Ldtrhmuàëh

 Dg stjj ju
 Dgst jubj
bj mj
mjrg
rgnh
nhss kh
khdt
dtld
ldul
ulmj
mjmg
mg és dh
dhss
ssjs
js  pjrj un sg`
sg`udmh
udmh gxgr
gxgrkîk
kîklh
lh g pjrj j tgr
tgrkgl
kglrj
rj gtj
gtjpj?
pj?
gxpblkjà÷gs g gxgrkîklhs gn kjbl`rjflj Shdmg j khdfgkàëh mhs gxgrkîklhs dh kjmgrdh mjmh, dgstj
Frjdkgsj. jubj.
J Shdmg ì j kjbl`rjflj jrtîstlkj njls usjmj ]gnhs gdtëh rgjbngdtg trás gtjpjs mg
qujdmh j Njduskrltj dëh h ì. ]jncìn fjbjrgnhs j gxgrkîklhs gskrlths gn kjmj jubj. H trjàjmh ldlkljb ì
rgspglth mg hutrjs kjbl`rjfljs, nulth usjmjs dh fglth khn cjsg djs Mgfldlà÷gs g Ldstruà÷gs mg kjmj
 pjssjmh.
 pjssj mh. jubj. Gdsldjnhs
Gdsldjnhs h trjàjmh mjs bgtrjs, dhs trás tlphs
Jldmj dgstj gtjpj mjrgnhs ldstruà÷gs mg kjbl`rjflj, pjssh j pjssh, g vhká jprgdmg gn
jmlklhdjls shcrg js pgdjs g khdtjrgnhs un phukh tghrlj g prêtlkj ngmljdtg thmhs hs gxgrkîklhs
mj elsthrlj mhs dñngrhs gn fhrnjs mg gskrltj. jkhdsgbejmhs. H trgldh ì mjmh gn fhrnj mg
 Dj `rj`rjfhb
fhbh`l
h`ljj jpr
jprgsg
gsgdtj
dtjrgn
rgnhs
hs njl
njlss unj gxgr
gx grkî
kîklh
klhs,
s, qu
qugg sëh ld ldlk
lkljb
ljbng
ngdt
dtgg kh
khplpljm
jmhs
hs dh
jdêblsg gn prêtlkj g tghrljs mgskrltlvjs pjrj h sgu kjmgrdldeh mg kjbl`rjflj g gn fhbejs mg subfltg, qug
ush dh futurh. vhká ngsnh gxgkutj h trjàjmh mjs pjutjs.
Hs trjcjbehs prêtlkhs gstëh bldmhs! Njls Yjrj rgvls÷gs g trgldh mhs gxgrkîklhs gn
qujtrh su`gst÷gs pjrj vhká. futurjs gtjpjs, vhká prûprlh gskhbegrê h ngbehr 
 Dëh prgkl
prgklsjnhs
sjnhs bgncr
bgncrjrjr qug j sgqòá
sgqòádklj
dklj mhs  pjpgb g trjàjm
t rjàjmhh mg
m g pjutjs
p jutjs..
gxgrkîklhs prêtlkhs ì1 jprgdmlzjmh mg trjàjmh gn Vjnhs ldlkljr njls un fjsg mg trjcjbeh tgûrlkh,
rjsku
rjskude
deh?
h? prprln
lngl
glrh
rh gx
gxgr
grkî
kîklh
klh gn kj kjmg
mgrd
rdld
ldeh
eh mg  prêtlkh g krljtlvh khn js prlnglrjs ldstruà÷gs shcrg
kjbl`rjflj? trjàjmh prûprlh (gn pjpgb subfltg) mjs pjutjs j kjbl`rjflj `ûtlkj jbgnë, aê dgstj jubj.

J Kjbl`rjflj
Mgfldlà÷gs g Ldstruà÷gs V
Clkhs mg Ygdj
Shdmg Frjdkgsj (khdtldujàëh) Khdsgrvjàëh g Blnpgzj
FH]H : - Clkh
 J rgspglth mh trjàjmh mjs bgtrjs g pjutjs mg pgdj.
mgstg tlph mg kjbl`rjflj, dëh tgnhs njls djmj j
jkrgskgdtjr dgstj quldtj jubj. Njdtgdej gn ngdtg
thmj j tghrlj g tìkdlkj mjmj dj jubj jdtgrlhr. Ì
phrìn, dgkgssêrlh g lnphrtjdtg, unj sg`udmj
gtjpj mg gxgrk
gxgrkîklhs
îklhs prêtlkhs,
prêtlkhs, jldmj gn Shdmg g
lnphrtjdtgs ldstruà÷gs shcrg blnpgzj mhs clkhs
mg pgdj.
[hngdtg jpûs gstjs gxpblkjà÷gs, ì qug
ldlkljrgnhs js ldstruà÷gs cêslkjs shcrg j dhssj
ñbtln
ñbtlnjj g nj
njls
ls sh
shfls
flstltlkj
kjmj
mj fh
fhrn
rnjj mg jr
jrtg
tg kj
kjbl`
bl`rê
rêflflkj
kj11
 J @Û]LKJ JBGNË.
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;9 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
 Js pgdjs phssugn unj vlmj ñtlb njlhr hu
ngdhr, mg jkhrmh khn h trjtjngdth qug rgkgcgn.
Gdsldjnhs j vhká, khnh ldlkljbngdtg usjr 
unj pgdj dhvj ‒quglnjdmh„ h sgu vgrdlz pjrj
thrdê-bj phrhsj, pjrj j gskrltj.
J`hrj
J`h rj vjn
vjnhs
hs gds
gdsldj
ldjr-
r-beg
beg khn
khnhh bln
blnpê-
pê-bj
bj g
`ujrmê-bj
 DË
 D Ë H B JVJVG G [ W J [ Y G D J [ . Gbjs phmgn
gdfgrruajr.

FH]H = - Mj cjsg mj pgdj, pjrj j suj phdtj, khn sujvlmjmg, [GN

GD]HS]Ê-BJ.

FH]H 3 - Blnpg-js sgnprg khn pjpgb jcshrvgdtg (bgdàhs mg pjpgb hu

pjpgb el`ládlkh).

FH]H 7 - Dëh fjàj nhvlngdths mg lmj g vhbtj, pjrj dëh mjdlflkjr h

clkh (j phdtj) g dëh mglxjr rgsîmuhs mg pjpgb, prgshs é pgdj.

FH]H ; - Jpûs kjmj ush, blnpg-js gn nhvlngdths sujvgs g gn bldej

rgtj.
@ujrmg js pgdjs gn bhkjb sgkh g jrgajmh,
bhd`g mg pgsshjs dëh ldstruîmjs shcrg h sgu ush
tìkdlkh g, prldklpjbngdtg, fhrj mh jbkjdkg mjs
krljdàjs.
[jcgnhs qug js pgdjs sëh kjrjs g mlfîkgls mg
sg hctgr. Kulmg mjs sujs khn nulth kjrldeh. FH]H 6 - Ygdjs blnpjs g sgn rgsîmuhs jaumjn j gvltjr chrr÷gs.

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;: Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

FH]H 0 - Bgncrg-sg mj phsturj khrrgtj. Njdtgdej tjncìn, j supgrfî- LBW[]SJÀËH 3 - Fjàj h khdthrdh mj bgtrj g pldtg-j. Vgaj js gtjpjs.
klg mg trjcjbeh, blnpj g blvrg mg hcagths gstrjdehs jh sgu trjcjbeh jrtîs- Bgtrj trjàjmj khn clkh mg pgdj pjrj `ûtlkj (J). ]rjàjmh mh khdthrdh
tlkh, prhphrklhdjdmh jssln, gspjàh g blcgrmjmg pjrj sgus prûprlhs mj bgtrj (C), (K) g (M). Yldtg j êrgj ldtgrdj (G) g (F).
nhvlngdths.

usj mj kjdgtj tldtglrh hu pgdj khnun. Vjnhs beg

Ldlkljrgnhs js ldstruà
Ldlkljrgnhs ldstruà÷gs
÷gs prgblnldjrgs
prgblnldjrgs shcrg j gdsldjr un pgqugdh truqug qug dëh ì  djmj mlmêtlkh,
kjbl`rjflj @ûtlkj Jbgnë.
kjbl`rjflj  phrìn, ì unj shbuàëh.
Yhrìn, pjrj gstg tlph mg shbuàëh vhká aê
@ûtlkj Jbgnë mgvgrê tgr jmqulrlmh un ûtlnh mhnîdlh prêtlkh mh
ush mj pgdj.
[g vhká tlvgr jkgssh és pgdjs khrtjmjs, gbjs
[gu ush, mlfusëh g kurlhslmjmgs, sgrëh tjncìn sëh gxkgbgdtgs, phrìn vhká prgklsjrê mg
khdegklmhs
khdegklm hs gn dhsshs kjpîtubhs shcrg j Elstûrlj mj ejclblmjmgs jmlklhdjls.
Kjbl`rjflj. Gdtrgtjdth, aê jmljdtjnhs qug gstg tlph
mg kjbl`rjflj ì h njls jrtîstlkh g gbjchrjmh mg thmhs Bgncrjnhs1
hs tgnphs g qug h mhnîdlh mg suj tìkdlkj gxl`g
nulth trgldh. Ygdjs khn : clkh (: phdtj) > mj njls fldj j
mg d±. :, jtì j njls `rhssj qug ì j mg d±. 6.
Ygdjs khn 3 clkhs (3 phdtjs) > d±.s :9, 39, ;9,
Clkhs mg pgdj pjrj j kjbl`jflj `ûtlkj =9, 79,
79, 69, 09,
09, 59, g <9.
<9.
Ygdj khn ; clkhs (; phdtjs) > d±. =99.
H lmgjb g h prûprlh, ì h ush mjs pgdjs khn 3 Js pgdjs khn 3 clkhs prhmuzgn trjàjmhs
 clkhs
 clk hs (mu
(mujs
js phd
phdtj
tjs)
s).. Gs
Gssg
sgss së
sëhh nul
nulth
th mlf
mlfîkg
îkgls
ls mg vjzjmhss (êrgjs ldtgrdjs ldkhbhrgs)
vjzjmh ldkhbhrgs) qug phmgn sgr 
sgrgn gdkhdtrjmhs. Ldlklg, phrtjdth, hs trgldhs khn h  pldtjm
 pld tjmjs
js hu dëh khn pgdj
pgdjss mg un clkclkhh hu kjdg
kjdgtjtj
bêpls mg kjrpldtglrh khn phdtj mupbj. tldtglrh.
]gdej sgnprg mhls bêpls mg kjrpldt
kjrpldtglrh.
glrh. Wn
jphdtjmh SG]H pjrj j jrtg SHDMG g hutrh khn h
khrtg dh nglh, pjrj j jrtg @Û]LKJ.
Vhká phmg tjncìn trjàjr j `ûtlkj
`ûtl kj khn h bêpls
b êpls
LBW[]SJÀËH : - Bêpls khn phdtj mupbj. Jpûs jphdtjmh, fjàj h khrtg. mg phdtj khrtjmj g mgphls khcrlr j jrtg khn pgdj
hu kjdgtj tldtglrh. Å njls fêklb.
[g vhká dëh khdsg`ulu unj pgdj jmgqujmj jh Fjàj h trgldh mhs trjàhs g pjssg jh sgu
jprgdmlzjmh g trgldh, utlblzg h bêpls mg kjrpldtglrh kjmgrd
kjm grdlde
ldehh mg kjb
kjbl`r
l`rjfl
jflj.
j. Jdt
Jdtgsgs mg pjspjssjr
sjr jh
jssln vhká tgrê tgnph jmlklhdjb pjrj khdtldujr suj kjmgrdh mg gxgrkîklhs, mjmh dgstj jubj, trjkg sujs
 prhkurj.  pjutjs,
 pjut js, sg`
sg`udmh
udmh j ngmlmj
ng mlmj mjmj
mjmj.. Bglj
Bg lj phrì
phrìn,
n, thmj
t hmj j
[g ngsnh jssln, vhká dëh khdsg`ulr  jubj jdtgs mg ldlkljr sgus gxgrkîklhs. Dj prûxlnj g
gdkhdtrjr hs sgus clkhs mg pgdj phmgrê rgkhrrgr jh ñbtlnj jubj khdtldujrgnhs h gdsldh prêtlkh mj
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;3 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
 LBW[]SJÀËH
LBW[]SJÀ ËH ; - Gssg
Gssgss sëh hs gxgr
gxgrkîk
kîklhs
lhs nus
nuskubj
kubjrgs
rgs
pjrj h ldîklh mh jprgdmlzjmh mj `ûtlkj. Fjàj-hs khn
bêpls jphdtjmh g khn phdtj khrtjmj.

khnh SHNJDJ, djskgu dh sìkubh L g fbhrgskgu gdtrg

hs sìkubhs V g ULL.
Fhl mlfudmlmj khn h dhng mg KEJDKGBJSLJ
LNYGSLJB, jpûs nhmlflkjà÷gs fgltjs pgbh ltjbljdh
Njrkgbh [kjbzldh.
[ujs kjrjktgrîstlkjs sëh1 ldkbldjàëh mg 39¹ é
mlrgltj, khn phrà÷gs supgrlhrgs g ldfgrlhrgs cgn
 prhdud
 prh dudkl
kljmj
jmjs,s, tg
tgrnl
rnldjd
djdmh mh gn trj
trjàhs
àhs g ejs
ejstg
tgss gn
LBW[]SJÀËH = - Njls gxgrkîklhs gn trjàjmhs pjrj j kjbl`rjflj `ûtlkj. flbgtgs hu jdìls cgn fgkejmhs.
 Dgstg
 Dgs tg tlph
t lph mg jrtg
j rtg,, dj Jdtl`u
Jd tl`ulmj
lmjmg,
mg, unj hutr
hutrjj
LBW[]SJÀËH 7 - Hc- kjrjktgrîstlkj `rlfjvj j jrtg. J bgtrj n  grj sgnprg
sgrvg qug khn j udlëh njls gstrgltj qug js mgnjls.
mhs mhls ñtlnhs trjàj-
mhs, fhrnjnhs j bgtrj Gstj ì j jrtg qug jdtgkgmgu
jdtgkgmgu j njdu
njduskrltj
skrltj
h  g/hu h hvjbjmh kgd-

trjb pjrj hutrjs bgtrjs.

kjbl`rjflj @ûtlkj Jbgnë, phrìn jkhdsgbejnhs1 DËH
]GDEJ YSG[[J! Dëh pjssg j unj gtjpj sg`uldtg,
sgn jdtgs tgr mhnldjmh j tìkdlkj qug gstgaj sgdmh
trjcjbejmj.
khngrkljb. Yjsshu j sgr mgsgdejmj gn tjnjdeh
ngdhr, khn bl`jà÷gs gdtrg js bgtrjs, fgltjs phr 
flbgtgs. Gssj bl`jàëh grj trjàjmj mg njdglrj qug j
nëh bgvjdtjvj-sg mh pjpgb, jpgdjs unj vgz,
tgrnldjmj j pjbjvrjs. J njduskrltj khngrkljb
tjncìn jmqulrlu un fhrnjth njls rgmhdmh khn
ldkbldjàëh j =7¹ g njls tjrmg é 7;¹, phr qugst÷gs
gstìtlkjs.
Hs `ruphs mg bgtrjs sëh hs ngsnhs pjrj j
khngrkljb g pjrj j ld`bgsj.

J Elstûrlj mj :± j, g, l, n, d, h, r, s, u, v, w, x, z.
3± t, m, c, b, f, e, o.
;± `, a, p, q, y.
Kjbl`rjflj Hs jb`jrlsnhs usjmhs dgstj kjbl`rjflj sëh hs
JSÊCLKH[. Vgrgnhs hs dñngrhs dh fldjb mgstg
kjpîtubh.

(Kjpîtubh V) Kjbl`rjfljj Khngrklj

Kjbl`rjfl Khngrkljbb Jbgnë
(Njduskrltj
(Njduskrltj Jbgnë)
Khdtldujdmh khn h jssudth mj jubj =, gn qug
ldlkljnhs j djrrjàëh g j lbustrjàëh mjs vjrljs jrtgs LBW[]SJÀËH 6 - Bg-
trjs gn fhrnjths
gn kjbl`rjfljs, jtrjvìs mhs tgnphs, pjssgnhs j shflstlkjmhs.
njls gxgnpbhs.

Kjbl`rjflj Khngrkljb, Khrrgdtg hu

Njduskrltj Wnj kjbl`rjflj nulth gbg`jdtg khn trjàhs fldhs.
Js nldñskubjs phssugn fhrnjths mlfgrgdtgs.
Gstg tlph, tjncìn ì ldlkljbngdtg cjtlzjmh J s b g t r js
js k , g , n , l , d , g u d ë h s ë h
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;; Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
 LBW[]SJÀËH 0 - jbfjcgth gn
khngrkljb (njduskrltj) jbgnë.
Bgtrjs njlñskubjs.

suflklgdtgngdtg jrrgmhdmjmjs pjrj h dhssh pjmrëh Jpblkjnhs j gstg tlph mg jrtg, hs ngsnhs
mg gskrltj, njs tgrnldjn gn ejstgs kegljs.  prldkîpl
 prld kîplhs
hs jmht
jmhtjmhs
jmhs pjrj j ld`
ld`bgs
bgsj.
j.
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;= Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
.
Kjbl`rjflj Ltjbljdj
Jldmj dhs mljs mg ehag, gstj jrtg ì utlblzjmj
LBW[]SJÀËH 5 - Kjbl`rjflj gn bêplmgs.
Ltjbljdj J g B njlñskubjs.
Yhmgnhs tjncìn kltjr hutrj kjrjktgrîstlkj1 j
kjbl`rjflj ltjbljdj ì unj nhmlflkjàëh mj KEJDKG-
BJSLJ LNYGSLJB, khn trjàhs jrtîstlkhs prûprlhs. prûprlhs.
Gstj jrtg ì fgltj khn pgdj mg YHD]J KHS] KHS]JMJ
JMJ
g ldkbldjàëh mg 66¹. Hs trjàhs keglhs jskgdmgdtgs,
sëh l`ujls jhs trjàhs keglhs mgskgdmgdtgs.
mgskgdmgdtgs. Js phrà÷gs
J kjbl`rjflj ltjbljdj, tjncìn ì khdegklmj supgrlhrgs dëh tán j fhrnj mg jdgb, phrìn js phrà÷gs
khnh  cjstjrmj , phr sgr lbg`îtlnj j pjrtlr mj bjtldj ldfgrlhrgs sëh jdgbjmjs.
(un mgsvlh mg trjàj
trjàjmh),
mh), fhl j kjbl`r
kjbl`rjflj
jflj hflkljb dj J kjbl`rjflj ltjbljdj ì nulth utlblzjmj gn lnphr-
Ltêblj, dhs sìkubhs LLL, LV g V.
V. tjdtgs
tjdtgs g jrtîst
jrtîstlkh
lkhss tgx
tgxths
ths,, jtì hs
hs mlj
mljss mg ehag.
ehag.

LBW[]SJÀËH < - Jbfjcgth njlñskubh gn kjbl`rjflj ltjbljdj.

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;7 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 Hs `ruphs hcgmgkgn j sg`uldtg hrmgn1

:± j, n, d, y, u
3± k, g, `, b, h, d
;± f, l, a, o, e, t
Kjbl`rjflj
=± c, p, r 
7± m, q, s, v, w, z
Sgmhdmj
Kjbl`rjflj  phssul
 phs
Sgmhdmj hu ‒rhdmg„ (rgmhdmj gn frjdkás),
sul `rjd
`rjdmgmg jfl
jfldlmj
dlmjmg
mg khn j ltj
ltjblj
bljdj.
dj.
J Frjdàj fhl tjncìn jrtlstlkjngdtg
jrtlstlkjngdtg fjnhsj

Khubìg  pgbh sgu bg`

bg`jmh
jmh gn ; tlph
tlphss mg kjb
njduskrltj hu kurslvj g j rhdmg.
kjbl`r
l`rjfl
jfljj ‛ khub

Gn gskhbjs mg jrtg, prlnglrjngdtg gdsldj-sg

h mhnîdlh mj khubìg. Mgphls j rhdmg khngàj j sgr 
khubìg,
ìg,

LBW[]SJÀËH
:9 - Nldñskubjs
jprgdmlmj g gxgkutjmj.
gn Khubìg J kjbl`rjflj rhdmg ì rgtj, dëh tgn ldkbldjàëh g
dëh sg mgvg gxgrkgr njlhr prgssëh shcrg h pjpgb,
 pjrj qug hs
h s trjàhs
trj àhs mgskg
mgskgdmgdtg
dmgdtgss dëh sg thrdgn
t hrdgn njls
bjr`hs qug hs jskgdmgdtgs. Hs gxgrkîklhs cêslkhs
LBW[]SJÀËH :: - mgvgn sgr fglths khn pgdj d±. 3,7
Njlñskubjs gn
Khubìg. Js pgdjs njls jkhdsgbejmjs pjrj gstj jrtg sëh
js mg : clkh, khn dungrjà÷gs vjrljdmh gdtrg h 3
jtì h 7.
 Dj prûxlnj jubj, jprgdmgrgnh
jprgdmgrgnhss js fhrnjs mj
kjbl`rjflj `ûtlkj jtrjvìs mhs tgnphs. Vgajnhs j`hrj
hs dñngrhs.
Gstg tlph mg jrtg ì nulth usjmh dh nudmh thmh,
 pjrjj sg pldt
 pjr pldtjr
jr g chrmj
chrmjrr nhd
nhdh`r
h`rjnj
jnjss (ld
(ldlkl
lkljls
jls mg dhng
dhngs).
s).
Ì j kjbl`rjflj djklhdjb frjdkgsj ì cjstjrmj mj
ltjbljdj. Wsjmj dj Frjdàj mgsmg h sìkubh UVLLL.
Hs Dñngrhs Jtrjvìs mj
Mlfgrgdtg mj ltjbljdj pgbjs ejstgs njls jbhd`jmjs. Elstûrlj
Gstj jrtg, tjncìn ì fgltj khn pgdj khrtjmj.
 Dh ldîklh mhs tgnphs
tgnphs phpubjrgs, grj
grj gskrltj khn
bgvg ldkbldjàëh
ldkbldjàëh é gsqug
gsqugrmj
rmj g jb`ud
jb`udss kjbî`
kjbî`rjfhs
rjfhs jssln Mgsmg h ldîklh mj eunjdlmjmg, kêbkubhs grjn
jldmj j trjàjn. dgkgssêrlhs, phr lssh jdtgs mh jmvgdth mhs dñngrhs,
Hs prlnglrhs chdlths gxgnpbhs jpjrgkgrjn dj sldjls dunìrlkhs
dunìrlkhs prgklsj
prgklsjrjn
rjn sgr krljmh
krljmhss pjrj j
Frjdàj gn :60:. gxprgssëh g ngnhrlzjàëh mgssgs kêbkubhs.
J Khubìg hu kurslvj frjdkgsj ì gskrltj khn un Jdtgs mj bld`uj`gn, prhprljngdtg mltj, unj
 phukj njls mg vgbhklmjmg mh qug j ltjbljdj. khnudlkjàëh jtrjvìs mg sldjls (khnh j bld`uj`gn
mhs surmhs-numhs) fhl krljmj pjrj phsslclbltjr j
LBW[]SJÀËH :3 -
khnudlkjà
khnu dlkjàëh.
ëh. Jtrjvìs mhs sldjls
sldjls,, jpjrg
jpjrgkgrjn
kgrjn
Dñngrhs gn ltjbljdj g tjncìn sldjls dunìrlkhs khn gqulvjbádklj mg 9 j <
frjdkgsj. g lsth grj gxprgssh, pgbjs mlfgrgdtgs phslà÷gs mhs
mgmhs mhs pìs g mjs nëhs.

(Khdtlduj jpûs h Kjmgrdh mg Gxgrkîklhs)

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;6 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 Kjmgrdh mg Gxgrkîklhs

Kjbl`rjflj Yrêtlkj

Fjàj hs gxgrkîklhs mjmhs, ldlkljdmh pgbjs sgtjs, gn sgus phdths mg hrl`gn.

Wsg bêpls mg kjrpldtglrh hu clkh mg pgdj ldmlkjmh pjrj kjbl`rjflj Shdmg.

(Jdtgs mg gxgkutjr hs gxgrkîklhs dgstg kjmgrdh, trg ldg hs trjàjmhs gn un

rjskudeh, phr vêrljs vgzgs.)

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;0 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;5 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :;< Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=9 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=: Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=3 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=; Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :== Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=7 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=6 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=0 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=5 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :=< Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :79 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :7: Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :73 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
 LBW[]SJÀËH :; - Dñngrhs gtruskhs, dñngrhs jdtl`hs gn tlph jrêclkh, dñngrhs jrêclkhs usjmhs dh sìkubh ULLL, dñngrhs jrêclkhs hrlgdtjls g dñngrhs ldmljdhs.

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :7; Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 Hs prlnglrhs 7 dñngrhs grjn rgprgsgdtjmhs jhs dñngrhs mg 9 j <.
 pgbhss mgmhs
 pgbh m gmhs mg unj mjs nëhs
nëhs,, jcgrt
j cgrtj.
j. Mgph
Mgphlsls grj
grjnn Hs rhnjdhs, gn sgus sînchbhs (LV, (LV, LU, gtk.),
jmlklhdjmhs
jmlklh djmhs hutrhs
hutrhs mj hutrj
hutrj nëh. J nëh keglj
keglj (khn fhrjn
fhr jn hs pr prlng
lnglrh
lrhss j mjr hrl`gn
hrl`gn é suc suctrj
trjàëh
àëh
7 mgmhs) grj rgprgsgdtjmj pgbh sldjb V, mgphls grjn (mlnldulàëh).
jmlk
jmlklh
lhdj
djmh
mhss un j un un,, khkhnh
nh mg mgnh
nhdsdstr
trjn
jn hs J hrl`gn mhs dñngrhs sgnprg fhl ldkgrtj. Hs
dñngrhs1 sgls (VL), sgtg (VLL) g hlth (VLLL). H mgz, hu e g c r gu
g u s , p h r g x g n pb
pb h , u s j v j n b g t r j s p j r j
sgaj, mujs nëhs fgkejmjs khn hs pudehs kruzjmhs, slnchblzjr hs dñngrhs hu qujdtlmjmgs.
grj rgprgsgdtjmh pgbh U? phr lssh, h dhvg grj Gn :376 hs êrjcgs mlfudmlrjn j jrtg mhs
rgprgsgdtjmh pgbh un ngdhs mgz (LU). dñngrhs g gn :369 hs ldmljdhs jpgrfglàhjrjn sujs
Js nëh kruzjmjs shcrg hs pìs, U phr U, fhrnjs.
vjbljn phr :999 (N). Gn fhrnjths dhrnjls (nìmlhs g pgqugdhs), hs
Yjrj ngmlr-sg js mlstãdklj, usjvj-sg h pì dñngrhs mgvgn sgr un phukh njlhrgs mh qug js
qug rgpgtlmh nlb vgzgs (:999 x ;3,; kn) prhmuzljn  phà÷
 ph à÷gsgs nì ml js (k (kgd
gd tr
trjl
jl s ) mj
mjss bg t rj
rjs.
s. Y rh
rhku
kurg
rg
j NLBEJ. jkhnpjdejr js jrtgs gn dñngrhs g bgtrjs, j kjmj
Hs ldmljdhs fhrjn hs prlnglrhs j mjr fhrnj kjbl`rjflj utlblzjmj.

@rjfhbh`lj (Blàëh 7)
Khdtldujdmh khn dhssjs jdêblsgs `rjfhbû`lkjs nhstrjmh dltlmjngdtg phr1
gbgngd
gbg ngdtjr
tjrgs,
gs, jpr
jprgsg
gsgdtj
dtjrgn
rgnhs
hs un gxg gxgnpb
npbhh - Gskrltj gn bldejs hdmubjmjs (:).
dgstj blàëh, khn un jkrìsklnh mg mgfldlà÷gs g - Bgtrjs h, jcjlxh mj phràëh nìmlj (3).
gxpblkjà÷gs
gxpbl kjà÷gs,, pjrj hfgrgkgr unj ngbehr cjsg mg - Bgtrjs t khrtjmjs nulth gncjlxh mg suj zhdj
jdêblsg g ldtgrprgtjàëh.  prûprlj (;).
Gstj ì unj kjbl`rjflj mlfîklb mg jdêblsg, phls - Jb`unjs bgtrjs ldkbldjmjs é mlrgltj g hutrjs
trjtj-sg mg unj nhàj gn mlfîklb trjdslàëh mg lmjmg é gsqugrmj (=).
 pgbhs jspgkths dg`jtlvhs, jkgdtujmjngdtg prgsgdtgs - Jkgdtujàëh mh  l , ldkhdstjdtg (7).
dgstj gskrltj.
Gstj kjbl`rjflj mgnhdstrj unj gnhàëh cgn (:) Ldsg`urjdàj.
hphstj j mj hutrj jmhbgskgdtg, dj qujb jdjblsjnhs j (3) prghkupjàëh khn h khrph.
gskrltj dj ubtlnj jubj. (;) ]lnlmgz g sgn prghkupjà÷gs ngdtjls hu
 Dgstg kjsh, dhs rgfgrl
rgfgrlnhs
nhs jhs jspgkt
jspgkths
hs dg`j- gnhklhdjls mg hrmgn supgrlhr.
tlvhs,
tlvhs, dëh és qujqujblm
blmjmg
jmgss eun
eunjdj
jdjs.
s. Gst
Gstjnh
jnhss dhs (=) Jldmj bl`jmj é ldfãdklj g prhagtj-sg jh fu-
rgfgrl
rgf grldmh
dmh shng
shngdtg
dtg jh jsp
jspgkth
gkth LD[G
LD[G@WSJ
@WSJDÀJ,
DÀJ, turh, jh ngsnh tgnph.

LBW[]SJÀËH := - Kjbl`rjflj mg unj jmhbgskgdtg.

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :7= Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 LBW[]SJÀËH :7 - Gxgn-
pbh mg kurvjs ehrlzhd-
tjls/mgskgdmgdtgs

(7) Fjbtj mg khdkgdtrjàëh g fhràj mg vhdtjmg. J`rgsslvlmjmg jkgdtujmj (-).

J`rgsslvlmjmg
Khnhphmg
Khnh phmgnhs
nhs tjnc
tjncìn
ìn hcs
hcsgrvj
grvjr,r,gstj
gstj jmhb
jmhbgskg
gskgdtg
dtg Mgtgrnldjàëhh (+).
Mgtgrnldjàë
 phssul chds trjàjmhs, bgtrjs jrrgmhdmjmjs g chjs prh- Ygsshj qug fjbj mgnjls. Ldkhdvgdlgdtg
Ldkhdvgdlgdtg (-).
 phrà÷g
 phrà÷gss djs trá
tráss ph
phrà÷
rà÷gs,
gs, mjs bgt
bgtrjs
rjs.. J tgd
tgdmád
mádklj
klj nhs
nhstrj
trj j  Dgkgssl
 Dgkg sslmjmg
mjmg mg njlhr blcg
blcgrmjmg
rmjmg (+).
bgvg
bgvg ldkbldjàëh é mlrgltj g pjbjvrjs cgn bg`îvgls. Mgskhdfljdàj.
 Dh futurh, sgrê unj chj kjbl`rjflj, mgdhtjdmh ]rjàjmhs fldjls gn kurvjs pjrj três
unj pgrshdjblmjmg njls kjbnj g gstêvgb. G`hîsnh g gxl`ádkljs.
]SJÀJMH[ LDLKLJL[ G FLDJL[ MJ[ BG]SJ[ ]rjàjmhs fldjls gn flbl`rjdjs hu `ulrbjdmjs
L[HBJMJ[
L[HBJ MJ[ G MJ[ YJBJ JBJVSJ[.
VSJ[. Ygsshj jnêvgb g gsphdtãdgj (+).
Zujdmh
Zuj dmh jdjblsjr qujbqugr jspgkth lshbjmh mg Ygsshj khn `gsths sgmuthrgs gn jtltumgs mg
unj kjbl`rjflj, dëh sg gsqugàj mg, prlnglrjngdtg, khdqulstj,
khdqulstj, pjrj jbkjdàjr hs rgsubtjmhs mgsgajmhs (-).
mgfldlr h tlph mg gskrltj1 ]rjàjmh
rjàjmhss fldjls gn kurvjs ehrlzh
ehrlzhdtjls/
dtjls/mgskgd-
mgskgd-
mgdtgs.
- phsltlvj Yrhtgàëh g kulmjmh khn js pgsshjs (+)
- dg`jtlvj Hkubtj `gsth, jtltumgs g pjbjvrjs mjs pgsshjs
- phsltlvj g dg`jtlvj é suj vhbtj (-)
- + phsltlvj g - dg`jtlvj ]rjàjmhs fldjls gn bldejs mgskgdmgdtgs
- - phsltlvj g + dg`jtlvj Ygsshj mgsvltjblzjmj, sgn fhràjs (+).
]gdmádkljs djturjblstjs phsltlvjs hu dg`jtlvjs.
Khn lssh, phmg-sg jdjblsjr khn njls krltìrlh Gssgs sëh hs prldklpjls jspgkths mhs trjàjmhs
kjmj gbgngdth mh khdaudth jprgsgdtjmh. ldlkljls g fldjls. Vgajnhs j sg`ulr hutrh tlph mg
H trjàjmh ldlkljb nhstrj js vhdtjmgs gn prh- jspgkth.
`rgssh
`rgssh g js gnh
gnhà÷g
à÷gss pjs
pjssjm
sjmjs,
js, tjn
tjncìn
cìn mgs
mgsgah
gahs,
s,
tgdmádkljs g jtltumgs gn rgbjàëh j sl ngsnh.
Jh khdtrêrlh, h trjàjmh fldjb rgfbgtg h khdtjth khn
Mlfgrgdtgs ]lphs mg Gskrltj
h nudmh gxtgrlhr, khn js pgsshjs.
Gskrltj mgsudlmj  ‛ Yjbjvrjs fhrnjmjs phr 
]rjàjmhs ldlkljls qug khngàjn dj phràëh
bgtrjs sgn udlëh hu jb`unjs bgtrjs sgn bl`jàëh
supgrlhr mj bldej ngmljdj
(+) ]gdmádklj ê ldvgdà÷gs, mgskhcrlngdths,
Ì unj pgsshj njls hu ngdhs jbtruîstj,
rgjàëh, vlvjklmjmg, sgdslclblmjmg gn kjptjr dhvjs
mgpgdmgdmh
mgpgdmgdmh mh khnprlngd
khnprlngdth
th mh trjàh.
lnprgss÷gs.
Vhbt
hbtjj suj gnh
gnhàë
àëhh nj
njls
ls jh pg
pgdsj
dsjngd
ngdth
th g (-) Ygsshj g`hîstj
g`hîstj g kjprl
kjprlkehsj
kehsj..
gnhà÷gs supgrlhrgs. G s k r l tj mj , u d l m j   ‛ Ì h hphsth mj
tj b l ` j mj
]rjàjmhs ldlkljls qug khngàjn dj phràëh
jdtgrlhr, ]hmjs
]hmjs js bgtrjs sëh bl`jmjs.
ngmljdj mj bldej gskrltj
(+) Cuskj mg udlëh gnhklhdjb g ngdtjb, khn j
Jà÷gs g jtltumgs j pjrtlr mg suj jfgtlvlmjmg g vlmj g js pgsshjs. Chn rjklhkîdlh mgmutlvh, kubturj
gnhà÷gs pjssjmjs ldtgdsj g ûtlnj ngnûrlj. ]gdmádklj ]gdmádklj pjrj js
]rjàjmhs ldlkljls qug khngàjn dj phràëh
. kládkljs
kládk ljs gxjtj
gxjtjs.s. Ygsshj hcagt
hcagtlvj.
lvj.
ldfgrlhr mj bldej ngmljdj
(-) Hcstldjàëh, cjlxh quhklgdtg mg ldtgbl`ádklj,
Jà÷gs g ldk
Jà÷gs ldkbld
bldjà÷
jà÷gs
gs nh
nhvlm
vlmjs
js khn fh fhrà
ràjj lmìljs
lmìljs g lmg
lmgjls
jls gst
gstrgl
rglths
ths..
jpjlxhdjmj,
jpjlx hdjmj, sgn nultjs ngmlmjs krltgrlhsjs. Njlhr  Gskrltj jskgdmgdtg  ‛ Gn bldejs qug phmgn
gdtrg`j jfgtlvj (+)* hu njlhr j`rgsslvlmj
j`rgsslvlmjmg
mg (-)*. numjr bgvgngdtg mg mlrgàëh g thrdjrgn-sg njls
]rjàjmhs fldjls prhbhd`jmhs g gn bldej rgtj
jbtjs qug h ldîkl
ldîklh.
h.
*(+) gskrltj phsltlvj (+) Htlnlsn
Htlnlsnh, h, mldjn
mldjnlsnh,
lsnh, jbtruî
jbtruîsnh,
snh,
*(-) gskrltj dg`jtlvj

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :77 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 krljtlvlmjmg, gxtrhvgrsëh. (-) Fjbtj mg sldkg sldkgrlmj
rlmjmg,
mg, mgskh
mgskhdtgd
dtgdtjngd
tjngdthth
(-) Mgprg
Mgprgssëh
ssëh khn j`ltjàëh
j`ltjàëh,, prgsu
prgsudàëh
dàëh.. gnhà÷gs rgprlnlmjs, khnpbgxh mg ldfgrlhrlmjmg
Gskrltj mgskgdmgdtg  ‛ Gn bldejs qug phmgn j`rgsslvh.
numjr bgvgngdtg mg mlrgàëh g thrdjrgn-sg njls K h d t l du
d u j r g n hs
h s k h n j s m g f l d là
là ÷ g s g
 cjlxjs
 cjlxjs qug dh ldîk
ldîklh.
lh. gxpblkjà÷gs dj prûxlnj jubj.
(+) Kjdsjàh, fjml`j gxtrgnj, mhgdàj, trlstgzj,
mgskhdtgdtjngdth, prg`ulàj, hklhslmjmg.
(-) Ygssh
nhbìstljs.
Ygsshjj jbtjn
jbtjngdtg
gdtg su`g
su`gstlhd
stlhdêvgb
êvgb,, `rjd
`rjdmgs
mgs ]rjcjbehs
Gskrltj ldkbldjmj ‛ Yhukh ldkbldjmj
(+) [gdsl
[gdslclblm
clblmjmg,
jmg, kjrld
(-) Ygsshj nulth
kjrldeh,
eh, cgbgzj
nulth ldstêvgb.
ldstêvgb.
cgbgzj mg kjrêtgr
kjrêtgr.. Yrêtlkhs
Gskrltj nulth ldkbldjmj
(+) Ejrnh
Ejrnhdlj
(-) Yjl
Yjlx÷g
dlj g nultj
nultj sgdsu
x÷gss sgn khdtrhb
sgdsujblmj
khdtrhbg.
g.
jblmjmg.
mg. ]grkglrj Yjrtg
Gskrltj Sgtj
(+) [grgd
[grgdlmjmg
lmjmg,, flrn
flrngzj
gzj g gstjclblmjmg
gstjclblmjmg.. J`hrj vjnhs krljr!
Njturlmjmg g khdtrhbg. Vjnhs gxgrkgr dhssj krljtlvlmjmg gn njls
(-) Frlgz
Frlgzj,
j, ldmlfgrgdà
ldmlfgrgdàjj g mgskhdfljdà
mgskhdfljdàj.
j. unj chdltj gtjpj jpblkjmj é kjbl`rjflj.
Murgzj mg sgdtlngdths
sgdtlngdths g hr`ubeh
hr`ubeh dg`jtlvh.
Gskrltj
Gskrltj khn ldkbl
ldkbldjàëh
djàëh é gsqugrmj Nhmgbh d±.5
(+)Hku
(+) Hkubtj
btj sgu
sgusgd
sgdtln
tlngd
gdtjb
tjblsn
lsnh,
h, tln
tlnlm
lmgz
gz g rg
rgkbu
kbusëh
sëh.. Yjpgb mg Kjrtj Mgkhrjmh

FH]H 5 - Yjpgb mg kjrtj mgkhrjmh.

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :76 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 Yhmgnhs gdkhdtrjr kgdtgdjs mg tlphs mg pjpìls Nhmgbh d±. <
mg kjrtjs mgkhrjmhs. Mgsgdehs, khrgs, mlzgrgs, gtk. Kjmgrdhs gdkjpjmhs khn ldskrlà÷gs
Lnj`ldg jkrgskgdtjr sgu dhng hu ngdsj`gn mg kjbl`rêflkjs
 Djtjb hu mg Jdlvgrsêrlh, Fgblkltjà÷gs, gtk.
Khn un cbhkh, vhká prhmuz vêrlhs kjrt÷gs g Mh njls slnpbgs kjmgrdldeh gskhbjr, jtì h njls
ngsnh pjpìls kjrtjs, khn h sgu dhng dh jbth mj lnphrtjdtg kjmgrdh mg jdhtjà÷gs, vhká phmg fjzgr un
 pê`ldj. supgr g krljtlvh trjcjbeh, utlblzjdmh un shflstlkjmh
 pjpgb
 pjpgb pjrj
pjrj prg
prgsgd
sgdtg
tg g gtlq
gtlqugt
ugtjs
js jut
juthkh
hkhbjd
bjdtgs
tgs.. Vjnh
jnhss bê8
NJ]GSLJB
-Yjpgb mg kjrtj mgkhrjmh NJ]GSLJB
-Clkh mg pgdj d±. = - Yj
Yjpg
pgbb pj
pjrj
rj pr
prgs
gsgd
gdtgtg kh
khn
n gs
gstj
tjnp
npjj nl
nlñm
ñmjj g rg
rg`u
`ubj
bjr 
r 
- Khb
Khbj/f
j/fltj
ltj jmg
jmgslv
slvjj
NHMH MG FJQGS  - Gtl
Gtlqug
qugtjs
tjs jut
juthkh
hkhbjd
bjdtgs
tgs
- Clkh mg
mg pgdj d±.
d±. ;,7
Gskrgvj
Gskrg vj h dh
dhng
ng hu
hujj ng
ngdsj
dsj`g
`gn
n mg
mgsuj
sujpr
prgf
gfgr
grád
ádklj
klj,, - Kjmgrdh
dh jbth mh pjpgb, gn Kjbl`rjflj Njduskrltj gn fhrnjth NHMH MG FJQGS 
`rjdmg.
Yjrj h tgxth, khdtldug dj ngsnj kjbl`rjflj, khn Gdkjpg khn kjrldeh h kjmgrdh
j ngsnj khr mg tldtj, phrìn, gn fhrnjth pgqugdh. Khbg j gtlqu
gtlqugtj
gtj dj frgd
frgdtg
tg gncjlxh g j mlrg
mlrgltj,
ltj,
jpûs tgr fglth j kjbl`rjflj.

FH]H < - Kjbl`rjflj jrtîstlkj gn pjpgb mgkhrjmh.

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :70 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

 FH]H :9 - Gdkjpg hs kjmgrdhs khn bldmhs pjpìls khbhrlmhs...

FH]H :: - ...khn nulth kjrldeh g kjprlkeh

Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :75 Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh

FH]H :3 - Ldfhrnjà÷gs dj prlnglrj pê`ldj.
Kursh mg Kjbl`rjflj - Jubj 7 :7< Ldstltuth Wdlvgrsjb Crjslbglrh
  Dj pjrtg mj frgdt
frgdtg,
g, vhká lrê gskrg
gskrgvgr
vgr h dhng NHMH MG FJQGS 
gn @Û]LKJ JBGNË. Mjrgnhs gssg trjcjbeh dj
 prûxlnj jubj. Gn Nj Njddusk
skrl
rltj
tj Kh
Khng
ngrrkl
kljb
jb hu ShShddmg
Jcrj h kjmgrdh, dj prlnglrj fhbej gskrgvj h Frjdkgsj, gskrgvj js gtlqugtjs khn js pgdjs jprh-
dhng g j njtìrlj hu jssudth qujb sgrê mgmlkjmh h  prljmjs
 prlj mjs..
kjmgrdh. Fjàj lssh gn Njduskrltj Khngrkljb. Khbg j gtlqugtj dj pjstj.
Wnj ûtlnj su`gstëh pjrj prgsgdtgs, kjmgrdhs
gskhbjrgs, ‒blvrhs„ mg rgkgltjs kubldêrljs, rgkgltjs mg  Dj prû
prûxln
xlnjj jub
jubjj mjr
mjrgnh
gnhss su
su`gs
`gst÷
t÷gs
gs gn
trlký g krhkeá, hràjngdths mhnìstlkhs g jtì mlêrlhs. @ûtlkj Jbgnë
Jdtgs mg pjssjr é prûxlnj jubj, gxgrkltg
Nhmgbh d±. :9 nulth j tìkdlkj mj kjbl`rjflj Shdmg Frjdkgsj g mj
Njduskrltj Khngrkljb. Gstg ì un gspgkljb g ln-
Yjstjs pjrj ]rjcjbehs/Mhkungdths  phrtj
 phr tjdtg
dtg kh
khdsg
dsgbeh
beh,, phl
phlss quj
qujdt
dthh njl
njlss gxg
gxgrkî
rkîkl
klhs
hs
vhká flzgr njlhr sgrê j ejclblmjmg mgsgdvhbvlmj
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