Chapter 2 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE Pure Substances, Phase Change Processes, Phase Diagrams 21C Yes. Because it has the same chemical composition throughout. 2.2€ A liquid which is about to vaporize is saturated liquid; otherwise it is compressed liquid. 2-3C A vapor which is about to condense is saturated vapor: otherwise it is compressed vapor. 2-4C No. 2-5C No. 2-6C Yes. The saturation temperature of a pure substance depends on pressure. The higher the pressure, the higher the saturation or boiling temperature. 2-7C The temperature will also increase since the boiling or saturation temperature of a pure substance depends on pressure, 2-8C Because one cannot be varied while holding the other constant. In other words, when one changes, so does the other one. 29C At critical point the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor states are identical. At triple point the three phases of a pure substance coexist in equilibrium. 2-10C Yes. 2-11C Case (c) when the pan is covered with a heavy lid. Because the heavier the lid, the greater the pressure in the pan, and thus the greater the cooking temperature 2-12C At supercritical pressures, there is no distinct phase change process. The liquid uniformly and gradually expands into a vapor. At subcritical pressures, there is always a distinct surface between the phases. Property Tables 2-13C A given volume of water will boil at a higher temperature in a tall and narrow pot since the pressure at the bottom will (and thus the corresponding saturation pressure) will be higher in that case, 2-14C A perfectly fitting pot and its lid often stick after cooking as a result of the vacuum created inside as the temperature and thus the corresponding saturation pressure inside the pan drops. An easy way of removing the lid is to reheat the food. When the temperature rises to boiling level, the pressure rises to atmospheric value and thus the lid will come right off. 2-1SC The molar mass of gasoline (CH) is 114 kg/kmol, which is much larger than the molar mass of air which is 29 kg/kmol. Therefore, the gasoline vapor will settle down instead of rising even if itis at a much higher temperature than the surrounding air. As a result, the warm mixture of air and gasoline on top of an open gasoline can will most likely settle down instead of rising in a cooler environment2-16C. Ice can be made by evacuating the air ina water tank. During evacuation, vapor is also thrown out, and thus the vapor pressure in the tank drops, causing a difference between the vapor pressures at the water surface and in the tank. This pressure difference is the driving force of vaporization, and forces the liquid to evaporate. But the liquid must absorb the heat of vaporization before it can vaporize, and it absorbs it from the liquid and the air in the neighborhood, causing the temperature in the tank to drop. The process continues until water starts freezing. The process can be made more efficient by insulating the tank well so that the entire heat of vaporization comes essentially from the water. 2-17C Yes, Otherwise we can create energy by altemately vaporizing and condensing a substance. 2-18C No. Because in the thermodynamic analysis we deal with the changes in properties; and the changes are independent of the selected reference state 2-19C The term hy represents the amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a specified temperature or pressure. It can be determined from hg = hy - hy 2-20C Yes; the higher the temperature the lower the hy value. 2-21C Quality is the fraction of vapo superheated vapor region, fa saturated liquid-vapor mixture, It has no meaning, in the 2-22C Completely vaporizing | kg of saturated liquid at | atm pressure since the higher the pressure, the lower the hy, 2-23 Yes. It decresises with increasing pressure and becomes zero at the critical pressure. 2-24C No. Quality is a mass ratio, and it is not identical to the volume ratio. 2-25C The compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature. Thus Yep SV par 2.26 Complete the following table for H;O: Tc P, kPa vy, m/ kg Phase description 30, 12,349 416 Saturated mixture 120.23 200 0.8857. Saturated vapor 250 400 0.5951 ‘Superheated vapor 10 600 0.001052 Compressed liquid 2-276 Complete the following table for H; O: LF P, psia v, ft /Ibm Phase description 250 29.82 851 Saturated mixture 227.96 20 196.19 Saturated liquid 500 120 1174.2 Superheated vapor 400 400 374.27. Compressed liquid2-28 Complete the following table for HO: T, °C. P, kPa hy kJ/kg x Phase description 136.30 325) 1435.57 oa Saturated mixture 160 C178. 1682, 0.469 Saturated mixture 179.91 950 762.81 0.0 ‘Saturated liquid 80 500) 334.91 Compressed liquid 350 800 31617, ‘Superheated vapor 2-29 Complete the following table for Refrigeramt-134a: Te P, kPa vm / kg Phase description -12 600 0.007498 ‘Compressed liquid 20 571.60 0.022 Saturated mixture 2.48 320 0.0632 Saturated vapor 100 600 0.04790 ‘Superheated vapor 2-30 Complete the following table for Refrigeram-134a Te P, kPa uy ki kg, Phase description 30 770.06 120 Sanerated mixture 4 217.04 39.38 Saturated liquid 56.88 400 300 Superheated vapor 8 600 60.43 Compressed liquid 2-31E Complete the following table for Refrigerant-134a TF Py psi h, Btu / ibm x Phase description 58.35 70 a 0.426 Saturated mixture 20 33.137 78.549 Saturated mixture 10 70 14.66 Compressed liquid 160 180 128.77 ‘Superheated vapor He 161.04 115.96 ‘Saturated vapor 2.32 Complete the following table for HO: P, kPa vy, me / kg Phase description 2321 0.53 Saturated mixture 1000 0.001127. Saturated liquid 730 0.001003. Compressed liquid 2709 0.130 Superheated vapor2-33 Complete the following table for HO: £2 P, kPa i kd kg Phase description 136.30. 325, 2452 Saturated mixture 170 791.7 2576.35 Saturated vapor 190, 2000 806.19 Compressed liquid 466.7 4000 3040 Superheated vapor 2-34E The temperature in a pressure cooker during cooking at sea level is measured to be 250°F. The absolute pressure inside the cooker and the effect of elevation on the answer are to be determined. Assumptions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 250°F is 29.82 psia (Table A-SE). The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm = 14.7 psia. Analysis The absolute pressure in the cooker is simply the saturation pressure at the cooking temperature, Pygee, = 29.82 psia on 250"F 20 Itis equivalent to 20 Latm Pops = 29.82 ool The elevation has no effect on the absolute pressure inside when the temperature is maintained constant at 250°F. 2.03 atm 2-35E The local atmospheric pressure, and thus the boiling temperature, changes with the weather conditions. The change in the boiling temperature corresponding to a change of 0.3 in of mercury in atmospheric pressure is to be determined, Assumptions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker, Properties The saturation pressures of water at 200 and 212°F are 11.529 and 14.698 psia, respectively (Table A-SE), One in, of mercury is equivalent to | inkig = 3.387 kPa = 0.491 psia (inner cover page). Analysis A change of 0.3 in of mercury in atmospheric pressure corresponds to P03 inHg 0.491 psi inky AP = (0.3 inHg) = 0.147 psia At about boiling temperature, the change in boiling temperature per | psia change in pressure is determined using data at 200 and 212°F to be AT 212-200)°F AP (14,696 ~ 11.529) psia Then the change in saturation (boiling) temperature corresponding to a change of 0.147 psia becomes 3.789 °F/psia ATreiting = (3.789 ° F /psia)AP = (3.789 °F | psia)(0.147 psia) = 0.56°F which is very small. Therefore, the effect of variation of atmosphei negligible, pressure on the boiling temperature is2.36 A person cooks a meal in a pot that is covered with a well-fiting lid, and leaves the food to cool to the room temperature. It is to be determined if the lid will open or the pan will move up together with the lid ‘when the person attempts to open the pan by lifting the lid up. Assumptions 1 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm = 101.325 kPa, 2 The weight of the lid is small and thus its effect on the boiling pressure and temperature is nealigible. 3 No air has leaked into the pan during cooling, Properties The saturation pressure of water at 20°C is 2.339 kPa (Table A-4). Analysis Noting that the weight of the lid is negligible, the reaction force Fon the lid after cooling. at the pan-lid interface can be determined from a force balance on the lid in the vertical direction to be PA = PawwA + F or, F = (Pay ~ P) = (AD? 14\( Pa — PY 2 = HOS 01325-2339) Pa Pp He = 6997 m*Pa=6997 N (since | Pa = | N/m?) Pan = 1 atm ‘The weight of the pan and its contents is Zl W = mg = (8 kg(9.8 mis?) =78N which is much less than the reaction force of 6997 N at the pan-lid interface. Therefore, the pan will move up together with the lid when the person attempts to open the pan by lifting the lid up. In fact, it looks like the lid will not open even if the mass of the pan and its contents is several hundred kg. 2-37 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) in a pan placed on top of @ 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined. Properties The properties of water at | atm and thus at the saturation temperature of 100°C are Ag, = kikkg (Table A-4). 57 Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is Vapor Q 160 x3 KW = 18 kW Noting that it takes 2257 KI of energy to vaporize | kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of evaporation of water is determined to be Q __18kI/s gg 2257 KITKR 0.80 x 10° kg /s =2.87 kg/h Frevaporion 40%2-38 Water is boiled at 1500 m (84.5 kPa pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined, Properties ‘The properties of water at 84.5 kPa and thus at the saturation temperature of 95°C are hy, = Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is, rs Q=0.60x 3 kW =1L8 kW 95°C Noting that it takes 2270.2 KJ of energy to vaporize | kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of evaporation of water is determined to be Oo LB KI /s yy 2270.2 kJ/kg m, = 0.79 «107 kg/s = 2.85 kesh evaporation 2-39 Water is boiled at | atm pressure in a pan placed on an electric burner, The water level drops by 10 em in 30 min during boiling, The rate of heat transter to the water is to be determined Properties ‘The properties of water at | atm and thus at a saturation temperature of Ty = 100°C are fig = 2257 kJ/kg and vy = 0.001044 m/kg (Table A-4). Analysis The rate of evaporation of water is Vesan — OD? (4)L _ |x(0.2 my? /41(0.10 m) Mera = 3.009 ki ea vy; 0.001044 e ta Mevag ki Iitgjgp = 3.009 ke _ 9.00167 kg/s Ar 350x608 ‘Then the rate of heat transfer to water becomes O= Mtevapht Q> Miter = (0.00167 kg/s)(2257 kJ/kg) = 3.77 kW2-40. Water is boiled at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 79.5 kPa in a pan placed on an electric burner. The water level drops by 10 em in 30 min during boiling. The rate of heat transfer to the water is to be determined. Properties The properties of water at 79.5 kPa are Ty: = 93.2°C, /iig = 2275 kikg and vj = 0.001038 m'/ke (Table A-5). Analysis The rate of evaporation of water is ¥, 2 tena (aD? AL _ | x(0 (A010) _ 5.097 ky 10 a v, 0.001038. a Gi i kPa 3 Mevay 27 ke Meoap: _ 3027 KB _ 9.00168 kg/s At 3060s Then the rate of heat transfer to water becomes Fitevaps = Fitgyag lpg = (0.00168 kg /s)(2275 KI /kg) = 3.82 kW 2-41 Saturated steam at 7; = 30°C condenses on the outer surface of a cooling tube at a rate of 45 kg/h, The rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at 30°C. Properties ‘The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 30°C are fi = 2431 ki/kg. Analysis Noting that 2431 kJ of heat is released as | kg of saturated vapor at 30°C condenses, the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water in the tube is determined directly from = tinea yy = (AS ke HY2ABT KI /kg) = 109,395 kl /h= 30.4 KW 2.42 The average atmospheric pressure in Denver is 83.4 kPa. The boiling temperature of water in Denver is to be determined. Analysis The boiling temperature of water in Denver is the s atmospheric pressure in Denver which is 83.4 kPa: uration temperature corresponding to the ray; av 4 Wo = 944°C2-43 The boiling temperature of water in a 5-cm deep pan is given. ‘The boiling temperature ina 40-cm deep pan is to be determined, Assumptions Both pans are full of water. Properties The density of liquid water is approximately p~ 1000 kg/m’. Analysis The pressure at the bottom of the 5-cm pan is the saturation pressure corresponding to the boiling temperature of 98°C: P=P. are: = 94.63 kPa The pressure difference between the bottoms of two pans is 1kPa AP = pgh= (1000 kg/m'X9.8 m/s?}(0.35 m) — pah=( MeO. Siont kX ome 43 kPa Then the pressure at the bottom of the 40-cm deep pan is 4 P= 94.63 + 3.43 = 98.06 kPa 40cm ‘Then the boiling temperature becomes 5 —_ Fooitin 2-44 A cooking pan is filled with water and covered with a 4-kg lid, The boiling temperature of water is to be determined. Analysis The pressure in the pan is determined from a force balance on the lid, Pauw PA = Pail + W Pam 101 kPa maa 4 ke or m Pe Py tee am + ; i = (ii kPay + 4 B@C9-807 m/s") __1 kPa I lh (0.1m)? 1000 kg /m-s? P = 102.25 kPa ee The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure, T= Tay av02 25404 = 100.2°C2-45 A vertical piston-cylinder device is filled with water and covered with a 20-kg piston that serves as the lid, The boiling temperature of water is to be determined. Analysis The pressure in the cylinder is determined from a force balance on the piston, PA = Pay + W or, mg in P= Pei + | 2 = = (101 kPa CORBO-807 mis) aye ‘liom ) = 120.61 kPa wn oak P The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure, wom T= Tai @iyerira = 104.6°C 2-46 A rigid tank that is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated. ‘The temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized is to be determined, and the 7-v diagram is to be drawn, Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V/m = constant). and the specific volume is determined to be HO r 2 75°C Vv m: m Ske 0.5 m3/kg ‘When the liquid is completely vaporized the tank will contain saturated vapor only. ‘Thus, =0.5 m? /kg 2 Vp = Vy The temperature at this point is the temperature which corresponds to this v, value, 1 T= Tory, -asussg = 140.7°C2-47 A rigid vessel is filled with refrigerant-134a, The total volume and the total internal energy is to be determined. Properties The properties of R-134a at the given state are (Table A-13).. P= 900 kPa 4 = 288.87 I /ky Re134a T=80°C v = 0.02861 m*/kg 2kg 900 kPa Analysis The total volume and internal energy are determined from 80°C V = mv = (2 kg(0.02861 m3 /kg) = 0.05722 m* 2. kg)(288.87 kJ/kg) = 577.74 kJ U=mm 2-48E_ A rigid tank contains water at a specified pressure. The temperature, total enthalpy, and the mass of each phase are to be determined. Analysis (a) The specific volume of the water is Sift y 1.063 ibm. m= S5ibm At 20 psia, ve = 0.01683 ft'lbm and v, = 20.09 fi'/lbm. Thus the tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture since v;< v < v,. and the temperature must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure, T=T, = 227.96°F ar 20 psia (b) The quality of the water and its total enthalpy are determined from =¥y~ — 10—0.01683 x =< = 0.0490 Vj_ 20.09-0.01683 h= hy + xMy =196.26 + 0.049 x 960) = 243.3 Btu/Ibm te ce 5lbm H = mh = (5 lbm)(243.3 Biu /Ibm) = 1216.5 Btu 20 psia (c) The mass of each phase is determined from My xm, = 0.049 x5 = 0.245 Ibm 5-0.245 = 4.755 Ibm my =m, +m,2-49 A rigid vessel contains R-134a at specified temperature. The pressure, total intemal energy, and the volume of the liquid phase are to be determined Analysis (a) The specific volume of the refrigerant is 05m = 282 0.05 mike ven 10kg = At -20°C, vj = 0.0007361 mivkg and v, ~ 0.1464 m’/kg, ‘Thus the tank contains saturated liguid-vapor mixture since vj /kg) = 0.00487 m? mv 2-50 A piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 800 kPa pressure. The mixture is heated at constant pressure until the temperature rises to 350°C. The initial temperature, the total of water, the final volume are to be determined, and the P-v diagram is to be drawn. Analysis (a) Initially two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. ‘Then the temperature it the tank must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure, T=Tya@ eons =170.43 “C (Table A-5) (b) The total mass in this case can easily be determined by adding the mass of each phase, ¥, 3 my == Ol" ___99.69kg Vy 0.001115 m3 /ke 3 — 0m __ aang 0.2404 m’ /kg Mm, my + thy = 89.69 43.74 = 93.43 kg (© At the final state water is superheated vapor, and its specific volume is 800 kPa } waa ait agorc 3544 m? /kg (Table A-6) va mV = (93.43 kg)(0.3544 m> /kg) = 33.1 m32-SIE Superheated water vapor cools at constant volume until the temperature drops to 250°F. At the final state, the pressure, the quality, and the enthalpy are to be determined. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = /m = constant), and the initial specific volume is determined to be A = 180 psia P 7, = 500°F i 3.042 £07 fim (Table A-6E) At 250°F, vy = 0.017011 ft'/lbm and v, = 13.826 ft'/lbm. Thus at the final state, the tank will contain saturated liquid-vapor mixture since ve Pig @ 2s) Which can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the specified temperature, Vy = Vy qagc: = 0.001003 m3 /kg fl Ih = hpqursee = 104.89 KS / kg, ° 2 (a) The mass is determined from 1 H,0 E 25°C 0.050 ms = =——____ = 49.85 ky Pe my; 0.001003 mi /kg 3 y Sones (b) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure, T= Tye soon = 133.55°C (c) The final enthalpy is hy = hy,q sco ure ~ 2725.3 Ki/kg. Thus, AH = m(hy ~ hy) = (49.85 kg)(2725.3 — 104.89) kJ / kg = 130,627 kJ2-53 A rigid vessel that contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated until it reaches the critical state. The mass of the liquid water and the volume occupied by the liquid at the initial state are to be determined. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v= V/m = constant) to the critical state, and thus the initial specific volume will be equal to the final specific volume, which is equal to the critical specific yolume of water, ¥) = 0) = vy = 0.003155 m3 /kg (last row of Table A-4) The total mass is = 158.48 kg T & At 100°C, ve= 0.001044 m’/kg and vy, = 1.6729 m'/kg. ui ‘Then the quality of water at the initial state is ii 7 3155 — = LLL _ 0.008155 0.001044 _ 9 on 1963 Ve 1.6729 — 0.001044 v ‘Then the mass of the liquid phase and its volume at the initial state are determined from my = (1-2), = (1—0.001263)(158.48) = 158.28 kg Vy =myv, = (158.28 kg)(0.001044 m3 / kg) = 0.165 m32-54 The properties of compressed liquid water at a specified state are to be determined using the compressed liquid tables, and also by using the saturated liquid approximation, and the results are to be compared, Analysis Compressed liquid can be approximated as saturated liquid at the given temperature. Then from Table A-4, TH 100°C = v= Mp yy 0.001044 m7 / kg (0.76%error) US Upagygg¢ = 418.94 kd / kg (.01% error) h 419.04 kS/ kg (2.61%error) Fayaurc From compressed liquid table (Table A-7), y =0.0010361m>/ ky, P=ISMPa | * ‘ are | u=414.74kl/ kg n=430.28 kJ/kg ‘The percent errors involved in the saturated liquid approximation are listed above in parentheses. 2-55E A rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of R-134a. The quality and total mass of the reftigerant are to be determined. Analysis At 30 psia, ve = 0.01209 f/lbm and v, ~ 1.5408 fr'/lbm. The volume occupied by the liquid and the vapor phases are Vy = 15 8 and 13.503 R-134a ‘Thus the mass of each phase is 16 3 30 psia my — 15 tags ibm aa 0.01209 f13/ Ibm 5 ft} My 1a = 8.76 bm vy, 1.5408 #8 /Ibm Then the total mass and the quality of the refrigerant are mn, = my + mg = 124.1 +8.76 = 132,86 Ibm 6 ——_ = 0.0659 32.862-56 Superheated steam in a piston-cylinder device is cooled at constant pressure until half of the mass condenses, The final temperature and the volume change are to be determined, and the process should be shown on a 7-v diagram. Analysis (b) At the final state the cylinder contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture, and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure, r Taree atta = 179.91 C (c) The quality at the final state is specified to be 20 The specific volumes at the initial and the final states are 300°C P, =10MPa oc i= = 3 7. =300°C } ¥, =02579 m*/ kg, Vp= Vy PX Vip = 0.001127 +05 x(019444—0.001 127) = 0.0978 m*/kg OMPa \ . Thus, AV =m(v —v,)=(08 kg}(0.0978 - 0.2579) m? kg =—0.128 m* 47 The water in a rigid tank is cooled until the vapor starts condensing, The to be determined. | pressure in the tank is, vim Analysis This is a constant volume process (v the final specific volume which is constant), and the initial specific volume is equal to 3k Te pave 2019405 m3 kg, 2 300 sirice the vapor starts condensing at 180°C. HO Then from Table A-6, Ti= 300°C P=? 190 7, =300°C 2 3 P,=1.325MPa v, = 0.194005 m3 /kg 1 vVapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium 2-58 A glass of water is left in a room. The vapor pressures at the free surface of the water and in the room far from the glass are to be determined, Assumptions ‘The water in the glass is at a uniform temperature, Properties The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20°C, and 1.703 kPa at 15°C (Table A-4). Analysis The vapor pressure at the water surface is the saturation pressure of water at the water temperature, ier urice = Pusey, = Peiarsee = 1-7087 kPa Noting that the air in the room is not saturated, the vapor pressure in the room far from the glass is Prat = Pranary, = PPansaoec = (0.6)(2.339 kPa) = 1.4034 kPa 2-59 The vapor pressure in the air at the beach when the air temperature is 30°C is claimed to be 5.2 kPa. The validity of this claim is to be evaluated. Properties ‘The saturation pressure of water at 30°C is 4.246 kPa (Table A-4). Analysis The maximum vapor pressure in the air is the saturation pressure of water at the given temperature, which is oF Po max = Pav ra, = Puraitec = 4246 KPa which is less than the claimed value of 5.2 kPa. Therefore, the claim is false.2-60 The temperature and relative humidity of air over a swimming pool are given. The water temperature of the swimming pool when phase equilibrium conditions are established is to be determined. Assumptions ‘The temperature and relative humidity of air over the pool remain constant. Properties ‘The saturation pressure of water at 20°C is 2.339 kPa (Table A-4). Analys! ‘The vapor pressure of air over the swimming pool is P, sic = PPaaer,, = PPamse20re = (0.42339 kPa) = 0.9356 kPa Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface. Therefore, z sir = 0.9356 kPa ‘water surface = and sap) 9856 KP Tooter = Trove, Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 5.8°C in an environment at 20°C when phase equilibrium is established. 2-61 Two rooms are identical except that they are maintained at different temperatures and relative humidities. The room that contains more moisture is to be determined. Properties. The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20°C, and 4.246 kPa at 30°C (Table A-4). Analysis The vapor pressures in the two rooms are Room 1: Py, = 4, Puror, =¢1 Pararrore = (0-4)(4.246 kPa) = 1.6984 kPa Room 2: 6373 kPa 2 Proper, = 92Praneanrc = (0.7(2.339 kPa) = Therefore, room | at 30°C and 40% relative humidity contains more moisture.2-626 A thermos bottle half-filled with water is left open to air in a room at a specified temperature and pressure, The temperature of water when phase equilibrium is established is to be determined Assumptions ‘The temperature and relative humidity of air over the bottle remain constant. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 70°F is 0.3632 psia (Table A-4E). Analysis The vapor pressure of air in the room is Poin = PPrateriy, = PPaerrooe = (0.35)(0.3632 D.1271 psia Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface. Therefore, a, water surtace ~ 1, aie = 041271 psia and % fwater = Tane, = Tavieo201 pia = AVF Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 41°F in an en equilibrium is established nment at 70°F when phase 2-63 A person buys a supposedly cold drink in a hot and humid summer day, yet no condensation occurs on the drink. The claim that the temperature of the drink is below 10°C is to be evaluated. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 35°C is 5.628 kPa (Table A-4), Analysis The vapor pressure of air is Prin = Prcar,, = PPavossee (0.7)(5.628 kPa) = 3.9396 kPa The saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure (called the dew-point temperature) is Tey = Ty 7 ha = wer, BPC ‘91 @3 9396 kPa That is, the vapor in the air will condense at temperatures below 28.7°C. Noting that no condensation is observed on the can, the claim that the drink is at 10°C is false.Ideal Gas 2-64C Propane (molar mass = 44.1 kg/kmol) poses a greater fire danger than methane (molar mass = 16 kg/kmol) since propane is heavier than air (molar mass = 29 kg/kmol), and it will settle near the floor. Methane, on the other hand, is Highter than air and thus it will rise and leak out. 2465C A gas can be treated as an ideal gas when it is at a high temperature or low pressure relative to its critical temperature and pressure. 2-66C R, is the universal gas constant which is the same for all gases whereas R is the specific gas constant which is different for different gases, These two are related to cach other by R = Ry /M, where M is the molar mass of the 2-67C. Mass m is simply the amount of matter; molar mass iM is the mass of one mole in grams or the mass of one kmol in kilograms. ‘These two are related to each other by m = NM, where N is the number of moles. 2-68. A balloon is filled with helium gas. The mole number and the mass of helium in the balloon are to be determined, Assumptions At specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas. Properties ‘The universal gas constant is R, = 8.314 kPa,m'/kmol.K. The molar mass of helium is 4.0 kg/kmol (Table A-1). Analysis The volume of the sphere is voter Anam? =113.04 m3 3 3 Assuming ideal gas behavior, the mole numbers of He is determined from PY (200 kPa)(113.04 m3) kmol-K)(293 K) 9.28 kmol ‘Then the mass of He can be determined from m= NM = (9.28 kmol)(4.0 kg / kmol) = 37.15 kg,2-69 An automobile tire is inflated with air. The pressure rise of air in the tire when the tire is heated and the amount of air that must be bled off to reduce the temperature to the original value are to be determined. Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tire remains constant, Properties. ‘The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa.m’/kg.K (Table A-1). Analysis Initially, the absolute pressure in the tire is P= P+ Py =210+100=310 kPa ‘Treating air as an ideal gas and assuming the volume of the tire to remain constant, the final pressure in the tire can be determined from RY _ BY 7 Bp 323K 298K BR h "4 (310 kPa) = 336 kPa Thus the pressure rise is AP = P,P = 336-310 = 26 kPa 0.05 8 25°C ‘The amount of air that needs to be bled off to restore pressure to its original value is ae é —ai By (310 kPay(0.025 m? matt G10 KPa}0.025 mm") __ 9 9606 by RT, (0.287 kPa-m> /kg-K\(298 K) B10 25m GIO KPANO.O25 mp oga6 ag (0.287 kPa-m?/ka-K)(323 K) Am=m — my = 0.0906 —0.0836 = 0.0070 kg 2-70E An automobile tire is under inflated with air, The amount of air that needs to be added to the tire to raise its pressure to the recommended value is to be determined, Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tire remains constant. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3705 psia.ft'/lbm.R (Table A-1E). Analysis The initial and final absolute pressures in the tire are 4 s # P) = Py + Pai = 20 + 14.6 = 34.6 psia “denn Ps Peat Pam = 30+ 14.6 = 44.6 psia x BL= 20 py Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial mass in the tire is —AIR (34.6 psiaX0.53 £3), =e = 0,0900 Ibm RT (0.3705 psia- fi / Ibm-RY550 R) m, Noting that the temperature and the volume of the tire remain constant, the final mass in the tire becomes BY (44.6 psia(0.53f) ys 160 tom ™ = "Re > (9.3705 psla-f1¥/ Ibm-RYS50R) ‘Thus the amount of air that needs to be added is Am = nty — 1m, = 0.1160~ 0.0900 = 0,0260 Ibm2-71 The pressure and temperature of oxygen gas in a storage tank are given, The mass of oxygen in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, oxygen behaves as an ideal gas Properties ‘The gas constant of oxygen is R = 0.2598 kPa.m'/kg.K (Table A-1). Analysis The absolute pressure of O; is ® P= P+ Pegg = 500 +97 = 597 kPa Treating O; as an ideal gas, the mass of Os in tank is determined to be _ PV (597 kPa)(1.2. m3) _ RT (0.2598 kPa-m3 /kg-K\297 K) m 9.28 kg 2-728, A rigid tank contains slightly pressurized air. The amount of air that needs to be added to the tank to raise its pressure to the recommended value is to be determined. Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tank remains constant, Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3705 psia.ft/lbm.R (Table A-1E). Analysis Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial volume and the final mass in the tank are determined to be m RT, _ (20 bm)(0.3705 psia- {3 /Ibm-R)(530 R) ROO psia AY __@Spsiah( 105.4 Ry _ RE, (0.3705 psia- fi2 /Ibm- RY(S50 R) = 196.4 fe = 33.73 Ibm im Thus the amount of air added is ‘Aim = my ~ m, = 33.73 20.0 = 13,73 Ibm2-73. A rigid tank contains air at a specified state. The gage pressure of the gas in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPam'/kg.K (Table A-1E). Analysis Treating ait as an ideal gas, the absolute pressure in the tank is determined from 3 8 py = MRT. _ (0 kw)(0.287 kPa a HegK)Q98K) _ 969 1 xpa Vv 0.8m Thus the gage pressure is Py = P— Pyy = 1069.1-97 = 972.1 kPa Gm 26°C P 2-74 Two rigid tanks connected by a valve to each other contain air at specified conditions. The volume of tank and the final equilibrium temperature when the valve is opened are to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPam’/kg.K (Table A-1E). Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating air as an ideal gas, the volume of the second tank and the mass of air in the first tank are determined to be (5 kg)(0.287 kPa-m3 / kg-K)(08 K) _ =2.21 m3 200 kPa 3 my —__600kRal(1.0'm*) _ 5 a6 (0.287 kPa-m} /kg-K)(298 K) Thus, Va Vg+Vy =1.04221=3.21 ms m= mi) +my = 5.846 +5.0 = 10.846 kg 7 Then the final equilibrium pressure becomes sm kg. p, = MRE, _ 10.846 k)(0287 kPa! /K8-1)293 5) _ a4 1 py 3.21m3Compressibility Factor 2-75C It represent the deviation from ideal gas behavior. The further away it is from 1, the more the gas deviates from ideal gas behavior. 2-76C. All gases have the same compressibility factor Z at the same reduced temperature and pressure, 2-T71C Reduced pressure is the pressure normalized with respect to the critical pressure; and reduced temperature is the temperature normalized with respect to the critical temperature, 2-79 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the steam tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-I R= 0.4615 kPa: m/kg-K, Ty = 647.3 K, Py, = 22.09 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 4615 kPa-m' /ke RT _ {0.4615 kPa-m* he: KX673 K) _ gosi66 m3 /kg (17.6% error) P (10,000 kPa) (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), nfo its : ce oe Z=084 10 MPa 673K 400°C = 1.04 673K Thus, V = (ZV 4g) = (0.84)(0.03 106 m5 / kg) = (c) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), P=10MPa } 1.02609 m3/ kg (12% error) 0.02640 m* /kg 00°C2-79 The specific volume of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of reftigerant-134a are, from Table A-1, R= 0.08149 kPam'/ke-K, Taq = 374.25 K, P= 4.067 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, , 9 kPa-m3 /kg- EE DE eee GTS _ ppp iseutieg (08% error) P 1,400 kPa (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), P__1AMPa R-134a Pym i od "RP, 4.067 MPa enuey 1.4 MPa , = 140°C Tye te SK Lion Ty 37A25K Thus, (22% error) ZV Vident) = (0-89)(0.02404 m’ / kg) = 0.02140 m3 / ke (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13), E we | v= 0.02189 m?/kg T=140°C2-80 The specific volume of nitrogen gas is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the compressibility chart, The errors involved in these two approaches are also to be determined. Properties ‘The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of nitrogen are, from Table Al, R = 0.2968 kPa /ke'K, Te= 126.2 K, P= 3.39 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, RT _ (0.2968 kPa-m*/kg-K)(150 K) = 0.004452 m3 / kg 86.4% Pp 10,000 kPa wes : se (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), JOMPa _ 9 MP. fo MPa Z=054 AS 150K =119 10 MPa 1262K * 150 K ‘Thus, V = (ZV pg!) = (0.54)(0.004452 m3 / ky) = 0.002404 m3 /kg. (0.7% error) 2-81 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, ard the steam tables, The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R= 0.4615 kPam/keK, Ty, = 647.3 K, P., = 22.09 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, SA = 0.14364 m3 /kg (8.1% error) 20 4.6 MPa Z=0935 225°C Thus, = (ZMVjaeo)) = (0.9350. 14364 m3 / kg) = 0.13430 m3 / kg (11% error) (©) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), 6 MPa = 228°C } v= 0.13287 m3 /kg2-82E The temperature of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant. the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from Table A-1E. R= 0.10517 psia-ft'/Ibm-R, = 673.65 R, P., = 390 psia Analysis (3) From the ideal gas equation of state, _ Py _ (400 psia)(0.1386 f° / Ibm) =S27.2R R (010517 psia: ft? / Ibm-R) (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30a), P__ 400 psia eR, 300 psia 0.678 Maul ___—_—(0.1386 RT! Py (0.10517 p: Ibm )(590 psia) -fU" / Ibm -R)(673.65 R) Thus, T= Ty Ty, =103 x 673.65 = 693.9 R (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E), P=400 psia v= 01386 08 / Ibm \ es)2-83 The pressure of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from ‘Table A-l, R= 0.08149 kPam*kerk, Tee= 37425 K, Pi.= 4.067 MPa Analysis The specific volume of the refrigerant is 01677 m , ya DTT eo C1GF7 Hi he R-134a m 0.01677 (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, nel 110°C Packt TREKS RT _ (0.08149 kPa-m} (kg K)VG383 K) _ 1961 keg v 0.01677 m kg (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), SE 23.023 Py =039 Thus, P= P,P, = 0.39 x 4067 = 1586 kPa (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13), t y 1o°C F P= 1600 kPa 0.01677 m' / kg 2-84 Somebody claims that oxygen gas at a specified state can be treated as an ideal gas with an error less than 10%. The validity of this claim is to be determined, Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of oxygen are, from Table A-1, T,=1848K and PB, =5.08 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig, A-30), P __3MPa Pye = =0591 Pp, 5.08 MPa aah T _ 160K a Oe = 5 Tea 3 MPa ‘ 160K Then the error involved can be determined from error = Mutt = 1 -)-1_ 26.06% v Zz 0.79 ‘Thus the claim is false.2-85 The % error involved in treating CO; at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined, Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO; are, from Table A-1, T,=308.2K and P, =7.39 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. 4-30), 3MPa = 0.406 Z=080 COs 3MPa 10°C 2-86 The % error involved in treating CO, at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined. Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of COp are, from Table A-1. Ty =304.2K and P, = 7.39 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), - B _ SMPa P, 739MPa— T _ 350K Pe 0.677 CO Z=084 5 MPa 350 K T, 3042K Then the error involved in treating CO, as an ideal gas is = 0.190 or 19.0% error al 0.84Other Equations of State 2-87C The constant @ represents the increase in pressure as a result of intermolecular forces; the constant b represents the volume occupied by the molecules. They are determined from the requirement that the critical isotherm has an inflection point at the critical point. 2-88 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas, van der Waals, and Beattie-Bridgeman equations. ‘The error involved in each case is to be determined. Properties The ges constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of nitrogen are (Table Al) R= 0.2968 kPam'kg:K, -M=28.013 ke/kmol, = 126.2 K, P= 33.90 MPa Analysis The specific volume of nitrogen is Vv _327m* 3 sae = 0.0327 m* /k; m 100kg & Sa 0.0327 m°/kg (a) From the ideal gas equation of state. 225K RT _ (0.2968 kPa-m* /kg-K)(225 K) ; = 2042 KPa (2.1% error) v 0.0327 m3 /kg. (b) The van der Waals constants for nitrogen are determined from _ 27R Tes _ (27)40.2968 kPa-m? /kg-K)?(126.2 K) OAR, (6413390 kPa) RT, _ (0.2968 kPa: 8A, 8x 3390 kPa 0.175 m® -kPa/ke? */kg-K)(126.2 K) _ .00138 m* kg Then, RT a __0.2968x225 0.175 — = 1969 KPa (1.6% error) vb vy? 0.0327-0.00138 (0.0327) (c) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are determined ftom Table A-29a to be A=A,| 1-2) =136.2315| 1 \- V 0.9160 oat) 0.05084 =a, vos e=4.2x104 mK" /kmol since ¥ = Mv = (28.013 kg/kmol)(0.0327 m4 /kg) = 0.9160 nr /kmol . Substituting, RT, ¢ \ 4 P 1 T+B ( md. ) 5 2x10" 32.33 = 83104235); __ 42x10" _ lo sico+0 82399 _ 1989 kPa (06% error) (0.9160 ( 0.9160% 225 (0.9160)2-89 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, van der Waals equation, and the steam tables. The error involved in the first two cases is to be determined. Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of steam are (Table A-1) R= 04615 PamkeK, T= 647.3 K, = 22.09 MPa Analysis The specific volume of steam is si : 1m” _..9.3520'm? /kg Ha mm 2841 kg im < nies 2 2.841 kg (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, Sah (>) The van der Waals constants for steam are determined from 272 5 kPa-m? /kg+K)* ga ZIRT _ 710.4615 Pam” /kg-K) (647-3 6) _ 1 394 99 -kPa lke? AP, (64)(22,090 kPa) Pasm? /kg- p — Rls. _ (0.4615 kPa-m? /kg-KV6473 K) _ 9 99169 m3 /kg BP. 090 kPa ‘Then, aes Rov? to 352 — 0.00169) = 465.9 K (e) From the superheated steam table (Tables A-6), P=0.6 MPa 52m? kg } T=200°C (473K)2.90E The temperature of R-134a in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the van der Waals equation, and the refrigerant tables, The error involved in the first two cases is to be determined, Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of R-134a are (Table A-1) R=0.1052 psia ft’ Ibm-R, Te = 673.65 R, Pe. = 590 psia Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, Py _ (100 psia)(0.4761 £0 /Tom) T= : R 0.1052 psia- lt? /Ibm-R = 452.6R (b) The van der Waals constants for the refrigerant are determined from Eq. 2-24 to be 27R'T2 _ (270.1052 psia-ft? /Ibm-R)26 589 f° -psia/ Ibm? on, (64)(590 psia) ).1052 psia-ft* + RY(673.65 (0.1052 psia tt? Albom RX673.65 8) _ 9 6159 03 /tbm 8 x 590 psia Then, i \e-o= 1/109 +228? _ |o.4761-0.0150) = 507.7 0.1052 (0.4761)? (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E), P = 100 psia 88 Riba } T=120°F (580 R)2-91 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the Beattie-Bridgeman equation. The error involved in each case is to be determined. Properties The gas constant and molar mass of nitrogen are (Table A-1) R= 0.2968 kPam'/kg:K and M= 28,013 ke/kmol ‘Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 50 K) 1063 kPa (6.3% error) 0.041884 m3 /kg (b) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are determined from Table A-29a to be a= at 2) =162319{1 222817) 123.188 1.1733 Ne p= a{1-2) = 0.05046 1°" | - 05076 GngiBes. V 1.1733 mlkg ¢=4.2«104 m-K?/kmol eo since V = Mv = (28.013 kg/ kmol)(0.041884 m3 / kg) = 1.1733 m? |kmol . Substituting, __ 42x04 1.1733 «150° Jos + 0.05076) ~ ; (1.1733) © (1.1733)? =1000.4kPa (negligible error)Review Problems 2-92 A smoking lounge that can accommodate 15 smokers is considered. The required minimum flow rate of ait that needs to be supplied to the lounge is to be determined. Assumptions. Infiltration of air into the smoking lounge is negligible. Properties The minimum fresh air requirements for a smoking lounge is given to be 30 L/s per person. Analysis The required minimum flow rate of air that needs to be supplied to the lounge is determined directly from b ‘i ex peson (NO. of persons) 30 L/s:person)(15 persons) = 450 L/s= 0.45 m?/s 2-93 The minimum fresh air requirements of a residential building is specified to be 0.35 air changes per hour. The size of the fan that needs to be installed and the diameter of the duct are to be determined. Analysis. ‘The volume of the building and the required minimum volume flow rate of fresh air is Ting = 7220. 4H = 21S 830g 44,1) 172.8 tom Vroom 12.5ft/Ibm dry air Vir per person The volume flow rate of fresh air can be expressed as (No. of persons) = (30 L./s-person)(15 persons) = 450 L/s= 0.45 m*/s A= V(aD? 14) Solving for the diameter D and substituting, ay fa _ [av _ [4089/3600 m°/8) _ 6 196 my ™ a(6 m/s) Therefore, the diameter of the fresh air duct should be at least 10.6 cm if the velocity of air is not to exceed 6 mis. D2-94 The pressure in an automobile tire increases during a trip while its volume remains constant. The percent increase in the absolute temperature of the air in the tire is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The volume of the tire remains constant. 2 Air is an ideal gas. Properties The local atmospheric pressure is 90 kPa. Analysis The absolute pressures in the tire before and afer the trip are F; = Page) + Pay = 200 +90 = 290 kPa Py = Paagea + Pay = 220 +90 = 310 KPa feaze.d * Ean = Noting that air is an ideal gas and the volume is constant, the ratio of absolute temperatures after and before the trip are AM q t,_P,_ 310kPa >») ba. aS = 1.069 7, PB 290kPa Therefore, the absolute temperature of air in the tire will increase by 6.9% during this trip.2-95 A hot air balloon with 3 people in its cage is hanging still in the air, air in the balloon for two environment temperatures is to be determined, Assumptions Air is an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa 2K. Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is, Veaitoon = 447 /3=42e(10 my* /3 = 4189. m* ‘The average temperature of the Pew are -. ee ——— = 1.089 kg/m* RT (0.287 kPa-m* /kg- K)(288 K) Fir = Prvotanr Vrain N = (1.089 kg/m? \(9.8 m/s" (4189 m? } ——— | = 44,700 N Tkg-m/s The vertical force balance on the balloon gives Fa = Who ar + Weage + W pope = UM yey car + Meage + peop te VR Substituting, IN 44,700 N = (0h yor ave +80 KE +195 KQVO.8 m s{ Lkg-m/s' which gives Mac cnr = ADBT kg ‘Therefore, the average temperature of the air in the balloon is, mid (20 KPay(4189 m*) pat __SO NG 2) _ mR (4287 ke)(0.287 kPa-m? /kg-K) = 306.5 K Repeating the solution above for an atmospheric air temperature of 30°C gives 323.6 K for the average air temperature in the balloon.2-96 A hot ait balloon with 2 people in its cage is about to take off. The average temperature of the air in the balloon for two environment temperatures is to be determined, Assumptions Air is an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa.m'/kg.K. Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is Voatinn = 400? [3 =422(9 m)? /3 = 3054 m* P 93 kPa a oY 137 kg/m? RT (0.287 kPa-m* /kg: K)(285 K) Proot aie = IN ——,, | = 34.025 N Lkg-m/s 1.137 kg/m? )(9.8 m/s?)(3054 m7) = Proved ir @V battens [ ‘The vertical force balance on the balloon gives Fig = Wri air * Wenge + Wrap = (Myo air + Magee + peapte Substituting, 34.025 N= On op +120 kg +140 kgy(9.8 m/s? IN Ikg-m/s? Maga = DADKS Nee which gives Therefore, the average temperature of the air in the balloon is Py (93 kPa}(3054 m*) mR (3212 kg)(0.287 kPa-m? /ke-K) = 308K Repeating the solution above for an atmospheric air temperature of 25°C gives 323 K for the average air temperature in the balloon,2-978 Water in a pressure cooker boils at 250°F. The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is to be determined. Analysis The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is the saturation pressure that corresponds to the boiling temperature, P= Pa syyyp = 29-82 posit 2-98 The reftigerant in a rigid tank is allowed to cool, The pressure at which the refrigerant starts condensing is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Analysis This is a constant volume process ( volume is determined to be Vin = constant), and the specific R134a 3 400 kPa =f Wm" “aging m ikg ‘When the refrigerant starts condensing, the tank will contain saturated vapor only, Thus, 1 v2 = ¥y = 0.07 m3 /kg The pressure at this point is the pressure which corresponds to this vg value, =P, coring 70-29 MPa FP2.99 The rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water. The mixture is heated until it exists in a single phase. For a given tank volume, it is to be determined if the final phase is a liquid or a vapor. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = 7m = constant), and thus the final specific volume will be equal to the initial specific volume. =H The critical specific volume of water is 0.003155 m/kg. Thus if the final specific volume is smaller than this value, the water will exist asa liquid, otherwise as a vapor. ‘Thus, liquid. ‘Thus, vapor. 2-100 Superheated reftigerant-134a is cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a compressed liquid. The changes in total volume and internal energy are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on & T-v diagram. Analysis The refrigerant is a compressed liquid at the initial state and a superheated vapor at the final state. From Tables A-I1 and A-13, + A=O8MPa | w =252.13K/ke 7, =40°C -y, = 0.02691 m*/kg, } ke R-434a eo 40°C Thus, 0.8 MPa AV = (v5 —v,) = (10 &g)(0.0008157 - 0.0269 1)m? /kg = -0.261 m? and AU = mi{uy ~ 4) = (10 £g)(76.80 = 252.13) kg = 1753.3 kT2-101 Two rigid tanks that contain hydrogen at two different states are connected to each other. Now a valve is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mix while achieving thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The final pressure in the tanks is to be determined. Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating H, as an ideal gas, the total volume and the total mass of H are 4+ Fy =05405=10m) -(28) (600 6PaK03 0) bate RT, , 124 kPa m* {kg-K)(293 K). =, Ri (150 kPa)(0.5 m) | =f] = —_ COS Wo. 060 kg RT), (4.124 Pam? /kg-K)(303 K) m= m1, + my = 0.248 + 0,060 = 0.308 kg Then the final pressure can be determined from ).3¢ 2)(4.12: Pa-m?/] 28 2, _ 0208 ug a4 eg TION p59 ug 2-102 A large tank contains nitrogen at a specified temperature and pressure, Now some nitrogen is allowed to escape, and the temperature and pressure of nitrogen drop to new values. The amount of nitrogen that has escaped is to be determined Analysis Treating N> as an ideal gas, the al and the final masses in the tank are determined to be se ‘ oy = _—_ Nt) __sapovy } RT, (0.2968 kPa-m’ /kg- K)(298 K) i v 3 No ny = BY. _{600 Pa) 20:m) = lig gettes RP, (0.2968 kPa-m? /kgK)(293 K) 25°, 20m? Thus the amount of N; that escaped is Am = my ~ ry =180.9- 138.0 = 42.9 kg2-103 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the generalized chart, and the steam tables, Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R=04615kPa-m*/kge-K, 7, =647.3K, PR, = 22.09 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, = 15,529 kPa (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30a), 673 K —— = 1.040 647.3 K He 5 0.02 mikg 5 Vactuat (0.02 m* /kg)(2% 090 kPa) =148 400°C * RT, 1B, (OA615 kPa-m? /kg-K)(647.3 K) ‘Thus, P= PpP,, = 057 «22,000 = 12,591 kPa (c) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), T= 400°C P= 12,500 kP: 0.02 m? /ke } - 2-104 One section of a tank is filled with saturated liquid R-134a while the other side is evacuated. The partition is remoyed, and the temperature and pressure in the tank are measured. The volume of the tank is to be determined. Analysis The mass of the refrigerant contained in the tank is 3 m 0.0008454 m4 /kg = 1183 kg since ¥, =Vpe@ogmna = 0.0008454 m? /kg At the final state (Table A-13), - Evacuated P,=200KPa | 5 Sy F =25°C vy = 0.11625 m? /kg ‘Thus, mys = (11.83 kg)(0. 11625 m? /kg) = 1.375 m?2-105 A propane tank contains 5 L. of liquid propane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops at the top of the tank and propane starts to leak out. The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to | atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank by the time the entire propane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined. Properties The properties of propane at I atm are Ty, = -42.1°C, p= S81 kg/m? , and he = 427.8 kik (Table A-3) Analysis The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to 1 atm is simply the saturation pressure at that temperature, T= Toga gm = ALC ‘The initial mass of liquid propane is in = pV’ = (581 kg/m? )(0.005 m>) = 2.905 kg. The amount of heat absorbed is simply the total heat of vaporization, Qurwrned = Milt = (2.905 kg\(427.8 kI/kg) = 1243 kb 2-106 An isobutane tank contains 5 L of liquid isobutane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops atthe top of the tank and isobutane starts to leak out. The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank by the time the entire isobutane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined. Properties The properties of isobutane at 1 atm are Tyy = -11.7°C, p= 5938 kg/m? , and hy = 367.1 Ki/kg (Table A-3), Analysis The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 aim is simply the saturation pressure at that temperature, TeT, et atm = ~L1T°C The initial mass of liquid isobutane is, m= p¥ = (593.8 kg/m*)(0,005 m*) = 2.969 kg The amount of heat absorbed is simply the total heat of vaporization, Onrrorved = Milt, = (2.969 ky)(367.1 kJ/kg) = 1090 ki