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Wood actualmente está reclutando para su sede en Monterrey, Ingeniero Químico titulado
(Proceso) con mínimo 12 años de experiencia en sector energético, petroquímico, Oil &
Gas. Duración estimada del proyecto 3-4 meses.
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Hydrocracking allows the conversion of VGO to middle-distillate products (diesel fuel, jet fuel
and kerosene), naphtha and LPG, with simultaneous hydrogenation [86]. “Hydrogen
addition” can be seen as a different upgrading strategy from “carbon rejection” (see Section
2), and many complex refineries have either an FCC unit or a hydrocracker, where the
hydrocracker allows for better yields of good-quality diesel fuel and kerosene. In the USA,
where hydrocracking was first introduced [87], hydrocrackers serve a different primary
purpose, viz. to produce naphtha (as a contribution to the gasoline pool) from low-value
aromatic streams including LCO product from the FCC unit. Hydrocrackers can be very large
units, with feed intakes up to 3 million t/y.
Different hydrocracking processes exist [88–92] with different process configurations. Most
hydrocrackers have fixed-bed reactors in which the liquid oil feedstock and gaseous
hydrogen are passed in downflow over the catalyst beds (so-called trickle flow) and typically
operate at pressures in the range of 80–200 bar and at temperatures in the range of 300–
450°C. Two basic schemes, which are widely applied, can be identified: two-stage
hydrocracking and single-stage hydrocracking (see Figure 10).
Two-stage hydrocracking uses separate hydrotreating (HDS, HDN and HDO) and cracking
stages with interstage separation of products, H2S and NH3. Organic nitrogen and NH3 are
poisons to the acidic cracking catalyst and in this line-up the levels can be kept low, which is
a requirement if the cracking catalyst is based on amorphous silica-alumina (ASA) (the
standard before zeolitic hydrocracking catalysts became more common in the 1970s) [93].
Partial pressures of H2S in the cracking stage can be brought down to levels that allow the
use of noble metals as the hydrogenation function, if so desired. Typically, cracking
conversions are kept between 30 and 70% per pass to achieve good selectivity to naphtha
or middle distillates and can be brought close to 100% overall by recycling unconverted
material. Precracking in the first stage can also be achieved by applying stacked beds
containing separate pretreating and cracking catalysts [94].