp!njtnp!op!efcfo!eftft.
!ujnbstf!mbt!efovodjbt!z!bddjpoft!psjfoubebt!fo!ftb!ejsfddj˜o/!
Fmmp!ufojfoep!qsftfouf-!ftp!t“-!mp!qspmpohbep!ef!mpt!qspdftpt!
bouf!mbt!jotubodjbt!ef!mb!TJEI/

73

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 62 2/10/13 13:40:31

 Mb!njtnb!dsjtjt!efcfs“b!mmfwbs!b!mbt!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvf.
cmpt!joe“hfobt!ef!mb!sfhj˜o!b!ufofs!vob!njsbeb!nˆt!bnqmjb!ef!
mpt!nfdbojtnpt!ipz!fyjtufouft-!z!b!ibdfs!vtp!ef!upept!mpt!rvf!
ftuo!ejtqpojcmft-!ufojfoep!qsftfouf!qps!djfsup!mb!jodpnqbuj.
cjmjebe!rvf!qvfeb!ibcfs!fousf!vopt!z!puspt!)tjtufnb!ef!efovo.
djbt!p!qfujdjpoft!efm!TJEI!dpo!fm!ef!mpt!˜shbopt!ef!usbubep!ef!mb!
POV*/!Tf!efcf!bobmj{bs!mb!qptjcjmjebe!ef!ibdfs!vo!vtp!nˆt!fgfd.
ujwp!ef!mpt!˜shbopt!ef!usbubep-!fo!qbsujdvmbs!fm!DEI!z!fm!DFES-!
dvzbt!efdjtjpoft!b!gbwps!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!
ibo!tjep!dpouvoefouft!z!sfjufsbebt/!Mp!njtnp!dbcf!tf—bmbs!fo!
sfmbdj˜o! dpo! fm! vtp! ef! mpt! nfdbojtnpt! fyjtufouft! fo! mb! PJU-!
dvzpt!˜shbopt!ef!usbubep!ubncjo!ibo!ebep!bdphjeb!sfjufsbeb!b!
mbt!sfdmbnbdjpoft!ef!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!gsfouf!b!tjuvbdjpoft!
ef! wvmofsbdj˜o! efm! Dpowfojp! 27:/! Upep! fmmp-! tjo! fncbshp-!
ufojfoep! qsftfouft! mbt! ejgjdvmubeft! qbsb! ibdfs! fyjhjcmft! mbt!
sfdpnfoebdjpoft!rvf!ef!fmmpt!fnbobo/
Qps!pusp!mbep!fm!FQV-!dpnp!ifssbnjfoub!ftfodjbmnfouf!ef!
dbsˆdufs! qpm“ujdp! qbsb! tpdjbmj{bs! mbt! sfbmjebeft! nˆt! ds“ujdbt!
ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!rvf!wjwfo!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!efcf!
tfs!bqspqjbep!qps!tvt!pshboj{bdjpoft/!Mb!fyqfsjfodjb!efm!vtp!
ef!ftub!jotubodjb!qps!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!z!pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!
efsfdipt!ivnbopt!efnvftusb!rvf!ftuf!ft!vo!gpsp!rvf!ujfof!
qpufodjbmjebeft!qbsb!tfotjcjmj{bs!b!mpt!Ftubept!z!mb!dpnvoj.
ebe!joufsobdjpobmft-!rvf!ib!dpousjcvjep!b!mb!hfofsbdj˜o!ef!
usbotgpsnbdjpoft! fo! nbufsjb! ef! efsfdipt! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“.
hfobt/!Mp!njtnp!dbcf!tf—bmbs!fo!sfmbdj˜o!dpo!fm!vtp!ef!mbt!
SF!tpcsf!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!sftqfdup!b!mbt!dvb.
mft-!tj!cjfo!op!qvfefo!djgsbstf!hsboeft!fyqfdubujwbt!gsfouf!b!
tjuvbdjpoft!ef!fnfshfodjb-!t“!qvfefo!qmboufbstf!ufnbt!rvf!
tpo!sfmfwbouft!qbsb!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!hfofsboep!b!usb.
wt!ef!mpt!jogpsnft!p!qmboufbnjfoupt!ef!mbt!SF-!vo!qspdftp!ef!
efcbuf!qpm“ujdp!qbsb!npwfs!bhfoebt!sfmfwbouft!qbsb!tvt!pshboj.
{bdjpoft/

74

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 63 2/10/13 13:40:31

 Jhvbmnfouf!jnqpsubouf!ft!mb!ofdftjebe!ef!jowpmvdsbtf!fo!
puspt!gpspt!ufnˆujdpt!ef!mb!POV!dpnp!fm!efm!Hsvqp!ef!Usbcbkp!
tpcsf! Fnqsftbt! z! Efsfdipt! Ivnbopt-! fo! mpt! rvf! tf! efcbufo!
nbufsjbt! rvf! tpo! dfousbmft! qbsb! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! z! tvt!
efsfdipt33/!
Ft!jnqpsubouf!ufofs!qsftfouf!rvf!fm!vtp!ef!ftupt!nfdbojt.
npt!joufsobdjpobmft!efcf!js!vojep!bm!eftbsspmmp!ef!pusbt!ftusb.
ufhjbt!qpm“ujdbt!p!kvs“ejdbt!b!tfs!jnqvmtbebt!bm!ojwfm!ftububm-!zb!
rvf!tjo!fmmbt!tfsˆ!nvz!ejg“djm!mb!hfofsbdj˜o!ef!mbt!usbotgpsnb.
djpoft!rvf!tf!eftfb/!Op!efcf!pmwjebstf!rvf!fo!mujnb!jotubodjb!
tpo!mpt!Ftubept!mpt!rvf!efcfo!bepqubs!mbt!nfejebt!benjojtusb.
ujwbt!p!mfhjtmbujwbt!rvf!ibsˆo!fgfdujwpt!mpt!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt-!qps!nvdip!rvf!ftupt!tfbo!bgjsnbept!qps!jotubodjbt!
joufsobdjpobmft!b!mbt!rvf!tf!ibzb!sfdvssjep/!
Fo!mb!njtnb!m“ofb!efcf!tvcsbzbstf!mb!sfmfwbodjb!efm!eftb.
sspmmp!ef!ftusbufhjbt!ef!bmjbo{bt!joufsdvmuvsbmft!qps!qbsuf!ef!mbt!
pshboj{bdjpoft!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!fm!vtp!ef!mpt!nfdbojt.
npt!joufsobdjpobmft!brv“!bobmj{bebt/!Mbt!fyqfsjfodjbt!fyjtufo.
uft! fo! ftuf! tfoujep! fo! wbsjpt! Ftubept! ef! mb! sfhj˜o! )Dijmf-!
Bshfoujob-! Qfs*! efnvftusbo! rvf! mbt! efovodjbt! ef! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt!ujfofo!vo!nbzps!jnqbdup!dvboep!fmmbt!tpo!gpsnvmb.
ebt!fo!gpsnb!dpokvoub!dpo!pshbojtnpt!ef!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!z!
ef!mb!tpdjfebe!djwjm/!Fmmp!op!tpmp!efcfs“b!dpotjefsbstf!qps!sb{p.
oft! ftusbuhjdbt-! tjop! ubncjo! qps! mb! bgjsnbdj˜o! ef! rvf! mpt!
qspcmfnbt! rvf! ipz! bgfdubo! b! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt! sfrvjfsfo!
ef!vo!bcpsebkf!nˆt!bnqmjp-!ftusfdibnfouf!sfmbdjpobep!dpo!mbt!
ftusbufhjbt! ef! efnpdsbuj{bdj˜o! qpm“ujdb! f! jotujuvdjpobm! ef! mpt!
Ftubept!mbujopbnfsjdbopt!ipz!fo!dvstp/
Gjobmnfouf-!qfsp!op!qps!fmmp!nfopt!sfmfwbouf-!fm!vtp!fgfd.
ujwp!ef!ftupt!nfdbojtnpt!sfrvjfsf!ef!dpiftj˜o!joufsob!ef!mpt!
qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/!Op!tpo!qpdpt!mpt!dbtpt!fo!rvf!mbt!efovodjbt!
joe“hfobt! bouf! jotubodjbt! joufsobdjpobmft! tf! ibo! wjtup! efcj!.
mjubebt! qps! mb! bvtfodjb! ef! vob! dpiftj˜o! bm! joufsjps! ef! mbt!

75

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 64 2/10/13 13:40:31

 dpnvojebeft!z0p!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt/!Ejdib!dpiftj˜o!sftvmub!
joejtqfotbcmf!usbuˆoeptf!ef!efsfdipt!dpmfdujwpt!dpnp!mb!dpo.
tvmub! p! fm! dpotfoujnjfoup! mjcsf! f! jogpsnbep-! upeb! wf{! rvf! mpt!
Ftubept! tvfmfo! bqspwfdibs! mb! gsbhnfoubdj˜o! joe“hfob! Òdpnp!
ib!pdvssjep!fo!wbsjpt!dbtptÒ!qbsb!jodvnqmjs!tvt!pcmjhbdjpoft!
joufsobdjpobmft! ef! efsfdipt! ivnbopt! sfmbdjpobept! dpo! ftupt!
qvfcmpt/
Tpo!ftupt!bmhvopt!ef!mpt!eftbg“pt!rvf!fm!vtp!ef!mpt!tjtufnbt!
joufsobdjpobmft!qmboufb!qbsb!efsfdipt!ef!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fo!
mb!sfhj˜o!mbujopbnfsjdbob!ipz/!

OPUBT
! +!!Bsu“dvmp!jojdjbmnfouf!fmbcpsbep!fo!3123!qbsb!fm!Hsvqp!Joufsobdjpobm!ef!Usbcbkp!
tpcsf!Btvoupt!Joe“hfobt!)JXHJB*-!bduvbmj{bep!fo!3124/!Tf!bhsbefdf!mb!bvupsj.
{bdj˜o!ef!JXHJB!qbsb!tv!jodmvtj˜o!fo!ftub!qvcmjdbdj˜o/
! 2/! Mbt!tfoufodjbt!ef!mb!Dpsuf!JEI!fo!ftupt!dbtpt!ftuˆo!ejtqpojcmft!fo;!iuuq;00xxx/
dpsufjei/ps/ds0joefy/qiq027.kvsjt033.dbtpt.dpoufodjptpt! \dpotvmubeb! fm! 2! ef!
kvojp!ef!3124^/
! 3/! Mb!Dpsuf!JEI!ib!tf—bmbep!rvf!fm!dpsqvt!kvsjt!ef!mpt!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!bqmjdbcmft!
b!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!Óftuˆ!gpsnbep!qps!vo!dpokvoup!ef!jotusvnfoupt!joufsob.
djpobmft!ef!dpoufojep!z!fgfdupt!kvs“ejdpt!wbsjbept!)usbubept-!dpowfojpt-!sftpmv.
djpoft! z! efdmbsbdjpoft*Ô/! Dpsuf! JEI-! Pqjoj˜o! Dpotvmujwb! PD.2702::-! qˆss/!
226/
! 4/! ND!493021.Dpnvojebeft!Joe“hfobt!ef!mb!Dvfodb!efm!S“p!Yjohp-!Qbsˆ-!Csbtjm/!
Ejtqpojcmf!fo!iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0efdjtjpoft0dbvufmbsft/btq!\dpotvm.
ubeb!fm!2!ef!kvojp!3124^/
! 5/! ND!371.18.Dpnvojebeft!efm!Qvfcmp!Nbzb!)Tjqblfqfotf!z!Nbn*!ef!mpt!nvoj.
djqjpt!ef!Tjqbdbqb!z!Tbo!Njhvfm!Jyubivbdˆo!fo!fm!Efqbsubnfoup!ef!Tbo!Nbsdpt-!
Hvbufnbmb/! Ejtqpojcmf! fo! iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0efdjtjpoft0dbvufmbsft/
btq!\dpotvmubeb!fm!2!ef!kvojp!3124^/
! 6/! Wbtf!Efdmbsbdj˜o!ef!Cphpuˆ-!23!ef!tfqujfncsf!ef!3123/!Ejtqpojcmf!fo!iuuq;00
xxx/qspufdujpomjof/psh0Efdmbsbdjpo.ef.Cphpub.b.gbwps.efm/iunm! \dpotvmub.
eb!fm!21!ef!pduvcsf!ef!3123^/
! 7/! Ejtqpojcmf!fo!iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0nboebup0epdt0Nfupeftq/qeg!\dpo.
tvmubeb!fm!41!ef!tfqujfncsf!ef!3123^/
! 8/! Mb!sfgpsnb!efm!TJEI!gvf!bqspcbeb!qps!mb!Btbncmfb!Hfofsbm!ef!mb!PFB!fo!nbs{p!
ef!3124/!Fo!fmmb!tf!qsfw!qpufodjbs!tv!mbcps!ef!qspnpdj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!ivnb.
opt!z!tv!befdvbep!gjobodjbnjfoup-!jodmvzfoep!fm!ef!mbt!sfmbups“bt!ftqfdjbmft/!Fo!
mb!sfgpsnb!efm!sfhmbnfoup!ef!mb!Dpnjtj˜o!JEI-!mbt!nfejebt!dbvufmbsft!rvfebo!
mjnjubebt! b! tjuvbdjpoft! ef! hsbwfebe! z! vshfodjb! rvf! qsftfoufo! Óvo! sjfthp! ef!
eb—p!jssfqbsbcmf!b!mbt!qfstpobt!p!bm!pckfup!ef!vob!qfujdj˜oÔ!p!dbtp!qfoejfouf!
bouf! fm! Tjtufnb-! mp! rvf! ibdf! qsfwfs! rvf! brvfmmbt! tpmjdjubebt! qps! mpt! qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt!gsfouf!b!mb!wjpmbdj˜o!ef!efsfdipt!qps!qspzfdupt!ef!jowfstj˜o-!dpnp!fm!

76

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 65 2/10/13 13:40:31

 ef!Cfmpnpouf!fo!Csbtjm-!z!fm!ef!mb!njob!Nbsmjo!fo!Hvbufnbmb-!op!ufoesˆo!bdp.
hjeb!bouf!ftub!jotubodjb!)O¢!2-!Dpnjtj˜o!Joufsbnfsjdbob!ef!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt/!
Sfgpsnb! efm! Sfhmbnfoup! fo! iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0efdjtjpoft0qeg0
Sftpmvdjpo2.3124ftq/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!41!bcsjm!ef!3124^/
! 9/! Ejtqpojcmf!fo!iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0nboebup0epdt0Nfupeftq/qeg!\dpo.
tvmubeb!fm!41!ef!tfqujfncsf!ef!3123^/
! :/! Wbtf! DJEI-! iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0gpsubmfdjnjfoup0dpotvmub/btq! \dpo.
tvmubeb!fm!6!ef!pduvcsf!ef!3123^/
! 21/! Jc“e/
! 22/! Bm!sftqfdup!dbcf!tf—bmbs!rvf!fo!fofsp!ef!3122!mb!DJEI!dpowpd˜!b!vo!tfnjobsjp!
ef!fyqfsupt!qbsb!bcpsebs!ftupt!ufnbt-!b!usbwt!ef!qsftfoubdjpoft!ef!fyqfsupt/!
Mbt!jnqmjdbodjbt!ef!ftuf!tfnjobsjp!qbsb!fm!eftusbcbnjfoup!ef!mb!ejtdvtj˜o!z!mb!
bqspcbdj˜o!ef!mb!efdmbsbdj˜o!tpo!jodjfsupt/
! 23/! Ftubt! pusbt! tfoufodjbt! ef! mb! Dpsuf! JEI! ftuˆo! ejtqpojcmft! fo! iuuq;00xxx/dps.
ufjei/ps/ds0joefy/qiq0kvsjtqsvefodjb!\dpotvmubeb!fm!2!ef!kvmjp!ef!3124^/
! 24/! Tpmp!fo!3123-!tjfuf!b—pt!eftqvt!efm!gbmmp!ef!mb!Dpsuf!JEI-!fm!Jotujuvup!Qbsbhvbzp!
efm!Joe“hfob!ibcs“b!bervjsjep!23/111!ifduˆsfbt!qbsb!sfvcjdbs!b!mb!dpnvojebe!
ef!Zblzf!Byb/!Wbtf!iuuq;00xxx/sfesvsbm/psh/qz0W40vqmpbet0312302302`Fofsp`
kvojp/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!24!ef!opwjfncsf!ef!3123^/
! 25/! Dpnju!ef!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt-!POV-!Ejdubnfo!fo!Dpnvojdbdj˜o!256803117-!
38!ef!nbs{p!ef!311:/!Fo!fm!gbmmp-!fm!DEI!sfdpopdj˜!b!mpt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt!fm!
efsfdip!b!mb!dpotvmub!fo!vo!dbtp!ef!fyqmpubdj˜o!ef!sfdvstpt!obuvsbmft!rvf!tf!
dpousbqpo“b!b!mb!tvctjtufodjb!dvmuvsbm!z!fdpo˜njdb!ef!dpnvojebeft!joe“hfobt!f!
jotuboep!bm!Ftubep!qfsvbop!b!qspqpsdjpobs!b!mb!qfujdjpobsjb!vo!sfdvstp!fgfdujwp!
qbsb!qspufhfs!tv!efsfdip!bt“!dpnp!tv!efsfdip!b!mb!sfqbsbdj˜o/!Ejtqpojcmf!fo!
iuuq;00xxx/ddqsdfousf/psh0xq.dpoufou0vqmpbet0312302102568.3117.Qfsv`
ft/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!4!ef!opwjfncsf!ef!3123^/
! 26/! Fo!fm!dbtp!efm!DEI!ibcfs!tvtdsjup!fm!Qspupdpmp!Gbdvmubujwp!bm!QJEDQ-!z!fo!fm!dbtp!
efm!DFES!ibcfs!bdfqubep!fm!bsu“dvmp!25!ef!mb!Dpowfodj˜o!FES/
! 27/! Fo!ftupt!dbtpt!tf!benjufo!ubncjo!efovodjbt!fo!sfqsftfoubdj˜o!ef!dpmfdujwpt/
! 28/! Bmhvopt!qvfcmpt!joe“hfobt-!tjo!fncbshp-!dvftujpobo!fm!fogprvf!ejqmpnˆujdp!z!
dpodjmjbeps!ef!bmhvopt!jogpsnft!ef!mpt!SF-!mp!rvf!ib!hfofsbep!gsvtusbdj˜o!fo!
tvt!pshboj{bdjpoft/
! 29/! Ejdipt!jogpsnft!ftuˆo!ejtqpojcmft!fo!iuuq;00vots/kbnftbobzb/psh0!\dpotvmubeb!
fm!6!ef!ejdjfncsf!ef!3123^/
! 2:/! Wbtf!iuuq;00tpdjbm/vo/psh0joefy0joejhfopvtft0Qpsubeb0Optpuspt/btqy
! 31/! Wbtf! iuuq;00xxx/pidis/psh0TQ0Jttvft0QJoejhfobt0FNSJQ0Qbhjobt0FNSJ!
QJoefy/btqy!\dpotvmubeb!fm!6!ef!ejdjfncsf!ef!3123^/
! 32/! Qbwfm! Tvmzboe{jhb/! Wbtf! iuuq;00xxx/ejqmpnbdjbjoejhfob/psh0xq.dpoufou0
vqmpbet031220230EEII.z.usbotobdjpobmft.sftpmvdjpo.3122/qeg! \dpotvmubeb!
fm!21!ef!pduvcsf!ef!3123^/
! 33/! Mp!njtnp!qvfef!efdjstf!ef!puspt!gpspt-!dpnp!fm!ef!mb!Dpogfsfodjb!ef!mbt!Qbsuft!
)DPQ*!ef!mb!Dpowfodj˜o!ef!Ejwfstjebe!Cjpm˜hjdb!ef!mb!POV-!fo!rvf!tf!efcbufo!
nbufsjbt! dfousbmft! qbsb! mpt! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! dpnp! mb! dpotfswbdj˜o! z! mpt!
dpopdjnjfoupt! usbejdjpobmft! ef! qvfcmpt! joe“hfobt-! qfsp! rvf! qps! sb{poft! ef!
ftqbdjp!op!ifnpt!bcpsebep!brv“/

77

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 66 2/10/13 13:40:31

 CJCMJPHSBGëB!
DPNJTJïO!JOUFSBNFSJDBOB!EF!EFSFDIPT!IVNBOPT!)3124*;!Sftpmvdj˜o!203124/!Sfgpsnb!efm!
Sfhmbnfoup! Qpm“ujdbt! z! Qsˆdujdbt/! Ejtqpojcmf! fo! iuuq;00xxx/pbt/psh0ft0djei0efdj.
tjpoft0qeg0Sftpmvdjpo2.3124ftq/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!41!bcsjm!ef!3124^/
DPOGFSFODJB!JOUFSOBDJPOBM! EFM!USBCBKP!)3122*;!Jogpsnf!ef!mb!Dpnjtj˜o!ef!Fyqfsupt!fo!
Bqmjdbdj˜o!ef!Dpowfojpt!z!Sfdpnfoebdjpoft/!Pctfswbdj˜o!hfofsbm!Dpowfojp!tpcsf!qvfcmpt!
joe“hfobt! z! usjcbmft-! 2:9:! )on/27:*/! Ejtqpojcmf! fo! iuuq;00xxx/pctfswbupsjp/dm0
tjuft0efgbvmu0gjmft0cjcmjpufdb0pctfswbdjpo`hfofsbm`qvfcmpt`joejhfobt`jogpsnf`
dpnjtjpo`fyqfsupt`dpogfsfodjb`joufsobdjpobm`efm`usbcbkp`3122`qvfcmpt`joejhf.
obt/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!2!ef!ejdjfncsf!ef!3123^/
DPSUF!JOUFSBNFSJDBOB!EF!EFSFDIPT!IVNBOPT!)2:::*;!Pqjoj˜o!Dpotvmujwb!PD.270::!ef!2!
ef!Pduvcsf!ef!2:::-!tpmjdjubeb!qps!mpt!Ftubept!Vojept!Nfyjdbopt/!Ejtqpojcmf!fo!iuuq;00
xxx/dpsufjei/ps/ds0epdt0pqjojpoft0tfsjfb`27`ftq/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!2!ef!ejdjfn.
csf!ef!3123^/
GFEFSBDJïO!JOUFSOBDJPOBM! EF!EFSFDIPT!IVNBOPT!)311:*;!Efsfdipt!Ivnbopt!z!fnqsf.
tbt;!efgfoefs!mpt!efsfdipt!ivnbopt!z!hbsbouj{bs!mb!dpifsfodjb/!Dpousjcvdj˜o!ef!mb!GJEI!
bm! Sfqsftfoubouf! Ftqfdjbm! ef! mpt! Efsfdipt! ivnbopt! z! mbt! fnqsftbt! usbotobdjpobmft! z!
pusbt! fnqsftbt/! Ejtqpojcmf! fo! iuuq;00xxx/gjei/psh0Efsfdipt.ivnbopt.z.
fnqsftbt.efgfoefs.mpt.efsfdipt!\dpotvmubeb!fm!2!ef!ejdjfncsf!ef!3123^/
OBDJPOFT! VOJEBT! )DPNJU„! EF! EFSFDIPT! IVNBOPT*! )311:*;! Ejdubnfo! Dpnvojdbdj˜o! O!
256803117-!DDQS0D0:60E0256803117/
Ò! )3122*;! Qsjodjqjpt! Sfdupsft! tpcsf! mbt! Fnqsftbt! z! mpt! Efsfdipt! Ivnbopt/! Obdjpoft!
Vojebt-! Ovfwb! Zpsl/! Ejtqpojcmf! fo! iuuq;00xxx/pidis/psh0Epdvnfout0
Qvcmjdbujpot0HvjejohQsjodjqmftCvtjofttIS`TQ/qeg!\dpotvmubeb!fm!2!ef!ejdjfncsf!
ef!3123^/

78

A0049 Entre el desa (F).indd 67 2/10/13 13:40:31