II

Declinación solar y pendiente

de los colectores
En el estudio de los procesos térmicos solares es muy importante el medio de captación de la energía
solar, ya que con base en esto se puede diseñar todo un sistema que opere utilizándola y aprovechan-
do el mayor porcentaje posible. Para recolectar la mayor cantidad de energía radiante procedente
del sol, es necesario contar con un sistema de colectores que ofrezcan su cara perpendicular a la
incidencia de los rayos solares, a la hora en que el sol se encuentra en su posición más alta sobre el
meridiano local (12 horas tiempo solar).
La relación geométrica entre un plano con cualquier orientación particular relativa a la Tierra a
cualquier hora y la radiación solar incidente, esto es, la posición del sol con respecto a ese plano,
se puede describir en términos de algunos ángulos (véase Figura 5).

Estos ángulos y su definición son los si-

guientes:
∅ = Latitud (norte positiva).
δ = Declinación (posición angular del sol
al mediodía solar con respecto al plano del
ecuador) (norte positiva).
S = El ángulo entre la horizontal y el plano
(pendiente).
ϒ = Desviación de la normal a la superficie
con respecto al meridiano local, el punto cero
corresponde al sur, el este es positivo y el oeste
negativo.
W = Ángulo de la hora, el mediodía solar
corresponde al cero, y cada hora es igual a
15º de longitud con las mañanas positivas y
las tardes negativas.
θ = El ángulo de incidencia de la radiación.
Este ángulo se mide con respecto a la nor-
mal.

Figura 5

13

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 13 5/8/06 10:53:53 AM

 Energía solar • Colectores solares planos
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1
La declinación, δ , se puede encontrar con la ecuación aproximada de Cooper (1969),

donde n es el día del año. Véase gráfica en la Figura 6.

Declinación solar a lo largo del año

30.00

20.00

10.00
Declinación

0.00
78

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00
Número del día n

Figura 6

La relación entre θ y los otros ángulos está dada por:

cos θ = senδ sen∅ cosS - senδ cos∅ senS cosϒ + cosδ cos∅ cosS cosW +
cosδ sen∅ senS cosϒ cosW + cosδ senS senϒ senW (1)

Si consideramos un colector orientado en la dirección norte-sur (ϒ=0) a las

12 horas tiempo solar (W=0) tendremos que
cos θ = senδ sen∅ cosS - senδ cos∅ senS cosϒ +
cosδ cos∅ cosS + cosδ sen∅ senS cosϒ (2)

14

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 14 5/8/06 10:53:54 AM

 Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez
cos θ = senδ [sen(∅-S)] + cosδ [cos(∅ -S)] = cos(δ +S -∅)

θ=δ+S-∅ (3)

Si lo que deseamos es que la radiación solar incida perpendicularmente sobre el colector tenemos
que hacer θ = 0º y
S=∅-δ (4)

Teniendo en cuenta que la latitud de Ciudad Juárez es de 31º39’ entonces ∅ = 31.65º y

S(n) = 31.65º - δ(n) (5)

será la fórmula para calcular la pendiente de los colectores para incidencia normal en cualquier día
del año. Véase Figura 7 y Tabla 1.

Declinación y pendiente de los colectores según el día del año

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00
Grados

10.00

0.00
16

31

46

61

76

91

106

121

136

151

166

181

196

211

22

241

25

271

28

301

316

331

34

-10.00 361

-20.00

-30.00
Día del año

Declinación solar Pendiente de los colectores

Figura 7

15

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 15 5/8/06 10:53:54 AM

 Energía solar • Colectores solares planos
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1
Tabla 3
Declinación solar y pendiente de los colectores para tener incidencia
normal al mediodía solar los días primero y quince de cada mes del año.
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua

Declinación Pendiente
Mes Día
(grados) (grados)

Enero 1 -23.01 54.66

15 -21.26 52.91
Febrero 1 -17.51 49.16
15 -13.28 44.93
Marzo 1 -8.29 39.94
15 -2.81 34.46
Abril 1 4.01 27.63
15 9.41 22.23
Mayo 1 14.9 16.74
15 18.79 12.85
Junio 1 22.03 9.61
15 23.31 8.33
Julio 1 23.12 8.52
15 21.51 10.13
Agosto 1 17.91 13.73
15 13.78 17.86
Septiembre 1 7.72 23.92
15 2.21 29.43
Octubre 1 -4.21 35.86
15 -9.59 41.24
Noviembre 1 -15.36 47.01
15 -19.14 50.79
Diciembre 1 -22.10 53.75
15 -23.33 54.98

Otros ángulos suelen definirse, y el más frecuente es θZ = ángulo zenital, ángulo entre el rayo del
sol y la vertical.

16

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 16 5/8/06 10:53:55 AM

 Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez
De la Figura 5 vemos que para superficies horizontales (S = 0), tenemos que

cos θZ = senδ sen∅ + cosδ cos∅ cosW (6)

Y por lo tanto, cuando se tiene un colector con una cierta pendiente S la relación que nos da el
ángulo con que inciden los rayos solares sobre el colector es

cos θT = senδ sen(∅-S) + cosδcos(∅-S) cosW (7)

Por lo tanto, el factor que convierte la radiación sobre la superficie de la Tierra a ésa sobre el plano
del colector es

(8)

Hn cosθT

θT θZ Hn cosθZ
Hn

Figura 8

Al mediodía solar (W = 0) y

cos θT = senδ sen(∅-S) + cosδcos(∅-S) = cos(∅-S- δ) (9)

o θT =
∅ - S- δ
Y por lo tanto
(10)
Para el mediodía solar.

En la Tabla 4, se da el valor de la constante multiplicativa R para todos los días del año a diferentes
horas, para un colector inclinado 45º con respecto a la horizontal.

17

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 17 5/8/06 10:53:55 AM

 18
Enero

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 18
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2.883 2.074 1.829 1.732 1.704 1.732 1.829 2.074 2.883
2 2.868 2.068 1.825 1.728 1.701 1.728 1.825 2.068 2.868
3 2.853 2.062 1.821 1.725 1.698 1.725 1.821 2.062 2.853
4 2.837 2.055 1.816 1.721 1.695 1.721 1.816 2.055 2.837
5 2.820 2.048 1.812 1.717 1.691 1.717 1.812 2.048 2.820
6 2.801 2.040 1.807 1.713 1.687 1.713 1.807 2.040 2.801
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1

7 2.782 2.032 1.801 1.709 1.683 1.709 1.801 2.032 2.782

8 2.762 2.024 1.796 1.704 1.679 1.704 1.796 2.024 2.762
Energía solar • Colectores solares planos

9 2.742 2.015 1.790 1.699 1.674 1.699 1.790 2.015 2.742

10 2.720 2.006 1.784 1.694 1.669 1.694 1.784 2.006 2.720
11 2.698 1.997 1.777 1.689 1.664 1.689 1.777 1.997 2.698
12 2.675 1.987 1.771 1.684 1.659 1.684 1.771 1.987 2.675
13 2.652 1.977 1.764 1.678 1.654 1.678 1.764 1.977 2.652
14 2.628 1.967 1.757 1.672 1.648 1.672 1.757 1.967 2.628
15 2.604 1.956 1.750 1.666 1.643 1.666 1.750 1.956 2.604
16 2.579 1.945 1.742 1.660 1.637 1.660 1.742 1.945 2.579
17 2.553 1.934 1.735 1.654 1.631 1.654 1.735 1.934 2.553
18 2.528 1.922 1.727 1.647 1.625 1.647 1.727 1.922 2.528
19 2.502 1.911 1.719 1.640 1.618 1.640 1.719 1.911 2.502
20 2.476 1.899 1.710 1.634 1.612 1.634 1.710 1.899 2.476
21 2.449 1.887 1.702 1.627 1.605 1.627 1.702 1.887 2.449
22 2.422 1.874 1.694 1.619 1.599 1.619 1.694 1.874 2.422
23 2.395 1.862 1.685 1.612 1.592 1.612 1.685 1.862 2.395
24 2.368 1.849 1.676 1.605 1.585 1.605 1.676 1.849 2.368
25 2.341 1.837 1.667 1.597 1.578 1.597 1.667 1.837 2.341
26 2.314 1.824 1.658 1.590 1.570 1.590 1.658 1.824 2.314
27 2.287 1.811 1.649 1.582 1.563 1.582 1.649 1.811 2.287
28 2.260 1.797 1.640 1.574 1.556 1.574 1.640 1.797 2.260
29 2.232 1.784 1.630 1.566 1.548 1.566 1.630 1.784 2.232
30 2.205 1.771 1.621 1.558 1.541 1.558 1.621 1.771 2.205
31 2.178 1.757 1.611 1.550 1.533 1.550 1.611 1.757 2.178
Tabla 4

5/8/06 10:53:55 AM
ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 19
Febrero
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2.151 1.744 1.602 1.542 1.525 1.542 1.602 1.744 2.151
2 2.124 1.730 1.592 1.534 1.518 1.534 1.592 1.730 2.124
3 2.098 1.717 1.582 1.526 1.510 1.526 1.582 1.717 2.098
4 2.071 1.703 1.572 1.517 1.502 1.517 1.572 1.703 2.071
5 2.045 1.689 1.563 1.509 1.494 1.509 1.563 1.689 2.045
6 2.018 1.676 1.553 1.501 1.486 1.501 1.553 1.676 2.018
7 1.992 1.662 1.543 1.492 1.478 1.492 1.543 1.662 1.992
8 1.967 1.648 1.533 1.484 1.470 1.484 1.533 1.648 1.967
9 1.941 1.635 1.523 1.475 1.462 1.475 1.523 1.635 1.941
10 1.916 1.621 1.513 1.467 1.454 1.467 1.513 1.621 1.916
11 1.891 1.607 1.503 1.458 1.445 1.458 1.503 1.607 1.891
12 1.866 1.594 1.493 1.450 1.437 1.450 1.493 1.594 1.866
13 1.841 1.580 1.483 1.441 1.429 1.441 1.483 1.580 1.841
14 1.817 1.567 1.473 1.432 1.421 1.432 1.473 1.567 1.817
15 1.793 1.553 1.463 1.424 1.413 1.424 1.463 1.553 1.793
16 1.770 1.540 1.453 1.415 1.405 1.415 1.453 1.540 1.770
17 1.746 1.527 1.443 1.407 1.396 1.407 1.443 1.527 1.746
18 1.723 1.513 1.433 1.398 1.388 1.398 1.433 1.513 1.723
19 1.700 1.500 1.423 1.390 1.380 1.390 1.423 1.500 1.700
20 1.678 1.487 1.413 1.381 1.372 1.381 1.413 1.487 1.678
21 1.656 1.474 1.403 1.373 1.364 1.373 1.403 1.474 1.656
22 1.634 1.461 1.394 1.364 1.356 1.364 1.394 1.461 1.634
23 1.612 1.448 1.384 1.356 1.347 1.356 1.384 1.448 1.612
24 1.591 1.436 1.374 1.347 1.339 1.347 1.374 1.436 1.591
25 1.570 1.423 1.364 1.339 1.331 1.339 1.364 1.423 1.570
26 1.550 1.410 1.355 1.330 1.323 1.330 1.355 1.410 1.550
27 1.529 1.398 1.345 1.322 1.315 1.322 1.345 1.398 1.529
28 1.509 1.386 1.336 1.314 1.307 1.314 1.336 1.386 1.509

Tabla 4

19
Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez

5/8/06 10:53:56 AM
 Marzo

20
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 20
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 1.490 1.373 1.326 1.305 1.299 1.305 1.326 1.373 1.490
2 1.470 1.361 1.317 1.297 1.291 1.297 1.317 1.361 1.470
3 1.451 1.349 1.307 1.289 1.283 1.289 1.307 1.349 1.451
4 1.433 1.337 1.298 1.281 1.276 1.281 1.298 1.337 1.433
5 1.414 1.326 1.289 1.273 1.268 1.273 1.289 1.326 1.414
6 1.396 1.314 1.280 1.265 1.260 1.265 1.280 1.314 1.396
7 1.378 1.302 1.271 1.257 1.252 1.257 1.271 1.302 1.378
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1

8 1.360 1.291 1.262 1.249 1.245 1.249 1.262 1.291 1.360

9 1.343 1.279 1.253 1.241 1.237 1.241 1.253 1.279 1.343
10 1.326 1.268 1.244 1.233 1.230 1.233 1.244 1.268 1.326
Energía solar • Colectores solares planos

11 1.309 1.257 1.235 1.225 1.222 1.225 1.235 1.257 1.309

12 1.293 1.246 1.226 1.217 1.215 1.217 1.226 1.246 1.293
13 1.277 1.235 1.218 1.210 1.207 1.210 1.218 1.235 1.277
14 1.261 1.225 1.209 1.202 1.200 1.202 1.209 1.225 1.261
15 1.245 1.214 1.200 1.194 1.193 1.194 1.200 1.214 1.245
16 1.230 1.203 1.192 1.187 1.185 1.187 1.192 1.203 1.230
17 1.215 1.193 1.184 1.179 1.178 1.179 1.184 1.193 1.215
18 1.200 1.183 1.175 1.172 1.171 1.172 1.175 1.183 1.200
19 1.185 1.173 1.167 1.165 1.164 1.165 1.167 1.173 1.185
20 1.171 1.163 1.159 1.157 1.157 1.157 1.159 1.163 1.171
21 1.170 1.157 1.153 1.151 1.150 1.150 1.150 1.151 1.153 1.157 1.170
22 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143 1.143
23 1.117 1.129 1.133 1.135 1.136 1.136 1.136 1.135 1.133 1.129 1.117
24 1.092 1.116 1.124 1.127 1.129 1.129 1.129 1.127 1.124 1.116 1.092
25 1.067 1.103 1.114 1.120 1.122 1.123 1.122 1.120 1.114 1.103 1.067
26 1.043 1.090 1.105 1.112 1.115 1.116 1.115 1.112 1.105 1.090 1.043
27 1.021 1.077 1.096 1.104 1.108 1.109 1.108 1.104 1.096 1.077 1.021
28 0.998 1.065 1.087 1.097 1.101 1.103 1.101 1.097 1.087 1.065 0.998
29 0.977 1.052 1.078 1.089 1.095 1.096 1.095 1.089 1.078 1.052 0.977
30 0.956 1.040 1.069 1.082 1.088 1.090 1.088 1.082 1.069 1.040 0.956
31 0.936 1.028 1.060 1.075 1.082 1.084 1.082 1.075 1.060 1.028 0.936

Tabla 4

5/8/06 10:53:57 AM
 Abril

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 21
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 0.916 1.017 1.052 1.068 1.075 1.077 1.075 1.068 1.052 1.017 0.916
2 0.897 1.005 1.043 1.061 1.069 1.071 1.069 1.061 1.043 1.005 0.897
3 0.879 0.994 1.035 1.054 1.062 1.065 1.062 1.054 1.035 0.994 0.879
4 0.861 0.983 1.027 1.047 1.056 1.059 1.056 1.047 1.027 0.983 0.861
5 0.843 0.972 1.018 1.040 1.050 1.053 1.050 1.040 1.018 0.972 0.843
6 0.827 0.962 1.010 1.033 1.044 1.047 1.044 1.033 1.010 0.962 0.827
7 0.810 0.951 1.002 1.026 1.038 1.041 1.038 1.026 1.002 0.951 0.810
8 0.794 0.941 0.995 1.020 1.032 1.035 1.032 1.020 0.995 0.941 0.794
9 0.779 0.931 0.987 1.013 1.026 1.029 1.026 1.013 0.987 0.931 0.779
10 0.764 0.921 0.979 1.007 1.020 1.024 1.020 1.007 0.979 0.921 0.764
11 0.749 0.911 0.972 1.000 1.014 1.018 1.014 1.000 0.972 0.911 0.749
12 0.735 0.902 0.964 0.994 1.008 1.012 1.008 0.994 0.964 0.902 0.735
13 0.721 0.892 0.957 0.988 1.003 1.007 1.003 0.988 0.957 0.892 0.721
14 0.708 0.883 0.950 0.982 0.997 1.002 0.997 0.982 0.950 0.883 0.708
15 0.695 0.874 0.943 0.976 0.991 0.996 0.991 0.976 0.943 0.874 0.695
16 0.682 0.865 0.936 0.970 0.986 0.991 0.986 0.970 0.936 0.865 0.682
17 0.670 0.857 0.929 0.964 0.981 0.986 0.981 0.964 0.929 0.857 0.670
18 0.658 0.848 0.923 0.958 0.975 0.981 0.975 0.958 0.923 0.848 0.658
19 0.646 0.840 0.916 0.953 0.970 0.975 0.970 0.953 0.916 0.840 0.646
20 0.635 0.832 0.909 0.947 0.965 0.970 0.965 0.947 0.909 0.832 0.635
21 0.624 0.824 0.903 0.941 0.960 0.965 0.960 0.941 0.903 0.824 0.624
22 0.613 0.816 0.897 0.936 0.955 0.961 0.955 0.936 0.897 0.816 0.613
23 0.603 0.808 0.891 0.931 0.950 0.956 0.950 0.931 0.891 0.808 0.603
24 0.593 0.801 0.885 0.925 0.945 0.951 0.945 0.925 0.885 0.801 0.593
25 0.583 0.793 0.879 0.920 0.940 0.946 0.940 0.920 0.879 0.793 0.583
26 0.573 0.786 0.873 0.915 0.936 0.942 0.936 0.915 0.873 0.786 0.573
27 0.564 0.779 0.867 0.910 0.931 0.937 0.931 0.910 0.867 0.779 0.564
28 0.555 0.772 0.861 0.905 0.926 0.933 0.926 0.905 0.861 0.772 0.555
29 0.546 0.765 0.856 0.900 0.922 0.928 0.922 0.900 0.856 0.765 0.546
30 0.537 0.758 0.850 0.896 0.918 0.924 0.918 0.896 0.850 0.758 0.537

Tabla 4

21
Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez

5/8/06 10:53:57 AM
 Mayo

22
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 22
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 0.529 0.752 0.845 0.891 0.913 0.920 0.913 0.891 0.845 0.752 0.529
2 0.521 0.746 0.840 0.886 0.909 0.916 0.909 0.886 0.840 0.746 0.521
3 0.513 0.739 0.835 0.882 0.905 0.912 0.905 0.882 0.835 0.739 0.513
4 0.505 0.733 0.829 0.877 0.901 0.908 0.901 0.877 0.829 0.733 0.505
5 0.498 0.727 0.825 0.873 0.897 0.904 0.897 0.873 0.825 0.727 0.498
6 0.491 0.721 0.820 0.869 0.893 0.900 0.893 0.869 0.820 0.721 0.491
7 0.484 0.716 0.815 0.865 0.889 0.896 0.889 0.865 0.815 0.716 0.484
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1

8 0.477 0.710 0.810 0.860 0.885 0.892 0.885 0.860 0.810 0.710 0.477
9 0.470 0.705 0.806 0.857 0.881 0.889 0.881 0.857 0.806 0.705 0.470
Energía solar • Colectores solares planos

10 0.464 0.700 0.801 0.853 0.878 0.885 0.878 0.853 0.801 0.700 0.464
11 0.457 0.694 0.797 0.849 0.874 0.882 0.874 0.849 0.797 0.694 0.457
12 0.451 0.689 0.793 0.845 0.871 0.878 0.871 0.845 0.793 0.689 0.451
13 0.446 0.685 0.789 0.841 0.867 0.875 0.867 0.841 0.789 0.685 0.446
14 0.440 0.680 0.785 0.838 0.864 0.872 0.864 0.838 0.785 0.680 0.440
15 0.434 0.675 0.781 0.834 0.861 0.869 0.861 0.834 0.781 0.675 0.434
16 0.429 0.671 0.777 0.831 0.857 0.865 0.857 0.831 0.777 0.671 0.429
17 0.424 0.666 0.773 0.828 0.854 0.862 0.854 0.828 0.773 0.666 0.424
18 0.419 0.662 0.770 0.824 0.851 0.859 0.851 0.824 0.770 0.662 0.419
19 0.414 0.658 0.766 0.821 0.848 0.857 0.848 0.821 0.766 0.658 0.414
20 0.409 0.654 0.763 0.818 0.846 0.854 0.846 0.818 0.763 0.654 0.409
21 0.405 0.650 0.760 0.815 0.843 0.851 0.843 0.815 0.760 0.650 0.405
22 0.401 0.646 0.756 0.812 0.840 0.849 0.840 0.812 0.756 0.646 0.401
23 0.397 0.643 0.753 0.810 0.838 0.846 0.838 0.810 0.753 0.643 0.397
24 0.392 0.639 0.750 0.807 0.835 0.844 0.835 0.807 0.750 0.639 0.392
25 0.389 0.636 0.747 0.804 0.833 0.841 0.833 0.804 0.747 0.636 0.389
26 0.385 0.633 0.745 0.802 0.830 0.839 0.830 0.802 0.745 0.633 0.385
27 0.381 0.630 0.742 0.800 0.828 0.837 0.828 0.800 0.742 0.630 0.381
28 0.378 0.627 0.739 0.797 0.826 0.835 0.826 0.797 0.739 0.627 0.378
29 0.375 0.624 0.737 0.795 0.824 0.832 0.824 0.795 0.737 0.624 0.375
30 0.372 0.621 0.734 0.793 0.822 0.831 0.822 0.793 0.734 0.621 0.372
31 0.369 0.618 0.732 0.791 0.820 0.829 0.820 0.791 0.732 0.618 0.369

Tabla 4

5/8/06 10:53:58 AM
 Junio

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 23
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 0.366 0.616 0.730 0.789 0.818 0.827 0.818 0.789 0.730 0.616 0.366
2 0.363 0.614 0.728 0.787 0.816 0.825 0.816 0.787 0.728 0.614 0.363
3 0.361 0.611 0.726 0.785 0.815 0.824 0.815 0.785 0.726 0.611 0.361
4 0.358 0.609 0.724 0.784 0.813 0.822 0.813 0.784 0.724 0.609 0.358
5 0.356 0.607 0.722 0.782 0.812 0.821 0.812 0.782 0.722 0.607 0.356
6 0.354 0.605 0.721 0.781 0.810 0.819 0.810 0.781 0.721 0.605 0.354
7 0.352 0.604 0.719 0.779 0.809 0.818 0.809 0.779 0.719 0.604 0.352
8 0.350 0.602 0.718 0.778 0.808 0.817 0.808 0.778 0.718 0.602 0.350
9 0.348 0.600 0.716 0.777 0.806 0.816 0.806 0.777 0.716 0.600 0.348
10 0.347 0.599 0.715 0.776 0.805 0.815 0.805 0.776 0.715 0.599 0.347
11 0.346 0.598 0.714 0.774 0.804 0.814 0.804 0.774 0.714 0.598 0.346
12 0.344 0.597 0.713 0.774 0.804 0.813 0.804 0.774 0.713 0.597 0.344
13 0.343 0.595 0.712 0.773 0.803 0.812 0.803 0.773 0.712 0.595 0.343
14 0.342 0.595 0.711 0.772 0.802 0.811 0.802 0.772 0.711 0.595 0.342
15 0.341 0.594 0.711 0.771 0.802 0.811 0.802 0.771 0.711 0.594 0.341
16 0.340 0.593 0.710 0.771 0.801 0.810 0.801 0.771 0.710 0.593 0.340
17 0.340 0.592 0.710 0.770 0.801 0.810 0.801 0.770 0.710 0.592 0.340
18 0.339 0.592 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.592 0.339
19 0.339 0.592 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.592 0.339
20 0.339 0.591 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.591 0.339
21 0.339 0.591 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.591 0.339
22 0.339 0.591 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.591 0.339
23 0.339 0.592 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.592 0.339
24 0.339 0.592 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.809 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.592 0.339
25 0.340 0.592 0.709 0.770 0.800 0.810 0.800 0.770 0.709 0.592 0.340
26 0.340 0.593 0.710 0.771 0.801 0.810 0.801 0.771 0.710 0.593 0.340
27 0.341 0.593 0.710 0.771 0.801 0.810 0.801 0.771 0.710 0.593 0.341
28 0.342 0.594 0.711 0.772 0.802 0.811 0.802 0.772 0.711 0.594 0.342
29 0.343 0.595 0.712 0.772 0.802 0.812 0.802 0.772 0.712 0.595 0.343
30 0.344 0.596 0.713 0.773 0.803 0.812 0.803 0.773 0.713 0.596 0.344

Tabla 4

23
Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez

5/8/06 10:53:58 AM
 24
Julio

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 24
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 0.345 0.597 0.714 0.774 0.804 0.813 0.804 0.774 0.714 0.597 0.345
2 0.346 0.598 0.715 0.775 0.805 0.814 0.805 0.775 0.715 0.598 0.346
3 0.348 0.600 0.716 0.776 0.806 0.815 0.806 0.776 0.716 0.600 0.348
4 0.349 0.601 0.717 0.777 0.807 0.816 0.807 0.777 0.717 0.601 0.349
5 0.351 0.603 0.719 0.778 0.808 0.817 0.808 0.778 0.719 0.603 0.351
6 0.353 0.604 0.720 0.780 0.809 0.818 0.809 0.780 0.720 0.604 0.353
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1

7 0.355 0.606 0.722 0.781 0.811 0.820 0.811 0.781 0.722 0.606 0.355
8 0.357 0.608 0.723 0.783 0.812 0.821 0.812 0.783 0.723 0.608 0.357
9 0.360 0.610 0.725 0.784 0.814 0.823 0.814 0.784 0.725 0.610 0.360
Energía solar • Colectores solares planos

10 0.362 0.612 0.727 0.786 0.815 0.824 0.815 0.786 0.727 0.612 0.362
11 0.365 0.615 0.729 0.788 0.817 0.826 0.817 0.788 0.729 0.615 0.365
12 0.367 0.617 0.731 0.790 0.819 0.828 0.819 0.790 0.731 0.617 0.367
13 0.370 0.620 0.733 0.792 0.821 0.830 0.821 0.792 0.733 0.620 0.370
14 0.373 0.622 0.736 0.794 0.823 0.831 0.823 0.794 0.736 0.622 0.373
15 0.376 0.625 0.738 0.796 0.825 0.833 0.825 0.796 0.738 0.625 0.376
16 0.380 0.628 0.741 0.798 0.827 0.836 0.827 0.798 0.741 0.628 0.380
17 0.383 0.631 0.743 0.801 0.829 0.838 0.829 0.801 0.743 0.631 0.383
18 0.387 0.634 0.746 0.803 0.831 0.840 0.831 0.803 0.746 0.634 0.387
19 0.391 0.638 0.749 0.806 0.834 0.842 0.834 0.806 0.749 0.638 0.391
20 0.394 0.641 0.752 0.808 0.836 0.845 0.836 0.808 0.752 0.641 0.394
21 0.399 0.645 0.755 0.811 0.839 0.847 0.839 0.811 0.755 0.645 0.399
22 0.403 0.648 0.758 0.814 0.841 0.850 0.841 0.814 0.758 0.648 0.403
23 0.407 0.652 0.761 0.817 0.844 0.852 0.844 0.817 0.761 0.652 0.407
24 0.412 0.656 0.765 0.820 0.847 0.855 0.847 0.820 0.765 0.656 0.412
25 0.416 0.660 0.768 0.823 0.850 0.858 0.850 0.823 0.768 0.660 0.416
26 0.421 0.664 0.772 0.826 0.853 0.861 0.853 0.826 0.772 0.664 0.421
27 0.426 0.668 0.775 0.829 0.856 0.864 0.856 0.829 0.775 0.668 0.426
28 0.432 0.673 0.779 0.833 0.859 0.867 0.859 0.833 0.779 0.673 0.432
29 0.437 0.677 0.783 0.836 0.862 0.870 0.862 0.836 0.783 0.677 0.437
30 0.443 0.682 0.787 0.840 0.865 0.873 0.865 0.840 0.787 0.682 0.443
31 0.448 0.687 0.791 0.843 0.869 0.877 0.869 0.843 0.791 0.687 0.448

Tabla 4

5/8/06 10:53:59 AM
 Agosto

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 25
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 0.454 0.692 0.795 0.847 0.872 0.880 0.872 0.847 0.795 0.692 0.454
2 0.461 0.697 0.799 0.851 0.876 0.883 0.876 0.851 0.799 0.697 0.461
3 0.467 0.702 0.804 0.855 0.879 0.887 0.879 0.855 0.804 0.702 0.467
4 0.473 0.708 0.808 0.858 0.883 0.891 0.883 0.858 0.808 0.708 0.473
5 0.480 0.713 0.813 0.863 0.887 0.894 0.887 0.863 0.813 0.713 0.480
6 0.487 0.719 0.817 0.867 0.891 0.898 0.891 0.867 0.817 0.719 0.487
7 0.494 0.724 0.822 0.871 0.895 0.902 0.895 0.871 0.822 0.724 0.494
8 0.502 0.730 0.827 0.875 0.899 0.906 0.899 0.875 0.827 0.730 0.502
9 0.509 0.736 0.832 0.880 0.903 0.910 0.903 0.880 0.832 0.736 0.509
10 0.517 0.742 0.837 0.884 0.907 0.914 0.907 0.884 0.837 0.742 0.517
11 0.525 0.749 0.842 0.889 0.911 0.918 0.911 0.889 0.842 0.749 0.525
12 0.533 0.755 0.848 0.893 0.915 0.922 0.915 0.893 0.848 0.755 0.533
13 0.542 0.762 0.853 0.898 0.920 0.926 0.920 0.898 0.853 0.762 0.542
14 0.550 0.769 0.858 0.903 0.924 0.931 0.924 0.903 0.858 0.769 0.550
15 0.559 0.775 0.864 0.908 0.929 0.935 0.929 0.908 0.864 0.775 0.559
16 0.568 0.782 0.870 0.913 0.933 0.940 0.933 0.913 0.870 0.782 0.568
17 0.578 0.790 0.876 0.918 0.938 0.944 0.938 0.918 0.876 0.790 0.578
18 0.588 0.797 0.882 0.923 0.943 0.949 0.943 0.923 0.882 0.797 0.588
19 0.598 0.804 0.888 0.928 0.948 0.953 0.948 0.928 0.888 0.804 0.598
20 0.608 0.812 0.894 0.933 0.952 0.958 0.952 0.933 0.894 0.812 0.608
21 0.618 0.820 0.900 0.939 0.957 0.963 0.957 0.939 0.900 0.820 0.618
22 0.629 0.828 0.906 0.944 0.962 0.968 0.962 0.944 0.906 0.828 0.629
23 0.641 0.836 0.913 0.950 0.968 0.973 0.968 0.950 0.913 0.836 0.641
24 0.652 0.844 0.919 0.955 0.973 0.978 0.973 0.955 0.919 0.844 0.652
25 0.664 0.853 0.926 0.961 0.978 0.983 0.978 0.961 0.926 0.853 0.664
26 0.676 0.861 0.933 0.967 0.983 0.988 0.983 0.967 0.933 0.861 0.676
27 0.688 0.870 0.940 0.973 0.989 0.994 0.989 0.973 0.940 0.870 0.688
28 0.701 0.879 0.947 0.979 0.994 0.999 0.994 0.979 0.947 0.879 0.701
29 0.715 0.888 0.954 0.985 1.000 1.004 1.000 0.985 0.954 0.888 0.715
30 0.728 0.897 0.961 0.991 1.005 1.010 1.005 0.991 0.961 0.897 0.728
31 0.742 0.907 0.968 0.997 1.011 1.015 1.011 0.997 0.968 0.907 0.742
Tabla 4

25
Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez

5/8/06 10:54:00 AM
 26
Septiembre

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 26
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 0.756 0.916 0.976 1.004 1.017 1.021 1.017 1.004 0.976 0.916 0.756
2 0.771 0.926 0.983 1.010 1.023 1.026 1.023 1.010 0.983 0.926 0.771
3 0.787 0.936 0.991 1.016 1.029 1.032 1.029 1.016 0.991 0.936 0.787
4 0.802 0.946 0.999 1.023 1.035 1.038 1.035 1.023 0.999 0.946 0.802
5 0.818 0.956 1.006 1.030 1.041 1.044 1.041 1.030 1.006 0.956 0.818
6 0.835 0.967 1.014 1.036 1.047 1.050 1.047 1.036 1.014 0.967 0.835
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1

7 0.852 0.978 1.022 1.043 1.053 1.056 1.053 1.043 1.022 0.978 0.852
8 0.870 0.989 1.031 1.050 1.059 1.062 1.059 1.050 1.031 0.989 0.870
9 0.888 1.000 1.039 1.057 1.065 1.068 1.065 1.057 1.039 1.000 0.888
Energía solar • Colectores solares planos

10 0.907 1.011 1.047 1.064 1.072 1.074 1.072 1.064 1.047 1.011 0.907
11 0.926 1.023 1.056 1.071 1.078 1.080 1.078 1.071 1.056 1.023 0.926
12 0.946 1.034 1.065 1.078 1.085 1.087 1.085 1.078 1.065 1.034 0.946
13 0.966 1.046 1.073 1.086 1.091 1.093 1.091 1.086 1.073 1.046 0.966
14 0.988 1.059 1.082 1.093 1.098 1.100 1.098 1.093 1.082 1.059 0.988
15 1.009 1.071 1.091 1.101 1.105 1.106 1.105 1.101 1.091 1.071 1.009
16 1.032 1.083 1.100 1.108 1.112 1.113 1.112 1.108 1.100 1.083 1.032
17 1.055 1.096 1.110 1.116 1.118 1.119 1.118 1.116 1.110 1.096 1.055
18 1.079 1.109 1.119 1.123 1.125 1.126 1.125 1.123 1.119 1.109 1.079
19 1.104 1.123 1.129 1.131 1.132 1.133 1.132 1.131 1.129 1.123 1.104
20 1.130 1.136 1.138 1.139 1.139 1.140 1.139 1.139 1.138 1.136 1.130
21 1.156 1.150 1.148 1.147 1.147 1.146 1.147 1.147 1.148 1.150 1.156
22 1.164 1.158 1.155 1.154 1.153 1.154 1.155 1.158 1.164
23 1.178 1.168 1.163 1.161 1.160 1.161 1.163 1.168 1.178
24 1.193 1.178 1.171 1.168 1.167 1.168 1.171 1.178 1.193
25 1.207 1.188 1.180 1.176 1.175 1.176 1.180 1.188 1.207
26 1.222 1.198 1.188 1.183 1.182 1.183 1.188 1.198 1.222
27 1.238 1.209 1.196 1.191 1.189 1.191 1.196 1.209 1.238
28 1.253 1.219 1.205 1.198 1.196 1.198 1.205 1.219 1.253
29 1.269 1.230 1.213 1.206 1.204 1.206 1.213 1.230 1.269
30 1.285 1.241 1.222 1.213 1.211 1.213 1.222 1.241 1.285
Tabla 4

5/8/06 10:54:00 AM
 Octubre

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 27
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 1.301 1.252 1.231 1.221 1.218 1.221 1.231 1.252 1.301
2 1.318 1.263 1.239 1.229 1.226 1.229 1.239 1.263 1.318
3 1.335 1.274 1.248 1.237 1.233 1.237 1.248 1.274 1.335
4 1.352 1.285 1.257 1.245 1.241 1.245 1.257 1.285 1.352
5 1.369 1.297 1.266 1.253 1.249 1.253 1.266 1.297 1.369
6 1.387 1.308 1.275 1.261 1.256 1.261 1.275 1.308 1.387
7 1.405 1.320 1.284 1.269 1.264 1.269 1.284 1.320 1.405
8 1.423 1.331 1.294 1.277 1.272 1.277 1.294 1.331 1.423
9 1.442 1.343 1.303 1.285 1.280 1.285 1.303 1.343 1.442
10 1.461 1.355 1.312 1.293 1.287 1.293 1.312 1.355 1.461
11 1.480 1.367 1.322 1.301 1.295 1.301 1.322 1.367 1.480
12 1.500 1.380 1.331 1.309 1.303 1.309 1.331 1.380 1.500
13 1.519 1.392 1.340 1.318 1.311 1.318 1.340 1.392 1.519
14 1.540 1.404 1.350 1.326 1.319 1.326 1.350 1.404 1.540
15 1.560 1.417 1.360 1.335 1.327 1.335 1.360 1.417 1.560
16 1.581 1.429 1.369 1.343 1.335 1.343 1.369 1.429 1.581
17 1.602 1.442 1.379 1.351 1.343 1.351 1.379 1.442 1.602
18 1.623 1.455 1.389 1.360 1.351 1.360 1.389 1.455 1.623
19 1.645 1.468 1.399 1.368 1.360 1.368 1.399 1.468 1.645
20 1.667 1.481 1.408 1.377 1.368 1.377 1.408 1.481 1.667
21 1.689 1.494 1.418 1.385 1.376 1.385 1.418 1.494 1.689
22 1.712 1.507 1.428 1.394 1.384 1.394 1.428 1.507 1.712
23 1.735 1.520 1.438 1.402 1.392 1.402 1.438 1.520 1.735
24 1.758 1.533 1.448 1.411 1.400 1.411 1.448 1.533 1.758
25 1.781 1.547 1.458 1.420 1.409 1.420 1.458 1.547 1.781
26 1.805 1.560 1.468 1.428 1.417 1.428 1.468 1.560 1.805
27 1.829 1.574 1.478 1.437 1.425 1.437 1.478 1.574 1.829
28 1.854 1.587 1.488 1.445 1.433 1.445 1.488 1.587 1.854
29 1.878 1.601 1.498 1.454 1.441 1.454 1.498 1.601 1.878
30 1.903 1.614 1.508 1.463 1.450 1.463 1.508 1.614 1.903
31 1.928 1.628 1.518 1.471 1.458 1.471 1.518 1.628 1.928

Tabla 4

27
Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez

5/8/06 10:54:01 AM
 28
Noviembre

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 28
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 1.954 1.642 1.528 1.480 1.466 1.480 1.528 1.642 1.954
2 1.980 1.655 1.538 1.488 1.474 1.488 1.538 1.655 1.980
3 2.005 1.669 1.548 1.497 1.482 1.497 1.548 1.669 2.005
4 2.032 1.683 1.558 1.505 1.490 1.505 1.558 1.683 2.032
5 2.058 1.696 1.567 1.513 1.498 1.513 1.567 1.696 2.058
6 2.084 1.710 1.577 1.522 1.506 1.522 1.577 1.710 2.084
Tratamiento teórico • Vol. 1

7 2.111 1.723 1.587 1.530 1.514 1.530 1.587 1.723 2.111

8 2.138 1.737 1.597 1.538 1.521 1.538 1.597 1.737 2.138
9 2.165 1.751 1.606 1.546 1.529 1.546 1.606 1.751 2.165
Energía solar • Colectores solares planos

10 2.192 1.764 1.616 1.554 1.537 1.554 1.616 1.764 2.192

11 2.219 1.777 1.626 1.562 1.544 1.562 1.626 1.777 2.219
12 2.246 1.791 1.635 1.570 1.552 1.570 1.635 1.791 2.246
13 2.273 1.804 1.644 1.578 1.559 1.578 1.644 1.804 2.273
14 2.301 1.817 1.654 1.586 1.567 1.586 1.654 1.817 2.301
15 2.328 1.830 1.663 1.594 1.574 1.594 1.663 1.830 2.328
16 2.355 1.843 1.672 1.601 1.581 1.601 1.672 1.843 2.355
17 2.382 1.856 1.681 1.609 1.588 1.609 1.681 1.856 2.382
18 2.409 1.868 1.689 1.616 1.595 1.616 1.689 1.868 2.409
19 2.436 1.881 1.698 1.623 1.602 1.623 1.698 1.881 2.436
20 2.462 1.893 1.706 1.630 1.609 1.630 1.706 1.893 2.462
21 2.489 1.905 1.715 1.637 1.615 1.637 1.715 1.905 2.489
22 2.515 1.917 1.723 1.644 1.622 1.644 1.723 1.917 2.515
23 2.541 1.928 1.731 1.650 1.628 1.650 1.731 1.928 2.541
24 2.566 1.940 1.738 1.657 1.634 1.657 1.738 1.940 2.566
25 2.591 1.951 1.746 1.663 1.640 1.663 1.746 1.951 2.591
26 2.616 1.961 1.753 1.669 1.646 1.669 1.753 1.961 2.616
27 2.640 1.972 1.760 1.675 1.651 1.675 1.760 1.972 2.640
28 2.664 1.982 1.767 1.681 1.657 1.681 1.767 1.982 2.664
29 2.687 1.992 1.774 1.686 1.662 1.686 1.774 1.992 2.687
30 2.709 2.002 1.781 1.692 1.667 1.692 1.781 2.002 2.709

Tabla 4

5/8/06 10:54:01 AM
 Diciembre

ENERGIA SOLAR.indd 29
Constante multiplicativa a 45 grados
Día Hora del día
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1 2.731 2.011 1.787 1.697 1.672 1.697 1.787 2.011 2.731
2 2.752 2.020 1.793 1.702 1.676 1.702 1.793 2.020 2.752
3 2.772 2.028 1.799 1.707 1.681 1.707 1.799 2.028 2.772
4 2.792 2.036 1.804 1.711 1.685 1.711 1.804 2.036 2.792
5 2.811 2.044 1.809 1.715 1.689 1.715 1.809 2.044 2.811
6 2.828 2.051 1.814 1.719 1.693 1.719 1.814 2.051 2.828
7 2.845 2.058 1.819 1.723 1.696 1.723 1.819 2.058 2.845
8 2.861 2.065 1.823 1.727 1.700 1.727 1.823 2.065 2.861
9 2.876 2.071 1.827 1.730 1.703 1.730 1.827 2.071 2.876
10 2.890 2.076 1.831 1.733 1.706 1.733 1.831 2.076 2.890
11 2.902 2.081 1.834 1.736 1.708 1.736 1.834 2.081 2.902
12 2.914 2.086 1.837 1.738 1.711 1.738 1.837 2.086 2.914
13 2.924 2.090 1.840 1.741 1.713 1.741 1.840 2.090 2.924
14 2.933 2.094 1.842 1.743 1.715 1.743 1.842 2.094 2.933
15 2.941 2.097 1.844 1.744 1.716 1.744 1.844 2.097 2.941
16 2.948 2.100 1.846 1.746 1.718 1.746 1.846 2.100 2.948
17 2.953 2.102 1.848 1.747 1.719 1.747 1.848 2.102 2.953
18 2.958 2.104 1.849 1.748 1.720 1.748 1.849 2.104 2.958
19 2.961 2.105 1.849 1.748 1.720 1.748 1.849 2.105 2.961
20 2.962 2.105 1.850 1.749 1.721 1.749 1.850 2.105 2.962
21 2.963 2.106 1.850 1.749 1.721 1.749 1.850 2.106 2.963
22 2.962 2.105 1.850 1.749 1.721 1.749 1.850 2.105 2.962
23 2.959 2.104 1.849 1.748 1.720 1.748 1.849 2.104 2.959
24 2.956 2.103 1.848 1.747 1.719 1.747 1.848 2.103 2.956
25 2.951 2.101 1.847 1.746 1.718 1.746 1.847 2.101 2.951
26 2.945 2.098 1.845 1.745 1.717 1.745 1.845 2.098 2.945
27 2.937 2.096 1.843 1.743 1.716 1.743 1.843 2.096 2.937
28 2.929 2.092 1.841 1.742 1.714 1.742 1.841 2.092 2.929
29 2.919 2.088 1.839 1.740 1.712 1.740 1.839 2.088 2.919
30 2.908 2.084 1.836 1.737 1.710 1.737 1.836 2.084 2.908
31 2.896 2.079 1.832 1.734 1.707 1.734 1.832 2.079 2.896

Tabla 4

29
Jenaro Carlos
Paz Gutiérrez

5/8/06 10:54:02 AM