_JPH 3 _RCPCG]JR AGIHRNC IAGJF

NJRAJ @FJSMAJ RHNCRH

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LRS_H5

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]S]HRJ5

NCR@Q ]RSEAFFH

SGAYCR@AMJM GJ@AHGJF JBACR]J Q J MAP]JG@AJ

_RHLRJNJ MC _PA@HFHLAJ

HBPCRYJ@AHG Q CG]RCYAP]J

2?2?
 AG]RHMS@@AHG

_jrj cf mcsjrrhffh mc cstj j`tavamjm sc mcsjrrhffjg vjrajs `hnpctcg`aj cgtrc

cffjs

rcsjfth fj `hnprcgsaðg mc fj rcfcvjg`aj y salgaia`jmh mc fj cnpjtîj

`hnh dcrrjnacgtj iugmjncgtjf cg cf mcsjrrhffh mc su ênbath pcrshgjf y
prhicsahgjf, cg

cstj ijsc mcghnagjmj agihrnc iagjf, cf `ujf rcmj`th ug cgsjyh agtcrprctjgmh

y jgjfazjgmh fj agihrnj`aðg lcgcrjmj cg fj hbscrvj`aðg y mc fj cgtrcvastj

rcjfazjmj, jmcnês sc sustcgtj mcsmc fhs rcicrcgtcs tcðra`hs `hg`cptujfcs

mc fjs trcs ugamjmcs quc sc jbhrmjrhg murjgtc cf scncstrc y jsî sc mah

rcspucstj j fj prclugtj cec .

 HBEC]AYHP LCGCRJF

@rcjr ugj gubc mc pjfjbrjs, mcbcnhs rcprcscgtjr fjs pjfjbrjs quc

`hgihrnjg fj ugamjmcs mcf `ursh, y `rcjr agihrnc psa`hfðla`h

HBEC]AYH CP_C@AIA@H

Agtcrprctjr cf tcnj mc hbscrvj`aðg cgtrcvastj cg bjsc j fjs

ugamjmcs mcf `ursh

 Jgjfazjr mcsmc maicrcgtcs pugths fj hbscrvj`aðg y cgtrcvastj cg cf

qucdj`cr mcf psa`ðfhlh

@hg`fuar j`acrths y maia`uftjmcs murjgtc cf prh`csh mc hbscrvj`aðg y

cgtrcvastj cg cf `ursh
GSBC MC _JFJBRJP
 

:. AGIHRNC _PA@HFÐLA@H MC FJ HBPCRYJ@AÐG Q FJ CG]RCYAP]J

Cf psa`ðfhlh pjrj dj`cr `ujfquacr taph mc agvcstalj`aðg sc mcbc bjsjr cg

fj hbscrvj`aðg y cf jgêfasas mc fhs `hnphrtjnacgths mc mctcrnagjmh

suecth, sag cnbjrlh nu`dhs suecths gh nucstrjs sus `hgmu`tjs j sanpfc

vastj phr fh quc sc mcbc rc`urrar j cgtrcvastjs y mcnês agstruncgths pjrj

mctcrnagjr cf

`jsh, cg cf `jnph `acgtîia`h fj fðla`j mc agvcstalj`aðg marc``ahgjg

fjs cstrjtclajs iugmjncgtjfcs mc `hgirhgtj`aðg tcðra`j mcnjgmjgmh

fhs jf`jg`cs y iagjfamjmcs mc fj agvcstalj`aðg, cf rhf mcf agvcstaljmhr

cg cf prh`csh, y fjs `hgma`ahgcs fðla`js y ncthmhfðla`js pjrj

prhmu`ar

`hgh`anacgth `acgtîia`h.

Murjgtc fj cgtrcvastj cf psa`ðfhlh cstê cg `hgstjgtc hbscrvj`aðg mcf

suecth, mhgmc fh jgjfazj `hnpfctjncgtc, cstj tá`ga`j pcrnatc ljrjgtîjs

suia`acgtcs j fj dhrj mc rc`hlcr fhs mjths, cs mc`ar jquî sc mctjffjg

fhs dc`dhs tjf y

`hnh h`urrcg cg fj rcjfamjm, jsî nasnh fh cxphgc Quga, E. J. & Srbjgh,

@.J (2?:=) fj hbscrvj`aðg cg tjgth prh`cmanacgths quc cnpfcjnhs `hnh

suecth mc `hgh`anacgth pjrj `jptjr fj rcjfamjm, sc `hgstatuyc cg ug

agstruncgth

`htamajgh pjrj cgtrjr cg `hgtj`th `hg fhs icgðncghs, mc alujf njgcrj

quc fj hbscrvj`aðg cs ugj prê`ta`j quc thmhs fhs dhnbrcs rcjfazjg,

pcrh quc cg`ucgtrjg maicrcg`ajs cg fj prhiugmamjm y fj ihrnj quc

cstru`turjg narjmj
jf `hgtj`tjrsc `hg mavcrshs icgðncghs sh`ajfcs gucstrh trjbjeh

iuc hbscrvjr.

 J `hgtaguj`aðg sc cxphgmrê cf `jsh quc sc trjbjeð mhgmc da`anhs

ugj hbscrvj`aðg y fuclh ugj cgtrcvastj shbrc maia`uftjmcs mc

`hnuga`j`aðg tanamcz h jgsacmjm sh`ajf, gucstrj prhtjlhgastj Njrîj

@jnafj Rjglcf ugj gaúj mc 9 júhs mc cmjm quc `ursj cf lrjmh mc

trjgsa`aðg fj hbscrvj`aðg fj rcjfa`c cg cf sjfðg mc `fjsc iuc juthrazjmj

phr sus pjmrcs, @jnafj ugj gaúj nuy `jffjmj gh `hnpjrtîj `hg sus

`hnpjúcrhs y ph`h pjrta`apjtavj cg

`fjsc, cg cf nhncgth mc `rcjr cf ihrnjth mc prclugtjs pjrj rcjfazjr

fj cgtrcvastjs mcbîjnhs scgtarghs cg cf fuljr mc sus pjmrcs quc

prclugtjs shg fjs jprhpajmjs quc cffhs gh sacgtjg quc csthy euzljgmh

h dj`acgmh prclugtjs iucrj mc fuljr y gh sc sacgtjg `hg csj fabcrtjm mc

`hgtjrghs fh quc cg rcjfmjm su`cmc, cg fj hbscrvj`aðg shfh pucmh ghtjr

sus j`tatumcs y

`hnphrtjnacgths phr cstj rjzðg rcjfazjnhs fj cgtrcvastj jf aga`ah su

pjpê rcjfazjrîj fj cgtrcvastj pcrh cg cf nhncgth mc dj`crfh fh dazh iuc fj

njmrc

phr nhtavhs fjbhrcs cf pjmrc mc @jnafj gh ghs pumh `hfjbhrjr, yh djbfc

`hg fj njnatj cstumajnhs eugtjs cf tcnj pjrj quc cffj sc sagtacrj njs cg

`hgiajgzj y jsî sc dazh jbhrmjnhs tcnjs `hnh mcsmc quc nhncgth aga`ah
cstj prhbfcnêta`j, sa yj @jnafj rc`abc jyumj, `hnh cs jf jphyh mc su
ijnafaj cgtrc htrhs, fj njmrc ghs pumh mc`ar quc njrîj @jnafj crj ugj

gaúj quc pjrta`apjbj cg `fjsc y tcgîj ugj cx`cfcgtc rcfj`aðg

`hg fhs

`hnpjúcrhs, djstj quc ug mîj su`cmað jflh agcspcrjmh fj gaúj pjsh

jf tjbfcrh y sc cquavh`ð cg cf cecr`a`ah quc fc `hfh`h fj njcstrj y sus

jnalhs sc burfjrhg iucrtc ncgtc mc cffj cs cg csc nhncgth `ujgmh

@jnafj aga`aj su `jnbah thmh phr tcnhr jf rc`djzh prciacrc gh euljr `hg

gjmac ga pjsjr jf tjbfcrh su rcgmanacgth j`jmána`h j masnaguamh, cg

`jsj sc rcfj`ahgj ghrnjf `hg trjgquafamjm shfh cg ugj h`jsaðg fc mah

ugj `rasas `ujgmh sus pjmrcs quasacrhg sjbcr fh quc pjsjbj y fc

prclugtjrhg cffj gh qucrîj djbfjr mcf tcnj y su rcj``aðg iuc ffhrjr nuy

mcscspcrjmj y mc`ar quc gh qucrîj rclrcsjr j fj cs`ucfj, ghs `ucgtj

fj njmrc quc cstê rc`abacgmh trjtjnacgth psa`hfðla`h y cf jphyh mc su

ijnafaj dj samh iugmjncgtjf.

 RCICRCG@AJP BABFAHLRÊIA@JP

uga, E. J., & Srbjgh, @. J. (2?:=). ]á`ga`js pjrj agvcstaljr5

rc`urshs ncthmhfðla`hs pjrj fj prcpjrj`aðg mc prhyc`ths mc agvcstalj`aðg Yhf. 2.

@ðrmhbj,

 JR5 Cmathrajf Bruejs. (_p. 01 -92) Rc`upcrjmh mc

dttp5//babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h/fhlag8urf>dttps5//scjr`d-cbs`hdhst-
`hn.babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h/fhlag.jspx8marc`t>truc&mb>gfcbk&JG>4=<9<:&f jgl>cs&satc>cdhst-favc&cbv>CB&ppam>ppX01  

Cmcf, N. L., Icfappas, A. M., & Njrtîg, F. (2?:2). Njgujf tcðra`h-prê`ta`h

mc agvcstalj`ahgcs sh`ajfcs5 jpugtcs prcfanagjrcs. Bucghs Jarcs,

JRLCG]AGJ5 Cspj`ah Cmathrajf. (_p. 43 -19)

Rc`upcrjmh mc dttp5//babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h52?

M>::2=3<:3&tn>:3?40=2:19<?? 
<</fab/ugjmsp/rcjmcr.j`tahg8pp l>43&mh`A

Icrgêgmcz, B. R. (2?:0). Cvjfuj`aðg psa`hfðla`j5 `hg`cpths, náthmhs y cstumah mc

`jshs (2j. cm.). Njmram, CP5 Maiushrj Fjrhussc - Cma`ahgcs _arênamc. (_p. :

10 - 20=)

Rc`upcrjmh

mc dttp5//babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h52?<</fab/ugjmsp/rcjmcr.j`tahg8ppl>:10&mh`

AM>::?<2=?2&tn>:3?40=230:<33 

@hfclah, @. M. _. (Cm.). (2?:3). Mchgthfhlîj y baháta`j mcf cecr`a`ah mc fj

psa`hfhlîj cg @hfhnbaj (3j. cm.). Bhlhtê, @HFHNBAJ5 Cmathrajf Cf

Njgujf Nhmcrgh @hfhnbaj. ]îtufh YAA, `jpîtufhs :, 2, 0. (_p. 24

-00) Rc`upcrjmh
mc dttp5//babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h52?

<</fab/ugjmsp/rcjmcr.j`tahg8ppl>00&mh` AM>:::23431&tn>:=4:<2=0:9=04 

Fðpcz @, Uuffy C. (2?:4, ::, 2=). Fj cgtrcvastj y sus ijscs mc mcsjrrhffh. [Jr`davh

mc vamch^. Lujvajrc  ‐ @hfhnbaj. Rc`upcrjmh mc dttp5//dmf.djgmfc.gct/:?319/2209<

Rc`urshs cmu`jtavhs jma`ahgjfcs pjrj cf `ursh (Babfahlrjiîj

`hnpfcncgtjraj) 

 J `hgtaguj`aðg, cg`hgtrjrê ugj fc`turj `hnpfcncgtjraj quc fc scrvarê mc

jphyh pjrj jnpfajr fj agihrnj`aðg rcfj`ahgjmj `hg cf tcnj mc fj ugamjm 2.

 Jrjlðg Bhrej, F. C. (2?:3). Cvjfuj`aðg psa`hfðla`j5 dasthraj iugmjncgths tcðra`h-

`hg`cptujfcs y psa`hnctrîj (2j. cm.). Rc`upcrjmh mc  dttps5//cbhhk`cgtrjf-

prhqucst-

`hn.babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h/fab/ugjmsp/rcjmcr.j`tahg8mh`AM>022<4:=&ppl>

10 

Icrgêgmcz, B. R. (2?:0). Cvjfuj`aðg psa`hfðla`j5 `hg`cpths, náthmhs y cstumah mc

`jshs (2j. cm.). Njmram, CP5 Fjrhussc - Cma`ahgcs _arênamc. _p :?

2-:2?. Rc`upcrjmh mc

dttp5//babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h52?<</fab/ugjmsp/rcjmcr.j`tahg8ppl>:?:&mh`AM

>::?<2=?2&tn>:=4:<233=3::2 

Njgujf mc fj cgtrcvastj psa`hfðla`j5 sjbcr cs`u`djr, sjbcr prclugtjr.

(2?:2). Njmram, CP5 Fjrhussc - Cma`ahgcs _arênamc. _p. :<< -:10.

Rc`upcrjmh mc dttp5//babfahtc`jvartujf.ugjm.cmu.`h52?

<</fab/ugjmsp/rcjmcr.j`tahg8ppl>09?&mh`AM
>::?3194?&tn>:=4:<20<3::<: