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Educación y aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida: los adultos y la enseñanza superior
Emília Maria da Trindade Prestes y Adriana Valéria Santos Diniz
Realizado Por:
Yenzy Lusinchi Cuello
C.I. V-6.930.004
Educación de Adultos y Educación Superior a lo Largo de la Vida
Texto original de Emília Maria da Trindade Prestes y Adriana Valéria Santos Diniz. Educación
y aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida: los adultos y la enseñanza superior. Sinéctica [online]. 2015,
n.45, pp.1-20. ISSN 2007-7033.
Republic of Venezuela.
Ministry of Popular Power
For University Education.
National Open University.
Introductory Course.
TRANSLATION
Education and lifelong learning: adults and higher education Emília Maria da Trindade Prestes y
Adriana Valéria Santos Diniz
Performed By :
Yenzy Lusinchi Cuello
CI V-6.930.004
Adult Education and Higher Education Throughout Life.
“Some contributions the relationship between adult education and higher education is a topic
that is little included in education policies and in academic literature, at least in Brazil. One
aspect to note is that, in the framework of the knowledge society, lifelong learning, which began
to excel in the great conferences sponsored by UNESCO in the 1990s, came to be considered as
the object of right, response to social needs and recipient of economic investment, which
encouraged the presence of adults in higher education. These contemporary possibilities do not
mean that the interests of adult training are only recently raised. According to Alcoforado and
Ferreira (2011), based on De Natale (2003) and Hinzen (2009), between 1890 and 1930
educational initiatives emerged for the adult population as a result of “the English university
extension, the popular schools of Denmark and the American public libraries." These
experiences, which served as a model for the German high schools and popular libraries (Hinzen,
2009) , also led to the creation of two great models of education that, until now, serve as
orientation and focus to policies aimed at adults. The first model, with an English matrix
and adopted by the central European countries, emphasized continuous training for technical and
professional learning and social promotion. The second, inspired by the ideas of the Danish
Bishop Grundrving, sought to relate social and personal benefits of adult education for the
strengthening of democracy and social organization (Alcoforado and Ferreira, 2011). It is not
difficult to recognize that a large part of the guidelines for the education or qualification of
adults, since 1950, closely follow these models, and only vary according to the social conditions
of the countries or regions, their interests or needs. In addition, we can appreciate them in the
regulations and standards at the local and state level of the European, Latin American and
African regions, and more specifically, in the content of the texts treated in the international
conferences of adult education (CONFINTEA), governed by UNESCO. In Europe, organizations
such as the OECD and the Council of Europe prioritize learning for work for the purposes of
economic development and social cohesion. However, in Latin America, Central America and
countries in Africa, with high rates of illiterate or low schooling, there is more interest in literacy
and schooling aimed at exercising citizenship. From the eighties and, mainly in the nineties,
within the framework of the recommendations on education now recognized as a right
throughout the life of the Conference of Education for All of 1990, of the V CONFINTEA of
1997, of The 1998 World Conference on Higher Education and the 1999 Bologna Declaration
emphasized higher education policies from the perspective of adult subjects, which inspired
plans and actions of world governments (Pascueiro, 2009). With this, higher educational policies
or proposals emerged or were renewed, which introduced in many countries alternative
institutional mechanisms and formats capable of considering a type of population and repressed
or neglected demands. Towards the end of the 2000s, the VI CONFINTEA and the II World
Conference of Trindade /Santos. Education and lifelong learning 5 Synectics 45
www.sinectica.iteso.mx of Higher Education reinforced the ideal of lifelong education by
promoting international policies and agreements for access to higher education for all people
(Dias,2012), regardless of existing educational opportunities. These guidelines, widely disclosed,
have been the subject of controversy in different academic media. Authors such
as Canário (2003), Lima (2007) and Moraes (2006), cited by Ferreira (2013) understand that the
conceptual and political perspective of adult education, framed in the conception of education
throughout the life, involves a direct relationship with economic interests or responses to
challenges that occur worldwide, by linking training with employability. Meanwhile, other
authors, such as Beltrán (2014), without ignoring its economic or political implications, defend
the expansion of adult education protected by the concept throughout life as an “exercise in
constant learning”, in addition to a “valuable opportunity” for these groups to emerge “from the
dominant imaginary” and “find alternatives to other possible worlds”, paying attention to the
“non-monetary benefits” (Beltrán, 2014, pp. 62-63). According to Alheit and Dausien(2013), the
meaning of education throughout life supposes a capacity for learning, which oscillates between
two antagonistic, but interrelated, poles: at the same time that it "instrumentalizes", it also
"emancipates". Thus considered, even recognizing the economic nature with which the current
conception of education and learning can be conditioned, it is possible to overcome this
reductionist understanding that conceives of education throughout life oriented solely towards
the purposes of legitimizing or reproducing mercantilist interests. Rather, Alheit and Dausien
argue, as we still lack further explanatory elements about the theoretical understanding of this
“new concept” -education and lifelong learning - it can be understood "as an important social and
cultural capital for development of civil societies” (2013, p. 151). Now, even in the 1990s, a
large part of these guidelines related to adult education throughout life came to Brazil following
these international regulations for the expansion of education, regardless of age, sex, conditions
social, or ethnic, and implement changes in their educational system. In 2001, the National
Education Plan 2001-2010, approved by Law 10,172 / 2001, guides the expansion of higher
education in order to promote the democratization of education and the reduction of social
inequalities. Shortly after, in 2007, the Program to Support Restructuring and Expansion Plans of
Federal Universities (REUNI) was launched, one of the actions of the Federal Government's
Education Development Plan, which proposed democratization, expansion and improvement of
higher education, with substantive changes in the university profile. With this, the federal
government offered universities better operating conditions and expanded access. Many adult
subjects considered as “non-traditional” audiences, until then excluded from tertiary studies,
entered higher education institutions in order to be accredited, rework their careers or build new
itineraries. To guarantee the highest number of income in this educational modality, the
government established agreements with private institutions, which provided scholarships to
poor students, especially for night hours, in which the largest 6 of Trindade /Santos is
concentrated. Education and learning throughout life. Sinéctica 45 www.sinectica.iteso.mx
contingent of adult students and workers. In 2014, nearly 40% of the students enrolled in private
higher education were benefited with the University for All Program or Student Financing, in
1,232 faculties. The programs, aimed at low-income students, had awarded more than one
million scholarships, according to data from the Brazilian Ministry of Education (http:
//ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/educacao/2014-12-02/40-dos -studios-de-ensinosuperior-usam-
prouni-ou-fies.html). With these measures, the number of students enrolled in public and private
higher education increased and benefited the population over twenty-four years of age, which
represents the largest contingent of students in the universe of Brazilian university
students. Taken together, these new government measures emerged as educational opportunities
capable of resignifying stories of lives and overcoming inequalities (Prestes, 2011, 2013). By
way of illustration, in 2012, about 54.5 million people, almost half of the Brazilian population of
twenty-five years or more (49.25%), had not completed their secondary education; the number of
the conclusive was 16 million (14.65%) and only 11.26% of these had the highest level (Census
IBGE, 2010). This means that there is a pent-up demand for adults who, by the way, will seek
higher education to the extent that they manage to complete their secondary studies. Therefore,
the substantial increase in cohorts of students over twenty-four years old in the university means
an expansion of the vital opportunities of the subjects in the context of education throughout
life. Then, the implementation of policies that encourage the completion of secondary education
in recent years, in harmony with the expansion policies of higher education, made it possible to
cover seven million students in higher education, a growth of 81% between 2003 and 2012. Of
all of them, only 15% were between eighteen and twenty-four years old, which revealed that
almost 85% of that population belonged to the adult segments (Census IBGE, 2010). The
document “Challenges and perspectives of higher education for the next decade”, from 2012,
prepared by UNESCO, the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the National Council of
Education (Dias,2012), highlights the existence of higher education students with new
sociological profiles, especially in the evening courses; include blacks, low social class, low
income, and workers in industries and businesses... ... a tendência é que cruzemos a próxima
década com a maioria dos estudantes com este perfil. Portanto, um dos desafios das instituições
de ensino superior será o de compreender as novas características que apresentam os alunos
ingressantes, qual seu perfil e os impactos que isso pode representar para seu plano de
desenvolvimento institucional e para cada projeto pedagógico dos cursos (Dias , 2012 , p.
159). Faced with these orientations, which include the organization of new formats and
pedagogical environments, higher education institutions would need to rethink and create
scenarios capable of generating the promised benefits of education for these less educated
population groups. In this sense, it contrasts the fact that the promises continue to be highlighted
in the words, but they underestimate the actions, which produces stories of school dropout and
failure, which now reigns Trindade /Santos. Education and lifelong learning 7 Synectics 45
www.sinectica.iteso.mx produce within higher education. Data from the Brazilian Ministry of
Education show that, in 2011, out of every 100 students, only 39 completed higher education,
especially in those courses that presented the least demands, such as those aimed at teacher
training or pedagogy (Dias , 2012). Indeed, most adults are concentrated in these careers, given
their socioeconomic characteristics and previous schooling, since they are considered to present
fewer difficulties than other types of technical careers. When these adults drop out of higher
education, the possibility that they will return to study is more difficult, which increases
situations of exclusion and social inequality (Thomson, 2013), which extend to working
conditions and survival requirements. Many situations of school failure at the university are the
same that occurred in previous educational levels, which conditions decisions to continue
studies, as shown by some research on educational trajectories of adult subjects
(Alheit and Dausien , 2006; Diniz , 2010). These heterogeneous constraints also compromise the
REUNI goals, which gravitate (or gravitate) around the average completion rate of 90% in face-
to-face degree courses, which generates or accentuates controversies about the opening of higher
education to the social sectors most disadvantaged. ”
Original text of Emília Maria da Trindade Prestes / Adriana Valéria Santos Diniz. Education and
lifelong learning: adults and higher education. Sinéctica [online]. 2015, n.45, pp.1-20. ISSN
2007-7033.