goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili

mdgomareobebi

6
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
• gacnobiereba da
cnobiereba
• cnobierebis
xelmisawvdomoba
• cnobierebis
Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis funqciebi
• cnobierebis
gamoyeneba
• cnobierebis fun-
qciebis kvleva
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rodis
uyalibdebaT bavSvebs
cnobiereba

Zili da sizmari
• cirkaduli ritmebi
• Zilis cikli
• ratom Zili?
• Zilis darRvevebi
• sizmari: gonebis
Teatri
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis
stili da Zili

cnobierebis Secvlili
mdgomareobebi
• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
• hipnozi
• meditacia
• halucinaciebi
• religiuri eqstazi
• cnobierebis Semc-
vleli nivTierebebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi

186
 g anvixiloT N.N-is SemTxveva _
axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,
romelsac avtokatastrofis Se-
degad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsi-
qolog endel tulvingis (Endel
Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis
Sedegad mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis
unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da
cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom N. N-ma „mcire ram icis Tavisi war-
sulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi
amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis
saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad
atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar
SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena
Tavisi warsulidan~ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur
drosTan dakavSirebiT. is kargad erkveoda
drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul
mimarTebebSi. zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qrono-
logiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad
sapirispirod, ukiduresad darRveuli hqonda
subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N-is
adgilze, rodesac sakuTari warsulisa an mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod
„sicarieles~ awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT
ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra
SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg? saidan modis
warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens
tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad al-
baTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes
dRis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is
pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu hkiTxavdnen, ras
apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval,
misi pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen
NN. N-s, aRewera is „sicariele~, romelic mis
gonebaSi isadgurebda „xvalis~ Sesaxeb fiq-
risas, is ambobda, rom es „Zilismagvari mdgo-
mareobaa~ anda „didi sicarielea~. Tu sTxov-
dnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgo-
mareoba, igi ambobda, rom „es hgavs situacias,
rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians
oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven~.
sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom „es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia
irgvliv xelCasaWidi~. rodesac guSindeli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili
mdgomareobis aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda,
rom „raRacnairi sicarielea~. N.N amas mSvidad
da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis
gareSe. mxolod maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen
ratom ar ukvirs, rom „iq araferia~, rodesac
is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze, is
amJRavnebda mcireoden, xanmokle aJitacias da
sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.
„gonebaSi~, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vki-
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
TxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT,
Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da
tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic
manamde ar iyo cnobieri, magram mainc ibadeba
kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi
TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad
sxvadasxva mogonebebs an momavlis variantebs?
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri
operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac Cndebian Cvens 187
 cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven,
romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoad-
gens normaluri individisaTvis azrebis Camo-
yalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveq-
mneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi
Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra aris Cveulebrivi gac-
nobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis
Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba?
SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri zegavlenis moxdena
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia
mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis
mdgomareoba? imedismomcemi fsiqologi, aseve,
dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor
xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,
sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (interna-
lizacia) da rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieq-
turi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da
funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, amasTan, yurad-
Rebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. Seve-
cdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa
da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
gagebaSi: ra damokidebulebaa Tavis tvinsa da
gonebas Soris. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT im regu-
larul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT oc-
nebis, fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros.
dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba cnobiereba
hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa
da narkotikebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
188
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini
„cnobiereba~ orazrovania. is SeiZleba gamo-
viyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis,
ise misi specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad.
zogjer vambobT, rom „cnobier~ mdgomareobaSi
viyaviT „aracnobieris~ sapirispirod (magali-
Tad, anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi
vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT. anu
vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moq-
medebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba
_ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkre-
tul informacias, cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda
vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba
is informacia, romelsac vacnobierebT, romlis
Sesaxebac viciT.
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cno-
bierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqo-
logia filosofias, is Camoyalibda, rogorc
cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti
da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen
cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, ui-
liam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis
kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad,
misi klasikuri naSromis _ „fsiqologia~ (1892w.)
pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,
rogorc „mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc ase-
Tis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.~
Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs
Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa
da survilebs mocemul momentSi, anu mTel
mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis
koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqme-
debas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,
rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac
vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben
da reagireben Cven mier ganxorcielebul qce-
vebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamoc-
dilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli „Sina-
gani~ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT
viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi,
erTad aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _
yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva done. isini pirobi-
Tad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani
da garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done
_ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT da
(3) mesame, umaRlesi done sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba.
bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis
gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT
xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am do-
neze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da
SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore
doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa
da mimdinare movlenebze mijaWvulobisgan. am
doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT
manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis piro-
bebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da gamo-
viyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, dav-
gegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi
donea TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba (gacnobiereba)
imisa, rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs
avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba
gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis
SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens
gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram,
maSin TandaTanobiT gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi
molodinebi da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momav-
lis dagegmvas axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is Sem-
Txveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis
dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviT-
cnobierebis gareSe darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas
ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois per-
speqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari av-
tobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgo-
mareoba (gacnobiereba).
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis
umaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlene-
bis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
189

cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi ti-
pebi, romelic SesaZloa gacnobierdes garkveul
adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra gana-
pirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am
momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu
ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kon-
troli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiq-
robT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an
„hamletis~ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi az-
rebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis na-
wilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xma-
urebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis
moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod
rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma)
da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia. dabolos,
arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic
Znelad xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis.
aseT informacias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gra-
matikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
winadadebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-
calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli tipi.
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi
aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze iSviaTad Tu iWreba
cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis
magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli
sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs fiziologiur
informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare
cvlilebebs da Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze
yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad,
SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri
gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema
mraval mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs
cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.
aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebi-
saTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories)
_ mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
190 SemTxvevaSi.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg
xdeba cnobierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi, rac
raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, wina-
recnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili.
mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone in-
formaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi
codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili
movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba
SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam
ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis
saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac
mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba
gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me-
8 TavSi visaubrebT.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi
raodenobis stimuliT varT garSemortymulni.
rogorc me-5 TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire
nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze
movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave, romeli
mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis
aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba
yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi me-5
Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yurad-
Rebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel
TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve
mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar
mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom,
rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am
saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli
konkretuli signali (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).
aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri
informaciis arsebobas, rodesac ver vxsniT
zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT
qcevis mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri
Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund fro-
ids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ travmuli mogo-
nebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad
SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri
procesebi (romelTac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT),
permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan.
froidis mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRe-
beli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobi-
erebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli
Zlieri gancdebi isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas
da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris
froidiseuli „aRmoCena~ ewinaaRmdegeba dasav-
luri azris xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli
filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb
dawerili klasikuri naSromis „ese adamianis
Semecnebis Sesaxeb~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, mo-
azrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom raci-
onaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari
gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. fro-
idis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri
procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad
da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis Tanamed-
roveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davub-
rundebiT froidis ideebs me-14 TavSi, rodesac
visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb).
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs
termins aracnobieri, im informaciisa da pro-
cesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli
da misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis
Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba. magaliTad,
mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs
eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000):
She investigated bark.1 rogor movaxdenT am wina-
dadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,
romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic
xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark oraz-
rovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver
gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT
igive winadadeba ufro farTo konteqstSi: The
botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.2 amCnevT,
1
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba
aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas
ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo
am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
2
botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda
xis merqans.
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am
konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma
aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena
damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa
arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis
miRma moqmedi procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas
Cvens qcevaze; am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa
is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis
swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT
gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxil-
vidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam
detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled
aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cno-
bierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.
cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs
unda SeemuSavebinaT meTodologia, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piradu-
li gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa
da titCeneris introspeqciis meTodis axali
versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT
mTeli rigi davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla
msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa Ses-
rulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis fa-
rglebSi maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren
davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis
Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi, gamoiyeneba mentaluri
strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis
dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi
davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,
davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) -
angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa
mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da
strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven dava-
lebis Sesrulebisas.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Ex-
perience-sampling method) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,
romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis ti-
puri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs eva-
lebaT signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron Ta-
vianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.
191
 arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSua-
lebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi
monawileebi aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT,
romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa
da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs
aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT
SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris
aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad.
rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs
evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogo-
ricaa, magaliTad, „ramdenad axerxebdiT kon-
centrirebas?~ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobierebisa da yuradRebis kon-
centrirebis mimarTulebebis yoveldRiuri,
Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
saidan
viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi.
ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtro-
nuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic Sem-
TxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da
grZnobebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneb-
lad (Richard et al., 1998). moswavleTa
gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa
oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli periodi iyo
V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan
XII klasis CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi
gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiq-
sirebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebs
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi
urTierTobebi mozardobis periodSi,
amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen, Tu ras
fiqrobdnen mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis
matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad,
sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu me-5-6
klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapiris-
piro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-
mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso
192
gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da
vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis
momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis
wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive
sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre
vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs
da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi
mozrdil asakSi mets iReben inter-
personaluri urTierTobebidan.
am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZ-
liaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT SerCevis
meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli
tipuri Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros:
Sinagani da garegani samyaros gacnobiereba, imis
gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT
(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri,
moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi
procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cve-
ulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar
informacias, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es
ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,
saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides
saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul
stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad
ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers
gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da
masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval sa-
xeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis
Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs,
rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamoc-
dilebiT SerCevis meTodi.
cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis fun-
qciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT, Tu risTvis
gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens ada-
mianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi gan-
xiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan
miniSnebas iZleva dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis
gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am
qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis
mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa
da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi
yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxva
adamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.
adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc
adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilu-
robis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan
jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro
efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas
warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba
axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis,
ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva
wyalobda maT, vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da
warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamar-
jvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini, visac ufro
adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna
sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamar-
jvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi
da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,
SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is
Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar
unda gagvikvirdes, rom is uzrunvelyofs sa-
xeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig fun-
qciebs (Baars, 1997; Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney &
Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da
saerTo kulturuli realobebis SeqmnaSi.
gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cno-
bierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda indivi-
disaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis
miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT moq-
medebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi
gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven
informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis winaSe
vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis
did raodenobas, romelic SegrZnebis recep-
torebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan mom-
dinare „mozuzune, mzardi qaosi~. gvarkvevs ra
stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba
garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami
sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval sti-
mulTa nakads SemCneuli da yuradRebis centrSi
moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs
imwuTieri miznebisa da amocanebisaTvis Seusa-
bamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac
fasdeba, rogorc „Seusabamo~, gadaiqceva fonur
xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri aRqma ki
„relevantur~ gamRizianeblebze, anu im signa-
lebze fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da
vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri
(SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias. mas Semdeg, rac
mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamu-
Savdeba perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro
mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da
kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa
analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba
gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da
pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da
araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa
da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba,
alternativebis gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva
SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze
dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasruleb-
eli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survi-
lebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,
rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur
an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis
cnobierebis funqciebi
gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, Se-
saZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad,
vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo
droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxor-
cieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia
warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezen-
taciebis moxmoba mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi
193
moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili, adekvaturi
 piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad
realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uya-
libdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi
warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa er-
Tobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac
sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis
Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts
aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros,
is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti.
realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis ur-
TierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwo-
deben.

saidan
reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli
konstruqtebi
ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis
sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi
uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win, an
misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze.
mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi
biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna ada-
mianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis)

realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro

mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur inter-
pretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli
gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs,
Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs
eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan mom-
dinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxva-
vebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs yuradRebas, rad-
ganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti
unikaluri, Semosuli masalis SerCevis Sedegad
aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis pirovnuli
konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni „me~-s
gancda droSi uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris in-
dividualuri gansxvavebebi ufro didia im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gan-
sxvavebul kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kul-
turis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an
gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe da,
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation)
_ realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-
194
miRebaa.
metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtki-
cebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac
adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,
romelsac mkvlevrebi „egzistencialur
terors~ uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kul-
turuli rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT.
am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi
ganwyobebis kulturuli normebisadmi
ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda.
am kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen
SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqa-
laqeebi ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT
mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secv-
lis Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi indivi-
debi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-
ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSua-
lod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofe-
bodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100
metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
didad albaTuria, rom cxov-
rebis garkveul etapze
axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian
patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT
da dainteresebuliyaviT: „netav,
ra xdeba mis TavSi?~ xSirad es
kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobie-
rebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen
subieqtur „me~-s da mxolod
amis Semdeg _ obieqtur „me~-s
(Lewis, 1991; 1999).
bavSvebi maSin iZenen
subieqtur „me~-s anu subieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac
maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom
isini gamocalkevebulni arian
sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom gare sam-
yaro aqcios cnobieri dakvir-
vebis obieqtad.
bavSvebi maSin iZenen obi-
eqtur „me~-s anu obieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maT
eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom
TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon
sakuTar Tavze anu, rodesac
SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis
cnobieri analizis obieqtad
qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT ga-
iazron, rom „ician, rom ician~
an „axsovT, rom axsovT~. bav-
Svebis mier obieqturi TviT-
cnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb
klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba
sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs
ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs
bavSvi mixvedras, rom sarkeSi
kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas,
rom individebs SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT
cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis
rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba
asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon
aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
dedebs, rom TavianTi Svile-
bisaTvis cxvirze waesvaT pomada
ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT
amis Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani
cxviris testi (nose dot test).
bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi
amCneven sarkis zogierT
Tvisebas. magaliTad, 6 Tvemde
bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen da
Seexon sarkeSi asaxuli gamo-
saxulebis nawilebs; mxolod 18
Tvis Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben
xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze
laqa aqvT (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978).
naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi
ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
„es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri
wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?~
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi war-
matebiT asruleben laqiani
cxviris tests, mainc ar aqvT
bolomde „me~-s Camoyalibebuli
gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois
komponentis mqone obieqturi
„me~-s Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar
Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, aw-
myosa da momavalSi uwyvetad
arsebulze fiqris unari. la-
qiani cxviris procedurasTan
adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
„me~-s droSi ganfenilobis
kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs
(Povinelli et al., 1996). am kvlevaSi
videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis
bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperi-
mentatori Cumad awebebda Tmeb-
grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esa-
WiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan
cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZno-
bebs.
ze webovan qaRalds. zogierT
b a v S v s p i r d a p i r e Te r S i
aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs
webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT dae-
naxaT TavianTi webovanqaRal-
diani Tma im saqmianobis pro-
cesSi, riTic iyvnen dakave-
bulni. danarCenebi ki sam-
wuTiani Sualedis Semdeg
uyurebdnen Canawers: isini
naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs
Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uax-
loesi warsulidan. pirvel
jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesa-
medma moikida Tavze xeli
maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma
gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxo-
lod 4 wlis asakis Semdeg
bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon
uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis we-
bovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans,
bavSvebisTvis sakmaod rTulia
awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis
Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba
warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi
warsulis, reprezentaciebze
dayrdnobiT. gagakvirvaT am
Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3
wlis bavSvTan erTad, ge-
codinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad
icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs.
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad realuria bavSve-
bisTvis daswavla da, Sesa-
bamisad, ramdenad marTlac
rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis
cnobiereba.
195

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs im-
plicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri
rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad
zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri
procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT
cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze
ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxva-
vebebi. maT mravali meTodi Seqmnes imis saCveneb-
lad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri pro-
cesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratori-
ulad gamowveuli predispoziciis Sedegad bge-
raTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of
Laboratory-Induced Predisposition _ laboratoriulad
gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi) _
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracno-
bieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis alba-
Tobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperi-
mentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas
aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli paternebis molodi-
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
196
nebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa
ball doze, bell dark da bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa
darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door war-
moTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli
situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris
garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cno-
bieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis
saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis pirebSi
ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock
(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT,
rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul
eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).
aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT
good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis
albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli gareg-
nobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es
Sedegebi wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracno-
bieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore gzaa maTi
dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT
kvleva, romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.
suraTi
4.2
aracnobieri mogo-
nebebis zegavlena
saxelis cnobilad
aRqmaze
 saidan
viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT 6.1 suraTze warmodgenili
eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis pirebs
moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli „adrian
mari~ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.
arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla ki-
Txuloben saxelTa grZel sias (sadac „ad-
rian maric~ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi,
romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze srulad
koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis
pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT
afrTxileben, rom maT mier wakiTxuli
siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. am-
gvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi aRmoC-
ndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is
ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT,
rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels „adrian
mari~. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb
cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da,
amgvarad, ityvian, rom „adrian mari~ ar
aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen
cnobier mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT
zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom „sadRac gau-
goniaT es saxeli adre~ da ityvian, rom
„adrian mari~ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni
cnobier („Tqvi ara!~) da aracnobier (Tqvi
diax!) procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa.
faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midre-
kilni arian Tqvan, rom „adrian mari~
cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian,
rom aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas ax-
dens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).
Sejameba
cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom
_ amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads;
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes
Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT
iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul
da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs
mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs,
mkvlevrebi xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier
da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTobebis
Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.
Zili da sizmari
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cno-
bierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: rodesac gadawyvetT,
rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT
ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT
sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,
rodesac kunTebi „paralizebulia~, tvini ki
sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am
nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri rit-
mis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro deta-
lurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad
gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT
gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari ada-
mianis fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis
bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli
sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cir-
kaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: sisxlis
wneva, metaboluri procesebi, guliscemis six-
Sire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri
aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba
(Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad,
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRiT
aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad
mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi zustad ar
emTxveva saaTs kedelze: garegani saaTis yovel-
gvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma
Zili da sizmari
„tempis momcemma~ daamkvidra 24.18-saaTiani cikli
(Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24-saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis
sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT,
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis
aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli
mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24
an 25 saaTs grZeldeba.
197
 magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli re-
ceptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros
danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs cxovelebi Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben
sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis Senar-
Cunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).
biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gan-
svlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi moqmedebs imaze,
Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT
(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yve-
laze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzau-
robebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi ga-
dafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT
SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag3, anu daerRveT
dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romel-
sac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilia-
noba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advi-
lia, vidre adre daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli
moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da
ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosav-
leTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe das-
Wirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).
Zilis cikli
cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT
uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils vuwodebT.
bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili,
tvinis eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis
kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels

moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic

Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli
mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aq-
ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan
tivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Ca-
(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs,
weris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs
rom Ramis 2 saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali
Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcioni-
tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da
rebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac ad-
mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma
gilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis Sesabamis aqti-
aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba
vobas moiTxovs. Jet lag pilotTa gansakuTrebuli
Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,
problemaa _ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs ata-
pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
rebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze
moZraobis (REM – rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba,
mniSvnelovani cvladia mogzaurobis mimarTu-
romelic garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad
leba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa rao-
iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky &
denoba. aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-
Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians
s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac Cveni
ar aReniSneba REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis
biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba
gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.
gaxangrZlivdes, vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis
mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erT-
3
dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ siz-
sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis mrisaTvis.
198 Sedegad.

suraTi
6.2
eeg-is paterni gansxvavebulia Ramis
Zilis sxvadasxva fazaze
Zilis TiToeuli stadia Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
Taviseburi paterniT xasiaTdeba.
axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis
aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki da-
saZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs,
rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT
14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfor-
tulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT,
Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12
cw/hercamde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis
cikli, romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul
eeg-is paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement –
REM) _ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis
drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-
REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare
adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi
moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT
naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs.
meore fazis manZilze miRebuli eeg-is Zilis
RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba
wuTSi 12-16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze
(faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT relaqsirebuli Zilis
Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad
gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/
hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da gulis-
cemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs
Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-is Cana-
weri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored
am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT
sizmars (ix. sur. 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros
Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamianis Canawers hgavs,
REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic
mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis, daaxloebiT 90
wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s
grZeldeba. Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100
wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. sur. 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 faze-
bisTvis) gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REM
Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi
ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlia-
nobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25%
ki - REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebisaTvis arsebobs
Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,
Zilis realuri `raodenoba~, romelsac iRebs
TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis mniS-
vnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aq-
tiurad akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian
daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xan-
grZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli
ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu
rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZli-
vobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakma-
risi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
Zili da sizmari
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris
manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am Sem-
TxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi
gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli
ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis pa-
ternis is TvalSi sacemi cvlilebebi, romelsac
adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix. 199
 suraTi
6.3

Zilis fazebi
Zilis fazebis tipuri
paterni e r Ti Ramis
ganmavlobaSi.

sur. 6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 saaTiani ratom Zili?

ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis naxevars REM
adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis
ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxo-
Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom
lod 6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois
arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da
mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
biologiuri saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod
Cveulebriv, 7-8 saaTi sZinavT, romelSic 20%
kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 saaTi
REM Zils ukavia.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

suraTi
6.4

adamianis Zilis
paterni cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
grafikze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor icvleba asakis ma-
tebasTan erTad yovel-
dRiuri REM Zilisa da
NREM Zilis procentuli
Tanafardoba. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom REM Zilis
xangrZlivoba mniSvne-
lovnad iklebs wlebis
matebasTan erTad, xolo
NREM Zilis
xangrZlivobis Semcireba
naklebad mkveTria.

200
sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996).
ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs
emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba
iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili
cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ener-
giis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, ro-
desac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis povnis
an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976;
Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili
ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs
sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmav-
lobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da
neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsi-
nafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optima-
lur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva
(Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis
Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis ener-
giis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros
(Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis
deprivacias, Semdeg Rames CveulebrivTan Seda-
rebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan
REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel
funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca, jerje-
robiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM
Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad,
rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili
pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs
Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis
Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs,
romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis
daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba
garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da
emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba
saWiro iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare
gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da
ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright,
1978; Dement, 1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili aucile-
belia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis
aRdgenisaTvis: NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom
aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan dabruneba REM
Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994).
Zilis darRvevebi
mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia Ra-
miT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali ada-
miani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seri-
ozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da
samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils
socialuri Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamia-
nebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT gadaad-
gilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc Tvlemen samuSao adgilze.
msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli indus-
triuli ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, Cerno-
bilis katastrofa, gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.
ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom
Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma perso-
nalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi fun-
qcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania
mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec
visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom
Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mi-
Zili da sizmari
xedviT; Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic vari-
rebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.
insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian
TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an xarisxiT, isini
insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi
qronikuli warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad 201
 verdaZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri adgo-
mebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel
gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58%
aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro
xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep Founda-
tion, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa,
romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebi da
mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs
(Spielman & Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul piro-
bebSi insomniis mqone individebis Seswavlisas
maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba
mniSvnelovnad icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan
darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic
uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis sruliad
normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda,
Tumca, es mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad
aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia
aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi
adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvari
gansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor
sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis inter-
pretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul ada-
mians fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT
ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar
axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis
ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT xasiaTdeba
(Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan4 kom-
binaciaSi iCens Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani
moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi TiT-
qmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REM
ZilSi aseTi swrafi gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs
da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio
xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs.
narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod erT adamianTan
gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia
ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas
genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surT
ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxu-
lobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad
uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas
4
katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze
kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (sicili,
202 risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &
Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals
warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva
da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rodesac adamiani
Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba,
sisxlSi mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da
gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo) hormonebi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom
gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba
apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi
daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi
cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs mZinare adamians,
Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea,
rom igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas
am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis ganvi-
xiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romel-
sac gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar
SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leq-
ciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. ro-
desac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis
klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gada-
irCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).
sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven
samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer meuRleebsac
ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad daba-
debul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic, romlebic
xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur
stimulirebas saWiroeben. srulad Camoyali-
bebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
insomnia (Insomnia) - normalurad daZinebis qro-
nikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTu-
leebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) - Zilis darRveva, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis
dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) - zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi
monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT, ramden xansac
grZeldeba problemebi.
dRis Zilianoba
aSS-is Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul
pacientTa umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi
moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154
mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad
ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis
aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba
ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri
movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National
Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois
gazrdas da motoruli da kognituri amocanebis
Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvle-
vebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa
TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen
avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets
samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog
SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb doku-
menturi filmis Sleep Alert-is momzadebisas fsiqo-
logi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom „arseboben
adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian~
(Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic
aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen
xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTav-
rebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel
mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis
Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis
cxovrebis stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani
xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWar-
bebul Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZ-
veli aqvs da aseT pacientebs samedicino dax-
mareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).
sizmari: gonebis Teatri
Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul samyaroSi
vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winas-
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) - moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis dar-
Rvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi
Civili.
warmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanali-
tikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda, dRes-
dReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa
umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo,
sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali
edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REM
da NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs yvebodnen,
Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa
80%-Si NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili
sizmrebs. amas mowmobs am periodSi gaRviZebulTa
54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba
emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi
Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvir-
Tuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis siz-
mrebis raodenoba izrdeba Zilis darRvevebis
SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan
gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs adamianebis fsiqikur cxovrebaSi,
faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT ki-
Txvamde: aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniS-
vneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia „diax,
aqvs~. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniS-
vnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvne-
loba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.
sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi
Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze
cnobili Teoria sizmrebis Sesaxeb zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs „warmaval
fsiqozsa~ da „yovelRameul sigiJes~ uwodebda.
aseve is sizmrebs „aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad~ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi
fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili
mis klasikur naSromSi „sizmrebis interpre-
Zili da sizmari
tacia~ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi
Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis
simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi siz-
marSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva,
radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi
imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqe-
sis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi
ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs. esenia survili
203
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

aTi an oci wlis win cota
ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda ge-
keTebina SuaRamis Semdeg. sa-
Siano davalebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg moswavleebsa da studen-
tebs unda amoerCiaT. _ tele-
vizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu
daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulma
moitana intenretis arseboba da
masTan erTad 24/7 stimulaciis
uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis
nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an
visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) in-
ternetis saSualebiT. Cven Seg-
viZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis
vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi
(aSS) da vesaubrebodeT vinmes,
vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes
berlinSi, germaniaSi. inter-
netis gafarToeba SeiZleba da-
vaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis
raodenobas. wignis avtorebi
mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi
mogzaurobis Sewyvetas mizanmi-
marTulad erCiaT uZilod yof-
na. mravali mkvlevris azriT,
internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas
mxolod auaresebs. isini wlebis
manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo,
rom mozardebsa da kolejis
studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi
drois manZilze (Dement & Vaug-
han, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsper-
tebis Tanaxmad, nebismier ada-
mians esaWiroeba 8-saaTiani Zi-
li, Zilis nacionaluri sazo-
gadoebis mier 2000 wels Catare-
buli gamokiTxvis Sedegad
gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maC-
venebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am
standarts. kviris dReebis man-
vuyureb televizors, an var
internetSi.~ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT
amas?Cven ar vcdilobT, uari
gaTqmevinoT internetis moxma-
rebaze. Cven mxolod gTava-
zobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teq-
nologiebs xSirad uZilobis
axali mizezebi sdevs Tan.
uZilobas mravali seriozuli
Sedegi mohyveba: zogierTi
maTgania dabali niSnebi, prob-
lemebi samsaxurSi da avto-
sagzao SemTxvevebi. metic,
mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi
abebis Seqmna, romelic Zi-
lisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSua-
lebas mogvcems, Tumca, vera-
feri gaaqrobs Zilis saWiro-
ebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT,
Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi
unda gadadgaT, rom XXI sau-
kune TqvenTvisac ar iqces

adamianebis ambivalenturi (or- Zilze am asakis individTa Zi- uZilobis saukuned.

magi) - siyvaruli-siZulvilis -
damokidebuleba. adamianebs
uyvarT Zili, radganac das-
venebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs
(xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSin-
lad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi,
Cvens sxeuls efeqturad fun-
qcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.
Tumca, adamianebs sZulT Zili,
radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram
arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT
dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomare-
obaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad
lis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kvi-
ris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8
saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia, rom
kolejis studentTa umravle-
soba gamocdebTan da sakurso
naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSi-
rebuli stresis gamo kargavs
Zils (Mutphy & Archer, 1996). Tumca,
gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29
wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma debulebas: „xSirad
mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac
veb-gverdebi:
www.sleepfoundation.org
Zilis nacionaluri sazoga-
doebis gverdi.
www.stanford.edu/~dement, es
gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis
kvlevis pioneris, uiliam de-
mentis mier, romelic gvTa-
vazobs didi raodenobiT Zi-
lis Sesaxeb ZiriTad infor-
maciasa da kavSirebs.

da cenzura, anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura
axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, anu
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas
sizmris manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es
ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad
im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs
mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am pro-
204 cess froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli
Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa,
faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad
miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia
yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.
froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia
ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas moiTxovs xiluli
Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoana-
litikosisaTvis, romelic sizmrebis analizs
pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi
mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis aradasavluri midgoma
pacientis aracnobier survilebs, am survilebTan
dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba
SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad sizmrebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti
Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde
survilebsa da SiSebs Soris warmoqmnil fsi-
an Terapiis dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur
qikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids
kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis interpretacia
miaCnda, rom sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Ted-
da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _ cal-
lock, 1987). ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis
keuli individebisTvis specifikur da univer-
indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz, 1997,
salur, mravali maTgani ki seqsualuri xasiaTis
gv. 2):
mqone mniSvnelobas atarebs:
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad,
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da
(soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi sxdebian...
Rumelebi, aseve, carieli, CaRrmavebuli
isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTma-
sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis tran-
neTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis es yoveldRi-
sporti ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. siz-
uri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis
marSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simbo-
mcxovrebTaTvis. maT swamT, rom TiToeuli
loa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da ga-
sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxveli-
mavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili,
saTvis, aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris
maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...
mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
sizmarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gaviv-
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
liT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili...
didad albaTuria, rom yovelgvari rTuli aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi
manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi ki TavianT
genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom
wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis) (Freud, 1900/ miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris
1965, gv. 389-391). mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom
individi sizmars „mTeli tomisTvis~ xedavs,
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli
ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul
Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis fsiqo-
mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobi-
logiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad
erisken mimavali „samefo gzaa~.
imisa, rom mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris
bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa
faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am Teo-
garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis interpretaciis
riis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi,
gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. maga-
sizmrebis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelovnebis xaz-
liTisTvis maias indielebi SeiZleba ganvixi-
gasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis
loT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa
Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher &
da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben.
Greenberg, 1987).
maias kulturaSi Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri. jgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven,
Zili da sizmari

xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-
tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic
mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis
SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-
mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Si-
naarsad gardaqmnis.
rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic
SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad
arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri
ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebsac
isini, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri
figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis
saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic
205
 hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris
mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben
meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi diliT
ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens
droSi maias tomis adamianebi samoqalaqo omis
msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali
adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog
barbara Tedlokis mixedviT, „sizmrebisa da
xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZle-
bina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winapreb-
Tan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen~
(Tedlock,1992, gv. 471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jguf-
Si, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian sizmrebs,
droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad
moiazreba. froidis Teoria sizmris interpreta-
ciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da
gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval
sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari momavlis winaswar-
metyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,
eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli
regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva
sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. re-
ligiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi
da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da
amcnoben, rom „dResaswaulis gamocxadebis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
droa.~ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da
maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpiro-
bebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centra-
luri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa
interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT,
mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba gvikbens,
magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.
rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs
seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas
esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an meores
esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans ico-
cxleben. aseve iqneba maSinac, rodesac
gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpreta-
ciaTagani momavlisken iyureba. sizmris inter-
206 pretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari
kulturuli tradiciis mniSvnelovani kompo-
nentia.
sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri
Teoriebi
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu
aradasavluri midgomis amosaval wertils war-
moadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs infor-
macias, romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs
calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri jgufi-
saTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri
safuZvlis mqone TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REM
Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis
tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundes
NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg
(Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari
mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da
robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley,
1977; Hobson, 1988) mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-
sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli
signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens
Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis stimulirebas. es
eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorciel-
deba daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da
30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtivobas,
riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis
monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs
winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan
gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da indi-
vidis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul
faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT,
ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi,
Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli pater-
nebi am eleqtruli „signalebis~ SemTxveviT
amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxve-
viTi signalebis Sedegia, ewinaaRmdegeba siz-
mrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am
kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris
Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare
adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis
gavixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis me-
gobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs
Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis
mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac (Strauch &
Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS
daayena mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod
SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb:
mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi
TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti
uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, gv. 207)
fiqrobs, rom „mozrdilebSi wlebisa da
aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis
ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic
sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad
miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan
momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier pe-
riodul dabombvas.~ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoT
gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT
sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba
isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad icvleba Tu
ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti:
drodadro mravali adamianisgan gvsmenia, rom
bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu
saintereso axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT
TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom ben-
zinis qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelis-
magvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caav-
lo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm
naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac
wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am
sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi
manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, ro-
gorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnav-
dnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.
Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni
vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols aRar
eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dag-
sizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis
koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs,
yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo
sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daax-
loebiT 24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin,
1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani gacilebiT
xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel
RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia
Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre
mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa,
adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli gamoc-
dileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi,
SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac
maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi
aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis
studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo
Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac
ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia,
rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris daman-
grevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis,
rogorc cnobierebis yoveldRiuri cvlilebis,
zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,
romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebis miRma
gasvlas.
Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri
saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis
manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miax-
loebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis
procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis
klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba
asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT ic-
vleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis
iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia,
narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba.
mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis
mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis
Zili da sizmari
yvelaze cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia
Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kultu-
rebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi
misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis
matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis
SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram 207
 am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris
Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis koSmarebs
gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.
cnobierebis Semcvleli
mdgomareobebi
nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayo-
filebT fxizeli cnobierebis Cveulebrivi
cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teq-
nikebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobie-
rebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla.
zogierTi aseTi praqtika individualuria,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli prepara-
tebis miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli
religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri
gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis
jgufur mcdelobas. Cven mimovixilavT iseT
sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis
Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedu-
rebiT miiRweva.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, vacnobierebdeT,
rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars?
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi
gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris
xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli
praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic
mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kon-
trolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge,
1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).
saidan
viciT
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli
realoba
stefan labergma da misma kolegebma
ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic dak-
virvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamow-
mebis saSualebas iZleva. demonstracia
208
eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac
aCvena, rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis
moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis
mzeris mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi siz-
mrebis gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom
ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis
calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen.
dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis signalebi
Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris Cana-
werebSi da amiT xdeboda demonstrireba
imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni mar-
Tlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM
Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali
meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad, dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs
ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REM
Zilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba.
cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom
wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron,
rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave,
isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT
TavianTi sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Si-
naarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis Se-
sabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis
Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba. dakvirvebadi
sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu
mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi
sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT gamomwvev
teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs,
rom sizmrebis „arakontrolirebad~ movlenebze
kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac
es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens
individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gene-
rirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic
sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT
gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT pro
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) - Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.

cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs
sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas.
hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom
hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayof-
lobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad
marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra
aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/
validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini
hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi
Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca,
hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgo-
mareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkon-
trolis cvlilebebiT.
Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu
ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaq-
sirebuli adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac
sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro
zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cno-
bierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic
xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli
unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba,
rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, moti-
vaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi
(Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi,
monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT
xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT
_ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovel-
gvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis ga-
reSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).
mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas
hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqa-
nizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).
zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis
zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad
gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomare-
obisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva
araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia.
arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi
socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, pla-
cebo reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowo-
nebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad,
mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vina-
idan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba,
naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an
placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi
efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da
hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis
zogierT efeqts.
hipnoturi stimulacia da
hipnobiluroba
hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic in-
duction) iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa
erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs
garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo-
209
 lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs
yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad
emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulis-
xmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an
movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias.
ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosam-
zadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis
funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad
gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis
tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis
mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi
adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac
hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT
siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).
hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian
STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnoti-
ziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTad-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis
unari Tu „niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemde-
baros. hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xaris-
xiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis
gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs
individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri,
STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur
STagonebadobamde.
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xaris-
xis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares
hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am
skalaze „maRali~ an „Zalian maRali~ maCvene-
beli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori
iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias,
romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda.
rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi
gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze
hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen
xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxve-
vaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli
mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul indi-
videbs ar SeeZloT „ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva,
Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar
SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „daba-
li~ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar
avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi stan-
dartul hipnotur STagonebas.
210
suraTi
6.5
pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done
grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pir-
velad moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobi-
luroba stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-de-
bulebian skalaze gaizoma.
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasia-
Tebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtob-
rivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros
(Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis tes-
tirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da
kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi
testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad
korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel
monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro
STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipno-
turi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozar-
dobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs
garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis geneti-
kuri determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri
tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTma-
neTs, vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al.,
1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba Seda-
rebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT
iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mim-
ndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979;
Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis
unikalur kognitur unars.
hipnozis efeqtebi
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris
aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT
standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis
qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb-
lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)
da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT
eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca,
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi
hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan
momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri
survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mo-
woneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasa-
cemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben
namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da
simuliantebs.
saidan
viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi
monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis
simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad,
maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimen-
tatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom mar-
Tlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani
nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romel-
Sic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina
toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgo-
mareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris inten-
sivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da
amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigo-
noT.
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimen-
tatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad indi-
vidis moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda
movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simu-
lianti monawileebi msgavsad unda asru-
lebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar
xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli indi-
videbi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRwe-
ren: isini TavianT realur gamocdilebas-
Tan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian,
vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT
eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996).
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad
varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri
hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan
naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli
wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec
ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria
(hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari
ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis
stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba
hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tki-
vilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STa-
gonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis
araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gake-
Tebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancal-
kevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba
sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `dama-
xinjeba~. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT
tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri
da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan
(Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT
Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, ro-
melTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miR-
weva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic
daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSi-
rebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviT-
hipnozi (autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi
saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis
gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba.
erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis
mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili
orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi
(Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT
aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba
monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils.
Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis
Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu-
211
 rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa
sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993). hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar
niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas;
saidan
faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba
viciT individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis
daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic
moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis au-
wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas.
taneli tkivili. individebis mier tkivi-
es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac
lis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac
izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli
adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben
instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis
hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipno-
gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis tiziori imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom
gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZle-
egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone ada-
odaT, rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da
mianebs sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs
(2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba
efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda,
arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da
romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa
TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas,
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damouki- romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZ-
deblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris
leblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba.
gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas
iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze
metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda meditacia
testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis
aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradi-
pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula
ciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs
da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi
cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri,
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis

aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben
piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed
mentalur da spiritualur „me~-ze Sinagani
hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars
fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens
ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilu-
cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowo-
robis skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovan-
debulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis
wilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawiles-
saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da
Tan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxi-
subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis
sagan damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis mo-
gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba
lodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve,
SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes
yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan
sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas po-
efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca,
zebi), minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia,
Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis
axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generi-
amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis
rebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre nak-
azrisagan.
lebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva
garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi
gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT,
ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al.,
TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba
1978).

meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis for-

dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: ma, romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Sem-
hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris cirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
212 gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan;

normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgo-
mareobasa da meditaciis konkretul proce-
durebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis
damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri
fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi
aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis
mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs
SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul
garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al.,
1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praq-
tikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis
droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis
praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas
regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT
formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba,
gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT,
rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis
axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da
azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas
avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, rome-
lic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi.
akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,
rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs
gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier
aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix.
Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al.,
1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani
budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991)
gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva,
ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul
garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi,
rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval
gzaze dagvayenebs.
halucinaciebi
uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes
cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi
xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/
obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia
aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri kon-
struqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba ilu-
ziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis percep-
tuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6.
masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs,
Tumca, is „realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
6.6
suraTi
es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!
miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,
adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi
ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi
individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomare-
obidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli proce-
sebisgan. 213
 faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven
mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis
Sedegad „Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am
iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT,
rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxva-
vebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdi-
lebaa, romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi
moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halu-
cinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari
TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad
dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapiris-
pirebiT, halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod
dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi
ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis~
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze
zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli
agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba
an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba.
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo,
iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris
an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilo-
bis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben
Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
religiuri eqstazi
meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri
komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZli-
erebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam
jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba war-
moadgens unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas,
romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa
da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realu-
robisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komu-
nikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mra-
vali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi
cnobierebis nawils.
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda
aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur
gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamoc-
dileba. maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis
unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuT-
rebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas
aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi
da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis
sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen
grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,
yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur
trialsa da cekvebSi:

xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri

enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars
nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti
miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-
da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze
uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi
(aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben,
DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis
arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoq-
medeba uwyobs xels.
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi
halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani
movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi
mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac
maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.
amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi
spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi
da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes,
rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc
gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi
gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris
damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze,
ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.
214
 xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Si-
naarss moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili
ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze~
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi
erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi
daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa
Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi
arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvle-
vebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs
gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa ma-
galiTebi mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55)
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis
wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom
isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli
adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT
Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras
iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi mo-
nawileoba „maTTvis personaluri jildos tol-
fasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi
aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983).
cnobierebis Semcvleli
nivTierebebi
adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen
sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis
Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri mona-
cemebi, rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meq-
sikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen
„Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu
meskalis5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan
moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis
mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda
Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva,
romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel
halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTo-
basTan, dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre
jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen,
gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli
realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon
5 zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da
erTgvari narkotiki.
Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cno-
bierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze
meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac
Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc
amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda
cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier
Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis
SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am
mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri
metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aR-
magznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis
uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad
Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da
TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis
yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar
moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavav-
lebT paralels normaluri cnobierebis fun-
qcionirebasTan~ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cno-
bierebis Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cno-
bierebis TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgo-
mareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos
Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis~ gamoq-
veynebis Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobie-
rebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixed-
viT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxlo-
ebiT 25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is mo-
qalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi
wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti
akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi:
16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mo-
zardebis 19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime
tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7%
gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan
iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es
monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas auci-
leblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotike-
bis gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.
damokidebuleba da miCveva
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia,
romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT
215
 qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis
receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blo-
kirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZ-
vlianad cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas,
zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, guneba-
ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTie-
rebebis gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad
viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis
misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba
saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur
safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). toleran-
tobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba,
procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze,
nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arse-
bobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotran-
smiterebi. tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis
tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic
miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi
esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris
damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali,
oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis arar-
sebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itan-
jeba.
Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyene-
bas imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs,
rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur
damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) -
qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur
procesebsa da qcevaze.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic
nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad
iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad in-
divids ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological de-
pendence) - procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva
da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze.
miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac orga-
nizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba
SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan
sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological de-
pendence) - narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba
an survili.
216
mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebu-
lebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili
imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis ir-
gvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi fun-
qcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, nar-
kotikis miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis Sesanar-
Cuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad
ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs
qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an
narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT
narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze mo-
makvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis
Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis
saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxma-
reblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba
`gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es
momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.
mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daR-
wevisa da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasam-
klaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itan-
jebian.
saidan
viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis
Sedegebi
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxma-
rebis rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo.
gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavre-
beli klasis 1634 moswavle los anjele-
sidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi
Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%-
ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad
moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki
saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi
Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx
jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb &
Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991):
narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba
uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da so-
cialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTier-
Tobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials,
zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da
xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrov-
nebas.
 Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa
stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida
suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis
sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxar-
daWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.
nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi
tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesa-
tyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida
konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTier-
Tobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel
efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis
kombinacia iZleoda.
moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan,
romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols
da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRi-
niSneboda momatebuli socialuri integ-
racia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi
Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad
adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi
gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis
nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva
tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT,
romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad
gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor
aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da
fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul
da socialur Sedegebs.
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvli-
lebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halu-
cinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris
cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc ga-
regani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas.
rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi
xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da
`ara me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi
yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini
(miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba
sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba
laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri,
iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur
reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba
tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli
sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs.
halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi
specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neiro-
transmiterze _ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek,
1993).
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea.
misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic
napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili
fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari
foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT
gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia
dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sa-
siamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv
halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamo-
yenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva
da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi.
Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa
negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva
da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze
icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri
qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis
specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri
receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxis-
mgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli.
mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad
aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri,
romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive
receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). ami-
tomac aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcv-
lel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad
arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines,
rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic
gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis mox-
marebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis
molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri
receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli
reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aR-
moCenili TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba
avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad
undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi.
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini,
Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizia-
neblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intra-
venuri miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamov-
nebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeu-
lebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils ei-
foriis grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba 217
 cxrili
6.1
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da
damokidebuleba
efeqtis damokidebuleba
samedicino gamoyeneba xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi) fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri
opiatebi (narkotikebi)
morfini tkivilgamayuCebeli 3-6 maRali maRali
heroini kvlevis procesSi 3-6 maRali maRali
kodeini tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi 3-6 zomieri zomieri
haluciogeni
LSD ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili
PCP (penciklidini) veterinaruli
anesTetiki varirebs ar aris cnobili maRali
meskalini (peioti) ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili
fsilocibini ara 4-6 ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili
kanafi (marixuana) qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi gulisrevis
aRmkveTi 2-4 msubuqad zomieri ar aris cnobili
depresantebi
barbituratebi sedatiuri, Zilis
(magaliTad, wamali, anesTetiki,
seqonali) antikonvulsanti 1-16 zomierad maRali zomierad maRali
benzodiazepini SfoTvis Semamcire-
(magaliTad, valiumi) beli, sedatiuri,
Zilis wamali,
antikonvulsanti 4-8 msubuqad zomieri msubuqad zomieri
alkoholi antiseptiki 1-5 zomieri zomieri
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

stimulatorebi
amfetamini hiperkinezia, narko-
lefsia, wonis kon-
troli 2-4 maRali maRali
kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali
nikotini nikotinis saReWi
rezini mowevisTvis
Tavis dasanebeblad varirebs msubuqad maRali zomierad maRali
kofeini wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki 4-5 ar aris cnobili zomieri

xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT,
rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur
morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens
guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi nar-
kotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs
ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad,
opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs,
218 rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs,
romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli niv-
Tierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaT-
deba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad
stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTie-
rebebiT, tvini kargavs faqiz balanss.
depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da,
gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am
nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri
aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur
nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis

Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresan-
tebis moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva
sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis
SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotras-
miteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis fun-
qcias asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis
Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze
saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi
gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis
SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbitu-
ratebze modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad
daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi
da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba
miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqo-
aqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiye-
neboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS
myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megob-
rulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi
maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki
iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba.
mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad
rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva
depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996).
mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaq-
ciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca,
organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan
SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi
xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli
sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri
SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan,
romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcve-
lobaa, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli
2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis
meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac
Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac
sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas
azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze,
rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri
problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli
avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikv-
dilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis
raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze,
auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs
da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas.
aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alko-
holizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, toleran-
toba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi
intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi
individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis
cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi
unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis
ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis
Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis
Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aRe-
niSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5
da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT
an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa
saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gaci-
lebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da
kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis
gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi
moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis
donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini,
serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula- 219
 torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqme-
debas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs
sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi
sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamov-
nebis gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin,
1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva
efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba,
moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da
eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel
halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom
sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben.
am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben.
kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul
safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze
depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti
qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxma-
reblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe
gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da
dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i,
gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki,
romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs
moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da
iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xel-
misawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris
kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamoc-
dilebidan vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari
yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs
imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze,
sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZine-
basTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.
TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini
sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac
adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncen-
traciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa
da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi
Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT
icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did
sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis
gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini
tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur
naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis
moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismge-
belia nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTare-
baze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri
220 naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens,
romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime
kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZno-
binebs, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni,
romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs,
romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa,
roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris.
nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi
zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas
erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaT-
vliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris
monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000
sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da
sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia
da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis
reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev
mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego
kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba
mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995).
yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs
mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi
asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo
kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad
swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa
Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani
momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis
Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995).
es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT
da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina
warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis
Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad
warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier
ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqti-
vobebi cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso
SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve
viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems
am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom
cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa,
rac adamianad gvaqcevs.
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro
naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven
davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi
ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobie-
rebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval-
ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi
arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da
situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis
realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vac-
nobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac
arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT,
sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs
miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis
ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.
Sejameba
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben
cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom
sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kon-
trolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvav-
debian imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hip-
nozis zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam-
dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simu-
liantebis reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis
originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosa-
gebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi
gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis
Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli
damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs
hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis
farul, aracnobier aRqmas.
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvli-
lebebisa da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis
ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens
mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gam-
Rizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi
adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, ro-
melic ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,
rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis,
gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs
albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer
sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul
sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
 cnobiereba gonebis Si-
naarsebis gacnobierebas,
maT Sesaxeb codnas war-
moadgens;
 arsebobs cnobierebis
sami done: (1) samyaros
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras
vacnobierebT da (3)
aracnobierisgan da cno-
bieri aRqmisgan;
 sakvlevi teqnikebi, ro-
goricaa xmamaRla fiqris
oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Si-
naarsis Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyeneba.
cnobierebis
procesebs Soris arsebul
urTierTmimarTebas.
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs
biologiuri saaTis moq-
medebas;
Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi
icvleba Tavis tvinis aq-
tivobis paternebi. REM
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

funqciebi
TviTcnobiereba;
 cnobiereba gvexmareba ga- Zili xasiaTdeba Tvale-
 RviZili periodis cno- bis swrafi moZraobiT da
darCenaSi da gvaZlevs re-
bierebis Sinaarsi gan- Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmre-
alobis pirovnuli da
sxvavdeba aracnobieri bis periods. mTliani Zi-
kulturuli konstruq-
procesebisgan, winare-
tebis Seqmnis SesaZleb- lis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM
cnobieri mexsierebisgan, Zilia 4-5 calkeuli pe-
lobas;
yuradRebis miRma dar-
 mkvlevrebi swavloben riodis ganmavlobaSi;
Cenili informaciisgan,
cnobier da aracnobier
221
221