DS-1® Fourth Ecition, Volume 4, Drilling Specialty Tools
Chapter 1
Coverage and Summary
Requirements
4.9 Specialty tool. A drilling specialty tool is a device
et can be attached to or run in a dril string or casing
‘Sting and pertorm some function. Itis assembled from
two or more components or sub-tools. It is complete
in sell, that is, no additional equipment is needed for
is function except possibly some activation device
such as a pump down plug, or some external power or
pressure source,
4.1 Definitions. Throughout this standard, definitions
‘het apply to a specific chapter are given at the front of
‘hat chapter. The glossary contains a complete alpha-
betical list of all definitions used in the standard. The
following definitions apply to this chapter:
4.1.1 Component. A single piece that an assembler
joirs with others to form a specialty tool or sub-to0.
‘A complex component such as an electronic circuit
‘board may be fabricated from many parts, but it would
normally be viewed as a single item by the assembler.
LUNER HANGER RUNNING TOOL
(Example)
PACKER SETTING
(suB) TOOL
PACKOFF
(SUB) TOOL
LINER SETTING
(suB) TOOL
LINER WIPER PLUG.
(suB) TOOL
Figure 1] A specialty tool is assembled from two or more
cmpoments and may include one or more sub-tools. A sub-
embed from two or more components, but is
to be run by itself.
‘A component would not be further reduced by a
technician who was disassembling a tool, and doing
s0 would result in its damage or destruction.
1.1.2 Customer. The party that is at an immediate
‘economic risk in the event of a specialty tool failure.
Except in a turnkey drilling situation, the "customer"
will normally be an operating company.
1.1.3 Manufacturer. The company that builds a
specialty tool.
1.1.4 Sub-tool. A device made up of two or
more components that may be attached to other,
components or sub-tools to form a specialty tool.
A sub-tool is not intended to be run without further
assembly to other components or sub-tools to form,
a complete specialty tool.
1.1.5 Tool Family. A group of specialty tools wherein
the specialty tools have similar intended function
and use.
1.1.6 Tool transmittal record. A document that
accompanies a specialty tool to the rig, and includes,
the information required by rig personnel for proper
running and operation of the tool
1.1.7 Vendor. The party that commercially rents,
leases or sells a specialty tool to a customer, and that
the customer will look to in the event of a failure. A
customer may secure a specialty tool from a vendor
singly, in combination with other tools and equipment,
or packaged with some service. Specialty tool
vendors may be any of the following company types:
a. Tool manufacturer (vendor/manufacturer)
b. Rental company
c. Service company
d. Drilling contractor
, Equipment sales company
1. Other company
1.2 Tool types. Specialty tools and sub-tools are
categorized into two types under this standard,
1.2.1 Type A. Type A (rental) tools and sub-tools
are those intended to be used to perform some
function, either downhole or on the surface, then to
be retrieved, refurbished and used again. Acceptable used
‘components to
Repairable
Inventory or
Bcomponents ar
F torepaie aa
Expendableand
rnor-reparable
‘components to sorap
a ee
(7 scat cory te Ss
Figure 1.2 Type "A” specialty tools and sub-tools are
recovered, refurbished and reused along paths similar to
those shown. Steps 1-3 apply to a tool model, and steps 6-10
10.4 specific tool of that model. Activities listed in yellow
boxes are not covered by this standard.
TH Hill Associates, Inc.
1.2.2 Type B. Type B (sale) tools and sub-tools
are those intended to be run once and remain
permanently downhole.
1.3 Life cycles and coverage. The life of a Type A
tool model will ikely follow a path similar to that shown
in figure 1.2. A tool of that model is assembled using
several components and may be reused several times.
‘Some components may need replacement after a single
use. Other components in the same tool may be reused
a few times and still others may be used and reused
for years. Figure 1.3 shows the simpler probable life
cycle of a Type B specialty tool model. This standard
covers those activities indicated in green in figures 1.2
and 1.3 and summarized in table 1.1
1.4 Failure modes. This standard defines two modes
of specialty tool failure.
1.4.1 Functional failure. A functional failure is one
in which too! function is lost, but no leaks occur and
the entire tool and the string below it are recoverable
by tripping the string.
4.4.2 Structural failure. A structural failure is one
in which:
All or part of a tool is lost downhole,
b. Improper function of the tool causes the string
above to become stuck, or
c. One or more leaks occur. A leak is fluid flow from
one side of the tool to the other by a path through
which fluid is not intended to flow.
1.4.3 Structural failure mechanisms. Though other
failure mechanisms are possible, structural failure,
‘occurs, will probably result from one or more of the
following mechanisms.
a. Failure of a seal. The resulting fluid leak is its
defined as a structural failure. Furthermore,
erosion from fluid flow around and through the
leak may lead to overload failure from loss of
load-bearing material in the affected components.
Table 1.1 Coverage of this Standard
Load and New Used
Operating Component Component Field
Limits Disassembly Inspection Inspection Assembly Testing __Use
Type A Tools x - - sg x x zs
Type B Tools x - - - Pa x -
6 DS-1° Fourth Edition, Volume 4, Drilling Specialty Tools
GD tric cctv is covered his Standard
GD rect is nt covered by tis Standard
Figure 1.3 Type "B” specialty tools and sub-tools remain
downhole afer use along a life-path similar to this. Activities
fisted in yellow boxes are not covered by this standard.
Overload. Overload failure can occur when
the load-carrying capacity of some component
is inadequate for the tool's design load rating.
Overload also happens through no fault of the
vendor when the customer applies loads in excess
of the tool's rated load capacity.
p
Fatigue. Fatigue is progressive, cumulative
permanent structural damage that occurs at high
stess points in a component as it undergoes
repeated stress cycles. Eventually fatigue cracks
can form in the affected locations and grow until
2 lek or overload failure occurs.
1.5 Failure causes. When a specialty too! fails, either
Stucterally or functionally, the cause of the failure can
2imost cenainly be traced to shortcomings in one or
axe of the following areas.
15.1 Tool Design. Tool model designs are usually
%=]S=5 m prototype before the vendor offers them to
the market. Also, many new tool models will undergo
design modifications in the early stages after entering
‘the market, as and when more extensive field use and
disassembly examinations indicate aneed. However,
once a tool model becomes field proven through
long, satisfactory performance, the probability that
a failure of that model will be attributable to faulty
design will generally decrease. This generalization
does not apply however, to the other four probable
failure causes. These will be about equally ikely late
or early in the life of a tool model.
1.5.2 Inspection. One or more of the failed tool's,
components might have been incorrectly accepted
during inspection and sent to the assembler. This can
happen in the inspection process for new or repaired
‘components (not covered by this standard) or in the
inspection of used components (covered by this
standard). A manufacturing error is not considered
‘a causative factor to tool failure in the context of this,
standard. This is based on the presumption that a
properly designed and executed new-component
inspection program would have detected the error
and prevented the offending component from getting
to the next step.
1.5.3 Assembly. Even when the inspection
processes deliver only good components to the
assembler, improper assembly can still cause a
failure.
1.5.4 Field Misuse. Field Misuse is defined as
loading a tool above its rated load capacity and/or
by using the tool in a manner other than the manner,
prescribed by the vendor and communicated to the
customer.
1.5.5 Abuse. Abuse is defined as operating a
tool in more aggressive wellbore conditions than
it was designed for, or that it might reasonably be
‘expected to bear. Very corrosive wellbore fluids, high
acceleration forces or extreme lateral deflections in a
rotating tool may all be considered abuse if the vendor
has limited knowledge of or limited control over the
customer's use of its tool in these circumstances,
1.6 Shared responsibility for preventing failures.
Given the above, the manufacturer, vendor (if it is not
the manufacturer) and customer all carry a shared
responsibility for preventing specialty tool failure.
1.6.1 Tool preparation. How a Type B (sale) tool
is assembled and tested will have a direct bearing
‘on whether or not that too! will fail when it goes,
into service. Likewise, how a Type A (rental) tool
7
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