SIRURI FUNDAMENTALE

( SIRURI COUCHY )

Definitia 1:
Spunem ca un sir an este fundamental (sau sir Couchy) daca
   0,   N  N    astfel incat an  am   ,    n, m  N   .

Definitia 2:
Spunem ca un sir an este fundamental (sau sir Couchy) daca
   0,   N  N    astfel incat an p  an   ,    n  N    si p  N  .

Definitia 3:
Spunem ca un sir an este fundamental (sau sir Couchy) daca
   0,   N  N    astfel incat an  a N   ,    n  N    .

Observtie!
Cele trei definitii date sunt echivalente:
Defintia 1  Definitia 2  Definitia3

Criteriul lui Couchy:

Un sir de numere reale este convergent daca si numai daca este sir
Couchy.
 an  sir fundamental   an  este convergent
Problem propuse spre rezolvare:

I. Utilizand criteriul lui Couchy sa se arate ca urmatoarele siruri sunt

convergente:
2n  1
1) an 
5n  2
 Rezolvare:

1  10 
   0,   N  1   astfel incat an p  an   ,    n  N    si p  N
 25 
Demonstram ca
    0,   N  N    astfel incat an p  an   ,   n  N    si p  N 
1 1 1 1
2) bn  1   2  3  n
2 2 2 2
2 n  p   1 2 n  1
an  p  an   
5 n  p   2 5n  2


 5n  2  2n  2 p  1   2n  1 5n  5 p  2  
Demonstram ca  5n  2  5n  5 p  2 
 10
  , 10
n 20  N 9n  4astfel
np N p  2incat
 10nb2n np
 p10  5pn  2N    si
bn 9n, pN
 
 5n  2  5n  5 p  2 
p

 5n1
 2  5n 1
 5 p  2 1 1 1 1 1 1
bn  p  bn  1     1   
2 22 2n 2 n 1 2 n p 2 22 2n
1 1 1 1  1 1  1  1 1 1 
    1         
2 n 1 2 n 2 2 n p 2 n 1  2 2 p 1  2n  2 22 2p 
1  1 
1  
1 2  2p  1  1  1
   n 
1 p 

2 n
1 2  2  2 n
1
2
1  p
bn  p  bn a  a n   1    n  log 2 1

bn  p  bn
n p 2 n 
p este
  un numar
 5
2 nn
 2 5n 
arbirar.Ci nd p5 p 2 
 obtinem :  


Deci N     1  log
 p 2 1 p 1
lim    lim 
p 

 5n  2 5n  5 p  2 p   5n 2 5 5n  2 
p  5n  2   5  
 p p

n
sin k 2
3) cn  
2k
1 k 1 1  10 1  10 
  n , deci putem lua N     1  
5 5n  2  25  25 
n p 2 2 n p 2 n p
sin k n
sin k sin k sin k 2
cn  p  cn   k
 k
  k
  
k 1 2 k 1 2 k  n 1 2 k  n 1 2k
n p
1 1  1 1  1
 
k  n 1 2
k
 n 1 1     p 1   n
2  2 2  2
dupa cum am aratat la exercitiul anterior 
4)
n
  1k
cos 1 !
   
 se obtine Nk 
 d 0, 
 N 
   11 1klog astfel incat bn  p  bn   ,   n  N    si p  N
 2  1
log  
n 2 
k

n p n n p
cos k! cos k! cos k!
d n p  dn  
k 1 k  k  1
 
k 1 k  k  1
 
k  n 1 k  k  1


 
  0,
n p
    1 k!log 2 
  Ncos 1
 astfel

n p
 bn
incat bn  p 1   , 
 n  N    si1p 

n p
N 1

k  n 1 k k 1
   k  n 1 k  k  1 k  n 1 k k 1
1 1 1
  
n 1 n  p 1 n 1
1 
d n  dn  1  
n  1 1
  N    1 
p
     
d n  dn   
 n 1   
p
 II. Aratati ca urmatorul sir de numere reale nu este fundamental:
1 1 1
xn  1   
2 3 n
Aratam ca :
    0,   N  N    astfel incat xn  p  xn   ,   n  N    si p  N 
Copyright www.ReferateOnline.com Cel mai complet site cu referate

2n n 2n 2n 2n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x2 n  xn  
k 1 k
 
k 1 k
 
k  n 1 k
 
k  n 1 k
 
k  n 1 k

n 1

n  2

2n


1 1 1 1 1
    n 
2n 2n 2n 2n 2
1
x2 n  xn  
2
1
     ,    N  N    astfel incat x n  p  xn   ,    n  N   
3
 sirul xn nu este fundamental