Calor Útil del Colector

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒 )

𝑄𝑢 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑐𝑝 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 (𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒)𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑗𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑇𝑠 , 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

BALANCES DE ENERGÍA

𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑚 = 𝐸𝑒 − 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑚 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎
𝐸𝑒 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔; 𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎
BALANCE DE ENRGÍA EN LA CUBIERTA DEL COLECTOR

𝐸𝑒 = 𝑄𝑝𝑐 + 𝑄𝑎𝑐

𝐸𝑒 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎

𝑄𝑝𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎

𝑄𝑎𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

CALOR TRANSFERIDO POR RADIACIÓN

𝑄𝑝𝑐 = ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑐 )

𝑄𝑝𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑜 (𝑊⁄ 2 )
𝑚 °𝐶
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑝 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

COEFICIENTE ENTRE DOS PLACAS PLANAS

𝜎 (𝑇𝑃2 + 𝑇𝑐2 )(𝑇𝑝 + 𝑇𝑐 ) 4 𝜎 𝑇𝑚3

ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 = =
(1⁄𝐸 ) + (1⁄𝐸 ) − 1 (1⁄𝐸 ) + (1⁄𝐸 ) − 1
𝑝 𝑐 𝑝 𝑐

𝜎 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎 6,67 𝑥 10−8 𝑊⁄ 2

𝑚 𝑘4
𝐸𝑃 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎
𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎

𝑇𝑚3 = 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎

CALOR TRANSFERIDO POR AC

𝑄𝑎𝑐 = ℎ𝑎𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑎𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐 )

ℎ𝑎𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑎𝑖 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
ENERGÍA QUE ABANDONA LA CUBIERTA

𝐸𝑠 = 𝑄𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 + 𝑄𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡

Donde

ENERGÍA CEDIDA POR CONVECCION DESDE LA CUBIERTA

𝑄𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 )

𝑄𝑐𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

COEFICIENTE DE LA TRANFERECIA DE CALOR

ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 5.7 + 3,8(𝑉𝑊 )

ENERGIA PÉRDIDA POR RADIACION DE LA CUBIERTA

𝑄𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 )

𝑄𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑝é𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

COEFICIENTE DEL INTERCAMBIO DE CLAOR

2
𝜎 𝐸𝑐 (𝑇𝑐2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 )(𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 )(𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 )
ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 =
(𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 )
𝜎 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎 6,67 𝑥 10−8 𝑊⁄ 2
𝑚 𝑘4
𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 = 0,0552

𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟

ENERGIA ACUMULADA EN LA CUBIERTA
𝑑𝑇𝑐
𝐸𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑐 = 𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑣𝑐
𝑑𝑇
BALANCE DE ENERGÍA DE LA CUBIERTA
𝑑𝑇𝑐
𝑀𝑐 𝐶𝑣𝑐 = ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑐 ) + ℎ𝑎𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑎𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐 ) − ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 ) − ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 = 𝐶𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑜 (𝑊⁄ 2 )
𝑚 °𝐶
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑝 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

ℎ𝑎𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎
𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑖 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
BALACE DE ENERGÍA EN LA PLACA COLECTORA

𝐸𝑒 = (𝜏𝛼)𝐼𝑟 𝐴𝑃
𝐸𝑒 = 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔í𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎
𝜏𝛼 = 𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 ó𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑊⁄ 2 )

𝑚
𝐴𝑃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎
ENERGÍA CEDIDA POR LA PLACA ABSORVEDORA

𝐸𝑠 = 𝑄𝑝𝑎 + 𝑄𝑝 𝑒𝑥𝑡 + 𝑄𝑝𝑐 = ℎ𝑝𝑎𝑖 𝐴𝑝 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖 ) + 𝑈𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝑝 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎𝑒 ) + ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 𝐴𝑐 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑐 )

𝑄𝑝𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟

𝑄𝑝 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑧 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑄𝑝𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

ℎ𝑝𝑎𝑖 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎

𝑈𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟

ℎ𝑟𝑝𝑐 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎

𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑝 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑇𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑎𝑖 = 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟

1
𝑈𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛 =
1 𝑑
+ + 𝑅𝑝−𝑎
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑠
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟
𝐾𝑎𝑖𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑑 = 𝐸𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑅𝑝−𝑎 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑟𝑎 𝑦 𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒