[H+] [OH-] alpha(A-) phi Vb pH

[acid] = 0.10 1.00E-04 1.00E-10 0.50 0.50 12.46 4.00

[base] = 0.10 1.00E-04 1.00E-10 0.50 0.50 12.46 4.00
Va = 25.00 3.16E-05 3.16E-10 0.76 0.76 18.98 4.50
Ka = 1.00E-04 1.00E-05 1.00E-09 0.91 0.91 22.72 5.00
Kw = 1.00E-14 3.16E-06 3.16E-09 0.97 0.97 24.23 5.50
1.00E-06 1.00E-08 0.99 0.99 24.75 6.00
1.00E-07 1.00E-07 1.00 1.00 24.98 7.00
1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.00
1.00E-09 1.00E-05 1.00 1.00 25.00 9.00
1.00E-10 1.00E-04 1.00 1.00 25.05 10.00
1.00E-11 1.00E-03 1.00 1.02 25.51 11.00
1.00E-12 1.00E-02 1.00 1.22 30.56 12.00
6.31E-13 1.58E-02 1.00 1.38 34.42 12.20
4.47E-13 2.24E-02 1.00 1.58 39.42 12.35
3.16E-13 3.16E-02 1.00 1.92 48.12 12.50
 [H+] [OH-] alpha(A-) phi Vb pH
[acid] = 0.10 1.00E-01 1.00E-13 0.09 -0.45 -11.36 1.00
[base] = 0.10 7.94E-02 1.26E-13 0.11 -0.38 -9.51 1.10
Va = 25.00 6.31E-02 1.58E-13 0.14 -0.30 -7.57 1.20
Ka = 1.00E-02 5.01E-02 2.00E-13 0.17 -0.22 -5.58 1.30
Kw = 1.00E-14 3.98E-02 2.51E-13 0.20 -0.14 -3.53 1.40
3.16E-02 3.16E-13 0.24 -0.06 -1.44 1.50
2.51E-02 3.98E-13 0.28 0.03 0.67 1.60
2.00E-02 5.01E-13 0.33 0.11 2.80 1.70
1.58E-02 6.31E-13 0.39 0.20 4.93 1.80
1.26E-02 7.94E-13 0.44 0.28 7.03 1.90
1.00E-02 1.00E-12 0.50 0.36 9.09 2.00
7.94E-03 1.26E-12 0.56 0.44 11.07 2.10
6.68E-03 1.50E-12 0.60 0.50 12.48 2.18
5.01E-03 2.00E-12 0.67 0.59 14.67 2.30
3.98E-03 2.51E-12 0.72 0.65 16.24 2.40
3.16E-03 3.16E-12 0.76 0.71 17.65 2.50
2.51E-03 3.98E-12 0.80 0.76 18.88 2.60
2.00E-03 5.01E-12 0.83 0.80 19.94 2.70
1.58E-03 6.31E-12 0.86 0.83 20.85 2.80
1.26E-03 7.94E-12 0.89 0.86 21.62 2.90
1.00E-03 1.00E-11 0.91 0.89 22.25 3.00
7.94E-04 1.26E-11 0.93 0.91 22.78 3.10
6.31E-04 1.58E-11 0.94 0.93 23.21 3.20
5.01E-04 2.00E-11 0.95 0.94 23.56 3.30
3.98E-04 2.51E-11 0.96 0.95 23.85 3.40
3.16E-04 3.16E-11 0.97 0.96 24.08 3.50
2.51E-04 3.98E-11 0.98 0.97 24.26 3.60
2.00E-04 5.01E-11 0.98 0.98 24.41 3.70
1.58E-04 6.31E-11 0.98 0.98 24.53 3.80
1.26E-04 7.94E-11 0.99 0.99 24.63 3.90
1.00E-04 1.00E-10 0.99 0.99 24.70 4.00
7.94E-05 1.26E-10 0.99 0.99 24.76 4.10
6.31E-05 1.58E-10 0.99 0.99 24.81 4.20
5.01E-05 2.00E-10 1.00 0.99 24.85 4.30
3.98E-05 2.51E-10 1.00 1.00 24.88 4.40
3.16E-05 3.16E-10 1.00 1.00 24.91 4.50
2.51E-05 3.98E-10 1.00 1.00 24.92 4.60
2.00E-05 5.01E-10 1.00 1.00 24.94 4.70
1.58E-05 6.31E-10 1.00 1.00 24.95 4.80
1.26E-05 7.94E-10 1.00 1.00 24.96 4.90
1.00E-05 1.00E-09 1.00 1.00 24.97 5.00
7.94E-06 1.26E-09 1.00 1.00 24.98 5.10
6.31E-06 1.58E-09 1.00 1.00 24.98 5.20
5.01E-06 2.00E-09 1.00 1.00 24.98 5.30
3.98E-06 2.51E-09 1.00 1.00 24.99 5.40
3.16E-06 3.16E-09 1.00 1.00 24.99 5.50
2.51E-06 3.98E-09 1.00 1.00 24.99 5.60
2.00E-06 5.01E-09 1.00 1.00 24.99 5.70
1.58E-06 6.31E-09 1.00 1.00 25.00 5.80
1.26E-06 7.94E-09 1.00 1.00 25.00 5.90
1.00E-06 1.00E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.00
7.94E-07 1.26E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.10
6.31E-07 1.58E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.20
5.01E-07 2.00E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.30
3.98E-07 2.51E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.40
3.16E-07 3.16E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.50
2.51E-07 3.98E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.60
2.00E-07 5.01E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.70
1.58E-07 6.31E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.80
1.26E-07 7.94E-08 1.00 1.00 25.00 6.90
1.00E-07 1.00E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.00
7.94E-08 1.26E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.10
6.31E-08 1.58E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.20
5.01E-08 2.00E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.30
3.98E-08 2.51E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.40
3.16E-08 3.16E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.50
2.51E-08 3.98E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.60
2.00E-08 5.01E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.70
1.58E-08 6.31E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.80
1.26E-08 7.94E-07 1.00 1.00 25.00 7.90
1.00E-08 1.00E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.00
7.94E-09 1.26E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.10
6.31E-09 1.58E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.20
5.01E-09 2.00E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.30
3.98E-09 2.51E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.40
3.16E-09 3.16E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.50
2.51E-09 3.98E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.60
2.00E-09 5.01E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.70
1.58E-09 6.31E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.80
1.26E-09 7.94E-06 1.00 1.00 25.00 8.90
1.00E-09 1.00E-05 1.00 1.00 25.00 9.00
7.94E-10 1.26E-05 1.00 1.00 25.01 9.10
6.31E-10 1.58E-05 1.00 1.00 25.01 9.20
5.01E-10 2.00E-05 1.00 1.00 25.01 9.30
3.98E-10 2.51E-05 1.00 1.00 25.01 9.40
3.16E-10 3.16E-05 1.00 1.00 25.02 9.50
2.51E-10 3.98E-05 1.00 1.00 25.02 9.60
2.00E-10 5.01E-05 1.00 1.00 25.03 9.70
1.58E-10 6.31E-05 1.00 1.00 25.03 9.80
1.26E-10 7.94E-05 1.00 1.00 25.04 9.90
1.00E-10 1.00E-04 1.00 1.00 25.05 10.00
7.94E-11 1.26E-04 1.00 1.00 25.06 10.10
6.31E-11 1.58E-04 1.00 1.00 25.08 10.20
5.01E-11 2.00E-04 1.00 1.00 25.10 10.30
3.98E-11 2.51E-04 1.00 1.01 25.13 10.40
3.16E-11 3.16E-04 1.00 1.01 25.16 10.50
2.51E-11 3.98E-04 1.00 1.01 25.20 10.60
2.00E-11 5.01E-04 1.00 1.01 25.25 10.70
1.58E-11 6.31E-04 1.00 1.01 25.32 10.80
1.26E-11 7.94E-04 1.00 1.02 25.40 10.90
1.00E-11 1.00E-03 1.00 1.02 25.51 11.00
7.94E-12 1.26E-03 1.00 1.03 25.64 11.10
6.31E-12 1.58E-03 1.00 1.03 25.81 11.20
5.01E-12 2.00E-03 1.00 1.04 26.02 11.30
3.98E-12 2.51E-03 1.00 1.05 26.29 11.40
3.16E-12 3.16E-03 1.00 1.07 26.63 11.50
2.51E-12 3.98E-03 1.00 1.08 27.07 11.60
2.00E-12 5.01E-03 1.00 1.11 27.64 11.70
1.58E-12 6.31E-03 1.00 1.13 28.37 11.80
1.26E-12 7.94E-03 1.00 1.17 29.31 11.90
1.00E-12 1.00E-02 1.00 1.22 30.56 12.00
7.94E-13 1.26E-02 1.00 1.29 32.20 12.10
6.31E-13 1.58E-02 1.00 1.38 34.42 12.20
5.01E-13 2.00E-02 1.00 1.50 37.46 12.30
3.98E-13 2.51E-02 1.00 1.67 41.77 12.40
3.16E-13 3.16E-02 1.00 1.92 48.12 12.50
 strong acid pKa = 2.00 pKa = 4.00 pKa = 6.00 pKa = 8.00
Vb pH Vb pH Vb pH Vb pH Vb
0.00 1.00 -11.36 1.00 -12.49 1.00 -12.50 1.00 -12.50
2.86 1.10 -9.51 1.10 -11.05 1.10 -11.07 1.10 -11.07
5.66 1.20 -7.57 1.20 -9.65 1.20 -9.67 1.20 -9.67
8.31 1.30 -5.58 1.30 -8.31 1.30 -8.35 1.30 -8.35
10.76 1.40 -3.53 1.40 -7.07 1.40 -7.12 1.40 -7.12
12.99 1.50 -1.44 1.50 -5.95 1.50 -6.01 1.50 -6.01
14.96 1.60 0.67 1.60 -4.94 1.60 -5.02 1.60 -5.02
16.68 1.70 2.80 1.70 -4.05 1.70 -4.16 1.70 -4.16
18.16 1.80 4.93 1.80 -3.28 1.80 -3.42 1.80 -3.42
19.41 1.90 7.03 1.90 -2.62 1.90 -2.79 1.90 -2.80
20.45 2.00 9.09 2.00 -2.05 2.00 -2.27 2.00 -2.27
21.32 2.10 11.07 2.10 -1.55 2.10 -1.84 2.10 -1.84
22.03 2.20 12.93 2.20 -1.12 2.20 -1.48 2.20 -1.48
22.61 2.30 14.67 2.30 -0.73 2.30 -1.19 2.30 -1.19
23.09 2.40 16.24 2.40 -0.37 2.40 -0.95 2.40 -0.96
23.47 2.50 17.65 2.50 -0.02 2.50 -0.76 2.50 -0.77
23.77 2.60 18.88 2.60 0.32 2.60 -0.60 2.60 -0.61
24.02 2.70 19.94 2.70 0.68 2.70 -0.48 2.70 -0.49
24.22 2.80 20.85 2.80 1.07 2.80 -0.37 2.80 -0.39
24.38 2.90 21.62 2.90 1.51 2.90 -0.29 2.90 -0.31
24.50 3.00 22.25 3.00 2.00 3.00 -0.22 3.00 -0.25
24.61 3.10 22.78 3.10 2.58 3.10 -0.17 3.10 -0.20
24.69 3.20 23.21 3.20 3.24 3.20 -0.12 3.20 -0.16
24.75 3.30 23.56 3.30 4.01 3.30 -0.08 3.30 -0.12
24.80 3.40 23.85 3.40 4.90 3.40 -0.04 3.40 -0.10
24.84 3.50 24.08 3.50 5.91 3.50 0.00 3.50 -0.08
24.87 3.60 24.26 3.60 7.04 3.60 0.04 3.60 -0.06
24.90 3.70 24.41 3.70 8.28 3.70 0.07 3.70 -0.05
24.92 3.80 24.53 3.80 9.62 3.80 0.12 3.80 -0.04
24.94 3.90 24.63 3.90 11.02 3.90 0.17 3.90 -0.03
24.95 4.00 24.70 4.00 12.46 4.00 0.22 4.00 -0.02
24.96 4.10 24.76 4.10 13.90 4.10 0.29 4.10 -0.02
24.97 4.20 24.81 4.20 15.30 4.20 0.37 4.20 -0.01
24.97 4.30 24.85 4.30 16.63 4.30 0.48 4.30 -0.01
24.98 4.40 24.88 4.40 17.86 4.40 0.60 4.40 0.00
24.98 4.50 24.91 4.50 18.98 4.50 0.76 4.50 0.00
24.99 4.60 24.92 4.60 19.97 4.60 0.95 4.60 0.00
24.99 4.70 24.94 4.70 20.83 4.70 1.19 4.70 0.01
24.99 4.80 24.95 4.80 21.57 4.80 1.48 4.80 0.01
24.99 4.90 24.96 4.90 22.20 4.90 1.84 4.90 0.02
25.00 5.00 24.97 5.00 22.72 5.00 2.27 5.00 0.02
25.00 5.10 24.98 5.10 23.16 5.10 2.79 5.10 0.03
25.00 5.20 24.98 5.20 23.51 5.20 3.42 5.20 0.04
25.00 5.30 24.98 5.30 23.80 5.30 4.16 5.30 0.05
25.00 5.40 24.99 5.40 24.04 5.40 5.02 5.40 0.06
25.00 5.50 24.99 5.50 24.23 5.50 6.01 5.50 0.08
25.00 5.60 24.99 5.60 24.39 5.60 7.12 5.60 0.10
25.00 5.70 24.99 5.70 24.51 5.70 8.35 5.70 0.12
25.00 5.80 25.00 5.80 24.61 5.80 9.67 5.80 0.16
25.00 5.90 25.00 5.90 24.69 5.90 11.07 5.90 0.20
25.00 6.00 25.00 6.00 24.75 6.00 12.50 6.00 0.25
25.00 6.10 25.00 6.10 24.80 6.10 13.93 6.10 0.31
25.00 6.20 25.00 6.20 24.84 6.20 15.33 6.20 0.39
25.00 6.30 25.00 6.30 24.88 6.30 16.65 6.30 0.49
25.00 6.40 25.00 6.40 24.90 6.40 17.88 6.40 0.61
25.00 6.50 25.00 6.50 24.92 6.50 18.99 6.50 0.77
25.00 6.60 25.00 6.60 24.94 6.60 19.98 6.60 0.96
25.00 6.70 25.00 6.70 24.95 6.70 20.84 6.70 1.19
25.00 6.80 25.00 6.80 24.96 6.80 21.58 6.80 1.48
25.00 6.90 25.00 6.90 24.97 6.90 22.20 6.90 1.84
25.00 7.00 25.00 7.00 24.98 7.00 22.73 7.00 2.27
25.00 7.10 25.00 7.10 24.98 7.10 23.16 7.10 2.80
25.00 7.20 25.00 7.20 24.98 7.20 23.52 7.20 3.42
25.00 7.30 25.00 7.30 24.99 7.30 23.81 7.30 4.16
25.00 7.40 25.00 7.40 24.99 7.40 24.04 7.40 5.02
25.00 7.50 25.00 7.50 24.99 7.50 24.23 7.50 6.01
25.00 7.60 25.00 7.60 24.99 7.60 24.39 7.60 7.12
25.00 7.70 25.00 7.70 25.00 7.70 24.51 7.70 8.35
25.00 7.80 25.00 7.80 25.00 7.80 24.61 7.80 9.67
25.00 7.90 25.00 7.90 25.00 7.90 24.69 7.90 11.07
25.00 8.00 25.00 8.00 25.00 8.00 24.75 8.00 12.50
25.00 8.10 25.00 8.10 25.00 8.10 24.80 8.10 13.93
25.00 8.20 25.00 8.20 25.00 8.20 24.84 8.20 15.33
25.00 8.30 25.00 8.30 25.00 8.30 24.88 8.30 16.65
25.00 8.40 25.00 8.40 25.00 8.40 24.90 8.40 17.88
25.00 8.50 25.00 8.50 25.00 8.50 24.92 8.50 19.00
25.00 8.60 25.00 8.60 25.00 8.60 24.94 8.60 19.98
25.00 8.70 25.00 8.70 25.00 8.70 24.95 8.70 20.84
25.00 8.80 25.00 8.80 25.00 8.80 24.96 8.80 21.58
25.00 8.90 25.00 8.90 25.00 8.90 24.97 8.90 22.21
25.00 9.00 25.00 9.00 25.00 9.00 24.98 9.00 22.73
25.01 9.10 25.01 9.10 25.01 9.10 24.99 9.10 23.17
25.01 9.20 25.01 9.20 25.01 9.20 24.99 9.20 23.52
25.01 9.30 25.01 9.30 25.01 9.30 25.00 9.30 23.82
25.01 9.40 25.01 9.40 25.01 9.40 25.00 9.40 24.06
25.02 9.50 25.02 9.50 25.02 9.50 25.01 9.50 24.25
25.02 9.60 25.02 9.60 25.02 9.60 25.01 9.60 24.41
25.03 9.70 25.03 9.70 25.03 9.70 25.02 9.70 24.54
25.03 9.80 25.03 9.80 25.03 9.80 25.03 9.80 24.64
25.04 9.90 25.04 9.90 25.04 9.90 25.04 9.90 24.73
25.05 10.00 25.05 10.00 25.05 10.00 25.05 10.00 24.80
25.06 10.10 25.06 10.10 25.06 10.10 25.06 10.10 24.87
25.08 10.20 25.08 10.20 25.08 10.20 25.08 10.20 24.92
25.10 10.30 25.10 10.30 25.10 10.30 25.10 10.30 24.98
25.13 10.40 25.13 10.40 25.13 10.40 25.12 10.40 25.03
25.16 10.50 25.16 10.50 25.16 10.50 25.16 10.50 25.08
25.20 10.60 25.20 10.60 25.20 10.60 25.20 10.60 25.14
25.25 10.70 25.25 10.70 25.25 10.70 25.25 10.70 25.20
25.32 10.80 25.32 10.80 25.32 10.80 25.32 10.80 25.28
25.40 10.90 25.40 10.90 25.40 10.90 25.40 10.90 25.37
25.51 11.00 25.51 11.00 25.51 11.00 25.50 11.00 25.48
25.64 11.10 25.64 11.10 25.64 11.10 25.64 11.10 25.62
25.81 11.20 25.81 11.20 25.81 11.20 25.81 11.20 25.79
26.02 11.30 26.02 11.30 26.02 11.30 26.02 11.30 26.01
26.29 11.40 26.29 11.40 26.29 11.40 26.29 11.40 26.28
26.63 11.50 26.63 11.50 26.63 11.50 26.63 11.50 26.62
27.07 11.60 27.07 11.60 27.07 11.60 27.07 11.60 27.07
27.64 11.70 27.64 11.70 27.64 11.70 27.64 11.70 27.63
28.37 11.80 28.37 11.80 28.37 11.80 28.37 11.80 28.36
29.31 11.90 29.31 11.90 29.31 11.90 29.31 11.90 29.31
30.56 12.00 30.56 12.00 30.56 12.00 30.56 12.00 30.55
32.20 12.10 32.20 12.10 32.20 12.10 32.20 12.10 32.20
34.42 12.20 34.42 12.20 34.42 12.20 34.42 12.20 34.42
37.46 12.30 37.46 12.30 37.46 12.30 37.46 12.30 37.46
41.77 12.40 41.77 12.40 41.77 12.40 41.77 12.40 41.77
48.12 12.50 48.12 12.50 48.12 12.50 48.12 12.50 48.12

Titration Curves of Weak Acids

14.00

12.00

10.00
strong acid
8.00 pKa = 2.00
pKa = 4.00
pH

6.00 pKa = 6.00

pKa = 8.00
4.00 pKa = 10.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
volume NaOH added
pKa = 8.00 pKa = 10.00
pH Vb pH
1.00 -12.50 1.00
1.10 -11.07 1.10
1.20 -9.67 1.20
1.30 -8.35 1.30
1.40 -7.12 1.40
1.50 -6.01 1.50
1.60 -5.02 1.60
1.70 -4.16 1.70
1.80 -3.42 1.80
1.90 -2.80 1.90
2.00 -2.27 2.00
2.10 -1.84 2.10
2.20 -1.48 2.20
2.30 -1.19 2.30
2.40 -0.96 2.40
2.50 -0.77 2.50
2.60 -0.61 2.60
2.70 -0.49 2.70
2.80 -0.39 2.80
2.90 -0.31 2.90
3.00 -0.25 3.00
3.10 -0.20 3.10
3.20 -0.16 3.20
3.30 -0.12 3.30
3.40 -0.10 3.40
3.50 -0.08 3.50
3.60 -0.06 3.60
3.70 -0.05 3.70
3.80 -0.04 3.80
3.90 -0.03 3.90
4.00 -0.02 4.00
4.10 -0.02 4.10
4.20 -0.02 4.20
4.30 -0.01 4.30
4.40 -0.01 4.40
4.50 -0.01 4.50
4.60 -0.01 4.60
4.70 0.00 4.70
4.80 0.00 4.80
4.90 0.00 4.90
5.00 0.00 5.00
5.10 0.00 5.10
5.20 0.00 5.20
5.30 0.00 5.30
5.40 0.00 5.40
5.50 0.00 5.50
5.60 0.00 5.60
5.70 0.00 5.70
5.80 0.00 5.80
 5.90 0.00 5.90
6.00 0.00 6.00
6.10 0.00 6.10
6.20 0.00 6.20
6.30 0.00 6.30
6.40 0.01 6.40
6.50 0.01 6.50
6.60 0.01 6.60
6.70 0.01 6.70
6.80 0.02 6.80
6.90 0.02 6.90
7.00 0.02 7.00
7.10 0.03 7.10
7.20 0.04 7.20
7.30 0.05 7.30
7.40 0.06 7.40
7.50 0.08 7.50
7.60 0.10 7.60
7.70 0.12 7.70
7.80 0.16 7.80
7.90 0.20 7.90
8.00 0.25 8.00
8.10 0.31 8.10
8.20 0.39 8.20
8.30 0.49 8.30
8.40 0.61 8.40
8.50 0.77 8.50
8.60 0.96 8.60
8.70 1.19 8.70
8.80 1.49 8.80
8.90 1.84 8.90
9.00 2.28 9.00
9.10 2.80 9.10
9.20 3.42 9.20
9.30 4.16 9.30
9.40 5.03 9.40
9.50 6.02 9.50
9.60 7.13 9.60
9.70 8.36 9.70
9.80 9.69 9.80
9.90 11.10 9.90
10.00 12.54 10.00
10.10 13.98 10.10
10.20 15.39 10.20
10.30 16.74 10.30
10.40 17.99 10.40
10.50 19.13 10.50
10.60 20.16 10.60
10.70 21.07 10.70
10.80 21.88 10.80
10.90 22.58 10.90
 11.00 23.21 11.00
11.10 23.77 11.10
11.20 24.30 11.20
11.30 24.80 11.30
11.40 25.31 11.40
11.50 25.84 11.50
11.60 26.44 11.60
11.70 27.12 11.70
11.80 27.95 11.80
11.90 28.98 11.90
12.00 30.28 12.00
12.10 31.98 12.10
12.20 34.23 12.20
12.30 37.31 12.30
12.40 41.64 12.40
12.50 48.01 12.50

ds

strong acid
pKa = 2.00
pKa = 4.00
pKa = 6.00
pKa = 8.00
pKa = 10.00

40.00
 Vb pH Vb x 10^-pH
0.32 2.60 8.07E-04
0.68 2.70 1.36E-03
1.07 2.80 1.70E-03
1.51 2.90 1.90E-03 Gran Plot (pKa = 4.00)
2.00 3.00 2.00E-03
2.58 3.10 2.05E-03 2.50E-03
3.24 3.20 2.05E-03
4.01 3.30 2.01E-03 2.00E-03
4.90 3.40 1.95E-03
5.91 3.50 1.87E-03
1.50E-03

Vb x 10-pH
7.04 3.60 1.77E-03
8.28 3.70 1.65E-03
9.62 3.80 1.52E-03 1.00E-03
11.02 3.90 1.39E-03
12.46 4.00 1.25E-03
5.00E-04
13.90 4.10 1.10E-03
15.30 4.20 9.66E-04
16.63 4.30 8.34E-04 0.00E+00
17.86 4.40 7.11E-04 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.
18.98 4.50 6.00E-04
Vb (mL)
19.97 4.60 5.02E-04
20.83 4.70 4.16E-04
21.57 4.80 3.42E-04
22.20 4.90 2.79E-04
22.72 5.00 2.27E-04
23.16 5.10 1.84E-04 Gran Plot (pKa = 4.00)
23.51 5.20 1.48E-04 (only linear portion)
23.80 5.30 1.19E-04
24.04 5.40 9.57E-05 2.00E-03
24.23 5.50 7.66E-05
24.39 5.60 6.13E-05 f(x) = - 9.89729239468314E-05x + 0.0024758
24.51 5.70 4.89E-05 1.50E-03 R² = 0.999971139
24.61 5.80 3.90E-05
Vb x 10-pH

24.69 5.90 3.11E-05

1.00E-03
24.75 6.00 2.48E-05
24.80 6.10 1.97E-05
24.84 6.20 1.57E-05 5.00E-04
24.88 6.30 1.25E-05
24.90 6.40 9.91E-06
24.92 6.50 7.88E-06 0.00E+00
24.94 6.60 6.26E-06 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
24.95 6.70 4.98E-06
Vb (mL)
24.96 6.80 3.96E-06
24.97 6.90 3.14E-06
24.98 7.00 2.50E-06
24.98 7.10 1.98E-06
24.98 7.20 1.58E-06
24.99 7.30 1.25E-06
24.99 7.40 9.95E-07
24.99 7.50 7.90E-07
24.99 7.60 6.28E-07
25.00 7.70 4.99E-07
25.00 7.80 3.96E-07
25.00 7.90 3.15E-07
25.00 8.00 2.50E-07
25.00 8.10 1.99E-07
25.00 8.20 1.58E-07
25.00 8.30 1.25E-07
25.00 8.40 9.95E-08
25.00 8.50 7.91E-08
25.00 8.60 6.28E-08
25.00 8.70 4.99E-08
25.00 8.80 3.96E-08
25.00 8.90 3.15E-08
25.00 9.00 2.50E-08
25.01 9.10 1.99E-08
25.01 9.20 1.58E-08
25.01 9.30 1.25E-08
25.01 9.40 9.96E-09
25.02 9.50 7.91E-09
25.02 9.60 6.28E-09
25.03 9.70 4.99E-09
25.03 9.80 3.97E-09
25.04 9.90 3.15E-09
25.05 10.00 2.51E-09
25.06 10.10 1.99E-09
25.08 10.20 1.58E-09
25.10 10.30 1.26E-09
25.13 10.40 1.00E-09
25.16 10.50 7.96E-10
25.20 10.60 6.33E-10
25.25 10.70 5.04E-10
25.32 10.80 4.01E-10
25.40 10.90 3.20E-10
25.51 11.00 2.55E-10
25.64 11.10 2.04E-10
25.81 11.20 1.63E-10
26.02 11.30 1.30E-10
26.29 11.40 1.05E-10
26.63 11.50 8.42E-11
27.07 11.60 6.80E-11
27.64 11.70 5.51E-11
28.37 11.80 4.50E-11
29.31 11.90 3.69E-11
30.56 12.00 3.06E-11
32.20 12.10 2.56E-11
34.42 12.20 2.17E-11
37.46 12.30 1.88E-11
41.77 12.40 1.66E-11
48.12 12.50 1.52E-11
lot (pKa = 4.00)

20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

Vb (mL)

ot (pKa = 4.00)
inear portion)

9729239468314E-05x + 0.0024758066
71139

15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Vb (mL)