= AD LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES ot duced, voltages Stroke to ground in the vicinity of the line. Lightning _strokes_to_phage_conductors Produce the highest overvoltages for a given stroke current. Approximate value of conductor voltag =10kA (65% prob.}, 2,=500Q: |v=z2500Kv! Only UHV lines could withstand this stress. Most strokes to a phase conductor will cause flashover. Direct strokes to phase conductors are prevented by the use of one or more shielding wires. (overhead ground wires above the phase conductor) THEVENIN EQUIVALENT. sy oat Z| oewoo an THEVENIN EQUIVALENT FOR THE LIGHTNING STROKE i.e. surge impedance of the stroke channel. (2, = 1000 - 30009) i‘! for 2, =0 4s equal to the lightning cyrrent I, (constant current source) sai ye tet g ‘ ae dance ae wo peters Hind ee eset ii tans 2 v H t/t + 2) (a Yallge of cower s ] For stroke to phase conductor B= 2/2 = 250 i.e. 27? 2 7 ed Va Ty 2g od Vine Levene \ STROKES TO NEARBY GROUND es Field collapse and the charges on the conductor to be released. Static voltage represented by two travelling waves (in both directions)Induced surges equal on all three phases — front les. crest values rarely exceed 200kV. Flashover due to electro- static induction are unlikely on lines of 33kV or higher. Electromagnetic induction from the return stroke. Overvoltages can be much higher than those from electrostatic effect. In practice such cases is not frequent. Possible because strokes that are close enough to induce high voltages are more likely to hit on the line. SHIELDING B Electro-geometric model for shielding analysis. 8, : mean shielding angle fae ty the Vialtening 40 We poise he rz: striking distance (front af + \9 5 Ne etc) BC: exposed boundary It has been known for many veavs that effective shielding requires small shielding angles. 8, = 30° was considered adequete for lines with towers rot higher than 30m.= 4.5 - © Many different methods of assessing shielding performance have been proposed. We will look at two different. The Burgsdorf - Kostenko method Particularly useful as it is on extensive field records. Empirical formula for the probability of shielding failure (Pg)- (@ of total strokes to the line) 10944 Pg Nunber of shieldiAg failures/100km year: P, 100 SF = number of strokes to the line per year and 100km. = 2.7 4(70)/30 | [strokes/100km year] TD = number of thunderstorms days/year Only a portion of the shielding failures result in flashovers. The critical stroke current magnitude causing flashover is: * wv - V = CFO of insulation [fe aE OF) i 2, = surge imp. of phase cond. Empirical formula for the probability (P,,%) that a stroke will exceed a value (I ,kA) 10549 Shielding failure rate (SFO) is thus given by: 100 /100km yearWhi Analytical method developed in the last few years. Verified by a large scale field investigations. Analysis proceeds from the idea of the striking distance (r,), i.e. the distance of the leader head from a ground target at. which the average field gradient assumes the critical breakdown value. When the striking distance is reached, streamers emanate from the ground target to meet the leader. The critical mean field gradient has been estimated to between 3 and 6 kV/cm. The striking distance depends on the prospective stroke current (1g) Paaio: [axa] Striking distance to ground OX< 3 s \Ksg) kg according to field experience. STROKES TO TOWERS 9 pe | The tower surge impedance varies along the tower. It is never- theless possible to determine a constant value which gives quite closely the same time variation of tower top potential as model tests and field theory calculations.Es 30-1n(2(1 + oy [2] = 6o-in(®) + 90-F- 60 [a] _ Mean periphery of tower aw wire radius of down leads 2 wie vaduuh a dour (2ada / see T C&rounk eeivrernce) 18 An important parameter is the resistance in the path of lightning currents entering earth. aThe frequency value of grounding electrodes depends on their shape and dimensions and is directly proportional to soil resistivity. under the influence of high current densities, the soil surrounding ground electrodes becomes ionised or may even suffer partial breakdown. As a consequence, the impulse valueof the tower footing resistance is lower than the value measured at power frequency. In the 5 - 15.2 range, the effect is unimportant but for high resistance the reduction can be substantial. a sseey NBO @ impulse resistant I o 50.100 150 200 2 power frequency resistant age ng. For a stroke to tower, the terminating surge impedance is the resultant of the tower surge impedance Z,, in parellel with half the ground wire surge impedance 2, , allowing for ground wires in both directions. For two ground wires in each direction, 7, is to be taken as their equivalent surge impedance. The tower top potential V, is then: fmagi Self surge impedances: 2h, 24, = 138 log), —* 1 2a, 2o9 = 138 logy, A Mutual surge impedance: b Seo 212 2p = Bp) = 138 10549 ge The surge impedance of two parellel ground wires that share the current equally:= 4.10 - 4 gq 7 238 1ogy 9 (25 (EXAMPLE One ground wire with average height h = 30.5m, r= .63cm a 2230.5 _ ob 24, = 138 log) Fspgs = 550.2 S Two parallel ground wires at the same height, at a distance of a = 9.15m (b = 2h) 2x20 80.6 = q2-30.5:61 Zeq ~ 138 10519 (5-15-06. 0065 When a lightning surge enters a ground wire, the associated current and voltage waves induce in any parallel phase conductor, a surge of the same polarity and of K times the ground wire voltage.- 4.11 - 1. Ground wire v= Wyo Za ES 2. Phase conductor b \ 12 log : 10 > Zh 4°S19 F_ FOR ABOVE EXAMPLE: x = 103.15 K is normally of the order of 0.15 - 0.30 The voltage stressing the tower insulation is the difference between the towertop potential and the voltage induced in the phase conductors.- 4.12 - (1 - KDE, 2/(1 + 2/24) ive. Terminating impedance Corona on conductor causes increased effective conductor radius and increased coupling factor, i.e. reduced stress on insulation. EXAMPLE 4.2 I, = 20kA has a 408 prob. of being exceeded. Terminating impedance: 332-130 332 + 260 73 (l= wt, 2/(1 + 2/24) = 0.7+20-73/(1 + 73/1500) = 975kV- 4.13 - Direct stroke to phase conductor: = 20-250/(1 + 250/1500) 4286kV whe stroke current causing flashover will be very much lower than in the case of strokes to the grounding system. Effect of tower footing resistance A realistic assessment has to take into account the reflections from the tower base. If the tower footing resistance is much lower than the tower surge impedance - and this is the aim of good design - the wave traveeling down the tower is reflected with opposite sign. When the reflected wave arrives at the tower/crossarm junction after a fraction of as, it is superimposed on the existing tower potential at that point and the ra-e of rise is thereby substantially reduced. STUDY EXAMPLE 4.3 R= 202 gives v, = S95KV Compared to 975kV calculated without regard to tower footing resistance and sloping front. STROKES TO GROUND WIRES Stress_at_midspan= 4.14 - Tf a stroke is to a ground wire at some distance from the tower, say at midspan, the voltage on the ground wire is found by setting the terminating surge impedance 2 = 42, AT, 2/(1 + 24/22,) The voltage/(1 ~ K)y,, + which the air gap must withstand, is considerably\higher~than any voltage stress across tower insulator strings that may be caused by a stroke of equal intensity to either tower or ground wire at the tower. This follows from the higher effective terminating surge impedance at midspan. Also much longer time for any alleviating reflected wave. Stress_to_tower insulation after stroke _to_midspan 332 2 oo ven f J ]|A-K) vp 2_ 2130.2 Assuming no flashover at midspan, the waves v, and Kv, travel ‘m m towards the adjacent towers where they are modified by reflections. seca EEDA Z, +t, 7g 2 - (ORR st ecrmaee wags TEER tio.z. e q iri tty~ 4.15 - ne TP ig = ge T . m 2Zy + By (%0.44v,) The induced voltage on the phase conductor is reduced in the proportion: 2p Q - Oya ay =i CL aR) i pt Bg This voltage is drastically reduced by the arrival of neg. reflected wave from tower base. \ A Comparison 1, grow Comparison fokere a Stroke to midspan : TN 22 a ben ane rezacna al ave! er at wes ae La AT 2g/01 * 24/22.) = AI dg (for Z, >> zy) Stroke to tower 4 ate Bs 3 a K)T,2/ (1 * 2/2.) a K)IL2 e| (for 2, >? 24) A 25°2, S i a Ze 2 q 22, F @, omer ———} =a- oe CSP oa Tees 7, Strokes to midspan can result in tower flashover though no midspan flashover has occured.