Inglés II

2017

TÉCNICAS PARA RESUMIR TEXTOS

Una de las tareas más frecuentemente realizadas por alumnos universitarios es la de realizar
resúmenes de texto.
He aquí algunos consejos y trucos para realizar resúmenes con rapidez, según la estructura e
información visual que contenga cada uno.
¿El texto tiene título? ¡Mucha atención! Muchas veces, éste te informa de qué trata el texto, es
decir, te da una idea del tema general del mismo. No te olvides de él cuando abordes el texto en sí.
Es esencial tener en claro cuál es el tema general del texto antes de abocarse al resumen.
 Observa antes de leer. Observa con detenimiento, de principio a fin, la estructura del texto. ¿Hay
títulos? ¿Hay subtítulos? ¿Cuántos párrafos tiene el texto? En títulos y subtítulos, ¿hay alguna
referencia a numeración de información? ¿Qué relación hay entre ese número y la cantidad
subsiguiente de párrafos? o ¿Cuál es la organización de la información?: ¿descripción?, (atención a
los verbos there is, there are, has, have) ¿enumeración? (atención a los marcadores de
enumeración, como: first, second, third, then, finally…), ¿causa efecto? (atención a los marcadores
de causa-efecto, como: because, since, owing to, therefore, consequently, as a consequence …),
o ¿contraste de ideas? (¡atención a los marcadores de oposición, como: although, on the one hand,
… on the other (hand), however, whereas, …).
No puede “escaparse” información relevante si ya tenemos en mente el “plano” o “esqueleto” del
texto.
 Lee, sí, pero los títulos, subtítulos, y las primeras dos enunciados de cada párrafo primeramente.
¿Viste cuanta información del texto ya tienes sin haberlo leído detalladamente? Ni hablar de fotos,
diagramas, cuadros, y sus correspondientes membretes…
 Comienza a tomar nota en español, pero solo utiliza palabras clave, o un esquema que ilustre la
estructura del texto. ¡¡¡Por nada del mundo se te ocurra traducir literalmente!!! Lee las ideas,
“rúmialas” si es necesario, y luego exprésalas en español, con claridad y precisión, ¡¡ no en
spanglish!! Claridad y precisión, recuerda estas palabras cuando redactes tu resumen.
 Otra manera de realizar resúmenes es tomar la primera y la última línea de cada párrafo y unir
mediante conectores lógicos. También se deben tomar en cuenta los títulos y subtítulos.

Lectura 1
Practicing Ethical Practices
In 2002, a series of business scandals came to dominate the news. Senior managers at
Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, Adelphia Communications, and Imclone Systems faced
criminal charges brought by the U.S. Justice Department. Executives at AOL, Computer
Associates, Enron, Global Crossing, and Qwest were under criminal investigation. The
charges involved securities fraud, insider trading and other illegal transactions, and
obstruction of justice as well as improper accounting procedures.
As a result of these and other cases, investors came to distrust the sales and profit figures
that many companies were issuing because of so-called aggressive accounting practices.
Today’s competitiveness and the drive for profits have been blamed for an upswing in bad
behavior in business. However, dishonesty and greed have been around as long as business
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itself—longer, in fact. Although the vast majority of businesspeople are honest, managers
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in particular must engage in and tolerate only completely ethical practices.

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This is true for three reasons: First, managers, especially senior managers, hold a position
of trust as stewards of the company for the stockholders, employees, customers, and
community. Second, managers have the most opportunity to enrich themselves at the
expense of the stockholders, employees, customers, and community. Third, managers set
the standard for the entire company. If they are fudging their numbers, how can they expect
honest numbers from their subordinates?

Summary

In 2002, a series of business scandals came to dominate the news. The charges
involved securities fraud, insider trading and other illegal transactions, and
obstruction of justice as well as improper accounting procedures. As a result,
investors came to distrust the sales and profit figures that many companies were
issuing. Today’s competitiveness and the drive for profits have been blamed for an
upswing in bad behavior in business. Consequently, managers in particular must
engage in and tolerate only completely ethical practices. This is true for three
reasons: First, managers, hold a position of trust. Second, managers have the
most opportunity to enrich themselves. Third and last, managers set the standard
for the entire company.

1. Realiza un resumen usando las recomendaciones ofrecidas

Lectura 2
Two common bookkeeping systems used by businesses and other organizations are the single-entry
bookkeeping system and the double-entry bookkeeping system. Single-entry bookkeeping uses only
income and expense accounts, recorded primarily in a revenue and expense journal. Single-entry
bookkeeping is adequate for many small businesses. Double-entry bookkeeping requires posting
(recording) each transaction twice, using debits and credits.
Single-entry system
The primary bookkeeping record in single-entry bookkeeping is the cash book, which is similar to a
checking account register but allocates the income and expenses to various income and expense
accounts. Separate account records are maintained for petty cash, accounts payable and receivable,
and other relevant transactions such as inventory and travel expenses. These days, single entry
bookkeeping can be done with DIY bookkeeping software to speed up manual calculations.
Double-entry system
A double-entry bookkeeping system is a set of rules for recording financial information in a
financial accounting system in which every transaction or event changes at least two different
nominal ledger accounts.

ABSTRACT

Escribir un buen abstract siempre ha sido muy importante. Sin embargo, ahora
cobra mayor trascendencia, debido al crecimiento de las publicaciones en línea,
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sabiendo que muchos de ellos contienen solamente abstracts. Los abstracts

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tienen como función principal, “vender” el trabajo realizado. Ahora, además de

convencer al lector para leer la totalidad del escrito, el abstract debe convencer al
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lector para que con precisión, logre ampliar la información del escrito, con vínculos
relacionados en la red para ganar información correlacionada. Con el diluvio de
información actual, muchos ejecutivos e intelectuales, no tiene tiempo sino para
abordar los abstracts de las publicaciones.

Un abstract es un breve, apropiado y comprensivo resumen de un artículo,

contenido académico o científico. Si bien, el abstract se ubica al inicio del artículo,
debería ser la última sección que se escribe. El abstract debe guardar la misma
estructura del artículo.
El abstract debe ser tan conciso y concreto que le permita al lector leer o no, el
contenido completo del artículo o de la investigación propuesta. El abstract cobra
vigencia en las universidades e instituciones educativas, figurando en cada una de
las asignaturas o cursos realizados para certificar a quien solicita los contenidos
atendidos en la institución.

Como escribir un abstract informativo

Planear el abstract menor que el 10% del contenido propuesto.
En el primer borrador prestar atención a los palabras claves, estadísticas y
datos importantes que usted necesita incluir.
No se deben incluir frases de alcances generales o vagos como “este abstract
parecerá ...”
Estar seguro de omitir o condensar bastante, los ejemplos, tablas o soportes
inadecuados.
El abstract en sí, debe ser un “miniensayo”
Lea el abstract atentamente y hágalo leer por personas idóneas, antes de la
publicación final.

La mayoría de los abstracts se estructuran de la siguiente forma:

 Oración introductoria (relacionado al tema)
 Objetivo/propósito general
 Tipo de investigación (si se usa)
 Población
 Instrumento
 Validez
 Conclusiones
 Recomendaciones
 Palabras clave
En todo tipo de investigación, opcional en investigaciones cuantitativas

A.- Identifique las partes que estructuran los siguientes abstracts

For some Industrial Projects Consulting Enterprise, the information, the handling of this and the
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use of new technologies is not the attention center, and that is the reason why the measure have
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a tendency to be inadequate in most of the cases because of a dissociation between strategic plan
an IS/TI exist. The aim of this investigation is to design a strategic plan that permits an adequate
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measure and use of the information system and technologies on this type of enterprise, the
pursuit with this is a maintenance competitive advantage and adequate to the environment. To
development this study was necessary establish a projective investigation with a modality of
feasible project, supported in descriptive and camp, with a not descriptive experimental
transactional design. The population was composed for 75 people, to this was applied a
questionnaire of 50 questions based on a licker's scale with a validity by a discrimity test
supported by the judgment of 6 expert, and a reliability obtained by split halves method of 0,80.
From the questionnaire was taken as result that even de effort to integrate the strategic plans
with the measure IS/IT plans, it's important reinforce the cohesion between they maybe using
some king of instrument. Finally after the discuss of result design was designed a strategic plan
based on the methodologies proposes by David (1.994) and Serna (2.000) where the principal
scope is the establish of a vision and mission that include the information and the technology for
this handling as one of the principals value as its well the use of strategies that conduce to the
consecution of the mission based on the same presupposed.

Key words: IT technologies, information system, strategic plan.

The present study was intended to determine the viability of an application of a model of decision
making for the financing of industrial projects for carboniferous companies of the national power
sector. The type of study used was applied, descriptive of field and prospective. The design was
nonexperimental, descriptive and transectional. The population was composed of 5 coal
companies, selecting managers of Finances. A sampling was made to include 10 managers from
the largest companies, specifically Carbozulia, Carbones del Guasare and Carbones de la Guajira. A
questionnaire validated by expert judges and with a reliability of 0.98 was used. The results
indicated that the Carbonifera company counts on a favorable balance between costs and
benefits, that technology and personel are specialized in this area and are able to implement the
decision model. Technology and psycho-social parameters determine that the application of the
model has economic viability. Also, certain administrative and legal procedures are required to
accomplish the results.

Key words: decision making, industrial projects, carboniferous companies.

Expresiones para objetivos

The (main/principal/major/central) (objective/ goal /intention / focus /aim/ purpose /
reason/pursuit) of (this/ the following) investigation/project/research (is/was) to …
This project aims / intends/ seeks / means/ focuses to …
This research is/was meant/ intended/focused/ aimed to ….

Example: The purpose of the following investigation is to analyze the styles of

management in Matahari, Inc.
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Expresiones para tipos de investigación

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The project/research/investigation is under a positivist/anti-positivist /critical

paradigm
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The project/research/investigation is under a qualitative / quantitative / critical

/action oriented approach
The approach of this project/research/investigation is/ was: qualitative /
quantitative / critical /action oriented
The investigation was of descriptive /correlational/ exploratory/ participative
action type
with a non experimental / descriptive /transactional design.
The design of investigation used in this project is correlational is non experimental
/ descriptive /transactional
The type of investigation is/was exploratory/ feasible project/ non
experimental/descriptive/transactional/biographical/Phenomenologi-
cal/Ethnographical/case study

E.g.: The project was under a critical paradigm, with an action oriented approach.
The investigation was of descriptive type, with a non-experimental, descriptive,
transactional design.

Población
The main population is/was formed/integrated/composed by
The population is distributed in two groups
A population census was carried out throwing a result of …
A sample of the population was calculated

E.g.: The population of this research is distributed in two groups, the first is
composed by one hundred and seventy (170) students of XXX University, and the
second is integrated by five (5) members of the directive board.

Instrumento
A questionnaire/dossier/test/poll/(formal/informal)interview of XX
items/questions was designed to explore/ collect / gather information /data
An instrument with thirty-five closed/open items was used to explore/ collect /
gather information /data
A multi-selection/dictomic response test/questionnaire was applied to the
population/sample

E.g.: A test composed by thirty five (35) closed items was designed to gather
information

Validez y confiabilidad
The validity of the instrument was performed/carried out/ achieved
using/through a (7) expert judgment.
The validity of the instrument was obtained through a content validation process/
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discrimity test supported by the judgment of XX experts.

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The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated with a XX formula…

…Throwing/giving as a result XX
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…which yielded/ produced/ generated (0.85) for high/low reliability

The information was collected by a scale Likert instrument, validated for experts,
with a reliability of 0.9683
The reliability was obtained by split halves method/ Cronbach's alpha formula
with (a result of) 0, 80 (as a result)

E.g.: The validity of the instrument was performed using (7) expert. The reliability of
the instrument was applied to a pilot (40) subjects with similar characteristics to the
population. To calculate the reliability the Cronbach's alpha was used, which
yielded (0.85) for high reliability

Resultados /Conclusiones
The results show that ….
As can be seen, the figures demonstrate that
The outcome indicate / show / point out that
It was concluded / demonstrated / assumed

E.g.: The results show that top-performing companies use risks management
practices.

Recomendaciones
It is recommended / suggested that
A …… is recommended / suggested

E.g.: An appropriate professional advice is suggested in each relevant individual

circumstance.

**Elabora un abstract utilizando tus trabajos y/o investigaciones actuales o

anteriores

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