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SECOND EDITION
INVERTEBRATES 2003
Richard C. Brusca
Gary J. Brusca
2
Clade 2
Clade 1
3
4
6
Illustration Credits
Table of Contents Photographs: McDonald. 3.1 7C: Courtesy of C. DiGiorgio. 3.1 7E: By the
authors. 3.18: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 3.1 9A-C: Courtesy of
Chapter 3 A common land snail, Helix sp. Courtesy of
P. Fankboner. 3.19D,C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 3.19E: After
G. McDonald. Caldwell and Dingle. 3.19F: Courtesy of T. Case. 3.19H:
Chapter 6 Siliceous spicules from a demosponge, Tethya aurantia. Courtesy of D. Perry. 3.22B: After Mercer 1959. 3.22D: From
Courtesy of L. Friesen. Jurand and Selman 1969. 3.23A: After Wilson and Webster
Chapter 8 Acontiate anemones, Metridium farcimen. Courtesy of 1974. 3.23B: After Goodrich 1945. 3.23D: After Snodgrass
L. Friesen. 1952. 3.26A: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.26B: By the authors.
Chapter 12 A rhabditid hookworm, Necator arnericanus. 0A. M. 3.26C: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 3.26D-C: After Barnes 1980.
Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited. 3.26H: 0P. J. Bryant/BPS. 3.28A: After Kuhll938.3.28B:
Chapter 13 A polychaete worm, Chaetopterus variopedatus. After Gibson 1972. 3.28C: Photo by S. Riseman. 3.30:
Courtesy of L. Friesen. Courtesy of L. Friesen. 3.31B: After Prosser and Brown 1961.
Chapter 16 A Costa Rican land crab. Courtesy of L. Friesen. 3.31C: Courtesy of T. and M. Eisner (top); 0P. J. Bryant/BPS
Chapter 17 Mating damselflies, Argia vivida. Courtesy of (bottom). 3.32A: After Wells 1968. 3.34A: 0J. Morin. 3.34B:
Courtesy of M. K. Wicksten. 3.34C: By the authors. 3.34D:
L. Friesen.
Courtesy of G. McDonald.
Chapter 20 The pismo clam, Tivela stultorum. Courtesy of
L. Friesen. Chapter 4 Opener: Sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) embryo, 2-cell
Chapter 23 Lightbulb tunicates, Clavelina hunstmani. Courtesy of stage; 0RMF/Visuals Unlimited. 4.1 3C: After Hyman 1940.
L. Friesen. 4.14: After Butschli. 4:15A: Modified from Pearse et al. 4.15C:
Chapter 24 Eye-to-eye with a mantis shrimp (Crustacea: After Hollande 1952 [Trait&de Zoologie V, 111. 4.15D,C,H: After
Stomatopoda). Courtesy of L. Friesen. Hyman 1940. 4.15E: After various sources. 4.15F: After
Frenzel 1892. 4.29: After Jagersten 1955. 4.20: After Goodrich
Chapter 1 Opener: The ctenophore Lampocteis cruentiventer; G. 1946.
Matsumoto/OMBARI. 1.1 : All after Jenkins, in Lipps and
Signor 1992. 1.3A,D-H: By Marianne Collins, from S. J. Chapter 5 Opener: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki.
Gould's Wonderful Life, W. W. Norton, 1989. 1.5A,C-F: By the 5.1A: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS. 5.1 B: 0Alfred Owczarzak/BPS.
authors. 1SB: 0Painet. 5.1C: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.1 D:
0J. Solliday/BPS. 5.1 E: 0M. Kreutz/micro*scope
Chapter 2 Opener: Nudibranchs (Flabellina telja) on a gorgonian; (http:/ /www.mbl.edu/microscope). 5.1 F: 0D. Patterson
courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 2.3A: From Margulis 1981. 2.38: After and M. Farmer/micro*scope. 5.1C: Courtesy of M. G.
Hadzi 1963. 2.3C: From Hyman 1940. Schultz/Centers for Disease Control. 5.1 H: 0A. M.
Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited. 5.1 I: Courtesy D. Lipscomb and
Chapter 3 Opener: A caridean shrimp, Gnafhophyllum K. Kivimaki. 5.1J:00. R. Anderson/micro*scope. 5.2:
panamense; courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 3.1 : Courtesy of J. Modified from Sleigh 1989. 5.3E: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb.
DeMartini. 3.1 B: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS*. 3.3B: 0S. K. Webster/ 5.4A: Courtesy of B. S. C. Leadbeater. 5.4B: 0G. F.
BPS. 3.3C-E: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.3F: By the authors. Leedale/Biophoto Associates. 5.4C: Courtesy of G. Brugerolle.
3.4B,C: Courtesy of 0. Feuerbacher. 3.9A: Courtesy of R. 5.4D: Courtesy of K. Vickerman. 5.5: After Raikov 1994.568:
Emlet. 3.98: Courtesy of P. Bergquist. 3.7C: After Brusca and Courtesy of L. Tetley. 5.6C: 0M. Bahr and D. Patterson/
Brusca 1978. 3.8F,C: From Brusca and Brusca 1978. 3.9C: By micro*scope.5.8: From Bricheux and Brugerolle 1987.
the authors. 3.9D: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.10A: From Courtesy of G. Brugerolle. 5.9A: After Chen 1950. 5.9B: 0D.
Brusca and Brusca 1978. 3.1OB: After Sherman and Sherman Patterson/micro*scope. 5.1 1B: After Brugerolle et al. 1979.
1976. 3.10C: From Lutze and Wefer 1980. 3.10D: Courtesy of 5.1 1C: Courtesy of L.Tetley and K. Vickerman. 5.13A: 0E. B.
G. McDonald. 3.10E: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 3.13A,B: Small/BPS. 5.1 3B-D: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K.
Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.13C: Courtesy of J. Haig. 3.13D: Kivimaki. 5.13E: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS. 5.13F: Courtesy D.
From Sanders 1963. 3.14A: After Fauchald and Jumars 1979. Lipscomb. 5.1 3C: 0M. Kreutz/micro*scope. 5.15:A,B: After
3.14B: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 3.14C: Courtesy of K. Banse. Sleigh 1973. 5.15C: Redrawn from Grelll973, after Parducz
3.1 5: Courtesy of G. G. Warner. 3.16A,B: After Fauchald and 1954. 5.15H: Redrawn from Grelll973. 5.1 7A: 0G. Antipa.
Jumars 1979. 3.16C: By the authors. 3.1 7A,B: Courtesy of G. 5.1 7B: 0M. Kreutz/micro*scope (http:/ /www.mbl.edu/
microscope). 5.18: After Sleigh 1973a. 5.19B,C,D: Redrawn
"BPS = Biological Photo Service from Grell 1983, after Bardele and Grell 1967. 5.20A Courtesy
898 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.20B: From Lynn and Chapter 8 Opener: The sea pen PfiZosarcus undulatus; courtesy
Didier 1978, courtesy D. Lynn. 5.20C: 0M. Kreutz/ of A. Kerstitch. 8.1A: 0R. Campbell/BPS. 8.1B: 0R. Brons/
micro*scope. 5.22: 0R. Brons/BPS. 5.23A,B: Redrawn from BPS. 8.1 C,D: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 8.1 E,C,I: 0D. J.
Grell 1973, after Grell 1953. 5.23C,D: Redrawn from Grell 1973, Wrobel/BPS. 8.1 F: 0H. W. Pratt/BPS. 8.1 H: By the authors.
after Mugge 1957. 5.23E: After Grelll973.5.24B: After 8.1J: 0J. Mondragon. 8.1 K: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 8.2:
Marquardt and Demaree 1985.5.24C: Courtesy of D. From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.3: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.25: After Grell 1973. 5.26: After 8.4: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.5A-E: From Bayer and
Miller et al. 1985. 5.27A: After Mackinnon and Hawes 1961. Owre 1968.8.6A: After Bayer and Owre 1968, with modifica-
5.278: 0P. W. Johnson/BPS. 5.27C: 0T. Hazen/Visuals tion to mouth area. 8.8A-C,E,F: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
Unlimited. 5.28A: After Grell 1973. 5.28B: After Spector 1984, 8.8D,C: 0J. Morin. 8.8H: From Alvarifio 1983. 8.81: 0D. J.
from a drawing by J. Holt. 5.29A,C: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb Wrobel/BPS. 8.9: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.10: From
and K. Kivimaki. 5.29B: 0D. Wrobel/BPS. 5.30: After Sleigh Fields and Mackie 1971.8.1 1A-E: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
1989.5.31A,B: 0The Natural History Museum, London. 8.1 1F: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 8.1 1C,H: 0J. Morin.
5.31 C: 0M. Geisen/The Natural History Museum, London. 8.1 2A,B,D: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.1 2C: By the authors.
5.32B: 0D. Patterson/micro*scope. 5.32C: Courtesy of D. 8.1 2E: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 8.14A: From Bayer and
Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.32D: 0D. Patterson/ Owre 1968.8.14B: After Barnes 1987.8.15: After Larson 1976.
micro*scope.5.32F: 0D. Patterson and A. Laderman/ 8.16: Courtesy of F. Bayer and W. R. Brown, Smithsonian
micro*scope.5.33: After Grell 1973. 5.34C: 0Robert Brons/ Institution. 8.1 7: After Cairns 1981.8.18: From Bayer and
BPS. 5.358: Redrawn from Grelll973, from film E-1643 by Owre 1968.8.19: After Mackie and Passano 1968.8.20: From
Netzel and Heunert 1971. 5.36A: 0J. Solliday/BPS. 5.368: Bayer and Owre 1968.8.21 B: After Hyman 1940.8.21 D: From
From Grelll973, after Haeckel. 5.36C: 0R. Brons/BPS. 5.36D: Dunn and Bakus 1977.8.21 E: Courtesy of C. Birkeland. 8.22:
Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.37: After 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.23: After Sherman and Sherman 1976.
Margulis and Schwartz 1988, from a drawing by L. Meszoly. 8.24A: From Holstein and Tardent. 8.24B-E: From Mariscal
5.38B: 0M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited. 5.39A: After Sleigh 1974.8.25: After Mariscal, in Muscatine and Lenhoff 1974.
1973. 5.39B: Redrawn from Grell 1973, after Hollande and 8.26A-D: From Hamner and Dunn 1980.8.26E: Courtesy of C.
Enjumet 1953. 5.40A 0R. Brons/BPS. 5.40B: 0D. Caron/ Birkeland. 8.27A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.27B: Courtesy of C.
micro*scope. 5.41 0D. Patterson/microscope. 5.42 Redrawn Birkeland. 8.28: After Russell-Hunter 1979. 8.29A, B: Courtesy
from Grell 1973, after Myers 1943. 5.43B: After Grelll980. of D. Fautin. 8.30: From Cairns and Barnard 1984.8.31A:
5.43C: After Schmidt and Roberts 1989, from a drawing by After Bayer and Owre 1968. 8.31 B: Courtesy of J. Smith.
William Ober. 5.44: After Sleigh 1989. 5.45A,C: After Grell 8.31 C: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.32A: After Wells 1968.8.32B:
1973.5.45B: After Sleigh 1989.5.46A: Courtesy of D. After Barnes 1987.8.32C: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.33:
Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 5.46B: 0Carolina Biological From Mariscal 1974.8.34A,B: After Hyman 1940. 8.34C,D,F:
Supply Co./Visuals Unlimited. 5.46C: 0RMF/Visuals From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.34E: After Conant 1900.8.35:
Unlimited. 5.47A: Redrawn from Grell 1973, after Kudo and From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.36: From Stretch and King 1980.
Daniels 1963.5.47B: Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. 8.37: From Bayer and Owre 1968.8.39: From Bayer and Owre
Kivimaki. 5.48: 0D. Patterson and M. Farmer/micro*scope. 1968.8.40A,C: 0Robert Brons/BPS. 8.40B,D: Courtesy of S.
5.49: 0D. Patterson/micro*scope (http:/ /www.mbl.edu/ Keen and B. Cameron. 8.41A,B: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
microscope). 5.50:Courtesy of D. Lipscomb and K. Kivimaki. 8.41 C: After Calder 1982. 8.42A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 8.428:
5.51 :After Sleigh in House 1979, modified from Margulis From Bayer and Owre 1968.
1970.
Chapter 9 Opener: The lobate ctenophore Bolinopsis; 0J. Morin.
Chapter 6 Opener: Close-up of a sponge in Channel Islands 9.1A,B,E,F,C: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 9.1 C,D: G. Matsumoto/O
National Park, CA; 0J. Mondragon. 6.1A: 0D. Wrobel/BPS MBARI. 9.1 H: 0J. Morin. 9.2B,C,F,L: After Harbison and
6.1B: 0 S. K. Webster/BPS. 6.1C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. Madin 1983.9.2E,K: After Mayer 1912.9.2C: After Komai
6.1 D: By the authors. 6.1 E: 0D. W. Fawcett/Visuals 1934.9.2H: After Bayer and Owre 1968.9.3A: From Bayer and
Unlimited. 6.1 F: From Bergquist 1978. 6.1C: 0J. Mondragon. Owre 1968. 9.5: After Hyman 1940. 9.6A: After Bayer and
6.1 H: 0Robert Brons/BPS. 6.2A: After Hartman 1963. 6.2B: Owre 1968. 9.6B: After Franc 1978.9.6C-E: Courtesy of P.
After Bergquist 1978. 6.2C,D: After Reiswig 1975. 6.3: From Fankboner. 9.7: From Mills and Miller 1984. 9.8A: After Komai
Bayer and Owre 1968.6.4A: From Bayer and Owre 1968.6.4B: 1922.9.8B: After Hyman 1940.9.9A: After Hyman 1940.9.9C:
After Sherman and Sherman 1976.6.4C: 0R. Brons/BPS. 6.5: From Bayre and Owre 1968.9.10: After Hyman 1940.9.11:
From Bergquist 1978. 6.6A: After Bergquistl978. 6.6B: After After Hyman 1940.
Reiswig 1979.6.7A-D,I: After Connes et al. 1971.6.7E,C: From
Bayer and Owre 1968.6.7F: After Barnes 1980.6.7H: After Chapter 10 Opener: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 10.1A: 0P. J.
Brill 1973. 6.8A-C: After Bergquist 1978. 6.8D: After Hyman Bryant/BPS. 10.1 B: 0M. Hooge. 10.1C: 0S. K. Webster/BPS.
1940. 6.9A: After Bergquist 1978. 6.9B,C: From Bergquist 1978. 10.1D: From the photo collection of Dr. James P. McVey,
6.1 OA,C: In part from Bergquist 1978; Photo of asterose NOAA Sea Grant Program. 10.1 E: 0J. Solliday/BPS. 10.1F: 0
microscleres by B. Beaumont, courtesy of P. Bergquist. R. Brons/BPS. lO.lC,H: 0J. Morin. 10.1 I: Courtesy of L.
6.1 OB-D: After Hyman 1940. 6.1 OF: After Hartman 1969. Friesen. 10.3A,E: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 10.4B: After Brown
6.10C: Courtesy of P. Bergquist. 6.1 1: Photos courtesy of J. 1950. 10.4C: After Hyman 1951. 10.5A: After C. Bedini and F.
Vacelet. 6.1 2A: From Bayer and Owre 1968. 6.1 2B,C: After Papi, in Riser and Morse 1974. 10.5B: After Bayer and Owre
Hyman 1940.6.1 3A,B: After Brien and Meewis 1938.6.1 3C: 1968. 10.6A: After Sherman and Sherman. 10.7A: After L. T.
From Reiswig 1970. 6.13D: From Reiswig 1976. 6.14 After Threadgold, 1963, Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 104. 10.7B: After Barth
Hyman 1940. 6.1 5 A After Hyman 1940.6.1 5B: After and Broshears 1982. 10.8A: After Schelll982. 10.8B,C: After
Bergquist 1978.6.15C: After Levi 1956.6.15D: From Bergquist Marquardt and Demaree 1985. 10.8D: Courtesy of J.
1978.6.16B-F: From Bayer and Owre 1968.6.1 7A: 0D. J. DeMartini. 10.9A,B: Redrawn from Hyman 1951. 10.9C-E:
Wrobel/BPS. 6.20: After Bergquist 1978. Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 10.9F: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 10.10:
After Hyman 1951. 10.1 1A-D: After Russell-Hunter 1979.
Chapter 7 Opener: The placozoan Trichoplax adkaerens; 0R. 10.1 1E: After Hyman 1951. 10.1 1F: 0M. Hooge. 10.12: After
Brons/BPS. 7.1A,B: 0R. Brons/BPS. 7.1C: Adapted from Bayer and Owre 1968. 10.13B-D: After Hyman 1951. 10.14
Grell. 7.1 D: Redrawn from McConnaughey 1963. 7.1 E: After After Hyman 1951. 10.15: After Hyman 1951. 10.16: From
Lapan and Morowitz 1972. 7.1 F,C: After Atkins 1933. 7.2B: Bayer and Owre 1968.10.1 8A-F: From Bayer and Owre 1968.
After Lapan and Morowitz 1972. 7.3A: Redrawn from Hyman 10.18C: Courtesy of R. Hochberg. 10.19: After Hyman 1951.
1940. 7.3B,C: After Lapan and Morowitz 1972. 7.3D: Redrawn 10.20: After Hyman 1951. 10.21A: From Bayer and Owre, after
from McConnaughey 1963; after Nouvell948. 7.5: After Ivanov 1955. 10.21C: After Hyman 1951. 10.22A: After von
Hyman 1940. 7.6: Redrawn from Hyman 1940. 7.7: Redrawn Graaf 1904-08. 10.22B,C: From Bayer and Owre 1968. 10.23A:
from Hyman 1940. After Boolootian and Stiles 1981. 10.23B: After Hyman 1951,
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 899
drawn by Hyman from a photograph in Kato 1940. 10.24 1962. 13.10: Redrawn from Russell-Hunter 1979. 13.11A:
From Bayer and Owre 1968, after Kato 1940. 10.25A: From From Brusca and Brusca 1978. 13.11B: After Nicoll931.
Bayer and Owre 1968, after Kato 1940. 10.25B: From Bayer 13.11C: After Barnes 1980. 13.1 1D: After Benham, In Harmer
and Owre 1968. 10.26: After Hyman 1951. 10.28B: After and Shipley (eds.) 1895-1909, Cambridge Natural History, Vol. 2.
Barnes 1980, from Smyth and Clegg 1959. 10.28C: After Noble 13.11E: 0J. Morin. 13.11C: By the authors. 13.11H: 0D. J.
and Noble 1982. 10.29B: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 10.30A: Wrobel/BPS. 13.12A-D: After Russell-Hunter 1979, adapted
After Olsen 1974. 10.30B: Adapted from Smyth 1977. from Gary and Lissmann 1938. 13.12E: After Russell-Hunter
10.31C,D: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 10.32A: After Marquardt 1979. 13.13: After Russell-Hunter 1979, adapted from Gary
and Demaree 1985. 10.32B: After Noble and Noble 1982. and Lissmann 1938. 13.14A: From Brusca and Brusca 1978.
10.34A: After Ax 1963. 10.34B: After Karling 1974. 10.34C: 13.14B: Redrawn from 1980. 13.15A,B: After Barnes 1980.
After Barnes 1980. 13.15C-E: After Dales 1955. 13.15F: After Carlton and Smith.
13.15C: After Kaestner 1967. 13.16A,B: After Newell 1970.
Chapter 11 Opener: The nemertean Baseodiscus mexicanus; 13.16C: After Borradaile et al. 1958. 13.1 7A: After Brusca and
Courtesy of 0. Feuerbacher. 11.1A, B: courtesy of P. Fankboner. Brusca 1978. 13.17B: After Eisig 1906. 13.188: Redrawn from
11.1C: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 11.1D: 0J. Morin. 11.1 E,F: Barnes 1980, after Dales 1967. 13.18C: Redrawn from Barnes
From Bayer and Owre 1968. 11.1C: After Gibson 198213. 1980. 13.18D,E: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 13.19A,B:
11.2A,B: After Hyman 1951. 11.2C: From Bayer and Owre Redrawn from Jamieson 1981, after Van Gansen 1963.
1968; after Coe 1943. 11.3: After Gibson 198213. 11.4: Courtesy 13.19C,D: Redrawn from Barnes 1980. 13.20A,B: Redrawn
of S. Stricker. 11SA-D: After Russell-Hunter 1979, based on from Barnes 1980. 13.20C: After Mann 1962. 13.22A: After
papers by R. Gibson. 11S E : After Gibson 1982b. 11SF-H: Edwards and Lofty 1972. 13.22B: Redrawn from Edwards and
Courtesy of S. Stricker. 11.6: After Gibson 1982b. 11.7: After Lofty 1972, after Grove and Newell 1962. 13.23A: Redrawn
Hyman 1951. 11.8: After Hyman 1951. 11.9: After Hyman from Barnes 1980. 13.23B: After Mann 1962. 13.24A,B: After
1951. 1l.lOB,C: From Bayer and Owre 1968. 11.10D: After Goodrich 1946. 13.24C: After Thomas 1940. 13.25: After
Hyman 1951. 11.11: After Coe 1934. 11.12: After Hyman 1951. Edwards and Lofty 1972. 13.26A: After Mann 1962. 13.26): 0
11.13: After Hyman 1951. 11.14 After Hyman 1951. R. K. Burnhard/BPS. 13.27C,H: Redrawn from Meglitsch.
11.15A,C: Redrawn from Gibson 1972. 11.15B: After 13.28: From P. J. Mill 1976, Structure and Function of Proprio-
Gontcharoff 1961. ceptovs in the Invertebrates, Halsted Press [Wiley],NY; courtesy
of D. A. Dorsett, with the permission of Methuen and Co., Ltd.
Chapter 12 Opener: 0R. Brons/BPS. 12.1A-D: After Nogrady 13.29A,B,E: After Fauvel et al. 1959. 13.29C,D: After Hermans
1982. 12.1E: 0R. Brons/BPS. 12.6: After Hyman 1951. 12.8: 0 and Eakin 1974. 13.29F: Redrawn from Barnes 1980.13.31:
R. Hochberg. 12.9B,C: After Hyman 1951. 12.9D: After After Mann 1962. 13.32A,C: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972.
Hummon 1982. 12.9E: OM. Hooge. 12.9F: 0R. Hochberg. 13.32B: After Russell-Hunter 1979. 13.32D-F: Redrawn from
12.11: After Hyman 1951. 12.12A,B: After Higgins 1951. Barnes 1980, after Fauvel et al. 1959. 13.33: After Anderson
12.12C: After Hyman 1951. 12.12D: 0R. Hochberg. 12.13: 1973. 13.34B-F: After Smith 1977. 13.346: 0M. Hooge.
After Hyman 1951. 12.14: After Hyman 1951. 12.15A: 0J. D. 13.35B,C: After Blake 1975. 13.36A,B: After Edwards and
Eisenback/BPS. 12.15B: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 12.15C,D: Lofty 1972. 13.36D,E: After Barnes. 13.36F-H: After Edwards
After Hyman 1951. 12.15E: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. and Lofty 1972, after Tembe and Dubash 1961. 13.361: After
12.15F: 0M. Hooge. 12.15C: 0R. Hochberg. 12.16D: After Brinkhurst and Jamieson 1972. 13.36): 0R. K. Burnhard/BPS.
Hyman 1951.12.16E:Adapted from Lee and Atkinson 1977. 13.37C: After Barnes 1980. 13.37D: After Barnes 1980, from
12.17A,C,E: After Hyman 1951. 12.1 7D: After Noble and Nagao 1957. 13.38A: After Southward 1984. 13.38C: After
Noble 1982. 12.17F: After Pennak 1953. 12.18A-C: Based on Ivanov 1952. 13.3813: After Southward 1969. 13.386: Courtesy
Sassar and Jenkins 1960. 12.19A: After Hyman 1951. 12.20A: of R. Hessler. 13.39A,B: After Ivanov 1962. 13.39C: After
Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 12.20B,C: Modified from Ivanov 1957. 13.39D: After Hyman 1959, after Jagersten 1957.
Hyman 1951. 12.20D: After Noble and Noble 1982. 12.21A,B:
From Sherman and Sherman 1976. 12.21C: After Barnes 1980. Chapter 14 Opener: The sipunculan Sipuncula nudus, 0J.
12.21D: After Hyman 1951. 12.22: Modified from Boveri 1899. Morin. 14.1A: 0R. Humbert/BPS. 14.1B: Courtesy of A.
12.24A: 0A. M. Siegelman/Visuals Unlimited. 12.25A: 0R. Kerstitch. 14.1C,D: After Hyman 1959. 14.2A: Redrawn from
Calentine/Visuals Unlimited. 12.25B-F: Adapted from Hyman 1959. 14.2B: After Fischer 1952. 14.3A-D,F: All
Hyman 1951.12.26A-C: Redrawn from Hyman 1951. 12.26H: redrawn from Hyman 1959. 14.3E: After Stehle 1953. 14.4:
Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 12.27A: After Hyman 1951. After Hyman 1959. 14.5A-D: After Hyman 1959. 14.5E-K:
12.27B: After Storch et al. 1995. 12.27D,E: Redrawn from pho- Courtesy of M. Rice. 14.6A: After Barnes 1980. 14.6B: After
tographs in Calloway 1982. 12.28B: After Hyman 1951. Fischer 1946. 14.6C: After MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1968.
12.28C: Redrawn from Hyman 1951, after Lang. 12.29B,C: 14.6D: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 14.7A: After Barnes 1980.
After Hyman 1951. 12.291): After Noble and Noble 1982, from 14.7B: After a drawing by W. K. Fischer. 14.7C,D: Courtesy of
Cable and Dill. 12.29E: After Yamaguti 1963. 12.31A: After Ohta, from Ohta 1984. 14.8A: After Barnes 1980. 14.8C: After
Nielson 1964. 12.31B(left): 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 12.31B Meglitsch 1972. 14.8D-C: Courtesy of M. Apley. 14.9:
(right): 0R. Brons/BPS. 12.31C: Courtesy of K. Wasson. Courtesy of M. Apley.
12.31D: After Hyman 1951. 12.32: After Hyman 1951. 12.33A:
Courtesy of K. Wasson. 12.33B-D: After Nielson 1971. 12.34 Chapter 15 Opener: An Arizona scorpion, as it appears under a
After Sterrer 1982. 12.35A-F: After a sketch supplied by "black (ultraviolet) light; 0A. Morgan. 15.1A,C-D: Photos by
Robert Higgins. 12.35B-D: From Higgins and Kristensen 1986. the authors. 15.1B: Courtesy of M. Hooge. 15.1E: Courtesy of
12.35E: Courtesy of R. Kristensen. 12.36: From Funch and G. McDonald. 15.1F: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 15.1C: 0J. N. A.
Kristensen 1995, photos 0R. Kristensen. Lott/BPS. 15.2A,B: After Ramskold and Hou 1991. 15.2C:
After Could 1989. 15.3A: Courtesy of H. Ruhberg. 15.3B,C:
Chapter 13 Opener: The polychaete Aphrodita refulgida; courtesy Courtesy of U. Sellenschio and H. Ruhberg. 15.4A: After
of A. Kerstitch. 13.1A: 0C. R. Wyttenbach/BPS. 13.1B: 0A. Manton 1977. 15.7A,B: After Borradaile and Potts 1961. 15.7C:
Yen. 13.1C: 0J. Solliday/BPS. 13.2A,B: Courtesy of L. Friesen. After Manton 1977. 15.7D: After Barth and Broshears 1982.
13.2C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 13.2D: 0S. K. Webster/BPS. 15.8A: After Borradaile and Potts 1961. 15.8B-H: After
13.2E,C,H: 0J. Morin. 13.2F: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 13.2K: Anderson 1973. 15.9A: From Kristensen 1982. 15.9B: From
G. Matsumoto/O MBARI. 13.2L: 0M. Hooge. 13.3A,B: Kristensen and Hallas 1980. 15.9C: From Kristensen 1984.
Courtesy of D. Zmarzly. 13.4C,E,F: After Pennak 1953. 13.5A: 15.9D,E: From Kristensen and Higgins 1984. 15.10A: From
After Mann 1962. 13.5B-F: After Stuart 1982. 13.5D: After Kristensen 1984. 15.1OB: Courtesy of R. Kristensen. 15.1OC:
Barnes 1980. 13.61-4: Redrawn from Smith and Carlton 1975. After Morgan and King 1976. 15.12: After Morgan and King
13.7A: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 13.7D: 0R. Hochberg. 1976. 15.13: After Kristensen 1981. 15.14: After Morgan 1982.
13.8A: After Sherman and Sherman 1976, from Storer and 15.20: After Manton 1977. 15.22C: Photo by the authors.
Usinger 1957. 13.9A: After Kaestner 1967. 13.9B: After Mann 15.22D: From Foelix 1982, reprinted with the permission of
900 ILLUSTRATiON CREDiTS
Harvard University Press. 15.26B,C: After Barnes 1980. Graham 1976. 17.26: After Clarke 1973. 17.29: After Slifer et
15.26D: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 15.27B: After Parry, i n al. 1959, J. Morphol. 105: 145-191. 17.30: After Michelsen 1979.
Waterman 1960. 15.28D: From Derby 1982. 15.28F: After 17.31: After Blaney 1976. 17.32: Photos by S. Prchal. 17.33:
Foelix 1982, with the permission of Harvard University Press. After Snodgrass 1935. 17.34: After Anderson 1973. 17.35A:
15.29A: After Pearse et a1 1987. 15.31A,B: After Snodgrass After Chapman 1971, after Southwood and Leston, Land and
1952. 15.31C,E: After Stormer 1949. 15.31D,F: After Bergstrom Water Bugs of the British Isles, 1959, Warne and Co., London.
1973. 15.31C: 0J. N. A. Lott/BPS. 15.31H: 0B. J. Miller/BPS. 17.35C: Photo by S. Prchal. 17.36A: After Chapman 1971, after
15.33A,B: Redrawn from Manton 1977, after Cisne 1975. Urquhart 1960. 17.36B: After Ross 1965. 17.36C: Photos by S.
15.33C,D: Redrawn from Manton 1977, after Whittington Prchal. 17.37A: After B. Rodendorf, ed., 1962, Arthropoda-
1975. 15.33F: Redrawn from Manton 1977. Tracheata and Chelicerata, in Textbook of Paleontology, Academy
of Sciences, U.S.S.R. 17.37B: After Snodgrass 1952. 17.37C:
Chapter 16 Opener: Courtesy of E. Peebles. 16.1A,D,E,F,C,M: After R. J. Wooten 1972, Paleontology 15: 662. 17.38: After
Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 16.1B,I,P: By the authors. 16.1C: Kristensen 1991.
Courtesy of 0.Feuerbacher. 16.1H: Courtesy of L. Friesen.
16.lJ:Photo by D. Williams, courtesy of J. Yager. 16.1K,R,S: Chapter 18 Opener: 0R. A. Wyttenbach/BPS. 18.1A: Photo by
Courtesy of G. McDonald. 16.1 L: 0T. Adams/Visuals the authors. 18.1 B: 0 R. A. Wyttenbach/BPS. 18.1C,E: Photo
Unlimited. 16.1N: From Boxshall and Lincoln 1987. 16.10: by S. Prchal. 18.1D: 0 R. K. Burnard/BPS. 18.1F,C: After
Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 16.1Q: Courtesy of S. Weeks. 16.1T Snodgrass 1952. 18.2B,C: After Beck and Braihvaite 1968.
Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.1 U: Courtesy of C. Holliday. 16.3B: 18.2D,E: After Snodgrass 1952. 18.2F,H: After Manton 1965.
Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.3C: After Heard and Gocke 1982, 18.2C: After Anderson 1996, Atlas of Invertebrate Anatomy,
Gulf Res. Rpts. 7: 157-162. 16.3D,F: Courtesy of F. Schram. Univ. New South Wales Press. 18.21: After Lewis 1981.
16.4B: Courtesy of N. Rabet. 16.4)-L: From Martin et al. 1986, 18.3A-D: After Russell-Hunter 1969. 18.3E: After Manton
Zool. Scripta 15: 221-232. 16.4M: Courtesy of J. Olesen. 1965. 18.2F: After Barth and Broshears 1982. 18.4A: After
16.5C,D: Courtesy of T. Haney. 16.7A: Courtesy of A. Kaestner 1969. 18.4B,C: After Lewis 1981. 18.5: After Lewis
Kerstitch. 16.7C: Courtesy of R. Caldwell. 16.8C: After Abele 1981. 18.6: After Lewis 1981. 18.7: After Grenacher 1880, Arch.
and Felgenhauer, in Parker 1982. 16.9A,B,E: After Abele and Mikrosk. Anta. Entwmech. 18: 415467. 18.8: After Lewis
Felgenhauer, in Parker 1982. 16.1ON: Courtesy of E. Spivak. 1981, based on Tichy 1973, Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 91: 93-139. 18.9:
16.11H: Courtesy of A. Baeza. 16.12A,C: Courtesy of E. After Rilling 1968, in Grosses Zoologisches Praktikum, Part 13b,
Peebles. 16.12F: Courtesy of J. Corbera. 16.13A,B: Redrawn Fischer, Stuttgart. 18.10A,C: After Lewis 1981. 18.10D: Photo
from McLaughlin 1980. 16.13C: Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.13D: by S. Prchal.
Courtesy of M. Spindler. 16.14A,C, D, F, H: Drawn by F. Runyon.
16.14): Courtesy of G. McDonald. 16.15A,B: After Bowman Chapter 19 Opener: The golden web spider Nephila clavipes;
and Gruner 1973. 16.15C: From a drawing by T. Haney. Photo by C. Hogue, LACM. 19.1C: 0 B. J. Miller/BPS. 19.2C:
16.15D,E: Courtesy of E. Peebles. 16.15F: Courtesy of T. 0 Fred Bruemmer/DRK Photo. 19.3A: After Savory 1977.
Haney. 16.15): After Lava1 1972. 16.15K: Courtesy of E. 19.3C: From Barnes 1980, after Craig and Faust 1971. 19.3C:
Peebles. 16.16A,D: After Zullo, i n Parker 1982. 16.161: From Barnes 1980, after Baker and Wharton 1952. 19.3H: 0 R.
Courtesy of J. Hseg. 16.1 7A,B: After Boxshall and Lincoln Brons/BPS. 19.4A,F: From Barnes 1980, after Millot et al. 1949
1983. 16.17C,D: From Boxshall and Lincoln 1987, courtesy of and other sources 19.4B,D,L: Photo by S. Prchal. 19.4H: 0 P. J.
G. Boxshall. 16.18A: Courtesy of J. Olesen. 16.18H: Courtesy Bryant/BPS. 19.4J:0 R. Humbert/BPS. 19.4N: Photo by G.
of E. Peebles. 16.181: Courtesy of M. Dojiri. 16.18K: After Bodner. 19.5A-C: From Gertsch 1979 and Foelix 1982, reprint-
McLaughlin 1980. 16.18L: Courtesy of G. McDonald. ed with permission of Harvard University Press. 19SD,F,J,K:
16.20A,B,E(b-s): Courtesy of D. J. Horne. 16.20C,D,E(a): Photos by R. F. Foelix. 19.5C: 0B. J. Miller/BPS. 19.5H,I: 0 P.
Courtesy of A. Cohen 16.22F: Photo by D. Williams, courtesy J. Bryant/BPS. 19.5L,M: After Kaestner 1969. 19.5N: Photo by
of J. Yager. 16.23B: 0 K. Sandred/Visuals Unlimited. 16.24B,C: M. Hedin. 19.50: Courtesy of W. Maddison and G. Bodner.
From Schembri 1982. 16.241): From Abele 1985. 16.25: After 19.6A: Photo S. Prchal. 19.7A: From Foelix 1982, after Peters
Hseg and Lutzen 1985, and Oeksnebjerg 2000; courtesy of J. T. 1955. 19.7C: From Foelix 1982, after Peters 1967. 19.7D,F:
Hseg. 16.26A-F: From Hseg 1985. 16.266,l: Courtesy of J. T Photos by R. Foelix. 19.8A-E: After Foelix 1982, Gertsch 1979,
Hseg. 16.261-1: From Glenner and Hareg 1995. 16.27A,D-C: and others. 19.9A,B: Photos by R. F. Foelix. 19.9C: 0 M.
After McLaughlin 1980. 16.27H: After Kaestner 1970. 16.271: Keasey/ASDM. 19.10: After Root and Bowerman 1978. 19.11:
After Warner 1977. 16.28E-1: After Kaestner 1970. 16.30A: After Foelix 1982. 19.12A: From Foelix 1982, after slow-motion
After Laverack 1964, Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 13: 301-321. pictures by Parry and Brown 1959. 19.12C: From Foelix 1982,
16.30C: After Cohen 1955, J. Physiol. 130: 9. 16.30D: After after Frank 1957. 19.12D: From Foelix 1982, after Foelix 1970b.
Kaestner 1970. 16.31: Micrographs courtesy of B. Felgenhauer. 19.12E: Photo by R. F. Foelix. 19.13: From Foelix 1982, reprint-
16.321): 0R. Walters/Visuals Unlimited. 16.32F: Courtesy of ed with permission of Harvard University Press. 19.15A:
C. Holliday. 16.326: Courtesy of C. McLay. 16.33C: After Photo by R. F. Foelix. 19.15B-E,C: From Foelix 1982, after vari-
Cameron 1985. 16.331: From Harvey et al. 2002. 16.35: ous other sources. 19.151,J:Photos courtesy of W. Maddison
Courtesy of D. Waloszek. and G. Bodner. 19.16A: From Foelix 1982, after Millot et al.
1949. 19.16B: After Foelix 1982. 19.16C: Photo by R. F. Foelix.
Chapter 17 Opener: Photo by S. Prchal. 17.1A,B,C,H,K,O,P: 0 19.16D: 0 P. J. Bryant/BPS. 19.17A: After Barnes 1980.
P. J. Bryant/BPS. 17.1C: 0 R. A. Wyttenbach/BPS. 17.1D: 19.17B,C: After Foelix 1982. 19.18B: After Foelix 1982.
Courtesy of Bridget Watts. 17.1E: 0R. Humbert/BPS. 17.1F: 19.18C,D: Photos by R. F. Foelix. 19.20A,E: Photos by R. F.
Photo by M. Picker. 17.1I: Photo by P. J. Bryant/BPS. 17.1J: Foelix. 19.20B: From Foelix 1982, after Gauorner 1965. 19.20C:
Courtesy of the Centers for Disease control. 17.1L: Courtesy of From Foelix 1982, after Barth 1971. 19.20D: After Foelix and
Scott Bauer/USDA ARS. 17.1M: 0Painet. 17.1N: Photo by M. Chu-Wang 1973, photo by R. F. Foelix. 19.21B,C: From Foelix
Picker. 17.1Q: Photo by G. McDonald. 17.1R: Photo by S. 1982 after Hoffman 1971. 19.21D-F: Photos by R. F. Foelix.
Prchal. 17.4: After Lawrence et al., in CSIRO 1991, based on 19.22A: After Fage 1949. 19.23A: From Foelix 1982, after
Snodgrass 1935. 17.7: After Chapman 1982. 17.8: After Melchers 1964. 19.23B: From Foelix 1982, after Osaki 1969.
Snodgrass 1952. 17.1 2: Photos by S. Prchal. 17.14: After 19.23C,D,F: After Foelix 1982. 19.23E: From Barnes 1980, after
Anderson and Weis-Fogh 1964. 17.18: After Snodgrass 1944. Millot et al. 1949. 19.25A,B: From Foelix 1982, after von
17.19D-C: Photos by S. Prchal. 17.20B: After Wigglesworth Helversen 1976. 19.25C: From Foelix 1982, after Bristowe 1958.
1965. 17.21B: After Sherman and Sherman 1976. 17.229: After 19.25D,F,H: After Foelix 1982. 19.256: After Bristowe 1958.
Wigglesworth 1965. 17.22C: After Chapman 1971. 17.23A: 19.27A: From Foelix 1982, after Lauters 1966. 19.27B,C: From
After Snodgrass 1935. 17.238: After Clarke 1973. 17.23D: Foelix 1982, after Holm 1940. 19.27D: From Meglitsch 1972,
Photo by S. E. Hendrixson. 17.24 From Allen and Brusca after Bristowe 1958. 19.27E: Photo by S. Prchal. 19.27F:
1978, Can. Entomol. 110: 413433. 17.25: After Fretter and Courtesy of D. Maddison and G. Bodner. 19.27C,H: From
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 901
Foelix 1982, reprinted with permission of Harvard University 21.1OB,C,D-I: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972. 21.lOJ: After
Press. 19.271,J,K: From Foelix 1982, after Vachon 1957. Ryland 1970. 21.1 1A,B: Redrawn from Ryland 1970. 21.1 1C:
19.28A,C: After Hedgpeth 1982. 19.28B: After a sketch by J. After Hyman 1959. 21.1 2A: After Winston 1978. 21.1 2B-D:
W. Hedgpeth. 19.28D: After Schram and Hedgpeth 1978. After Winston 1979. 21.1 3: After Gordon 1975. 21.14A: After
19.28E: After Wyer and King 1974. 19.28F: 0F. Awbrey/ Cook, in Larwood (ed.) 1973. 21.14B: Redrawn from Hyman
Visuals Unlimited. 19.29A: After Fage 1949 and other sources. 1959, after Toriumi 1941. 21.14C: Redrawn from Hyman 1959,
19.29B: After Schram and Hedgpeth 1978. 19.29C: Original after Brien 1953. 21.1 5:After Ryland 1970. 21.16: After
drawing by J.W. Hedgpeth, from a photo of a live specimen in Woollacott and Zimmer 1975. 21.1 7A: After Ryland 1970.
an aquarium. 19.30A,C: After Fage 1949. 19.30B: After 21.1 78: After Hyman 1959. 21.1 7C: After Woolacott and
Schram and Hedgpeth 1978. 19.30D: After Hedgpeth 1982. Zimmer 1971.21.18A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 21.18B: 0J.
Morin. 21.18C,C: After Rudwick 1970. 21.18D-F: After
Chapter 20 Opener: By the authors. 20.1A: Courtesy of W. Hyman 1959. 21.18H: Courtesy of J. DeMartini. 21.19A: After
Jorgensen. 20.1 B,F: By the authors. 20.1 C,E: 0K. Lucas/BPS. Williams and Rowell, in Moore 1965. 21.19B: After Anderson
20.1 D,C,I,J,K: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.1 H: Courtesy of L. 1996. 21.1 9C: Redrawn from Hyman 1959, after Williams 1956.
Friesen. 20.1 L,M: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 20.1 N,O: D. J. 21.19D: After Rudwick 1970. 21.20: Redrawn from Rudwick
Wrobel/BPS. 20.1 P: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.2A-C: After 1970. 21.21 : Redrawn from Rudwick 1970. 21.22A,B: Redrawn
Hyman 1967. 20.2H,I: After Scheltema and Morse 1984. from Hyman 1959. 21.22C: Redrawn from Rudwick 1970, after
20.3A,B,D,E: After Lemche and Wingstrand 1959. 20.3C: 0W. Percivall944.21.22D: After Hyman 1959. 21.22E: Redrawn
Jorgensen. 20.4C: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.5A: After from Hyman 1959, after Percival 1944. 21.22F: After Meglitsch
Hyman 1967.20.5B,C: After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.6B: 1972.
After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.7A,C: After Hyman 1967.
20.78: By the authors. 20.7E: Courtesy of J. King. 20.7F,C: Chapter 22 Opener: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.1A: Courtesy of L.
From Brusca and Brusca 1978.20.7H: 0J. Mondragon. 20.7J: Friesen. 22.1 B: J. N. A. Lott/BPS. 22.1 F,L,O,P: Photos by the
Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.71: By the authors. 20.8A: From authors. 22.1 C: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.1 D: Courtesy of P.
Brusca and Brusca 1978. 20.1 1D: Courtesy of J. King. 20.12B: Fankboner. 22.1E: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.1C: After
After Lane 1960. 20.1 2C: After Winkler and Ashley 1954. Baker et al. 1986. 22.1 H: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 22.1 I:
20.1 2E-C: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.16A,H,I: From Brusca Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 22.1): Photo by M. Wicksten. 22.1 K:
and Brusca 1978. 20.16B: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.17: 0 Courtesy of L. Friesen. 22.1 M: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.1 N:
K. Lucas/BPS. 20.18A-D: After Lang 1900, Lehrbuch der ver- Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.1 Q: Courtesy of S. Ohta.
gleichenden Anatomie der wirbellosen Thiere 3: 1-509. 20.18E: 22.3B,C,C,H,K: After Hyman 1955. 22.3D,E: After Baker et al.
After Morton 1979. 20.18F: After Barnes 1980. 20.19A,B: 1986. 22.4A: After Barnes 1980, modified from Nichols 1962.
Modified after Miller 1974. 20.19C: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.4B: From Ellers and Telford 1984, courtesy of M. Telford.
20.19D: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 20.19E: After Hyman 1967. 22.4C: From Turner 1984, photograph courtesy of R. Turner.
20.20A-D: After Trueman 1966. 20.21A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 22.4D: From Emlet 1982, photographs courtesy of R. Emlet.
20.22A: 0D. J. Wrobel/BPS. 20.22B: By the authors. 20.22C: 22.4E: After Campbell 1983. 22.4F: After Chia and Amerongen
Courtesy of G. McDonald. 20.24A: After Solem 1974. 20.24B: 1975. 22.4C,H: After Barnes 1980. 22.41,): Modified from
After Hyman 1967. 20.24C: After McLean 1962, Proc. Malac. Russell-Hunter 1979. 22.5C,E: After Clark 1977. 22.5 D,F:
SOC.London 35: 23-26. 20.25A,C,E,F: After Fretter and Graham After Hyman 1955. 22.56: After Baker et al. 1986. 22.6A,B:
1962. 20.25B,D: After Hyman 1967.20.26: Courtesy of C. After Hyman 1955. 22.6C,D: After Clark 1977. 22.6E: Photo by
DiGiorgio. 20.27: Courtesy of A. Kerstitch. 20.28: After Barnes J. Mondragon. 22.7A,B: After Nichols 1962. 22.7C: After
1980.20.29: After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.30A: After Cuenot 1948. 22.8A: After Nichols 1962. 22.8D: Photo by the
Yonge and Thompson 1976.20.30B-D: After Reid and Reid authors. 22.9A,B: After Nichols 1962. 22.9C: After Barnes
1974. 20.31 C-I: Courtesy of S. Hendrixson. 20.32A-E: After 1980. 22.9D: After Pentreath 1970. 22.9E: After Warner and
Hyman 1967. 20.32F: After Bullough 1958. 20.33B: After Woodley 1975. 22.9F: Courtesy of G. McDonald. 22.1 1A: After
Hyman 1967. 20.35A: After Cox in Moore (ed.) 1960. 20.35B: Nichols 1962. 22.1 1B,C,E: After Barnes 1980. 22.1 1D: After
After Pearse et al. 1987. 20.36: After Fretter and Graham 1962. Hyman 1955. 22.1 1F: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 22.1 1C: After
20.378: 0J. N. A. Lott/BPS. 20.37C: By the authors. 20.38: Cu6not 1948. 22.12A: After Nichols 1962. 22.12B: After
Modified from Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.39: After Hyman Cuenot 1948.22.1 2C: Courtesy of P. Fankboner. 22.1 2D: 0D. J.
1967. 20.40A,C: After Cox, in Moore (ed.) 1960. 20.40B: After Wrobel/BPS. 22.1 2E: From Costelloe and Keegan 1984, cour-
Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.42A: After Wells 1963. 20.42B: tesy of J. Costelloe, used with permission of Springer-Verlag.
After Winkler and Ashley 1954. 20.42D: After Russell-Hunter 22.1 2F: Photo by J. Mondragon. 22.1 2G: Courtesy of A. Ker-
1979. 20.43: After Hyman 1967. 20.44F: 0H. W. Pratt/BPS. stitch. 22.1 2H: After Barnes 1980, from a photograph by I.
20.45: After Hadfield, in Giese and Pearse 1979. 20.46: After Bennett. 22.1 3A: After Ubaghs 1967. 22.1 3B: After Herreid et
Yonge, in Moore (ed.) 1960; after Hyman 1967. 20.47A After al. 1976. 22.14A: After Barnes 1980. 22.14B: After Cuenot
Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.47B,C: After Hyman 1967. 1948. 22.14C,D,E: Redrawn from Shick 1983 after the follow-
20.47D: After Cameron and Redfern 1976.20.50A: After ing original sources: C, after Phelan 1977 and Smith 1978; D,
Sherman and Sherman 1976. 20.508: After Hadfield, in Giese after Fenner 1973; E, after Smith 1980. 22.15: After Cuenot
and Pearse 1979. 20.50C: After Hyman 1967. 20.51A,B: Re- 1948. 22.16A,C: After Cu6not 1948.22.16B: Redrawn from
drawn from Hyman 1967, after Werner 1955, Helg. Wissensch. Hyman 1955. 22.1 7C: From Emlet 1982, photo courtesy of R.
Meeresuntersuchungen, 5. 20.51 C: Redrawn from Hyman Emlet. 22.1 7H: Courtesy of and copyright by M. Apley. 22.18:
1967, after Dawydoff 1940. 20.51 E: After Brusca 1975. 20.52: Redrawn from Meglitsch 1972, after Dawydoff 1948. 22.1 9A:
After Fretter and Graham 1962. 20.54: After Scheltema 1993. After Barnes 1980. 22.19B,C: After Paul and Smith 1984.
22.1 9D,E,H,I: After Nichols 1962. 22.1 9F: Redrawn from
Chapter 21 Opener: The ectoproct Flustvellidvu; 0J. Morin. Barnes 1980, from Kesling in Moore (ed.) 1967. 22.1 9C:
21.1A-C: Redrawn from Hyman 1959. 21.1 D: 0D. J. Wrobel. Redrawn from Cu6not 1948. 22.19): After Hyman 1955.
21.1 E,F: 0P. Wirtz. 21.2: Redrawn from Hyman 1959.21.3A: 22.21A: After Paul and Smith 1984.
After Hyman 1959. 21.3B-D: After Zimmer 1967. 21.4A: After
Hyman 1959. 21.4B,C: After Dawydoff and Grass6 1959. Chapter 23 Opener: Courtesy of L. Friesen. 23.1A: Courtesy of
21 SA: After Pennak 1978. 21SB: Redrawn from Barnes 1980. E. Thuesen and R. Bieri. 23.1 B: 0C. R. Wyttenbach/BPS.
21SC: Redrawn from Hyman 1959. 21SD: Courtesy of G. 23.1 C: Courtesy of K. M. Halanych. 23.1 D: 0J. Mondragon.
McDonald. 21SE: 0R. Brons/BPS. 21.6A,C-I: After Ryland 23.1 E: By the authors. 23.1 F: Courtesy of G. McDonald.
1970. 21.6B: 0H. W. Pratt/BPS. 21.6C: 0K. Lucas/BPS. 23.1C: 0R. Brons/BPS. 23.2A,B: After Barnes 1980. 23.2C,F,I:
21.6D: 0C. Wyttenbach/BPS. 21.6E: 0R. Brons/BPS. 21.F: After Hyman 1959. 23.2D: After Feigenbaum 1978. 23.2E:
After Barnes 1980. 21.7: 0J. Bailey-Brock. 21.8: After Ryland After Meglitsch 1972. 23.21-1: After Burfield 1927. 23.3:
1970. 21.9: After Ryland 1970. 21.1 OA: After Barnes 1980. Courtesy of E. Theusen and R. Bieri. 23.4: Courtesy of M.
902 ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Terazaki and C. B. Miller. 23.5: After Hyman 1959. 23.6A: authors. 23.14E: 0D. J. Wrobel. 23.14F: Courtesy of J. King.
After Sherman and Sherman 1976. 23.6B: Courtesy of J. 23.146: After Pechenik 1985. 23.141-1: After Alldredge 1976.
Williams. 23.6C,D,J: After Hyman 1959. 23.6E: After Burdon- 23.1 5C: After Berrilll935. 23.1 5D: After Grasse 1948. 23.1 5E:
Jones 1952. 23.6F,C: After Lester 1985. 23.6H: After Pechenik After Van Name 1945.23.1 5F:After Thorne and Thorndyke
1985. 23.61: After Meglitsch 1972. 23.78,C: After Hyman 1959. 1975. 23.16A: After Brien, in Grasse 1948. 23.1 7A,C: After
23.8: After Burdon-Jones 1956.23.9: After Hyman 1959. Seeliger, in Grass6 1948. 23.1 7B: After Cloney and Torrence
23.1 0: After Lester 1985. 23.1 1: After Lester 1985. 23.1 2A: 1982. 23.18B: Photo courtesy of L. Friesen. 23.18B: After
After Hyman 1959. 23.1 2B: After Meglitsch 1972. 23.1 2C: McFarland et al. 1985. 23.18D: After Romer 1956. 23.29:
After Burdon-Jones 1952. 23.1 3A: 0G. Corsi and B. Adapted from Romer 1956.
Corsi/Visuals Unlimited. 23.1 3B: Courtesy of L. Friesen.
23.1 3C: 0D. W. Gotshall/Visuals Unlimited. 23.1 30: Chapter 24 Opener: A polychaete worm on a sponge inhabited
Courtesy of L. Friesen. 23.1 3E: 0L. S. Roberts/Visuals by a symbiotic zoanthid cnidarian; courtesy of A. R. Picciolo,
Unlimited. 23.1 3F: After Romer 1956. 23.1 36,K: 0C. R. NOAA. 24.2: From Nielsen 2001, after various sources. 24.3:
Wyttenbach/BPS. 23.1 31,J: By the authors. 23.1 3L,M: After After Nielsen 2001, after various sources. 24.4: From Nielsen
Barnes, 1980, after photographs by Monniot and Monniot 2001, after various sources.
1975.23.13N: D. J. Wrobel/MBARI 1995.23.14A By the
Index
Aplysia, 750, 756 carnivory and scavenging, 23-25 bauplan and arthropodization,
Aplysilla, 200 chemoautotrophy, 26 476497
Aplysina archeri, 198 deposit feeding, 21-22 appendages, 479482
Apodacea, 806 dissolved organic matter (DOM), body wall, 478479
apodemes, 478 25-26 circulation and gas exchange, 72,
Apodida, 806 herbivory, 22-23 489491
apomorphy, 31,32-34 intracellular and extracellular digestive system, 489
Aponomma ecinctum, 658 digestion, 16-17 excretion and osmoregulation,
apophyses, 685,686 suspension feeding, 18-21 491492
apopyle, 184 gas exchange, 33-37 growth, 485488
appendage buds, 626,649 gas transport, 34-37 nervous system and sense organs,
appendage hypothesis, 629 structures for, 33-34,35 492495
appendages, Arthropoda, 479-482 germ layers, 8 reproduction and development,
Appendicularia (Larvacea), 855 hormones and pheromones, 44 495-497
appositional eyes, 494,495 locomotion, 9-12 support and locomotion, 482485
apterous gene, 630 nervous systems and sense organs, characteristics, 475
apterous wings, 606 3744 classification, 476
Apusomonas proboscidea, 128 bioluminescence, 42 comparison with annelids, ony-
aquiferous system, 182-183 body plans and, 4244 chophorans, and tardigrades,
sponge, 183-188 independent effectors, 42 464-465
Aquipecten, 753 invertebrate sense organs, 37-42 evolution, 499-506
Arabellidae, 389 reproduction, 4448 emerging views of arthropod rela-
Arabidopsis, 883 asexual, 4546 tionships, 503-506
arabinosides, 202 parthenogenesis, 48 evolution within Arthropoda,
Arachnida, 654,656-666 sexual, 46-47 500-503
Arachnocampa luminosa, 615 support, 9,12-16 molecular phylogenetics, 505
Arachnosphaera oligacantha, 161 Architeuthis, 715-717 neurological features, 504-505
Araneae, 654,661-663 Archosauria, 36 origin, 499-500
Araneidae, 654 Arctic ice cap, 9 paleontological data, 505-516
Araneomorphae, 654 Arctonoe, 407,409 Hox gene function, 17
Araneus, 667,671 Arctonoe vittata, 817 taxonomic history, 475476
humidity receptor in, 682 Arendt, D., 884 terrestrial success, 14
palpal organ of, 685 Arenicola, 391 trilobites, 497499,500
spinnerets of, 668 burrowing movements, 401 arthropodization, 477
Araneus diadematus, 662,669,688 digestive system, 410 articles (podites), 480
Araneus gemma, 676 excretion and osmoregulation, 418 articulamentum, 723,752
Arbacia, 820 feeding, 406 articular membranes (arthrodial mem-
Arbacia punctulata, 58 gas exchange, 437 branes), 482,483
Arca vivipara, 759 locomotion, 402 Articulata theory, 499, 793
Arcella, 156, 157, 158, 160 nuchal organ, 423 Artomonema, 353-354
Archaea (Archaebacteria), 1-2,3 trochophore larva, 430 Asaphus, 498
refugial lifestyle, 2-3 Arenicolidae, 389 Asbestopluma, 194, 195
archaeocyathan, 205 areoles, 363,364 Ascaris
archaeocytes, 190,191,197 Argiope, 667, 669 amphid, 358
Archaeogastropoda, 703-707,709 Argonauta, 724,758,759 cross section, 354
Archaeognatha (Microcoryphia), 594, Argulus, 543,557 intestinal epithelium, 356
595 Argulus foliaceus, 544 reproductive systems, 359
Archaeopulmonata, 712 Argus persicus, 659 tripartite lip, 355
archenteric pouching, 101 Argyroneta aquatica, 672 Ascaris lumbricoides, 338
archenteron, 99 Argyronetidae, 654 Ascaris suum, 352
archetype, 42 A rgyro theca, 797 ascending arm, 738,740
Architecture, animal. See also bauplan arista, 622 Ascetospora, 124,173
body cavities, 8-9 Aristotle, 93, 107, 222,338 Aschelminthes, 338
body size, 6-8 Aristotle’s lantern, 818 Ascidiacea, 855
body symmetry, 3-6 armored (thecate) dinoflagellates, 151 social, 856, 857
cellularity, 6 arolium, 598 solitary, 856, 857
circulation, 31-33 arrow worms. See Chaetognatha Ascoglena, 131
circulatory systems, 31-32 (arrow worms) asconoid condition, 183,186
hearts and other pumping mecha- artery(ies) ascophoran cheilostomates, 785, 786
nisms, 33 anterior, 744,745 ascopore, 785,786
internal transport and, 31 branchial, 867 Ascorhynchus, 694
excretion and osmoregulation, intestinal, 867 Ascothoracida, 516,540
26-31 segmental, 867 Ascothorax ophiocentenis, 540
nitrogenous wastes and water arthrobranchs, 527 ascus (compensation sac), 448, 785,
conservation, 26-27 arthrodial membranes (articular mem- 786
osmoregulation and habitat, 27-28 branes), 482,483 Asellota, 516
structures for, 28-31 Arthropoda, 9,35,461-510. See also asexual reproduction, 4 5 4 6
feeding mechanisms, 16-26 under specific taxa Annelida, 425427
906 INDEX
bipectinate (aspidobranch) condition, boring gland (accessory boring broad fish tapeworm
744 organ), 735 (Diphyllobothrium latum), 313,314
bipectinate plan, 738 Borlase, W., 321 Brown, R. H. J., 654
biradial symmetry, 43 Bothria, 295 brown bodies, 788
biramous limbs, 480,481 bothridia, 295 Brownell, P. H., 672
birds, 35-36 Bothrioplana, 301 Brumeister, C., 702
Birgus, 568 Botryllus, 85, 857, 862, 863 Bryozoans (Ryland), 771
Birgus latro, 513 Bot ryocrin us, 806-807 buccal cavity, 326
Birstenia, 436 botryoidal tissue, 400 buccal cirri, 865, 866
Bivalvia (Pelecypoda; Boury-Esnault, 194 buccal diverticulum (stomochord),
Lamellibranchiata), 712 Bowen, I. D., 298 847,851
bivium, 808 Bowerbankia, 780, 781, 784, 785 buccal field, 340
bladder, 299,300 Bowerman, R. F., 670 buccal funnel, 379
bladder worm (cysticercus), 313 Bowmanella braziliensis, 533 buccal ganglia, 749,750
Blair, J. E., 883 Boxshall, G. A., 542 buccal tube, 342,775,776,851
Blake, D. B., 804 brachial axis, 795 buccal tube feet, 812
Blaps mortisaga, 148 brachial food groove, 795 Buccinum, 734
blastea, 109 brachial lobes, 749-750 budding, 128
blastema, 426 brachial valve, 793, 794 propagative, 862
blastocoelom, 49 brachiole, 833 survival, 862
blastocoelomate grade, 48 Brachiopoda, 9,792-798 Bugula, 781,783,791
Blastocoelomate phyla, 337-386 body wall and coelom, 793-795 Bugula neritina, 787, 790, 791, 792
blastocoelomate condition, 338 characteristics, 793 bulbous pharynx, 296,297
circulatory system, 72 circulation and gas exchange, 796 Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 25
p hylogenetic considerations, classification, 793 Burgess Shale deposits, 8
381-382 eggs and embryos, 94-102 Burns, John, 1975
taxonomic history, 338 excretion, 796 bursae, 824
blastocoel (primary body cavity), 98 life cycles, 102-1 06 Bursovaginoidea, 376
blastoderm, 468,469,649 lophophore, feeding, and digestion, Buthus, 672,686
syncitial, 625 795-796 Buthus martensi, 665
blastomeres, 94 mixed, 103 Biitschli, O., 110
blastopore, 99 nervous system and sense organs, byssal threads, 730,731
blastostyle, 232 796 byssus gland, 731
blastozooids, 862 ontogeny-phylogeny relationship, ”by-the-wind sailor” (Velella), 220,
blastula, 98 106-108 233,246
blastula larvae (coeloblastula larvae), origin of Metazoa, 108-116 Bythotreptos, 522
199,200 reproduction and development,
Blattodea, 594,596 796-798 Caecosagitta macrocephala, 841
blepharoplast (basal body, kineto- support, 793-795 Caenorhabditis elegans, 351,574,883
some), 50 brachypterous wings, 606 Calabozoidea, 516
blind (incomplete) gut, 57 Brachyura, 515,529 calamistrum, 667, 668
blood, 71 bract, 233 Calanoida, 516
Bmp-4 gene, 869,884 branchiae, 413414 Calanus, 490
Bod0 caudatus, 134 branchial arteries, afferent, 867 Calcarea, 182
bodonids, 131 branchial chambers, 565,568,569 calcareous body skeletons, 6
body cavity(ies), 8-9 branchial (gill) pores, 848, 849, 852 calcareous tests, 166
formation, 100-102 branchial hearts, 747 Calcaronea, 182
phoronid, 775-776 branchial region, 848, 849 calciferous glands, 411,412
Pogonophoridae, 434436 branchial sac, 851,852 Calcinea, 182
Rotifera, 341 Branchinecta, 521 Caligus, 544
body forms, Annelida, 395-397 Branchinecta gigas, 519 Calliactis, 234, 245, 248
body plans, nervous systems and, Branchiobdellida, 394 Callianassa (mud shrimp), 532, 559
4244 branchiopericardial vessel, 678 Callinectes, 487
body size, 6-8 Branchiopoda, 514,519-522 Callinectes sapidus, 577
body whorl, 722,724 distinguishing features, 552-553 Calliostoma, 729
Bolbosoma, 369 reproductive features, 556-557 Callipallene brevirostris, 694-695
Boloceroides, 240,258 Branchiostoma, 353, 854, 866 Callipodida, 639
Bolteniopsis, 856-857 Branchiostoma lanceolatum, 865 Callistochiton viviparous, 755
Bombus, 592n Branchipus schaefferi, 521 Callopora, 786
Bombyx, 489 Branchiura, 393,516,542-543,544-545 Callyspongia vaginalis, 817
Bond, C., 183 circulation and gas exchange, 416 Calman, W. T., 523
Bonellia, 216,451,456 reproductive features, 556-557 calotte, 365
Bonellia viridis, 453, 455 Brandenberger, J. L., 302 Calycophorae, 233
bonellin, 451 Bredocaris, 582 calymma, 162
book lungs, 74,490-491,663,665 brevetoxins, 151 Calyptoblastea, 223
Boophilus annulatus, 659 Briareum, 260 calyptopis, 579
Boore, J. L., 505,884 Bridge, D., 263 calyx, 373
Borchiellini, C., 883 broadcast spawning, 86 Camallanus, 357
908 INDEX
cnidae (nematocysts), 152,219, collar, 188, 239,365, 366,402,403, 784, Conus, 65,704,705,735
242-244,243 848,849 Conus purpurescens, 736
structure and function, 242 Collembola, 594-595 convergence, 28,30,248
Cnidaria, 5,6,9,219-268 collenchyma, 22012 convergent characters, 29
bauplan, 225-260 collenchyme, 22012 convergent evolution, 29-30
body wall, 226-236 collencytes, 188 Convoluta, 301
circulation, 72,250 Collin, R., 728 co-option (gene recruitment), 29
cnidae (nematocysts), 242-244 Collisella scabra, 735 Copepoda, 516,544-545,546-547,
defense, interactions, and symbio- colloblasts, 276,277 556-557
sis, 246-250 collophore, 594 copepodite, 578
excretion, 250 collum, 641,642 coprophagy, 62
feeding and digestion, 244-246 colonial theory, 109 copulatory apparatus, 307,308
gas exchange, 250 colony(ies), 85 copulatory bursa, 304,624,625,755,
locomotion (movement), 239-242 definitions of the term, 785 756
medusoid form, 233-236,237 Ectoprocta, 781,782 copulatory organ, 547
nervous system and sense organs, coloration, cephalopod, 754-755 coracidium, 313
250-253 Colossendeis, 691, 695 coral, 85
osmoregulation, 250 Colossendeis australis, 693 coral bleaching, 250
polypoid form, 226-233 Colossendeis colossea, 695 Corallanidae, 37
reproduction and development, Colossendeis scotti, 693 Corallimorpharia, 225
253-260 Colpidium, 135, 141 corallite, 238
support, 236-239 columella, 238, 722, 724 Corallium, 236
bioluminescence, 253 comb jellies. See Ctenophora corallum, 238
characteristics, 222 comb plates (ctene), 274,275,276 coral reefs, 9
classification, 223-225 comet, 826 cor frontale, 563
phylogeny, 261-264 commensalism, 15 Corliss, J. O., 123, 137, 174
regeneration, 253 comminator muscles, 819 cormidia, 233,253
roles in folklore, 246 common cardinal veins, 866,867 cornea (corneal lens), 81,494
taxonomic history, 222-223 common descent, recency of, 32 corneagen cells, 494
toxins of, 244 comparative biology, 23 Corolla, 710
cnidoblasts, 242 compasses, 821 Corona, 339,340
cnidocil, 242 compensation sac (ascus), 448,785, corona, rotifer, 340-341
cnidocyte(s), 226, 242 786 corona ciliata (ciliary loop), 841
cnidoglandular band, 245 compensation system, 448 coronal muscles, 240
cnidosacs, 736 competent larva, 104 Coronatae, 225
coastal marshlands, 13 complete mesenteries, 227,229 Coronula, 540
coccidians, 145-148 complete metamorphosis Coronula, 542
coccoliths, 154 (holometabolous development), corpora allata, 619,620
cochineal, 598 626-627,628 corpora cardiaca, 488,619,620
cocoon, 432,433 complex eyes, 80 cortex, 135,137,183-184
Codonophilus, 536 complex lensed ocelli, 494 Corymorpha, 233
Codosiga, 173 compound ascidians, 856,857 Corynactis californica, 243,251
Coe, W. R., 321 compound ciliature, 137 Corynosoma, 369
coeloblastula, 98 compound cirri, 739 costa, 170
coeloblastula larvae (blastula larvae), compound eyes, 80,494 Costello, D. I?, 98
199,200 compound plates, 808 Cotylaspis, 290
coelogastrula, 99 conchin, 718 coxa, 480,606
coelom (eucoelom), 48. See also under Conchoderma, 540 coxal glands, 491
specific phyla condyles, 482,483 coxal plates, 534,536
formation, 101-1 02 cone snail, 65 coxal sac, 619
coelomic channels, 447,448 conglobation (enrollment), 497,498 Crania, 792, 796
coelomic condition, origin of, 112-116 conjugants, 143 cranium, 749
coelomocytes, 776 conjugation, 128,143 craspedote, 235
coelomoducts, 70-71 Conklin, E. G., 873 Crassostrea virginica, 739
Coeloplana, 279, 280,282 connecting ducts, 685,686 Craterostigmomorpha, 639
Coelosphaera hatchi, 184 Conniff, R., 410 Crenobia, 301
coenenchyme, 220n Conocoryphe sulzeri, 498 Crepidula, 756, 757, 760
Coenobita, 568 Conocyema, 214 Crepidula fornicata, 757
coenosarc, 232 Conocyema polymorpha, 214 Cretaceous period, 7
coenosteum, 239 Conopeum seurati, 781 cribellum, 667, 668
Cohen, 2 continental edge, 10,12 Cribrilaria, 782
Cohen, A. C., 574 continental shelf, 10,12 cribrimorph ectoprocts, 785
Cohen, J., 42 continental slopes, 10,12 Criconema, 352
Colacium, 129,131 contractile cells, 188-190 Crinoidea, 804,812,814-815
Coleoidea (Dibranchiata), 714-715 contractile hypothesis, 244 Cristatella, 779-780
Coleoptera, 594,599 contractile vacuoles (water expulsion Cristatella mucedo, 780
Coleps, 137 vesicles), 29, 68, 125 Crithidia, 135
collagens, 3 contractile vessels, 72, 73 crocodilians, 35-36
INDEX 911
crop, 411,412, 615,616,644, 743, 744 ctenophore-polyclad theory, 313 dactylostyles, 239
cross fertilization, mutual, 87 Ctenoplana, 273,282 dactylozooids, 232
Crustacea, 9,476,511-587 Ctenostomata, 779 Dahl, E., 581
bauplan, 550-579 cubomedusae, 237 Dahlella caldariensis, 523
circulation and gas exchange, Cubozoa, 225,258 Dalyellioida, 288
563-568,569 Cucmaria minata, 822 Daphnia, 521
development, 576-579 Cucullanus, 354 dart sac, 757
digestive system, 561-563 cucullus, 664 Darwin, Charles, 18,23,25
excretion and osmoregulation, Cucumaria, 821,822 Darwinula, 549
568-570 Cucumaria crocea, 828 Davis, G. E., 511,514,519,527,540
feeding, 555,557-561 Cucumaria planci, 806-807 DDT, 146
life cycle, 564-565 Cuenot, 16 Dearborn, J. H., 817
locomotion, 551-557 Culcita, 815 DeBary, H. A., 14
nervous system and sense organs, Culex, 593,600,614 de Blainville, 447, 702, 772
570-573 Cumacea, 516,532-534 Decapoda. See Teuthoida (Decapoda)
reproduction, 556-557,573-576 cup coral (Bathycyasis consagensis), 234 Deccan Traps, 7
characteristics, 514 Cupiennius, 682 Decolopoda, 694
classification, 514-5 17 Cupuladria, 781 Decolopoda australis, 692
comparison of distinguishing fea- Cuspidaria, 739 defense, cnidarian, 246-250
tures among classes, 552-553 Cuspidaria rostrata, 739 definitive (primary) host, 14,106
diversity, 513 cutaneous gas exchange, 74 dehiscent wings, 596
isopod, 37 cuticle, 54,478479 Deibel, D., 860
pentastomid, 7 cuticular lens, 682,683 Deiopea, 273
phylogeny, 579-582 cuticulin layer, 478,479 delamination, 99
synopses of taxa, 517-550 Cutler, E. B., 447 Demodex, 658
cryptobiosis, 470 Cuvier, Georges, 180,286,321,388, Demodex brevis, 659
Cryptochiton stelleri (giant gumboot 447,475,476,499,702 Demodex canis, 659
chiton), 75,720 Cuvierian tubules, 822,823 Demodex folliculorum, 659
cryptocyst, 785,786 Cyamus, 538 Demospongiae, 182
Cryptodonta. See Solemyida Cyamus erraticus, 538 Dendraster, 806-807,821,829
Cryptolithodes (umbrella crab), 532 Cyamus monodontis, 538 Dendraster excentricus, 803, 820, 821,
Cryptomonada, 124,172 Cyamus scammoni, 513 830
Cryptomonas, 172 Cyanea, 246,255 Dendrobranchiata, 515,527
Cryptops, 643,645 Cyanobacteria, 5 dendrobr anchiate gills, 527
Cryptosporidia, 146 Cyclestheria, 521,522 Dendrochirotacea, 805-806
Cryptosula pallasiana, 789 Cyclestheria hislopi, 522 Dendrochirotida, 806
Cryptotethya crypta, 202 Cyclestherida, 515 Dendrocystites, 831
crystalline cone, 494 Cycliophora, 9,378-381 dendrogram, 30-31. See also clado-
crystalline cone cells, 494 cyclomorphism, 521,522 gram(s)
crystalline cone stalk, 494 cyclomorphosis, 471 Dendy, Arthur, 180
crystalline style, 743, 744 Cyclopoida, 516 dengue, 593
ctene (comb plates), 274,275,276 Cyclorhagida, 349 dental sac, 819
ctenidia, 717,718 Cydippida, 271,273 Deoterthron, 513
plicate, 747 cydippid larvae, 280,281 deposit feeders, 21-22, 58
ctenidial vessels, afferent, 744,745 cymbium, 685 Derby, C. D., 571
Ctenizidae, 654 Cymothoidae, 35,37 derived characteristics, shared, 38
Ctenocepha 1ides can is, 599 cyphonautes, 791 derived character states, 31,32
Ctenocephalides felis, 599, 614 Cyprinotus, 549 Dermacentor, 658
Ctenocheilocaris, 543 cypris adductor muscle, 540 Dermacentor andersoni, 659
Ctenodiscus, 806-807 cypris larva, 540,562,576, 579 dermal gills (papulae), 824
Ctenophora (comb jellies), 9, 269-283 cyrtocyte (solenocyte), 69,347 dermal membrane, 187
bauplan, 274-281 Cyrtograpsus angulatus, 530 dermal pores (ostia), 183,184,489,
circulation, 279 Cyrtophora moluccensis, 668 490,616,617,644,739,740
excretion, 279 cystacanth, 371 Dermaptera, 594,596-597
feeding and digestion, 276-279 cysticercus (bladder worm), 313 Dermasterias imbricata, 817
gas exchange, 279 cystid, 779,780 Dero, 393,416
general anatomy of major groups, Cystisoma, 513, 531 Derobrachus, 628
272-273 Cystonectae, 233 Derocheilocaris, 543, 544
nervous system and sense organs, cysts, 470 Derocheilocaris ingens, 543
279-280 Cythere1loidea, 549 descending arm, 738,740
osmoregulation, 279 cytokinesis, 128 ”descent with modification,” 24
reproduction and development, cytopharynx, 139 Deshayes, gland of, 741
280-281 cytoproct, 125 Desmoscloex, 352
support and locomotion, 274-276 cytostome, 125 Desor, E., 333,335
characteristics, 271 Desor larva, 333
classification, 271-274 Dactylochirotida, 805-806 determinate cleavage, 98
phylogeny, 281-282 Dactylogyrus vastator, 310 detorted gastropods, 725, 726
taxonomic history, 271 dactylopores, 239 detritivores, 58
912 INDEX
feeding and digestion, 454 Eleodes, 624 entoneural (aboral) system, 825
nervous system and sense organs, elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis), Entoprocta (entoprocts), 9,371-375
456 362,593,613 body wall, 373
phylogeny, 457 Eleutheria, 241 characteristics, 373
reproduction and development, Eliot, T. S., 873 circulation and gas exchange, 374,
456457 elongation factor 1-alpha (Ef-I)gene, 788
support and locomotion, 453454 879,883,884 classification, 373
taxonomic history, 452 elongation factor (EF-2) gene, 884 excretion, 374
Echiuroinea, 453 Elphidium, 165, 167 feeding and digestion, 373-374
Echiurus, 453,455,456 elytra, 608 nervous system, 374
ectoderm, 48 Embata, 342 reproduction and development,
ectognathous mouth appendages, 595 Embioptera (Embiidina), 594,597 374-375
ectognathous mouthparts, 604 Embletonia, 742 support and movement, 373
ectomesoderm, 100 embolus, 685-686 entosaccal coelom, 784
ectoneural (oral) system, 825 Embryology and Evolution (Conklin), Entosiphon, 130,131,132
ectoparasites, 14,106 873 Enypniastes, 803
ectoplasm, 50 embryonic development, 94-102 Ephelota gemmipara, 144
Ectoprocta, 9,778-792 blastula types, 98-99 Ephelota gigantea, 142
bauplan, 779-792 cell fate problem, 98 ephemeral pools (vernal pools), 13,
body wall and coelom, 373, cleavage, 94-98 14n
783-785 gastrulation and germ layer forma- Ephemeroptera, 594,595-596
circulation and gas exchange, 788 tion, 99-100 ephippium, 521,522
excretion, 788 Hox gene functions in, 17 Ephydatiafluviatilis, 194, 198
lophophore, feeding, and diges- mesoderm and body cavities, Ephyra, 222
tion, 785-788,789 100-102 ephyrae, 255,258
muscles and movement, 783-785 embryophore, 313 Epiactis, 240
nervous system and sense organs, embryo sacs, 790 Epiactis prolifora, 245
788-789 Emeraldella, 497 epibenthic forms, 12
reproduction and development, Emerita, 59,532, 559,560 epiboly, 99
789-792 Emiliania huxleyi, 155 epibranchial groove, 866
zooid interconnections, 785,786 Encope, 806-807 epicardial sacs, 862
characteristics, 779 end bulb, 774 Epicaridea, 516
classification, 779 Endeavouria, 295 epicone, 151
colonies, 781,782 endites, 480, 550,554 epicoxa, 629
Edgecombe, G. D., 504 endocrine hormones, 84 epicuticle, 478,479
Ediacara, 6 endocrine system, 84 epidemic broadcast spawning, 103
Ediacaran epoch, 5-6 endocuticle, 478,479 epidermal lamella, 364,365
Ediacaran fauna, 5 endocytosis, 56,159 epidermal papillae, 718-719
Edmonds, S. J., 447 endoderm (entoderm), 48 epidermis, 478,479
Edwardsia, 260 Endolimax nana, 156 epifauna, 12
edwardsia stage, 260 endoparasites, 14, 106 epigastric furrow, 662,663
Ef-lz (elongation factor 1-alpha) gene, endophallus, 607 epigynum, 663,685,686
879,883,884 endopinacocytes, 183,188 Epimenia, 762
EF-2 (elongation factor) gene, 884 endoplasm, 50 Epimenia verrucosa, 706
effector, 77 endopod, 480,481,515,550,554 epimorphic development, 578,648
efferent branchial arteries, 867 endopolyogeny, 128 epipelagic zone, 10
efferent ctenidial (branchial) vessels, endoskeletons, 14, 53 epiphysis, 819
744,745 endostyle (hypobranchial groove), epiplasm (cortex), 135,137,183-184
efferent nerve, 77 857,858,859,861,865-866 epipodial tentacles, 752
efferent "ring" vessel, 776 engrailed (en)gene, 478,496,499,884 epipods, 480,481
efferent vessels, 775, 776 engrailed expression, segmental, 879 epistome, 773
egg, 94 Enopla, 322 epitheca, 151
egg capsules, 756 enrollment (conglobation), 497,498 epithelial sense organs, 424
egg nauplius, 578 Entamoeba, 161 epitheliomuscular cells, 226
Ehlers, U., 286,293,302,313,315,316, Entamoeba coli, 156,157 epitoke, 428
382 Entamoeba gingivalis, 156 epitokous individual, 428
Ehrenberg, 772 Entamoeba hartmanni, 158 epitoky, 428
Eifelocrinus, 831 Entamoeba histolytica, 156,157,158, 160 Epitonium scalare, 704, 705
18s rDNA gene, 882-884 Entamoeba moshkovskii, 158 Epizoanthus, 247
Eimeria, 146 Enterobius verrnicularis, 361 equal cleavage, 94
Eisenia, 430 enterocoel theory, 114 equatorial cleavage, 95
Eisenia foetida, 412 enterocoely, 101 Eremobates, 661
ejaculatory duct, 87 Enteropneusta, 847 Ergasilus pitalicus, 544
ejaculatory organ, 758 entoderm (endoderm), 48 Erofircata, 691
Elasipodida, 806 Entognatha, 594-595 Erpobdella, 420, 433
Eldredge, N., 2, 19,42 entognathous mouth appendages, 594 errant animals, 12
Electra, 786, 790 entomesoderm, 100 Erwin, Terry, 26n, 590
Eledone, 742 entomology, 593 erythrocytes, 76
914 INDEX
Flight in insects, 608-610 funnel (infundibulum, stomach), 275, gene order, 884-885
origins, 629-630 278 genera (genus), 24
Flood, P. R., 860 funnel (siphon), 732 general chemical sensitivity, 80
Florichisme, 26n furcilia, 579 general sensory cells, 251
Florida Everglades, 13 furcula, 595 gene recruitment (co-option), 29
Floscularia, 339,340 Fustiaria, 705 genes
flosculi, 343 evolutionary developmental biol-
flukes, 290 gaits, 485 ogy and, 884-885
anatomy, 290 Galeodes arabs, 661 orthologous, 29
body wall of, 293 gall, 614 paralogous, 29
excretion and osmoregulation, gametes, 86 gene sequencing, 34
299-300 gametic nuclei, 143 genetical species concept (biological
feeding and digestion, 298-299 gamma level of systematics, 27 species definition), 26
nervous system and sense organs, Gammaridea, 516 genetic drift, 16
302-303 gamonts, 128 genital atrium (vulva), 648
reproduction in, 307-312 Ganesha, 273 genital canals, 826
support, locomotion and attach- Ganeshida, 271,273 genital chamber, 624,625, 686
ment in, 294 Garcia-Fernandez, J., 884 genitalia, 607
Flustra, 781 Gardiner, S. L., 357,434,438 genital operculum, 684
Flustrellidra, 787 Garey, J. R., 382 genital plates, 827
Foelix, R. F., 670, 681 Garstang, W., 107,429, 727,869 genital region, 848,849
foliacious limbs (phyllopodia), 480, Garypus, 664 genital segment, 647-648
481,551 gas exchange, 33-37,73 genital sinuses, 826
food groove, brachial, 795 gas transport, 34-37 genital wings, 848,849
food vacuole, 56-57,125 structures, 33-34,35 Geodia mesotriaena, 202
foot, 717,718 gastral groove, 626,649 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E., 869
Foraminif era, 165-1 67 gastral plate, 828 Geonemertes, 329
force-sensitive organs, 493 gas transport, 34-37 Geophilomorpha, 639
forcipate mastax, 341,342 Gastraxonacea, 224 Geoplana, 292
Forcipulatida, 804 gastrea, 109 Geoplana mexicana, 302
forcipules (prehensors), 641,644 gastric ceca, 615, 616 georeceptors, 79
forebrain, 421,422 gastric glands, 342 Gephyrea, 28
foregut, 489 gastric mill (gizzard), 411,412, 561, Gephyreaster swifti, 241
forepart, 434,435 568,615,644, 741 germarium, 304
forewings, 595 gastric ring, 823, 824 germinal disc, 625-626,649
fork-tailed katydid (Scudderiafurcata), gastric shield, 743, 744 germinal zone, 358
80 Gastrodes parasiticurn, 281 germ layers, 48,93,99-100
Formica exsectoides, 590 gastroneuron, 115 germovitellaria, 304,344
fossil record(s), 4. See also Gastrophilus, 76 giant fibers, 421,422
ph ylogeny(ies) Gastropoda, 703-712 giant gumboot chiton (cryptochiton
Burgess Shale deposits, 8 gastropores, 239 stelleri), 75, 720
character state analysis using, 34 gastrostyles, 239 giant hermit crab (Petrochirus cali-
Ediacaran, 5 Gastrotricha, 9,345-348 forniensis), 513
Lower Cambrian Chengjiang, 6-7 body wall, 346-347 giant sea anemone (Metridium), 220,
founder effect, 16 characteristics, 345 245,246,258
Fourtner, 482,485 circulation, 347 giant Tasmanian crabs (Pseudocarcinus
frame webs, 673,674 classification, 346 gigas), 511
Francour, P., 823 excretion, 347 giant west Pacific anemone
Franke, H. D., 427 feeding and digestion, 347 (Heteractis), 234
Franz, D., 827 gas exchange, 347 Giardia, 168, 169
Fredericella, 785 nervous system and sense organs, Giardia agilis, 168
Frenzel, J., 111, 112,210 347 Giardia ardeae, 168
fresh water adaptations, 106 osmoregulation, 347 Giardia intestinalis, 167, 168, 169
freshwater habitats, 13-14 reproduction and development, Giardia lamblia (G. intestinalis, G. duo-
Frey, 803 347-348 denalis), 168
frontal glands, 330 support and locomotion, 346-347 Giardia muris, 168
frontal membrane, 785,786 gastrovascular cavity, 227 Giardia psittaci, 168
frontal plane, 45 gastrozooid, 232 Gibbs, P. E., 447
frontal processes, 572 gastrula, 99 Gibson, R., 319
frontal sense organ, 330,331 gastrulation, 99 Gierer, Z., 255
frontal surface, 785, 786 Gegenbaur, 286,772 Gigantocypris, 547
frontal tract, 785 Gelyelloida, 516 Gigantowales chisholmi, 641
frustule, 154 gemmules, 196,197 Gilbert, J. J., 342
Fry, W. G., 691 genealogical kinship (relatedness), 24 gill bailers (scaphognathites), 565, 569
Funch, P., 338,379,380,381 genealogy (ancestor-descendant rela- gill bars, 865,866
fungi, 2 tionships), 31,32 gill books, 666,678
funiculus, 785,786 morphological similarity / dissimi- gill (branchial) pores, 848,849, 852
larity vs., 35-37 gills, 74, 490,491, 618
916 INDEX
H-system of collecting canals, 357 Hyptiotes, 673, 675 Intertentacular organ, 786,790
Hubrecht, A., 114 hysterosoma, 658,659 intertidal zone, 11
Hubrechtella dubia, 332n Intestina, 286
Humphries, W. F., 519 I.C.Z.N. (International Code of intestinal arteries, 867
Hutchinsoniella, 518 Zoological Nomenclature), 25 intestinal ganglia, 749, 750
Huxley, 180 Ichthyotomidae, 389 intestinal veins, 866, 867
Hyale, 538 Ichthyotomus sanguinarius, 408 intestine, 326
hyaline tests, 166 Idmodronea, 782 intracellular digestion, 56
Hydra, 219,220,228,248,522 Idotea, 536 intranuclear mitosis, 128
budding, 84 Idotea resecata, 536 intrinsic muscles, 480
life cycle, 256 Ikeda, 451,456 Introduction to Seashore Life
locomotion, 240 Ikeda taenioides, 451 (Hedgpeth), 285,445
medusoid phase, 255 Illacme plenipes, 638 introvert (presoma), 365,445,446
nematocysts, 242,243 Ilyocypris, 549 introvert retractor muscles, 448
nerve net, 251 imaginal discs, 606 invagina tion ,99
regeneration, 253 imagos, 623-624 invertebrates, 4
Hydractinia, 230,248 imago stage, 632 habitats of, 9-15
hydranth, 232 impunctate shells, 793 estuaries and coastal marshlands,
hydrocaulus, 232 Inarticulata, 793 13
hydrocoels, 828,830 incomplete (blind) gut, 57 freshwater, 13-14
hydrocorals, 239 incomplete mesenteries, 227,229 marine, 9-13
Hydroctena, 281-282 incomplete metamorphosis symbiotic, 14-15
Hydroida, 223 (hemimetabolous development), terrestrial, 14
hydroids, 232 626,627 origins and evolution of, 4-9
hydromedusae, 235-236,246,251,253, incudate mastax, 341, 342 Invertebrates: A Synthesis, The (Barnes
254 incurrent canals, 184 et al.), 503
hydropore, 807,811,812,828,830 incurrent (oral) siphon, 857,859 Invertebrates, The (Hyman), 179
hydrorhiza, 232 incurrent pore (ostium), 183 invertebrate sense organs, 3742
hydrostatic skeleton, 52 independent effectors, 42 Invertebrate Structure and Function
hydrotheca, 232 indeterminate cleavage, 98 (Barrington), 41
hydrothermal vent communities, 12 indirect development, 103 inverted ocelli, 80
hydrotube, 828,830 indirect eye, 81 involution, 99
Hydrozoa, 220,223 indirect flight muscles, 609,610 Iodamoeba buetschlii, 156
colonies, 228-230 infauna, 12 ionic stress, 14
life cycles, 256 infranuclear fiber, 168-169 Iridia, 167
medusoid form, 236 infundibulum (funnel, stomach), 275, iris, 81
polypoid form, 226-233 278 Iris cells, 494
reproduction, 253-255 infusoriform larva, 213 Irregularia, 805
skeletons, 239 infusorigens, 213 Ischnochitonida, 703
Hyman, L. H., 57,108,109,179,213, Ingolfiella, 538 isogamy, 128
321,338,447,772,779 ingression, 99 isolecithal eggs, 94
Hymenolepis diminuta, 293-294 inhalant siphons, 746 Isophyllia sinuosa, 247
Hymenoptera, 594,600-601 inhalant (ventral) chamber, 738, 744 Isopoda, 516,534-537
Hyperiidea, 516 ink, cephalopod, 754-755 Isoptera, 594,596
hypermastigotes, 169-171. See also ink sac, 754 Isostichopus badionotus, 823
Parabasilida inquilism, 15 isotonic fluids, 67
hyperparasitic parasites, 14 Insecta, 594,595-601 Ivanov, A. V., 434
hypertonic fluids, 67 insects. See Hexapoda (insects) Ivanova-Kazas, 0. M., 98
hypobranchial groove (endostyle), insertion, 55 Iwata, F., 321, 333
857,858,859,861,865-866 instars,485 Iwata larva, 333
hypobranchial ridge, 851 integumentary gas exchange, 74 Ixodes pacificus, 659
hypocerebral ganglion, 619,620 interambulacrum, 806 lxodes ricinus, 658
Hypochilus, 668 interfilament spaces, 739, 740
Hypoconcha, 530 intermediate host, 14,106 Jackson, R. R., 675
hypocone, 151 intermediate valves, 720, 722 Jagersten, G., 107, 112, 114
hypodermic impregnation, 305 intermittent (temporary) parasites, 14 Jamieson, B. G., 393
hypodermis, 478 interna, 542,561 Janaria mirabilis, 247, 248
hypogean (underground) habitats, internal transport, 31 Janthina, 732, 735
14n International Code of Botanical Japanese spider crabs (Macrocheira
hypognathous mouthparts, 604,605 Nomenclature, 25 kaempferi), 511
hyponeural (deep oral) system, 825 International Code of Zoological Jassa, 577
hyponeural sinus, 823,824 Nomenclature (I.C.Z.N.),25 jaws, 463
hypopharynx, 605,642 International Commission on Jeannel, R., 16
hypostome, 227 Zoological Nomenclature, 25 Jeffries, R. P. S., 799
hypostracum (periostracum), 719, 720, inter-plate ciliated groove, 279 Jennings, J. B., 296
723,793,794 interradial canals, 278 Joeropsis, 536
hypotheca, 151 interstitial cells, 226,227 jointed legs, 33
Hypsibius annulatus, 474 interstitial organisms, 12 Jokiel, P. L., 296
INDEX 919
support and locomotion, 400402, distribution and ecology, 201 primitive (ancestral) character states,
403 growth rates, 202 31
Polychaete Worms (Fauchald), 387 phylogeny, 203-205 Primno, 538
Polychisime, 26n evolution within Porifera, 204-205 principal filaments, 747
Polychoerus, 306 origin of sponges, 203-204 principle of logical parsimony, 34
Polycirrus, 414 symbioses, 202-203 prions, 2
Polycladida, 288 taxonomic history, 180-182 prismatic calcium layer, 720
Polyclinum, 840 Porites astereoides, 247 Pristionchus aerivora, 359
Polycope, 549 porocytes, 183,188,189 Probopyrus bithynis, 577
Polycystina, 162 Porpita, 230, 246 Proboscidactyla, 230
Polydesmida, 639 Portia, 662, 675, 683 proboscides, 738
polydisc strobilation, 255 postclitellar, 397 proboscis, 319-321,325-326,451,453,
Polydora, 402,406,408 postecdysis (postmolt period), 486, 600,692,693,848,849
Polydora alloporis, 408 487 Proboscis apparatus, 325-326
polyembryony, 626,791 posterior cardinal veins, 866,867 proboscis canal, 325,326
polygastry, 253 posterior end, 44 proboscis complex, 852
Polygordius, 388n posterior growth zone, 496 proboscis groove (gutter), 451,454
Polykrikos, 152 posterior region, 397 proboscis pore, 325,326,330
pofymerous species, 694 posterodorsal tubercle, 693,694 proboscis receptacle, 369
polymorphic species, 30 postlarva, 578, 579 proboscis retractor muscle, 326
Polynoidae, 391 postmolt period (postecdysis), 486, proboscis skeleton, 850,851
Polyophthalmus, 422 487 proboscis stalk, 848, 849
Polyopisothocotylea, 288 post-tarsus, 606 Procaris, 528, 559
Polyorchis, 220 Potamocypris, 549 Procaris ascensionis, 528, 560
polyphyletic group, 28 Powell, M. A., 741 procephalon, 602
polyphyletic taxa, 28,29 power stroke, 51 procercoid stage, 313
Polyphysia, 401,402 Pray, F. A., 344 Prochloron, 861
polypide, 779,780 preclitellar region, 397 Procryptobia, 134
Polyplacophora, 703,708 precoxa, 629 procuticle, 478,479
polypoid form, 219,226-233 predation, 63 proecdysis, 485
polyps, 222, 772 predators, 58 proglottids, 290,291
polyp theory, 261,262,263 lurking, 63-65 prognathous mouthparts, 604,605
Polystilifera, 322 predatory lifestyles, skeleton develop- Progymnoplea, 516
Polystoma integerrimum, 310 ment and, 6 prohaptor, 294
polythridium, 368 predictive function of classification, 24 prokaryotes, 1 , 2
Polytoma, 173 prehensors (forcipules), 641, 644 Prolecithophora, 288
Polytonella, 173 premandibular segment, 642 prolegs, 18,481
polytroph larvae, 429 premolt, 485,486 proloculum, 167
Polyxenida, 639 preoral ciliary organ, 851 Proneomenia, 749
Polyzoniida, 639 preoral hood, 778 Proneomenia antarctica, 706
Pomatias, 750 presoma (introvert), 365,445,446 pronotum, 605
"Pompeii worm" (Alvinella pompe- prestomach, 775, 776 propagative budding, 862
jana), 408 Priapulan protonephridia, 368 propeltidium, 666
Pompholyxophrys, 158 Priapula (priapulans), 9,28,338, Proplicastomata, 288
Pontobdella muricata, 394 365-368 propodium, 728
pools, ephemeral (vernal pools), 13, body wall, 367 propodosoma, 658,659
14n characteristics, 366 Propontocypris, 549
Porania, 816 circulation and gas exchange, 368 proprioceptors, 79
porcelain crab (Petrol is t hes armat us), classification, 366-367 Proseriata, 288
513,532,572 excretion and osmoregulation, 368 Prosobranchia, 703
porcelaneous tests, 166 feeding and digestion, 367-368 prosoma, 653,655,657,662,665
Porcellio, 491,568, 569 nervous system and sense organs, prosome, 546,772
Porifera (sponges), 5,9, 179-208 368 prosopyles, 184
bauplan, 182-201 reproduction and development, 368 Prosorhochmus, 333
activity and sensitivity, 194-196 support and locomotion, 367 prostate gland, 756
body structure and aquiferous Priapulidae, 366-367 prostatic glands, 304
system, 183-188 Priapulus, 367 Prosthiostomurn, 296
cell aggregation, 191 Priapulus australis, 366 Prostoma, 332
cell types, 188-191 Priapulus bicaudatus, 366 Prostoma graecense, 325
circulatory system, 72 Priapulus caudatus, 367 prostomium, 395
excretion, 192-194 primary body cavity (blastocoel), 98 protandric hermaphroditism, 87
gas exchange, 192-194 primary (definitive) host, 14,106 protandry, 87
nutrition, 192-194,195 primary larva, 574 protaspis larva, 499,500
reproduction and development, primary (larval) mesenchyme, 828 proterosoma, 666
196-20 1 primary literature, 26 Proterospongia, 110, 111, 173
support, 191-192,193 primary pigment cells, 494 Proterozoic era, 4,5
biochemical agents, 201-202 primary segment, 602,603 prothoracic glands, 488,619,620
classification, 182 "primeval soup" theory, 4n prothorax, 602,605
INDEX 929
Protista, 2, 9,121-178. See also under pseudotrachea, 74,534,535,568,569 rachiglossate radulae, 734,735
specific taxa pseudozoea larvae, 579 rachis, 233
bauplan, 124-129 Psocoptera, 594,597 radial canal, 184, 235, 810,811
activity and sensitivity, 125-127 Psolidium, 822 radial cleavage, 95
body structure, excretion, and gas Psolus, 814,821 radial nerves, 826
exchange, 124-125 Psolus chintinoides, 808 radial spokes, 50
nutrition, 125 psychrophiles, 3 radial symmetry, 4 3 4 5
reproduction, 127-129 ptenoglossate radula, 735 cnidarian, 225-226
support and locomotion, 125 Pteraeol id ia, 741 Radiaspis radiata, 498
classification, 123-124 Pteraster tesselatus, 803, 814 Radiata, 28
definability of, 121 Pteriomorphia. See Filibranchia radiation, 30
diversity of, 122 Pterobranchia, 847 explosive, 37
organization on basis of body con- Pteromonas lacertae, 128 radiolarian, acantharian, 161
struction, 7 pterothorax, 605 radioles, 407,408
phylogeny, 174-176 Pterotrachea, 710, 734, 752 radula, 63, 717,733
Stephanopogon, 174 Pterygota, 594,595 molluscan, 733-737
taxonomic history of, 123 Pterygotus, 656 radular membrane, 733,734
Protoalcyonaria, 224 Pterygotus buffaloensis, 655 radular protractor, 733
Protobranchia, 712 Ptilocrinus, 813 radular sac, 733
protocerebrum, 492,493,570 Ptilosarcus (sea pen), 220 Raikov, I. B., 128
protocoel, 101,772 ptychocyst, 243 rain forest (tropical wet forest), 11
protoconch, 724 Pugettia, 530 ramate mastax, 341
Protodrilus, 388n, 391 Pulex irritans, 599, 613 Ramskold, L., 463
Protoglossus, 850 Pulmonata, 712 Rapana, 735
Protoglossus kohleri, 851 pulsatile organs, 616, 617 Raphidioptera, 594,599
protogynic hermaphroditism, 87 pumping mechanisms for circulation, Rathkea, 254
protogyny, 87 33 Rebach, 574
protonephridia, 69,70,286 punctae, 793 recapitulation, law of (biogenetic law),
protonephromixium, 71 punctuated equilibrium model, 19 107
protonymphon larvae, 694,696 Puncturella, 709 recency of common descent, 32
Protopalina, 174 pupal stage, 626 receptor, 77
Pro t operid inium, 151 pupation, 626 recombination, 16
protopodite, 480481 pupil, 81 recovery stroke, 51
protopod (sympod), 480,515,550,554, Purchon, R. D., 712 rectal accessory gills, 618
605-606 pusules, 151 rectal glands (rectal sacs), 619,816,
protostomes Pycnogonida, 18,654,691-696 817
bilateral symmetry and origins, anatomy, 692-695 rectum, 326
877-8 78 circulation and gas exchange, redia, 309
developmental differences between 695-696 red tide, 150
deuterostomes and, 113,114-115 excretion, 695-696 reduction, morphological, 30
evolution, 878-880 feeding and digestion, 695 reduction bodies, 197
Protostyela longicauda, 863 locomotion, 695 reef corals, Paleozoic, 7
protostyle, 744 nervous system and sense organs, reefs, modern, 9
prototroch, 428,429 696 refugial lifestyle, 2-3
protozoa, 1,3,28 reproduction and development, 696 regeneration, 85,280,425427,826,
protozoa larva, 578 Pycnogonum litorale, 695, 696 827
protractors, 55 Pycnogonum rickettsi, 695 Regier, J. C., 884
Protura, 594,595 Pycnogonum stearnsi, 692 regulative ova, 98
proventriculus, 615,616 Pycnophyes, 351 Rehbachiella, 582
proximal pigments, 494,495 Pycnopodia, 813,814,826 Reiswig, H. M., 194, 196
prozonite, 642 pygidium (telson), 395,496,497,498, relatedness (genealogical kinship), 24
Pruvotina impexa, 706 515,551,653,655,660 Remane, 476
Psammogorgea, 235 Pylopagurus varians, 513 Remipedia, 514,517-519
Pseudamphithoides incurvaria, 553,558 pyloric ceca, 816,817 distinguishing features, 552-553
Pseudicyema, 209 pyloric ducts, 816, 817 reproductive features, 556-557
pseudoblastomeres, 468,469 pyloric gland, 861,864 renal appendages, 748
Pseudocarcinus gigas (giant Tasmanian pyloric stomach, 561,568,816,817 renal sacs, 748
crabs), 511 pylorus, 787 renal vesicles, 862
Pseudocella, 359 pyramids, 819 renette cells, 356, 357
Pseudoceros canadensis, 302 pyriform organ complex, 793 Renilla (sea pansy), 220
Pseudoceros ferrugineus, 286 Pyrodinium bahamense, 150 renopericardial duct, 745, 747
pseudocoelom, 49 Pyrolobus fumarii, 3n reproduction, 4448,556-557,573-576
pseudocoelomate grade, 48 Pyrosoma, 858 asexual, 4546
pseudofeces, 737 parthenogenesis, 48
Pseudoplexaura (sea fan), 235 quadriradial (tetramerous) symmetry, sexual, 4 6 4 7
pseudopodia, 50,158 44,235 reproductives, 596
Pseudoscorpionida, 655,664 Quammen, David, 593 reproductive success, 16
pseudosimplex, 470,471 Quatrefages, 447 reptant arthropods, 482
930 INDEX