Chapter 8 Using Specialty Tools
Section Contents
Introduction.
Vendor's Responsibilities.
Customer's Responsibilities
Definitions.
Awareness...
Overload Failure.
cance
Failure Prevention Strategies
Strategy for Overload ...
Fatigue Failure Prevention
Reactive Torque...
Vibration
References
List of Tables
‘Observation and Countermeasures Chart for Vibration
List of Figures
Plot of Predicted LOadS ..nrrnnnmmnnnnrnn
Estimated Buckling Loads for Specialty Tools..
Example Problems 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3,
Example Problems 8.2, 8.3, and 8.4
Hole Opener Operation
Reactive Torque Plots.
List of Equations
Load Factor
Useful Load Capacity onnnnnnnnn
Estimating BHA Drag.
String Drag Up.
String Drag Down
Dawson-Paslay Equation for Buckling in Straight, Inclined Wellbores
Jar Placement in Drill Collar Section
Jar Placement in HWDP Sections.
Maximum Bit Weight without Buckling a Too!
Minimum Dril Gollar Length Below Opening Tools. DS-1® Fourth Edition, Volume 4, Drilling Specialty Tools
Chapter 8
Using Specialty Tools
8.0 Introduction. Assume that a specialty tool with
2 field-proven design has been load rated, inspected,
assembled and tested in accordance with other chap-
ters in this standard. Given this, whether or not the toot
fails in service will depend on how itis used. Two situ-
ations that may be beyond the control of the specially
‘ool vendor can cause tool failure.
8.0.1 Misuse. The tool may be loaded beyond its,
rated load capacity.
8.0.2 Abuse. The tool may be operated in a more
aggressive wellbore environment than itwas designed
for, or that it might reasonably be expected to bear.
8.1 Vendor's responsibilities. The vendor and
manufacturer (if different party) are responsible for
establishing and communicating the conditions and
constraints under which a tool may be safely operated
8.1.1 Load ratings. The manufacturer's responsible
for establishing load ratings using the methods
outlined in Chapter 3. If the tool vendor is not the
manufacturer, the vendor shall obtain the load ratings
from the manufacturer and provide these to the
customer when the tool is shipped,
8.1.2 Other constraints. The vendor is responsible
for communicating any other constraints on tool use
that it deems important for ensuring reliable tool
operation, as outlined in Chapter 6. If the vendor
Js not also the manufacturer, the vendor shall seek
the manufacturer's advice when it establishes these
constraints.
8.1.3 Operating instructions. Unless the vendor
provides an authorized representative to operate
or supervise operation of the tool, the vendor
shall provide the customer with written operating
Instructions. These instructions shall be:
a. Clear and unambiguous.
b. Complete, Thatis, the instructions must list every
action the customer must take to ensure proper
tool function. Likewise, the instructions must list
any action the customer must avoid to ensure
proper tool function.
8.1.4 Communication. The vendor shall cleariy
communicate these ratings, constraints and
instructions to the customer prior to the customer's
use of the tool. Listing them on or attaching them
to the tool transmittal record (Chapter 6) are the
minimum actions required on the part of the vendor
‘to moet this obligation.
8.2 Customer's responsibilities. The customer is
responsible for operating the tool in the manner pre-
scribed and within the limits and constraints established
and communicated by the vendor. (This requirement
is waived if an authorized vendor's representative
supervises tool operation and the customer follows his/
her instructions and recommendations.)
8.3 Definitions. The following definitions apply to the
topics in this chapter.
8.3.1 Authorized vendor's representative. A
person who is employed by or contracted by the
vendor and who operates or supervises the operation
of a specialty tool.
8.3.2 Buckling. The sudden axial collapse and
lateral displacement of a drill string column when the
{forces that destabilize the column exceed the forces
that stabilize i.
8.3.3 Critical buckling load. The amount of
mechanical compression a string section or specialty
tool can carry without buckling,
8.3.4 Design factor. A number 2 1.0 that the drill
string designer uses to derate the load capacity of a
specialty tool or other drill string member.
8.3.5 Drill string designer. The person who
configures a drill string that contains a specialty tool,
8.3.6 Fatigue. Progressive, localized permanent
structural damage that can occur at high stress
points in a specialty tool component when the tool
undergoes cyclic loading.
8.3.7 Load factor. The percent of a drill string
member's useful load capacity thats being employed.
Applied LoadsDF-100)
| Rated Load Capacity }
whore:
LF
(6.1)
Load Factor (%)
Design Factor rp
HILe
8.3.8 Mechanical compression. The axial
compressive force in a drill sting section or specialty
tool, neglecting pressure area forces,
8.3.9 Neutral point. A point in a drill string
immediately above which the string is stable, and
immediately below which the drill string is buckled.
Except in a vertical hole, the neutral point and the
Point of zero tension are never the same. A dll
string may have more than one neutral point at the
same time,
8.3.10 Operating constraint. A limit placed on the
operation of a tool by the tool vendor.
8.3.11 Overload. A condition in which the load
applied to a specialty tool exceeds the load rating
of that tool.
8.3.12. Rated load capacity (load rating). The
maximum load that a tool is designed to safely carry,
as determined by methods outlined in Chapter 3.
8.3.13 Useful load capacity. Rated load capacity
divided by the drilling engineer's design factor.
8.4 Awareness. Both vendor and customer will benefit
by maintaining high levels of awareness about tool
failure mechanisms and the influence that tool loca-
lion in the string and driling conditions will have on
tool failure probability. (For more information on the
points summarized below, the reader should consult
Reference 1.)
8.5 Overload failure. Given the conditions stated
in paragraph 8.0, a structural failure by overload can
‘occur only when applied loads exceed a tool's rated
load capacity. That is, when load factor exceeds 100,
percent. Tools placed in the string locations listed below
are at higher exposure to overload failure.
8.5.1 Tools near the surface or immediately below
some section top. Excepting stick-slip vibration
Conditions, these locations are where the tensile and
torsional loads, andior load factors are the greatest.
8.5.2 Tools exposed to stick-slip. Both hanging
weight and loads applied from the surface diminish
as the point of interest moves downwards. So axial
tensile loads in the BHA will normally be lower than
elsewhere in the drill string. Also, BHA members
are usually more robust than the drill string above,
making load factors in BHA members lower yet.
‘Therefore, under normal conditions, tensile overload
failure of tools placed in the BHA will be unlikely.
However, torsional loads near the bit can become
242
TH Hill Associates, Inc.
very large under torsional vibration, or “stick-slip"
driling conditions. in these conditions, connections
inthe BHA, including those in specialty tools, can fail
by torsional overload.
8.5.3 Tools in a “slim” BHA. If the BHA itself is
“slim” such as one used for fishing inside a liner with
more robust drill string members above, then the
top of the BHA is a section top. Load factors at the
BHA top may be high and overload failure will be
more likely.
8.5.4 Underrated tools. Overload failure is also
‘more likely anytime the load rating of a specialty tool
is significantly less than the load capacity of drill string
members immediately around the tool
8.5.5 Load rating method, This standard allows two
methods for load rating tools; Basic and Advanced,
Only the drill string designer will have knowledge
about how a tool is to be loaded in a specific
application. When the designer plans to use a tool
at load factors in excess of 60 percent of capacity
calculated on the too'’s basic load rating, he or she
should consider requiring the manufacturer to load-
rate the tool using an advanced method.
a. Basic load rating. This method Is a simple area
times yield strength process. It does not take
stress concentrations into account. Neither
does it necessarily employ the latest available
stress analysis tools and methods. However,
it is satisfactory for many tools on which more
advanced techniques are not justified. It would
make little sense to compel the manufacturer of a
downhole motor, for example, to the trouble and
expense of using advanced techniques to tension-
rate a too! that will always be run in compression,
‘Advanced load rating. This method does take
stress concentrations into account and does
‘employ the latest available stress analysis tools,
and methods. The improved accuracy available
from the advanced load rating method justifies,
added expense and effort when tools will be
loaded close to capacity.
Manufacturer's initiative. Manufacturers of tools,
that may be used at load factors exceeding 60
percent calculated on the too'’s basic load rating
should consider preempting this difficulty by rating
their tools with an advanced method,
8.6 Fatigue. Fatigue is progressive, cumulative
localized permanent structural damage that occurs in
‘a component as it undergoes repeated stress cycles. Eventually fatigue cracks can form in the affected loca-
tions and grow until leak or overload failure occurs. The
rate of fatigue damage accumulation is higher at higher
stress excursion amplitudes and with higher average
tensile stress in the component that is undergoing
cyclical stress. Therefore, fatigue will be a dominant
‘allure cause under certain circumstances.
8.6.1. Buckled tools. Fatigue is a major concer
with rotating specialty tools that are buckled or are
operating in buckled string sections.
8.6.2. Tools exposed to vibration. Tools located
in a BHA that are experiencing vibration, especially
vibration accompanied by large lateral deflections,
are subject to fatigue damage and functonal failure
due to shock loads.
8.6.3 Hole curvature. Tools run in the upper drill
string will experience higher average tensile stress,
but will usually be less affected by buckiing and
vibration. However, fatigue can rapidly damage a
tool fit is rotated in a dogleg, particularly one that is
high in the hole.
8.6.4 Bent assemblies. Tools that incorporate @
bent section will experience high bending stresses
DS-1° Fourth Edition, Volume 4, Drilling Specialty Tools,
and fatigue cycling when the tool string is rotated.
This is particularly damaging when the tool is rotated
ina curved hole section.
8,7 Failure prevention strategies. The first steps in
failure prevention are of course to load rate, inspect,
assemble and test the tools in accordance with the
previous chapters, Once the tool arrives at the rig, the
best failure prevention strategy depends on the most
likely mode(s) of failure,
8.8 Strategy for overload. Preventing overload failure
of specially tools is relatively simple: Keep the applied
loads below the useful load capacity of the tool. The
following steps will aid this goal.
8.8.1 Calculate the useful load capacities of the
tool. Rated load capacities will be given on the too}
transmittal record that accompanies the tool to the
rig. The drill string designer will be applying some
design factor (safety factor) that is > 1.0 in the design
calculations for the dill string. The designer should
apply the same factor to the rated load capacity of the
specialty tool to obtain the tool's useful load capacity.
Useful Load Capacit
(anton nay
Design Factor (e2)
fazed
Z
Peart TOH rea ear ian)
oo
Progictod TIH hook load
Drillers plot of actual
hook load that shows
aproblem forming —|
Me
aT
TOH.
“=t—TIH
ROB
Figure
8.1 A plot of predicted loads is very useful 10 the driller for estimating hole drag and loads on tools Low in the string.
243
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