SKYSCRAPE VOLUME 1A ANATOMY...Be a ene there is delight in making technology and materials work as hard as possible simply because we can - something that dates back to so- Coe et ee Ee ecu ay aegis Ge en eee ead Teg ee ee ee Dr erect en ee Cet emer ee ad Eee ee ee A foe ome ee een seeking to create a higher quality of urban if. While the tall building ‘may not be the only key, with shite resources and with less and less land on which to build itis a vital component of the future city. Energy consumption and atmospheric pollution are also key issues. In Peet er ema a eens The remainder is divided between transport and industy and these factors are linked in a complex chain. By building to greater densities and to higher levels of energy efitiency in urban centers that have Cee a ee eeu te eee i with all its attendant problems. We can also improve the quaity of urban Den eee en eee eee) spend their leisure time in close proximity. Ut ee ed buildings have a far greater visual impact on our cities than any other Rom Sg MU ee mm elUN sSNA ASA See Meg Onze ease} aS NerarE) Pe uca a ceelS Fe AC make aad Ales vuole} INSTRUCTOR LAUREN BROWN el Sacce ae Pe ee ce ie cue ect eae to understand the skyscraper contextually by evaluating its role and impact in dense urban conditions and its formal evolutions as it became an iconic cultural Cy meee Et icon Cue ee mu ee tracking its rise due to innovations in building and construction technologies, analyzing its formulaic anatomy and detailing, and considering the way in which Pec uee aec Course content is delivered primarily through lectures, discussions, and ee ce EM ec Ree See ee ee eis eNOS The Heights: Anatomy of a Skyscraper by Kate AscherVOLUME ONE Ue retin cere ge Sty executed by 16 individual students in the Spring 2018 session ofthis course. Students selected built skyscrapers and analyzed them through the aspects listed below. Analysis was conducted via research, re- constructing that aspect of the tower digitally, diagramming, and graphic Bee eae) ASPECT 1 CITY + ICON + PARTI PS ae oc ea as hea ee ee PC aera ea eave ees ea ue POOP Sa eae Ok eT ASPECT 6 REFLECTION Original diagrams were generated for each case study via a uniform studio graphic, which allowed for a coherent comparative critique and physical exhibit t the conclusion ofthe course. The diagram types are listed and described on the adjacent page. Each case study was concluded with a subjective resection that permitted students to assess the success of the tower relative tothe lectures, readings, and discussions that caried the course throughout the Br‘STACKING CHARTS & LIFT COORDINATION DIAGRAMS Stacking charts are a typical drawing type for towers, demonstrating programmatic organization. Different programs are often grouped in ‘zones’ within the tower and are separated by mechanical levels. Below is a legend demonstrating typical tower functions, as diagramed in the case studies inthis volume. Ike av NSS) aie sh elem Tare Ne) DeSean Re Rome te Rae OED ke its. Lit coordination is integral to tower safety, efzciency, and occupant satisfaction and comfort. Lifts are typically coordinated to serve ‘zones Cee eee Cea een etn cree Cees tas PUSS CRSA UO Se Tce ea CCA} Structure diagrams demonstrate the basic structural logic of each tower. Ree ee Eee re we ener rig Pe ckeviel ey Cae a en Ce ene ae prevailing winds on the tower. Tower massing and form play heavily into aerodynamic optimization. All towers move and sway, so reducing this plays heavily into occupant comfort. All towers are wind tunnel-tested Each case study was concluded with a subjective reftection that permitted RE Ue ee kB om ROR Ua ee See ec eee erent) Bm MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING & FACADE ASSEMBLY Doe} MEP diagrams demonstrate the allocated spaces and continuous vetical shafts for electrical, HVAC, plumbing, bathrooms, telecommunications, fre safety, and other systems within the core at atypical level of each tower. Tower facade assembly diagrams demonstrate the typical component parts of layers that comprise the tower's ‘ski’, key dictating See Eos-+ VOLUME 1A PET EERO REN A) Neto} cee TAZLIN SSO¥ AB AGNIS FSO OP NLE) EeTeYa en DELL eee ALAS EEO REN A) eeu Ad Feeley a owen: os AE Tm) ) a) De OLE RCE ES A) Vib OEE eb ee EINE p Taig AGANNIY FOVYD ‘AB AGNLS FSO Cee Eel DEDEDE AEA ECE) A) Pie OME hBtleb eee YBLN3O SQVYL OTHOM 3NO ALLWAd XIV AG AGNLS ISVO Sel ore sano ET NOY Rens OE ECO) CEPA BAER) 0) YNIHO ‘IWHONYHS Pee meenVOLUME 1B ---- YFTOYIH FOP AG AGNLS ISO PS ME Eele peel Sen COLES} Pee EEC A) Meola CEN eh egy ECAC SL ELDAR RCE A) Poi OME beeb eel Eel eY@ tse RE EATS A) Rel ones dago= Ren OMRSD NL] ALIWTENISON Erle] 3} Re eR) ERE eA RAE RES A) DN EE SUBLUYVNOGVSH ALO OMAR RC ECCLSE LL 6} Pim) RON) n) Enea ey TIVH VYCNVSSVO ‘AB AGNLS 3SVO Ree lem ere REMOVE Ta SVE else]SHANGHAI Cla\ IsmayTNH cans AS eee Ss oa OO RO San) (sas ssaa6s ARCHITECT OF RECORD: TONGJI ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN (GROUP) CO GENERAL CONTRACTOR: SHANGHAI CONSTRUCTION GROUP (SCG) aaa Osea Nal a OLseule mien Rec} Ane) CRI Cd (RJA) Ze aU see isso) cael aay Senge eg Tee Seas Nem NRCan cen Se AN Ca AP ae SNe) ess} ENERGY CONCEPT: KOOPX; VIDARIS, INC. PO el NARMS Uece aN AGL) STC AMeNNIA PLAT) MODERN Cena eA ED sna meee ED senaeee a ya CURSO HOTEL + OFFICE PTO) 53 FLOORS OF OFFICE SPACE Ve NMS Nee) OLE a= (1.2)CONTEXT LOCATION : 501 Yincheng Middle Road, Lujazui, Pudong, Shanghai Located within the heart ofthe city’s riverside financial district, Shanghai Tower joins the Jim Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center as the city’s three tallest buildings. These “supertall’ towers were part of the Lujiazui financial cstrict plan of 1993 that aimed to convert ‘mix of warehouses and open fields, even home to a dairy farm” [3] into a dense urban center. This rapid development and construction of the Shanghai Tower fits the cultural narrative of skyscrapers in America as it highlights China's aspirations of becoming a major economical center. As Jason Barr, an economics professor at Rutgers University, stat- ed: “Impicitin the tower is that Chi- na's economic and political system is just as strong as Westem-style capitalism.” [4] As the second tallest building in the world, it towers over the surrounding skyiine as a symbol for economical success for both city and country.HISTORY + DESIGN AMBITIONS FOR THE FUTURE Currently China burns 47% of the world's coal and its highly polluted air kils 4,000 people a day. [5] The rise in environmental issues surrounding the country's economical growth has lead to new demands in green, high efficiency architecture that could mitigate cities’ carbon footprints. Shanghai tower is a product of China's renewables market, which is the largest market inthe world. tis the first ‘supertal!” building to receive LEED Platinum status and claims to be the world's greenest skyscraper. [6] Funded by the Shanghai Tower Construction and Development Co., a state-owned enterprise, the towers early design aimed to erecta high ef- ficiency building that aspired to have everything someone would need in the attempt to keep people in during lunch hours, minimizing elevator usage and energy consumption. The building also has 200 wind turbines that produces 10% of its total energy consumption. In addition to its en- ergy savings, “developers claim cut 34,000 metric tons from its annual carbon footprint (7] through savings in water consumption and energy saving heating/cooling systems that ‘were incorporated into the design. To lend a better visualization of 34,000 metric tons, one metric ton would be the equivalent of consuming 115 gallons of gasoline What stands out of the elements incorporated in Shanghai Tower's green practices are its 21 sky lobbies dedicated to public use and unrentable. Daniel Winey, Gensier’s ‘managing principal for the Asia-Pa- Giic region, stated that “it’s taking the ideas of Shanghai, where you have all these litle parks and neigh- borhoods, and (turing it) from a horizontal plane to a vertical plane.” [8] The atrium on the eighth floor includes palm trees that stretch into the open 12 story space, providing aa grand park environment inthe sky. These spaces are investments made by the state to keep them dedicated to public use something that Winey highlights as a unique economical decision that would not happen in America.00000000,q “i FORM ‘ACOMPLEX “SUPER BUILDING ip -SSS (Cy RTALL™PROGRAM OFFICE + HOTEL, As the second tallest buiding in the world, Shanghai Tower has a lot of square footage available. Most of the 4 milion square feetis divided between office space and the J Hotel. The lobby leases most of ts space to shops and restraunts but also has a boutique lobby located on the second floor that takes you Up to two more floors of shopping. The second floor also contains the Shanghai Centre Grand Ballroom. The tower also includes amenities like luxry wine cellars, obersavation decks and a VIP buisness centre located at the upper floors. 5]ow? x RG \ ee VV zoTOWER BASE PUBLIC AMENITIES The base of Shanghai Tower was core is not overly emphasized. A mall designed to greet both locals and takes up the first 4 floors ofthe tower tourists with a warm welcome from and reinforces the design concept any direction. Aside from the office of a vertical city. The idea provides and hotel lobby, the ground floor acts _visitors with everything they need as the lobby for an entire city. The within the tower, encouraging floor to tubular extension form the building floor movement. [1] ‘opens up the ground floor so that theOFFICE SPACES Offices take up a bulk of the towers programming with over 50 floors. As part ofthe Lujazui Financial and Trade zone, the new addition of the tower in Shanghai aims to target the growing economy. Floor plans are ‘open and flexible, maximizing the natural daylighting and views of the city. Currently, the tower faces tenant ‘woes as 60 percent of the available space is unoccupied, costing the ‘owners $2 million a week. Spaces now offeres flexible leasing options for companies on an as needed basis. Fit with flexible meeting spaces. [1]HOTEL UNITS The J Hotel has had delays ahead of their opening and has yet to debut butis set to open in 2019.1t claims to be the worlds highest ultra luxry hotel. The floorplan above shows the seperation of the floor plate into 4 hotel rooms. As for the styling of the interior, litle is known since the hotel is still preparing for its grand opening. [3,6]‘SectionIV East-West Section IN)Parking Terrace | Hotel [258 rooms} Office ‘Stacking Diagram Lobby + RetailLocal Express Lift Diagram5] STRUCTURE Located on clay soil and fearing typhoon winds, Shanghai Tower's structure is a simple design that addresses these issues. If you look at the picture on the left, you will see the public spaces found in the sky lobbies, formed by the double skin facade that wraps the tower. Gensler's design won the competition because it kept the buildings structure fairly basic, but with a twistTTT Ca Tao ee et TadSTRUCTURAL CORE The main core of the tower is made of concrete and further supported by super-columns and double belt ring trusses, forming a “simplified mega frame". These rings support the sky lobbies which extend past the main general floor plates of the tower and speed up the construction process by dividing he building into sections, or neighborhoods", making it easier to build up to these larger floor plates (as seen in the lat photo). The tower's structure is praised {or its innovation by saving 32% of its material consumption while also minimizing the total wind-load through the gradual twist in its form. fn]——)—): se IG)| WY Uy YYHf Uf le Y Yy y Yy YY if YU fi HH) Y Hf Ie Y YU ft KR HY | | WS HHS Ht HHS HISTo address the issue of the typhoons, Gensler approached the project with three design strategies: asymettry, tapering core, and rounded edges. By testing diferent rotations and tappeting approaches, Gensler and the Thornton Tomasett (structural engineers on the project) ‘were able to reduce the total wind load on the building by 24%. These tests were carried out in wind tunnels ‘where the firms tested several scaled models in search of the right proportions. Utimatly, the most effiecent model had a 55% scaling factor and a 120° rotation. [Q]SKIN ACLOSER LOOK AT THE FACADE. The Shanghai Tower's fagade is a double curtain wall system comprised of a complex system of varying panel sizes that come together to form its curvilinear exterior. Between the exterior wall (curtain wall A) and the interior wall (curtain wall B) exists a tapering atrium. With twists and tapering, Gensler used Revit and 3ds Max to help with orchestrating the design for construction, ensuring that each panel size was being fitted in the correct location.1 1X SSA W WN SSX QQ0v SV “ AX 2 Exploded Facade The Shanghai towers design aimed to minimize the obstruction of views. This lead to the 144 panels per floor that form the exterior fagade. The number of panels is due to the different sizes that allow for the glass to fit the building with minimum mulion depth, Each of these panels are hung from the perimeter framing that defines the geometry ofthe tower. This structure transferred the exterior facades load to the center of the building with the assists of high strength rods connected to mechanical rooms. During construction, the panels were arranged around the *V" cut as the Point of origin. [12CURTAIN WALL PANELS The vertical gardens and atrium play alarge part of the buildings energy performance as it creates a passive climate system between the two skins, reducing the thermal stress and energy use of the tower. All together, the ariums use of captured air and almost ‘greenhouse’ effect creates a 21% energy efficiency. The exterior skin design accounts for 7% of that efficiency. Curtain Wall A: 26 mm laminated glass assembly. Upper 25% of the panel will have dissolving frit pattern. Curtain Wall B: 30 mm insulated glass assembly. Frit exists between floors. {T] “Gensler team decided that a single piece of glass should not bbe larger than 7'-6" in width to accommodate Chinese floating, coating and thermal glass processing capabilities.”Curtain Wall Panel Types Facade Panel Sizes tu)MEP AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES The design for the Shanghai tower aimed to be China's best preforming tall buildings from the beginning. With 47 different sustainable technologies, the tower was able to a secure both an a American LEED Gold certification and China's three-star Green Building award, Some of these technologies are imbedded into the main design of ‘he building, ike the shape which cuts down on wind resistance. Other techniques include the sky lobbies and atriums, which provide a passive heating and cooling system, “More than 50 per cent of the building's energy consumption comes from the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system.” Danish engineering company Danfoss installed 6,700 water control valves that assist the conditioning systems. Combined with the double facade, ‘Shanghai tower reduces its need for indoor air conditioning, which uses geothermal energy sources. This technique relies on heat absorptionfrom ground sourced heat pump powered from the earth's natural heat. Other sustainable technology includes rain water collectors that support the air conditioning systern, wind turbines that power ‘al of the external lighting’. The building also uses 25 percent of greywater to flush “lower-area toilets and irigate greenery’. These sustainable approaches are also working along side the tower's “smart” system that ulilizes BIM and IBMS technology to manage the buildings conditions and ‘tack its 31 sub-inteligent systems. Shanghai tower achieves an energy saving rate of 54 percent over Chinese efficiency standard and 22 percent over the American efficiency standard. Overall these sustainable practices cut the buildings carbon footprint by an estimated 37,000 metric tons yearly.fete tetREFLECTION During the Fall semester of my Sth year, | participated in a co-op program with the Gensler Chicago office. Everyday, | would walk past a scaled model that towered over 7 feet tall ofthe Shanghai Tower, which Gensler had recently completed. The impressive model satin the lobby because the Chicago office played a key role in the development ofthis tower, sending several employees based in Chicago to Shanghai. At the time | found the whole project interesting and looked up some of the architects involved within the Gensler database and found that the leader of the design team, Jun Xia, had logged over 15,000 hours 5] into this project alone. When the opportunity came around to select a building to study, | chose the Shanghai tower because | wanted to understand the magnitude of Jun Xia's 15,000 hours. What | found was a tower that ‘wraps a sense of simplicity around a complex set of design techniques. For now, Shanghai Tower stands 2nd tallest building inthe world, but reaches to be the stn its sustainable practices. Shanghai tower makes a statement about the potential in green towers and continues to make statements at each level ofits design. | found the conceptual approach to the building to be thought provoking. The design focuses on the relationship the building shares with the people who inhabit it. It provides people with amenities, sky lobbies, and 15 story alriums. Shanghai tower becomes an extension to the downtown as a vertical city. Uncovering the hidden facts behind how this building came to fruition has been a fun exercise of exploring ‘my curiosity and sharing my findings with the class has been a pleasure Its been interesting to see how each of these towers strives to innovate this architectural typology.REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] “Shanghai Tower / Gensler.” ArchDaily, 6 Mar. 2016, wiww-archdaily.comn/783216/shanghai-tower-gensler. [2] “Shanghai Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/shanghai-tower56. [3.8] Langfitt, Frank. “Shanghai Tower: A Crown For The Citys Futuristic Skyline." NPR, NPR, 11 May 2015, www.npr.org/ sections/parallels/2015/05/'1/405875493/shanghai-tower-a-crown-for-the-citys-uturistic-skyline, [4] News, Bloomberg, and Gregory Turk. National Post, 13 Dec. 2017, nationalpost.com/news/world/shanghai-tower- the-worlds-second:-‘allestbuilding-opens-with-a-whimper-after-delays. [5.6.7] Roxburgh, Helen. “Inside Shanghai Tower: Chinas tallest skyscraper claims to be worlds greenest.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 23 Aug. 2016, www theguardian. comicites/20 6/aug/23inside-shanghai-tower-chi nattalest-bulding-green-skyscrapers. [9] Frearson, Amy. “World's second-Tallest building completed in Shanghai.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 19 Feb. 2016, www. dezeen.com/2016/01/11/shanghai-tower-gensler-world-second-tallest-building/. [10] “Shanghai Tower Facts and introduction.” The Tower Inf, thetowerinfo.comvbuildingsist'shanghai-tower!. [11] https://www.genster.com/uploads/documents/Shanghai_Tower_12_22_2010pafIMAGES (AD, F] [E,G,H] w wy KI) (MI) IN (0) I Q) “Shanghai Tower / Gensler." ArchDaily, 6 Mar. 2016, www.archdaily com/783216/shanghai-tower-gensler. “Shanghai Tower Facts and Introduction." The Tower Info, thetowerinfo.comibuildings-lstshanghai-tower “Shanghai Tower by Gensler - Tuvie." Tuvie - Modern Industrial Design Ideas and News, www. tuvie.comishanghai-tower-by-gensler! Zhou, Connie. “SHANGHAI TOWER." Conniezhou, conniezhou.com/portfolio/2016/shanghai-tower. ARX Architects. “Olive Garden, Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China.” Behance, www.behance.netigal lery/24383399/Olive-Garden-Shanghai-Tower-Shanghai-China. Lo, Andrea. “Shanghai Tower Unveils World's Highest Art Spacedfterhours Presentation.” WeS RCH, 12 Feb. 2017, wuw.wesrch.com/afterhours/paper-delails/paper-AF1KYS27LURKU-shang hai-tower-unveiis-world-s-highest-ar-space. hip: /forum.skyseraperpage.com/showthread.php?1=116595 hitp:/Mww.gensleron.com/cties/2012/11/27/shanghai-tower-the-curtain-wall html hitp:/eonniezhou.com/portfolio’2016/shanghai-tower hitps:/www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/Shanghai_Tower_Facade_Design_Process_11_10_2011.pdfMeir: World TowereR g Fe Ne Ate eu a me Cu Re EY CEC OM Olas eget cco (Nessa acd Maas \el s=aa ancien) CaaS} ol aac er CONSTRUCTION DATE: 2011 (finished 2017) None cei) cy TO TOP OF SPIRE: 1,823" (555.7m) EMicRS as PU Coc’ Se NMR Nee Toy (1.2)LOCATION ‘SEOUL, KOREA Located on the southern bank of the Han River in the city of Seoul, Republic of Korea, stands the Jamsil Lotte World Tower. Ranking as not only the tallest in the country, but one ofthe tallest in the worl, the Lotte World Tower's awe inspiring stature dwarfs the rest ofthe city's skyline. Though not centrally ocated within the capital city, Lotte World Tower's presence along the Han River is stil easily fet. Bult as a monument and icon to the economic and cultural center of South Korea, the tower embodies all the finest qualities and characteristics thatthe city has to offer. [B] Street within Seoul in the early ‘twentieth century when Korea was under Japanese occupation. {c] Illuminated at night by its own lights, as well as those of the city, the Lotte World Tower stands tall over Seoul, Korea. (D] Crowded with shoppers and neon signs, modern Seoul is the beating heart of South Koreas economy.DESIGN INCORPORATING THE CULTURE In designing the Lotte World Tower, KPF tumed to the place and culture {or the primary inspiration. With Seoul being a cultural center, it only seemed appropriate to find a way to model the tower so that it could stand as a testament to the culture, and thus, the sleek, tapered curvature ofthe tower was designed to resemble two traditional Korean forms. €) The first of these forms was that of Korean pottery. Though simpli the style illustrates a fui form that draws the eye ever higher towards the tower's spire. The other form, being the traditional and sturdy house found in Korea and throughout East Asia, adds to not only the aesthetic appeal, but also incorporates the tradition of firm structure.Lotte World Tower is extremely sturdy almost tothe point of redundancy, but this isn't without purpose. With the Korean Peninsula stretching out into the East Chin ‘Sea, the location of Seoul is primed for typhoons and earthquakes. The tower itself was designed to withstand strong forces, including that of a Richter9 magnitude earthquake. In comparison to other super structures in the word, the foundation ofthe Lotte World Tower is nearly three times more rigid than that ofthe Burj Khalifa, the tallest tower inthe world. 4.5) a This image of Korean pottery ‘shows the similarity in design to the tower's sleek tapering and heavy vertical presence.Left: A simple parti displaying the large, sturdy base with soft curves and the tapering of the tower towards its spire. Right: The location of the Lotte World Tower within the Gangnum-gu district of Seoul. To the Northwest lies the Han River, and across it, the older city center of Seoul.a SectionElevationShuttle At the time of its completion, Lotte World Tower possessed the ¢ world’s tallest and fastest HS double-decker elevator Local Lifts Lift Coordination_| 123 Total Floors Observation Deck 115-123 a Hotel 80-110 Hotel Amenity Residential 52-76 Residential Amenity Office 11-48 Office Amenity Lobby and Retail 1-9 Stacking Chart(8) oPx-01 ovo1.04 7 om. 01-05 es —~ 5-01-04 wpe 01-04 BASE CONDITION HOTEL LOBBY AND RETAIL The entrance of the Lotte World ‘Tower welcomes both visitors and residents with a large, towering encircling space. Serving as both a lobby for the hotel and the offices above, the intricate design and shapes compliment that of the exterior design. Complete with retail spaces, the base introduces visitors of the landmark tower to the vast luxuries and amenities that it offers. BS curs Right: The 8 story atrium lobby of Lotte World Tower. It houses retail space, as well as serving as the main lobby for the hotelom-01-04-—S \—— ors-01.03 LEVEL 042 OFFICETEL LOBBY/AMENITY OFFICE SPACE WORKING IN THE SKY Though mostly a residential tower, office spaces still occupy roughly a third of the building Designed by Penson, the interior office spaces were meant to incorporate and compliment the design of the rest of the building, as well as bring both Eastern and Westem styles together in a way that would create a vibrant and welcoming atmosphere. What's more impressive is that Top Right: A typical lounge or Penson was able to create the lobby area for an office floor design for these interior floors inside Lotte World Tower. in just four weeks. 6 Bottom Right: Office space in a standard office floor.1-01.03 —— Ol \ 5-01-04 LEVEL 079 HOTEL EVENT HALL SIGNIEL SEOUL LUXURY HOTEL Asuper luxurious hotel, the To top things off, the hotel ‘Top Right: The lounge of the Signiel Seoul boasts an im- features the highest ballroom Signiel Seoul Hotel, the finest pressive rating. With 235 guest in the city of Seoul, a Parisian inall of Korea. ooms ranging in size from banquet style menu by a Mi- 44sqm to 3800sqm, there's a chelin-starred chef, and the oom for every occasion and largest champagne bar in all of visitor. The hotel offers compli- Korea. mentary shoe-shining services, as well as access to the Sa- 7 Jon de Signiel Lounge that all seh i! al e hotel goes beyond just the guests are given. lobby and the lounge, but into every inch of the extravagant space.STRUCTURE BUILT TO LAST In every high rise tower, the The two most prominent concem for the structural vertical supports are the integrity of the building to tower's core made with 2 remain sturdy in changing meter-thick reinforced concrete conditions is paramount. For accompanied by 8 square the Lotte World Tower, being mega-columns made of 3.5 situated in Korea means meter-thick reinforced concrete that in addition to standard at the base of the tower. In concerns for super-tall towers, addition to this, outrigger the structure is within close trusses are utilized both from distance to fault lines and the 39th-44th floors and 72nd- active seismic zones as well 76th floors. Near the top of the as experiencing gale winds tower, belt trusses are utilized from typhoons. Therefore, on the 72nd-76th floors, and in constructing the structural 104th-107th floors. elements of the tower, the engineers took care to ensure (8) the tower would be able to withstand all forces it could experience.Belt Trusses Outrigger Trusses Mega-column CoreWIND ANALYSIS In addition to its strong vertical structural systems, Lotte World Tower's shape and design allows it to perform well against wind loads. The soft curves and sudden break at two comers help wind to easily divert in two directions around the tower. As the tower ascends, the slight taper towards its peak keeps the tower performing well aerodynamically even with increased wind speeds. With the Korean Peninsula experiencing typhoons on an annual basis, the concer for wind loads was very integral to the design. The Tower is rated strong enough to sustain winds of up to 80misec all the way to its peak at 555m above the ground. 4)/ /TOWER SKIN CURTAIN WALL DESIGN The skin of the Lotte World Tower plays an integral role in communicating the image and feeling of the building. Harkening back to the original design concept centered on traditional Korean pottery and calligraphy, the outer skin is characterized by its shining glass and strong vertical movement from the mullions. Though seemingly uniform and monolithic, the tower utilizes twenty different types of glass covering everything from the base, following the soft tapering of the tower and towards the upper sky deck and diagrid structure at the tower's peak. For the majority of the glass covering the tower's office and hotel facilities, a silver insulated coating helps to highlight the building during the day, yet the white lacquered mullions help to characterize the Korean artistry and keep the reflectivity from becoming too intense. 19,10] Right: In the light of the day, the white mullions are highly expressed, adding a feeling of texture and movement.I iThe basic makeup of the curtain wall system includes the incorporation of unitized, insulated glass panels ‘supported and held in place by small mullions on the interior of the wall. From the outside, larger, white lacquered metal mullions help in additional ‘support of the curtain wall and give the tower its characteristic vertical brushwork-look. The glass panels provide a large area for viewers on the interior to look out from while the spandrels cover the edges of the floor plates. This A-B pattern of viewing glass and spandrel follow the vertical movement and tapering of the tower alll the way to its crown.19} LR Se eee ae —— eee —— —————— SSS ——TOWER MECHANICS WHAT KEEPS THE TOWER STANDING In any building, the mechanical systems and makeup can be a complicated and complex task, especially if the added goal of LEED certification in some capacity is desired. For super- tall buildings like the Lotte World Tower, the complexity and difficulty of efficient, effective, and comfortable mechanical systems is daunting. Left: A worker stands high above Seoul on top of a beam of the Lotte World Tower under construction. However, though complex as it is, the architects and engineers of the Lotte World Tower were able to achieve an effective mechanical efficiency through innovation. Not only does the tower meet the standard, but exceeds it when compared to similar super-tall structures.TOWER HEALTH EMERGENCY SYSTEMS For the Lotte World Tower, the building core serves as the beating heart of the tower's mechanical systems. In addition to the groupings of elevators for movement throughout, the core houses service shafts for mechanical, electric, and plumbing. In case of emergency, the service and circulation elevators convert to evacuation elevators. Nineteen total evacuation elevators can transport 15,000 residents to five safety zones on mechanical floors in just over an hour. In comparison, a similar evacuation plan for the Burj Khalifa would take nearly half an hour longer. Fire protection for the tower is exceptional. The tower boasts more than 30,000 fire sensors with fire suppression systems coming from five sources able to provide water continually for five hours. The tower also incorporates a real- time monitoring system with over 600 sensors designed to give insight into the building’s health in case of weather, earthquake, and terror attack. 4]INNOVATION EXCEEDING THE STANDARD In addition to being a cultural icon, the designers of Lotte World Tower wanted the tower to serve as an icon to innovation and setting the bar higher. With climate change as an ever growing concer, environmentally friendly design is a must. For Lotte World Tower, a LEED certification of gold was awarded. Many of the systems that contributed to this include a displacement air and radiant heating and cooling system for the ground floor lobby. With an 8 story atrium at the base level, this system is much more efficient than a conventional air conditioning system. The Tower also incorporates geothermal, photo-voltaic, and wind turbine systems that provide renewable energy for consumption throughout the tower. All outside air units ‘on the tower contain energy recovery wheels that capture exhaust air. Water usage is significantly efficient, with a greywater recycling system and low-flow fixtures that contribute to up to 30% savings on water usage. The glass curtain wall utilizes low insulation glass providing for reduced heat loss in winter, and preventing additional heat in the summer. Other systems including solar energy panels on the top of the tower, greening of the roof, and collection of waste heat from sewage contribute to the complex web of mechanics in the Lotte World Tower. In total, the tower produces over 51,000 megawatt hours annually, equaling about 14.5% of energy use annually. This equates to a reduction of over 23,000 tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere each year. 4]REFLECTION PUTTING THINGS IN PERSPECTIVE Standing currently as the fifth tallest tower in the world, Lotte World Tower stands as a beacon to the economic and social prosperity of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. Characterizing the culture and history of South Korea, Lotte World ‘Tower is more than just an economic symbol. It’s an icon and testament to a rich and vibrant nation within the world ‘community. Beyond its appearances, Lotte World Tower offers a look inside where Korea is and is looking to be for the future. The tower is a wonder of innovation, and considering the amount of resources that go into conception, creation, and maintaince of such a structure, the tower, and complex it tesides in, is a small marvel to behold. Lotte World Tower has a lot to offer to not only Korea, but the future of supertall construction as a whole. Achieving a LEED certification of Gold, the tower is a model to follow for the future, but itis also a benchmark that future architects and developers should aim to exceed. With the concern for the effect of climate change ever growing, the need for sustainable architecture has never been higher. In addition, with the amount of resources and energy required to erect such a structure as Lotte World ‘Tower, we must work to achieve a building model that allows for the greater benefit for not only poeple, but also the planet.REFERENCES INFORMATION {1] “Lotte World Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, www.skyscrapercenter com/building/lotte-world-tower/8. [2] Lotte World Tower - KPF, wwwkpf.com/projectsilotte-world-tower. 3] Yu, Woosk, and Chan Lee, “Seoul.” Encyclopzedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 3 Jan. 2018, www. britannica.com/place/Seoul#ref24014 [4] “LOTTE WORLD TOWER.” Engineering & Technology J LOTTE WORLD TOWER, wawiwt.co.kritowerlenttower Storyitechnology.do, [5] _LERA- Leslie E. Robertson Associates, wwu.lera.com/copy-of-ttejamsi-super-tower-. [6] ‘Ofice Tour: Lotte Tower Offices - Seoul” Office Snapshots, 21 Sept. 2017, officesnapshots,com/2017/09/21/ lotte-tower-offices-seoul. 17] “Signiel Seou! to open in Apri.” Business Traveller ~ The leading magazine for frequent flyers, 27 Feb. 2017, www. businesstraveller.comlaccommodation/2017/02/27/signiel-seoul-to-open-in-april. {8] Kim, Gyu Dong, and Joo Hoo Lee. "Key Technologies for Super Tall Building Construction: Lotte World Tower.” Http://Global.ctbuh.org, International Journal of High Rise Buildings, 2016, global.ctbuh org/resources/pa pers/download/2856-key-technologies-fr-super-tal-building-construction-otte-word-tower pd. [8] *SeouT's Lotte Skyscraper Utiizes 20 Different Types of Glass.” Archpaper.com, 29 Sept. 2017, archpaper. [10] ‘com/2017/09/lotte-world-toweritigallery-0-slide-0. “Lotte World Tower, Seoul.” Verdict Designbuild, www.designbuild-network.com/projectsilotte-world-tower-seoul/IMAGES Al 8) iq (0) () fl (g) tH] 0 Ul K) 4 MI) IN] (0) (PI (Q) IR} {S] al [Be] Grifith, Tim . “Lotte World Tower.” Perspective, Seoul, 17 Oct. 2017, www perspectiveglobal comlarchitecturelotte world-Lower-marks-the-tallest-building in-south-koreal “The Korea Times.” The Korea Times, Seoul, 14 July 2014, www.koreatimes.co.krhwwwinews! culture/2016/09/317_ 160991. html “Darc awards.” Dare awards, Seoul, 14 Sept. 2017, darcawards.com/architectural/lotte-world-tower-mall-south-ko real. “Best Hotels in South Korea.” Online Deal and Buy, Seoul, 1 Dec. 2016, onlinedealandbuy.convtop-30-best-hotels- ‘seoul-korea-50-discount-booking-con “Lotte World Tower in the Evening.” The Skyscraper Center, www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/otte-world- toweri88 “Korean Potten.” The Metropolitan Museum of Ar, www.metmuseum.org/toab/hdl/cela/hd_cela htm. “Lotte World Tower.” Kohn Pederson Fox, wiw.kpf.com/projects/lotte-world-tower “Lotte World Tower Office Space.” Office Snapshots, offcesnapshots.com/2017/0912"/otte-tower-ofices-Seoul/ “Office Space of Lotte World Tower.” Vietdecor, vietdecoration.convhomelindex.php/thong-tin-can-thiettin-tuc-thiet- ke-noi-tha/S07-tham-khao-noi-hat-van-phong-Jotte-cue-hu-do-seoul-han-quoc “Lounge of Signiel Seoul.” Business Traveller, www-businesstraveller.com/accommodation/2017/02/27/signiel- seoul-to-open-in-april! “Signiel Hotel, Seou.” What the Hell News, www.whatthehelinews.comi/6-eye-catching-asias-luxury-hotes/signiel- residences-at-otte-world-tower! “Lotte World Tower.” Kohn Pederson Fox, wiww_kpf.comiprojects/iote-world-tower “Lotte World Tower under Construction.” Arch Daily, www.archdaily.com/425730Wvanity-height-how- much-of-2- skyscraper-is-usable-space/522813e2e8e44e5a610000b4_vanity-height-how-much-of- a-skyscraper-is- usable-space-_6-lotte_world_tower_-doka-jpg! “Lotte World Super Tower 123.” CDC, www.cde-usa.com/portoilotte-super-tower-123 “Lotte World Tower from the Base.” WatchProSite, www.watchprosite.com/timeout/otte-world- tower-/686.1116798.8457 108) “Diagrid of Lotte World Tower.” Architzer, architizer.com/projects/otte-world tower! “South Korean Workers Are Seen from a Crane." Tom Clark Beyond the Pale, tomclarkblog. blogspot.com/2015/12 {oseph-ceravolo-piece-of-glass-stephen. html "Fireworks at the Lotte World Tower.” Steem KR Beta, steemkr.comm/r/@munhwanvkorea-travel-picotte-world- ‘tower-in-seoul “Lotte World Tower in the Morning.” Demax Group, www.demax.ge/blog-single.php?act=5&post_id=29 “Lotte World Tower.” Kohn Pederson Fox, wivw.kpf.com/projectslotte-world-tower “Floor Plans of Lotte World Tower.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/102386591499502703/visual- ssearch/?x=338y=08w=5308h=530o)N T= WORLD TRADE NaOMe L sea) EYRSol re eR Sasso Rel say SOM LON goa Net GU a aus Gua aes \ eh ass Aa eO UUs AUS lotta aie) COTS We eT Wess au aU RMON UW e ees ae cule) Seems R Smee tates Caen cae) aga ACD PES ee sc) BOs ELS SS) GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER: MUESER RUTLEDGE CONSULTING ENGINEERS ee a On OMA a es Sea 0 Saas eee ee seals Naas sarod Sy 2015 MODERN ee heres as ERO ESO OFFICE oestrone ea ee eA OB}CONTEXT LOCATION The Freedom Tower Site is very important being as it is the site of ground zero. It is where the proud Twin Towers once stood and fell. Where thousands of civilians died and hundreds of sreighters followed. Itis where the people of New York stood to together against any nation that meant to do us harm and itis where we moum our loss as humanity. Now the ground zero site works to contain and project all those emotions through its design. The actual site is located in Downtown Manhattan. Near Battery Park. itis bounded by Vesey Street to the north, West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Streetto the South, and Church Street to the EastHISTORY AND DESIGN LIBESKIND'S VISION TO CHILDS COMPLETION The Twin Towers are the obvious predecessor to the Freedom Tower, Tefecting American economic strength and power. They were an iconic landmark for New York City and ‘America. The attacks on September ‘th gave the Twin Towns an entirely new signiicance. The attacks manifested into a rallying together of the American people and the and new construction needed to refiect ‘Americas resiliency and strength as a united people Libeskind Grew up in New York City and moved to Berlin do design his iconic Jewish Museum. The opening day of that museum was September 1, 2001. He thought there because of that a connection was addressed of the darkness and evil in Europe during the Holocaust with the new murderous ideology that led to the attack on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon, against the United States. His goal was to embed the site of ground zero with the values of ‘America - freedom, liberty, tolerance, and participatory society. He started designing the Freedom Tower and the master plan by retracing his own, immigrant path, to New York and exploring his connection with the city, He wanted the site to be a site ‘of memory, left to remember those who perished and celebrate those who aided. This led to devoting most of the site to a memorial and using waterfalls to mask the sounds of the busy streets. The memorial should reach to the bedrock of New York and the rise tothe top of the skyline, Daniel Libeskind sist proposed a master plan for the World Trade Center at ground Zero in New York ‘and was chosen from 2,000 other proposals. It was a holistic design that addresses the site as more than just @ piece of real estate but respects the history and tragedy that go hand in hand with the location. In this proposal the Freedom Tower resembled a ragged crystal that tapered to a sharp, off-center spire. He envisioned a romantic skyscraps asasymbolic “Vertical World Garden” with the buildings height of 1,776 feet torepresent the year America gained its independence. The tited spire was designed to imitate the statue of Liberty from the New York Harbor. Lieskind wrote that the Freedom tower would restore the “spiritual peak to the city.” His early sketches feature energy and connectivity.“We will rebuild. We're going to ‘come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again." 5] Because of a need for more offte space, Libeskind’s plans were and the Vertical Garden never came to fruition, David Childs from Skidmore Owings & Merl (SOM) began work to rethink the Freedom Tower. The new Design retained some of Libeskinds Ideas. The tower sill rises to 1,776 feet and the spire would be off center. A large change would take place in the upper portion of the tower, which would contain a 400 foot high open air shaft that would contain. power turbines and windmills caged in my cords reminiscent of the Brooklyn Bridge. Below, the Tower would twistto form a 1,100 foot spiral that Childs believed would aid in channeling the wind upward toward the power generators in the exposed shaft. When this revised edition of the Freedom Tower was presented in 2003 to the public, there were mixed reviews. Some thought that is captured the essence of Libeskind's Design while others thought that the open air shaft gave the project an unznished look. The main issue with Childs sist revision was the security concems. Because of these concems Childs developed another revision that went back to square one and excluded Libeskind and did litle to represent his ideas. Childs wanted this new tower to evoke “Classic New York ‘Skyscrapers in Elegance and ‘Symmetry’ and ended up being the Freedom tower as we know it today. Fis design incorporated a cubic base rather than a parallelogram. The design is geometric transforming from a square base to from a prefect ‘octagon at the spire. Even with these changes the design was aware of the twin towers that came before it, measuring the same as the original twin towers (200 feet by 200 feet) The height did remain the same from Libeskind's original design at 1,778 feet. Because of the safety and security concerns Libeskind's master plan was also revised to that the tower would be several feet further from the street. The Freedom Tower opened in November 2014. It is off limits to the general public, except the World Observatory on the 100th sor. 34]FREEDOM TOWER EVOLUTION To the right is a set of diagrams elevations describing the different pivot moments in the evolution ofthe Freedom Tower by Daniel Libeskind to the One World Trade Center by David Childs [D]- Reference Image DECEMBER 2002 ‘STUDIO DANIEL LIBESKIND'S ORIGINAL PROPOSAL FALL 2003 ‘STUDIO DANIEL LIBESKIND'S ADAPTION OF THE PROPOSALAUGUST 2003 DECEMBER 2003 JUNE 2005, DAVID CHILDS ADAPTION OF RADICALLY CHANGED CHILDS: DANIEL LIBESKIND’S ORIGINAL LIBESKIND- CHILDS REDESIGN IN RESPONSE TO PROPOSAL. COLLABORATION ‘SECURITY CONCERNSfFFORM AXONOMETRIC In this veiw you can see the unique geometry ofthis structure. The base is a square shape with slight- ly shaved comers and the form transforms on each spor, utimately creating a parallelogram. The spire is what makes this tower the goal height of 1,776 feet.ROOF MECHANICAL ONE WORLD OBSERVATORY UPPER MECHANICAL OFFICE SPACE SKY LOBBY OFFICE SPACE LOWER MECHANICAL LOBBYSTACKING CHART 1/2000 The tower is comprised of mostly fie space. The lobby is a large double height space. Up until bor 20 is mechanical bors since the exterior walls are thick concrete for security and terror threats. Floors 20 through 90 are all offce space only broken up by a sky lobby on fpors 65 and 66. There is then an upper mechanical fibors from spor 90 to 4100. On fbor 100 there is the One World Trade Center Observatory. which isthe only space in the tower ‘open to the public for an entry fee.(el 90 80 70 60 50 4 & 3 8 2LIFT DIAGRAM 1/2000 There are a total of 45 elevators elevators for spors 65 to 75 that in the tower. They are split up to originate on for 65. 5 elevators for 3 banks of 10 for the use of the ‘bors 75 to 90 that also originate offive fors. There are 3 freight from the sky lobby. Lastly there are 2 elevators and then 2 dedicated elevators that go to the observation for the One World Trade Center deck and the 3 freight elevators that Observatory. Each one of the lit go to every fhor. lines in the diagram to the let represent 5 elevators give or take depending on the fpor. There are 10 elevators dedicated to bors 20 to 37.5 elevators for floors 37 to 45. 5 elevators for 42 to 50. 5 elevators for 50 to 65 which. There are 5 express elevators to the express lobby. 5INTERACTION WITH'BASE 1/1000, ® 9/11 MEMORIALRFORMING ARTS CENTER TOWER 3 VISITOR ORIENTATION + EDUCATION CENTER TOWER 4ey PeaEach plan of the One World Trade There are entry points on all 4 sides PLANS Center is unique. Because of the with a dedicated access to tourists continuously tapering form, the fbor on the west side. There is an open plan changes from a perfect square _—_lobby surrounding the core on the on the ftst fbor to an octagonal north, east, and south sides. shape where the north and south sides gradually get shorter while the ‘east and west sides gradually get larger ulimately forming a perfect ‘square once again on the top mechanical foor and root The ground spor plan in dimension is 200 ftx 200 ftin order to pay homage tothe fallen Twin Towers. Pe SS oie =e) Se (el arom seer[E]-Leftimage / South Elevation IE] - Right image / South-East ElevationSTRUCTURE The Freedom Tower utilizes a hybrid structure that includes @ concrete sheer wall core thatis shown above with the red box. A Steel frame around the perimeter ofthe building where you see the grid of tin the diagram above. These added mem- bers add rigidity to the building and are actualy structurally redundantAERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION Because the tower is Tapered, there are smaller surface areas and therefore reduces the wind load on the structure.BASE FACADE The Freedom Tower facade is broken up into 2 sections. The sist is at the base, which includes the irst 20 stories. This base act as a bunker with thick, windowless, fortiied concrete for safety. The gal was to disguise these thick uninviting, bunker light elements as light, re- ‘lective and welcoming. The original plan was to use prismatic glass that would be highly refective. However the panels that were designed were difscult to make and shattered easily New new design forthe base facade includes glass ins that are approxi- mately 13 feet by 2 feet positioned at varying angles and are held together by astee! frame that would pebble rather than shatter. The pattern at the base accommodates ventilation for mechanical levels and refracts light to create a dynamic shimmering surface to mask the heavy concrete walls within 6)CURTAIN WALL The second section ofthe facade is made up of 3 foot by 5 foot modular platforms. These we assembled using mega frames of trapezoidal shape which each incorporate a custom mecho-shape track guide into the back of the mullions and tapers off a 3.72 degrees. Because of the need for maximum security, the anchorage was designed for blast resistance by using a system of high strength anchors and reinforces glass. Considering wind loads, the curtain wall contains a varity of thicknesses ranging from 1-%" to 1.- 27/32’. There are 3 mechanical plenum's which are faced with fully louvered walls. There are also win- dow washing components on every vertical mullon to allow a swing stage to be redirected when covering the slopes of the building 7.8)oS US Scueecg Sustainable, helping to awad the esol eer tos RU ONS OE RSs) Cee ieee spandrel -this allows natural light to ere eee ee peroent of ofice space which greatly diminishes the electricity needed to light the building during buissiness hours. Ly DM ae Oe ata Se Perel) technology. This sustainable design Par Tey Cerone 1) 1c}/ SSOooo e vl = i = = BEE KR (ons) OPIcIor ie MECHANICAL There are 2 primary HVAC systems _standards, natural gas powered fuel _building management system to in the One World Trade Center. The calls are used to generate electricity optimize indoor air quality based on ‘sts forall the tenant spaces and and heat for the tower. There is also. _—_ data collected by sensors throughout the second is for all the shared and a high level air titration and pressur- _the building. There is a gray water Public spaces. Each tenant spor is ized emergent exit stairwells. The harvesting system that collects 100 conditioned using 2 water cooled tower also utilized rain harvesting to percent of rain water that works to DX units. These units function by Use in watering the plantings in and -—_water the surrounding vegetation. receiving cool water from a plant around the site. located underneath the 9/11 memori- (9), (10) al. The common areas including the The tower utilized sustainable equip- lobby, circulation, and retail spaces ment which aided in the LEED Gold are cooled using Air Handling Units certifvation including variable-speed located in the basement. fans and pumps that adapt to varying levels of occupancy to maximize In order to achieve high safety efficiency. There is a high-tech4REFLECTION Originally, | was drawn to the One Looking at the design process of the World Trade center because it was Tower from the Freedom Tower by ‘one ofthe frst building | followed Danie! Libeskind to the One World the news about. Since | grew up in Trade Center by David Childs, | am New Jersey, 40 minutes from New frustrated by the lack of a middle York City, | remember the events ground in between the Design that of September 11th. | remember Libeskind and Childs were working originally hearing about the tower, on together to the Tower we now thatit was going to be a new and recognize as the One World Trade taller tower than the twin towers, and Center. Its feels disingenuous to my fst thought was “that is stupid the design process because there I thought when | was younger that is a clear progression of the design itwas unwise to test fate. That as up until this point. | went into this. a country, we should cut our losses analysis thinking that Libeskind had and move on. | leamed over time an integral role in the design of the thatmy original notions of the tower Tower. After this research | now see were wrong. The One World Trade that even though Libeskind won the center isthe manifestation of a competition and was commissioned Tomantic noon — Americas resilient for this project it was David Childs and strong despite the horrible and SOM who were in control of attacks of 9/11. The 9/11 museum the shal outcome ofthe project. stands to remember the tragedy Despite my misgivings with the of that day. The Memorial cuts into design process. The design is very the foundation to remember those successful with a simple modem who were last and celebrate their form while being innovative and lives. The Tower symbolizes us, as a _iconic which is a very hard balance nation, moving forward, to ind. Because of the Twin Towers history, security was a very important aspect to the design process of the One World Trade Center. However, {found that a lot ofthe security features, such as the 10 thick conerete walls around the core, were speci to the 9/11 attack and preventing the exact same attack. Because of this | found many of the security features more as tribute rather than productive tothe building design or function and therefore a waste of money. Same holds true of the almost 2x redundant structure. The security measures also make sure that employees are the only ‘ones who enter the lobby. Yes, tourists are allowed in to go to the ‘One World Observatory for an entry fee. Because of these particular security features, the tower lack permeability atthe ground level and does a poor job of providing amenities to the people who work in the tower. The facade | found very interesting At the lower levels the glass had to be designed to be shatterproof and the is of glass that were ultimately used | think refects the light and surrounding in an interesting and ‘new way. The rest of the tower is covered in a very refective glass which works well and adds to the sleek look of the tower and how it reftcts the sky that surrounds it Overall | think the One World Trade Center is a simple and strong design that does a lotto contribute to the New York Skyline and culture. For many people, including myself it is an icon of the American reliant nature and strength as an untied nationREFERENCES INFORMATION [1] “One World Trade Center / SOM." ArchDaily, 14 Sept. 2016, www.archdaily.com/795277/one-world-trade-center som (2) Rahimian, Ahmad, and Yoram Eilon. “One World Trade Center.” STRUCTURE magazine, wwwstructuremag org/?p=1885 {3]_Vinnitskaya, trina, “Ground Zero Master Plan / Studio Daniel Libeskind." ArchDaily, 23 Sept. 2012, www.archdelly comm/272280/ground-zero-master-plan-studio-daniet-ibeskind [4] Craven, Jackie. “The Evolving Design of 1WTC - Freedom Tower.” ThoughtCo, 8 Mar. 2017, www.thoughtco.com one-world-trade-design-4065225. {5] “Let Us Never Forget 9-11: One World Trade Center Building Almost Complete.” Gould Design, Inc.’s Blog, 10 Sept. 2013, goulddesigninc.wordpress.con/2013/09/ 0/et-us-never-forget-9-11-one-world-trade-center-building almost-copletel [6] _Agovino, T. (2011, November 04). 1 World Trade gets its glass pedestal. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http:waw crainsnewyork.com/article/20111104/REAL_ESTATE/111109949/1-world-trade-gets-its-glass-pedestal [7] Cladding an Icon. (n.¢.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https://glassmagazine. com/article/commercial/cla- ding-icon-1311598 [8] (n.d). Retrieved Api 06, 2018, from http:/hyww bensonglobal. con/projects/one-world-trade-center-himl [9] “HVAC Information - One WTC A2." Google Sites, sites.google.comisitelonewtcaZ/hvacinformation. [10] “One World Trade Center Becomes Tallest LEED Building in the Westem Hemisphere.” SOM, www.som.comnews one_world_trade_center_becomes_tallest_leed_building_in_the_westem_hemisphere.IMAGES ‘Al 8) (c] (0) FF (6) {H] 0 “One World Observatory.” National Elevator Cab & Door Corp, necd com/one-world-observatory! Mitchel, John N. “Mitchel: Economic inequity didn't fall with the Twin Towers.” The Philadelphia Tribune, 12 Sept. ‘2017, www.phillytib. com/commentary/mitchell-economic-inequity-didn-fll-with-the-twin-towers/art cle_5b1fd510-980b-Sef-2e4c-d60cea35cb67himl. Craven, Jackie. “The Evolving Design of 1WTC - Freedom Tower." ThoughtCo, 8 Mar. 2017, www.thoughtco.com ‘one-world-trade-design-4065226. “Let Us Never Forget 9-11: One World Trade Center Building Almost Complete." Gould Desig, Inc's Blog, 10 Sept. 2013, goulddesignine wordpress, com/2013/09/1Oflet-us-never-forget-2-11-one-world-trade-center-building almost-completel “One World Trade Center / SOM.” ArchDaily, 14 Sept. 2016, www archdaily.com/795277/one-world-trade-center som. “Ecitorial and Creative Photos.” AP Images, www.apimages.cony. “One World Trade Center.” SOM, www.som.com/projects/one_world_trade_center. Primeiro Observatorio Do Mundo (Nova York).” BLOG RCI TRAVEL, 20 Sept 2017, blog.rcitravel.com.brlo-pr meiro-observatorio-do-mundol. POHL ventilated curtain walls. (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https:/www.pohl-facades.com/en/facade-sy tems/ventilated-curtain-walls/Was ikcrm PODS eM aired Perea ENGINEER TYPE: Evergreen Consulting Engineering; Thorton Tomesett CONSULTANT TYPE: Continental Engineering Consultants, Inc CITY: Taipei Coane eID) COUN} Seat) 1,667 TO TOP OF SPIRE 3,850,455 SQFT 101 STORIES PSNI} Se Nasa Am Pn) ence Cec) ‘bor spanning: steelTaipei 101 disappearing into the dlouds. Climate Taipei 101 stands in the Xinyi District of Taipei - the capital of Taiwan. Taipei has a sub-tropical climate which means hot, humid summers and mild winters. Reinfall throughout the year is consistent and averages about 48 inches a year. Demographics Taipei has four primary ethnic groups that include the aborigines, Hoklos, Mainlanders, and Hakkas. Culture and Symbolism The number eight is correlated with luck, abundance and prosperity in Chinese-speaking cultures. This is why Taipei 101 has eight modules with eight 2pors in each module. The number 101 represents January ‘st, the itst day of the New Year. This is the reason Taipei 101 traditionally has been an icon for the New Year in Taiwan There is no 44th spor in Taipei 101 because the number four is considered unlucky in Chinese speaking cultures. Population Growth 1950 = 503,000 people 1975 = 2,023,000 people 2000 = 2,630,000 people 2018 = 2,691,000 people Sustainability In 2011, Taipei 101 received a LEED Platinum certitzation for Operations and Maintenance. Height 8th tallest tower in the world Sth tallest in Asia Tallest in Taiwan Tallest in TaipeiTYPICAL PLAN 1-26 1A] some plans vary within The number four is considered unlucky in the Chinese culture, and because of this, there is no 44th bor in Taipei 101. Rather, foor 43 is labeled 42A, and bor 44 is labled 43. There is an observatory that spans over four sbors - 87th to 91st. Floor 101 ishome toa VIP club named ‘Summit 101. Hollywood movie stars, important foreign relations and some Taiwanese doctors are the few that have been invited to this exclusive VIP club. ‘As said earlier, number eight is considered lucky in the Chinese culture, so there are eight modules in Taipei 101 with eight fors in each. At the top of each module, there are mechanical fbors with garbage systems, ventilation equipment, MEP services and water storage. Every new year, freworks are launched from Taipei 101 from multiple stories. The actual opening day of the building took place on New Year's Eve 2004.TYPICAL PLAN 27-91 [A] some plans vary within[1] Entrance to Taipei 101COCO TLL wis mCi MUA Sr CL [E] Shopping MallPROGRAM DIAGRAMEy orice _—Floor 91 (outdoor observatory) 1] COMMERCIAL = Floor 89 (indoor observatory) PARKING fy Mecranica BB o2seRvarionTOWER LIFT DIAGRAM TAIPEI 101[_] oemrvata mete Bite Floors 59 & 60 } Floors 34 & 35N> "= 270){F] Observatory Deck There is an indoor observatory on the 89th spor of Taipei 101. The indoor observatory provides a 360 view of the city of Taipei. There is an outdoor observatory deck on the 91st or where visitors can see the city. Sometime, concerts are held on this terrace area. Taipei 101’s exterior skin is different shades of blue and green. The exterior skin actually changes colors seven different times - a different color for every day of the week. Taipei 101 housed the two fastest elevators in the world (at the time it was built traveling at 55.2 feet per ‘second. This meant that it would take about 44 seconds to reach the 89th Dor.[G] View from Observatory DeckMaterials - 60ksi Steel ~10,000 psi Concrete Structural System -braced core with belt trusses -belt truses at every 8 {bors -steel frame -Hshaped steel beams -conerete slabs and metal decks Lateral Load Resisitance -braced moment frames in building's core -perimeter moment frames -shear walls -basement frst 8 thors Foundation Information -foundation slab 10 feet = thinnest part 16 feet = thickest part -380 piles that are almost 5 feet diameter CHALLENGES “Taipei is a coastal city that experiences alot of ground movement -weak soil concitions typhhon winds earthquakes[g] MASS TUNED DAMPER Countenweight Taipei 101 was ranked the world’s toughest building by Popular Mechanics in 2015. Not only is this massive skyscraper located in the typhoon-prone city of Taipei, it is also only a few hundred feet from a major fault ine. There is a 730 ton counter-weight (mass damper) on top of the structure that counteracts the movement of the earth. Thomton- Tomasetti Engineering designed this mass damper. It is an 18 foot diameter sphere made up of circular stee! plates. The mass damper is held within the core of the buiding, The core of Taipei 101 consists of sixteen columns in a square - four (on each side. These steel columns are ‘fled with concrete for added strength. The combination of steel and concrete make the columns extremely heavy, sturdy and fexibl. The concrete illed portion of the columns only occur until the 62nd for, where the weight would be too much to bare. Between fpors 1 and 26, the four individual building faces have multiple rows of columns that are labeled ‘super columns’, ‘sub- super columns’ and corner columns.na reee (080m) The structural system of Taipei 101 is extremely impressive for its size. The skin of the building - double paned blue-green curtain walls - block external heat by 60 percent. At the top of each eight modules, there is a one-story tall truss system. The truss system paired with the mega- columns allows for the building to withstand up to 95 millimeters of seismic lateral displacements, 95 millimeters is equivalent to roughly 3.75 inches. Some call Taipei 101 “earthquake proof. There have been reports of tourists in Taipei 101 taking pictures with their phones while an earthqueke was occurring. The massive counterweight offset the violent horizontal displacement of the earth. The occupants of Taipei 101 were “unfazed” by the 6.3 magnitude earthquake.LATERAL LOAD STUDIES it tose al ible a Macarius aaed The diagram above represents the power sprectral densities ofthe accelerations at the basement of the tower. ‘As you can see, when the earth moves, the tower moves a lotatsrst but then levels out becasue of the mass damper.Opaque ——¥——@—— Transparent Reflective —@—_—____— Non-reflectiveSTICK SYSTEMGreen/Blue Skin Counterweight Material Supplier HVAC - Cartier, York Cladding - Permasteeisa Group Sealants - Dow ComingCorporation Construction Hoists -Alimak Hek Steel - China Steel Corporation; Nippon Steel & Sumitono Metal Facade Maintenance - CoxGomyl Corporation Fire Proothg - Grace Construction Products Flooring - CS Group Construction Specialties CompanyThe facade consists of highly reft-ctive double-paned glass curtain walls which block solar heat gain by 50 percent. There are many other sustainable features within Taipei 101 such as custom lighting controls, energy ficient luminaries and a smart Energy Management and Control System.Thin Light Thin Light Mullions — @—— Thick —@—_—_—_—_—_ Dark Columns —— @ Thick —@e—___——_ DarkSUMSELERS UH aMEP Diagram 12 =LEED CERTIFICATIONS US Green Building Council LEED v4 (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, Version 4) - highest level of Platinum in the category of Operation and Maintenance of Existing Buildings According to TAIPE! 101 Green Building, Taipei 101 isthe “rst supertall building outside of the US. to have achieved this feat, and the only building in Taiwan to be recognized.” Taipei 101 received this award in 2011, and has continued to challenge this sustainability title every year since. The Chief Operating Oficer of the US. Green Building Council, Mahest Ramanujam, presented the LEED v4 Platinum Plaque to one of the Chairmen of Taipei 101 in 2011 According to the energy efitient company, Siemens, EMCS is “an energy management system which employs computer technology to monitor and control equipment scattered throughout a facility’ There are sensors and control devices that are placed throughout the building, These sensors and control panels connect to the central computer that then analyzes the information and begins control actions. The EMCS provides reports for the human operator, who can override the system manually Almost 3,000 t reduction in annual CO2 emissions -Annual reduction of water consumption by 28,000 tons Annual reduction of waste by 1,264 tons -Annual reduction of electrical power by 48 million kWh -Annual savings of $700,000 due to reduced power consumption 8)Certified Silver Gold Platinun 9 points earned 50-59 points earned 60-79 points earned 80+ points eaEMERGENCY SYSTEMS Taipei 101 If there's a power failure, the building automatically tums on the emergency generators, These generators provide about 70 percent of the overall power. There's an uninterruptible power supply, also known as a UPS, that makes sure the crucial systems like control and secutty are running before the emergency generators turn on. HVAC Systems Centrifugal chillers -Giycol chiller -loe storage tank 40-52 Variable Air Volume (VAV) boxes on each for There are lightening rods. placed at the top of the tower and at each mechanical £por to avoid lightening strikes. Fire Protection System = Taipei 101 is divided into separate 4#¥e zones with étewalls, shutters and wall lings - ait conditioning wil automatically shut off where smoke is detected - non-fammable materials for the building base = there are two sreproof refuge £pors on each mechanical for -the refuge rooms are connected to a refuge balconyPressurized corridors and Staircases Outdoor refuge balcony Refuge roomsREFERENCES [PAGES 152-161] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < httpi/ww.skyscrapercenter.com/bulding/taipe-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 -A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 < http:/imww.archinomy.com/case-stud iesI671haipei-101-a-case-study> [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Joumal of the American Institute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https: /iwmw. popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructurelg2237/orlds-10-toughest buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Earthquake; Apri 22, 2015 < http://www. dailymailco.uk/news/peoplesdaily/atcle-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling-1-677ft-Tatwanese-skyscraper-carthquake-unfazed-carry-taking-pictures.html> [6] Knajuria, Abheok. Seminar Report on Taipei 101: A Building with a Difference ‘Taipei 101” March 30, 2016 < hitips:/iwww slideshare netlabheekkhajuriala-building-with-2-dfference-taipei-101> IMAGES. [A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < hitp:/travelhdwallpapers. ccomitaipei-101-high-resolution/> [B] Jhawar, Krishna. SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https://mww.slideshare.net/KrishnaJhawartai pei-101-14004855> [C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage com < https:iskyscraperpage.comicities/?buldinglD=18>REFERENCES [PAGES 162-173] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < httpi/ww.skyscrapercenter.com/bulding/taipe-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 -A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 < http:/imww.archinomy.com/case-stud iesI671haipei-101-a-case-study> [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Joumal of the American Institute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https: /iwmw. popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructurelg2237/orlds-10-toughest buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Earthquake; Apri 22, 2015 < http://www. dailymailco.uk/news/peoplesdaily/atcle-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling-1-677ft-Tatwanese-skyscraper-carthquake-unfazed-carry-taking-pictures.html> [6] Knajuria, Abheok. Seminar Report on Taipei 101: A Building with a Difference ‘Taipei 101” March 30, 2016 < hitips:/iwww slideshare netlabheekkhajuriala-building-with-2-dfference-taipei-101> IMAGES. [A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < hitp:/travelhdwallpapers. ccom/taipei-101-high-resolution/> [B] Jhawar, Krishna. SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https:/www.slideshare.net/KrishnaJhawarttai pei-101-14004855> [C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage com < https:skyscraperpage.comicities/?buldinglD=18> [D] Entrance to Taipei 101, December 23, 2016 Askideas < hitps:/iwww.askideas.com/25-most-beautiful-tai pei-101-tower-pictures-and-images/> [E] Taipei 101 Shopping mall, Hotels.com Taiwan < http:/Awww-taiwan-hotels.nettaipeitaipe-101-shopping-mall him> [F] Teipei 101, July 13, 2018 Walking Through Wonderland < htp:/walkingthroughwonderiand.comtai pei-t01> [G] Brockett, Charles Cities, Mounts, Ice Ships Pinterest < https://mww.pinterest.com/ pin/574983077401281422/>REFERENCES [PAGES 174-183] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < http. skyscrapercenter.com/bulding/taipe-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 -A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 < http:/imww.archinomy.com/case-stud iesI67 haipei-101-a-case-study> [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Joumal of the American Institute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4 Evans, Jonathan, Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https: /iwmw. popularmechanics.com/technologyfinfrastructurelg2237/Worlds-10-toughest-buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Earthquake; April 22, 2015 < http://w dailymailco.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling-1-677f-Talwanese-skyscraper-earthquake-unfazed-cary-taking-pictures.html> [6] Khajuria, Abheek. Seminar Report on Taipei 101: A Building with a Difference ‘Taipei 101’ March 30, 2015 < hittps:/iwww slideshare.netlabheekkhajuriala-building.with-a-difference-taipei-101> [7] Qs. Li, MASCE; Lun-Hai Zhi; Alex Y. Tuan; Chin-Sheng Kao; Sheng-Chung Su; Chien-Fu Wu; January 2011: Dynamic Behavior of Taipei 101 Tower: Field Measurement and Numerical Analysis Journal of Structural Engineering < http:/tww hnutest.comfuploadsiet2015/1012/20151012123150968 p>IMAGES {A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < http:/travelhdwallpapers. comaipei-10'-high-resolution!> [B] Jhawar, Krishna, SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https:/www.slideshare.net/KrishnaJhawarftai pei-101-14004855> [C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage. com < htips://skyscraperpage.com/ciies/buildingID=18> [D] Patel, Deep, LEED GA, August 2014 Project Taipei 101 Slideshare < https:/wwwsiideshare.nelDeep pate!181/projecttaipae-101> {E} htips:jetsettimes, com/2012/09/25/interview-taipei-104/ [F] Hung, Wendy; September 25, 2012 Interview With Taipei 101: Newsweek's “One of the Seven New Wond ers ofthe World’ Jetset Times < https:/jetsettimes.com/201W2/09/25/interview-taipe!-101/> {G] iNux, September 4, 2008 fickr < https:/www.tickr com/photos/rinux/2885419140> [TH] Amusing Planet < http:/Amww.amusingplanet.com/2014/08ithe-728-ton-tuned-mass-damper-oftaipehiml> Ill The High-Speed Elevator Taipei 101 < https:/mww.taipei-101.com.tw/en/observatory-damper.aspx>REFERENCES [PAGES 184-193] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < httpi/ww.skyscrapercenter.com/bulding/taipe-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 -A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 < http:/imww.archinomy.com/case-stud iesI671haipei-101-a-case-study> [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Joumal of the American Institute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https: /iwmw. popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructurelg2237/orlds-10-toughest buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Earthquake; Apri 22, 2015 < http://www. dailymailco.uk/news/peoplesdaily/atcle-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling-1-677ft-Tatwanese-skyscraper-carthquake-unfazed-carry-taking-pictures.html> [6] Knajuria, Abheok. Seminar Report on Taipei 101: A Building with a Difference ‘Taipei 101” March 30, 2016 < hitips:/iwww slideshare netlabheekkhajuriala-building-with-2-dfference-taipei-101> 7) Cox Gomy < http:/iwmw coxgomyl.com/products!> IMAGES: [A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < hitp:/travelhdwallpapers. ccom/taipei-101-high-resolution!> [B] Jhawar, Krishna. SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https://www.slideshare.net/KrishnaJhawarltai pei-101-14004855> [C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage.com < https:skyscraperpage.comlcities!?buldinglD=18> [D] Malcolm Lu, 2012 The Awesome Taipei 101 Tower, Deviant Art < https://galen82 deviantart comv/art/The- ‘Awesome-Taipei-101-Tower-312064381> [E| Taipei, Taiwan 23 June 2015 Taipei 101 to Replace Extemal Lighting With LEDs CTBUH Global News < http/www.ctbuh.org/News/GlobalTallNews/tabid/48 {O/languagelen-USiDefault aspx> [F] Taipei 101 The SkyScraper Center < http:/www skyscrapercenter.com/buiding/taipel-101/117>REFERENCES [PAGES 194-199] INFORMATION [1] Cheng, Sidney, July 07, 2017: TAIPEI 101 Receives LEED v4 Certiftation From U.S. Green Building Counc il as All-Time Top Scorer TAIPE! 101 Green Building, Market Wired [2] https: books google com/books id=95502Xn3NkC&pg=PAQ7 @ipg=PA7&dq=whattype+ofsh vacesystem+does #aipei+10 1+have&source=bi&ots-ORY 4a9q2Qu8sig=UcHUmpcYo6ntzjwLY dL KiuYRUo&hi=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwithpzzyr_aAnVwplkKHYbOBXQQ6AEImQEwDwitv=onepage® q=what%20 type%4200f%20hvac%420system %20does%420aipei%20101%420havedt=false [3] Building Information “Taipei 101, 2014 < https:/Amwwtaipei-101.com.twien/bulding. aspx> [4] LEED O+Mt Existing Building v3 - LEED 2009 < https:/iwww.usgbc.org/projectsftaipei-101-tower-0> IMAGES [A] W, Szukaj The Executive Centre LEVEL 37 TAIPEI 101 TOWER < hitps:/imww.google.com/search’bi w=9558bin=6128tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=mQ/VWpLtHKeq_QaQOrTADg&q=taipei+101+plan+&oq=ta- pei104+plan+8gs.f=psy-ab.3..0130k 10i8:30k 10096724, 10099802.0. 10100010. 16.15.0.0.0.0.309.1976.0)92}1.120. -0..16.1.64,psy-ab. 4.12, 1974... 0)0167k )0i24k1.0. VooHH4NUEE#imgre=HIEEn0XSMNJuZM:> [B] https:/ivww google. com/search?q=leed +v4+platinum Haipei+101 xaward+presentationsource=inms&itb- m=isch&sa=X8ved=OahUKEwjb2ca8gcDaAhVJ20MKHU-vCugQ_AUICigB&biw=9558bin=61 2#imgdii=8Sx50Qvi0- QO7yM:&imgro=qUROrys3 TuWVCENt [C] The Taipei 101 Illuminated at Night; December 23, 2016 “Ask Ideas" < https://www.askideas.comithe-tai- pei-101 iluminated-atnight’> [D] Building Info “Taipei 101" ERY a NAA AVENUEOSA Ast PZ VIR ORAS} Suey ane spake ents Msgs \el ssa ae eee ara ETT eNO CR aa eg DAMPING: ITT ENIDINE aN sae Osa aaa Zea OResS 0 OCS eee =o gaa ese a see se Enea ese ECS ee las) esos LIGHTING: HDLC ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN PUAN ca nee a cm ROOFING: VIDARIS, INC. Pa War ACeseeLNg PS steg se Peay MODERN Sea ee sn aA OO ee HEIGHT: OCCUPIED 1,287 SPRUE g 1.1m SEGA Ee UNM USN eeoe) Oa t)i 7 3 Ay rsHISTORY AND CONTEXT Site Plan Situated between East 56th and 57th Streets, just west of Park Avenue sits 432 Park Avenue. Taking up a portion of the site once occupied by the former Drake Hotel. Harry Macklowe, a private developer, acquired the hotel and its land in 2006 and proceeded with its demolition in 2007 in order to make way for new development. The site of 432 Park Avenue is sandwiched between other structures in New York's dense grid of buildings, but despite its cramped conditions it is actually one ofthe world's most valuable pieces of land. Macklowe paid $440M for the deed and as such wanted to go tll n order to maximize his investment. Though many look up at the tower in awe of its achievements in height and design, the tower has not escaped scrutiny. Because of fits impressive stature many feel asifthe building casts a shadow on Cetera Park, and that the great tower only caters to the mega-rich, representing a greater wealth divide from those found within and those found ofthe tower, forcing lower and middle income workers to commute in 432 Park Avenue is one ofthe latest in a long heritage of towers to be builtin the city and it wont be the last. Following ints predecessors footsteps 432 has contributed to this city's skyline, ad helped start a new chapter for the future sky scrapers to come. [2:3] {B] 432 Park Av. Site planTHE DRAKE HOTEL WHERE ONE HOTEL GOES, AHIGH-RISE FOLLOWS. The Drake hotel constructed in the 4920s, New York's ‘Golden Age’, was 21 stories tall and contained a once unimaginable 495 rooms. Continuing its grounder in the 4960s it had one ofthe city's most popular disco halls, Shepheard’s at the Drake. By the 80s it had been rebranded the Swissotel The Drake ‘Once located at 440 Park Avenue, the hotel existed as a luxury hotel for its entire existence. Having been renovated several imes, most recently in 1999, the hotel retailed its Art Deco Appeal Over the last decades it became ‘more business friendly, adapting to the Moder Age the suites were equipped with everything from a fax machine to black out shades, to a boardroom. But yet like many of the buildings erected in his age the historic walls came down. [4] {C] Historic Drake HotelINSPIRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Rafael Violy when conceiving of his design forthe tower drew from an unlikely source for his inspiration. A Josef Hoffmann-designed wastebasket released in 1905. Vitoly stated that “Ifyou look at it very carefully you seea rhythm, you see a pattern, you see what we call push-pull between negative and positive.” The basket though not of the same proportion to the super slim tower has the square rectangular pattern the tower has been recognized for. Placing that structural lattice of on the exterior ofthe buildings shell, like the basket allowed it to go up and create one of the world’s more extreme width to height ratio at 1:15. Demonstrating just how much #bor space can be acquired on such a smal site. The Tower has done 2s much as it can with its small plot of land, taking advantage of New York's desire for premium Manhattan real estate the prices for apartments have been astronomical, with reports that the penthouse suite being sold for $95M. [3] [D] Josef Hoffmann Wastebasket0)MASSING Now completed 432 Park Avenue {Al View from Penthouse Appartment soars above its neighbors, and is [E] Massing isometric one of the tallest residential towers in the world. Its apartment's range from 2355 square foot studio to pent- houses between the 91st and 96th ‘bors. Residents also bene from such amenities as a got training facility a private dining restaurant, and cinema screening rooms. Aside from its address, one thing is clear, what these rooms truly offer is an unparalleled view. (2)Mechanical - Mass Dampers Mechanical Residential Ottioes Amenities - Pool, Spa Amenities - Gym Amenities - Restaurant Lounge Commercial Loby, Lounge PROGRAM 432 Park Avenue is an exclusively Residential Tower, with extensive amenities within the tower to attract residents. The Building has over 30,000 square feet of amenities, including a restaurant overseen by a Michelin started chef, Fitness Center designed and serviced by The Wight Ft, 75 foot lap pool, sauna, steam and massage therapy rooms, screening room, billiards room and library. The for plate of the building is approximately 9050 sf, with apartments ranging from a studio to.a 8256 sf Penthouse. Most apartments however occupy half a ‘bor plate. Mechanical foors are place periodically though the building to service the £pors above and bellow. 8) [F] Staking Chart diagram 1:160Service Elevator 2 Residential Elevators 2 Residential Elevators 2. Commercial Elevator Car Elevator 2 Elevators for Garage ELEVATORS The Tower has 10 elevators on its premise. The frst of these elevators is actually for cars. To the west of the main tower a platform there is a platform where a Valet brings down the cars for the resident. To accompany that there is a separate elevator for the people to tise from below the tower. The Commercial area though not associated with the Tower, does have a couple of elevators to service itself. The main bulk of the towers elevators however are found in the central core. There is a main Crevice elevator that services all spor. Apart from the maintenance elevator, there are 4 elevators to serve the residents, two of which serve up to the penthouse apartments, while the other two fall just short of that. [5] {G] Tower Lift Diagram 1:160Amenities Floor - Gymnasium [1] Amenity Floor planU South Elevation 1:160 IK] West Elevation 1:160[M| South Section 1:160 [L West Section 1:160i Http { bid ta qugoooooodlIN] Structural Isometric Core 1:160 {0} Structural sometric Frame 1:160STRUCTURE Inspired by the modemist waste a climber rig that was then later basket, 432 Park Avenue uses the dissembled exterior form as a structural element In order to prevent the necessity of The building as well as an extensive shear walls, the engineers located reinforced concrete structure has the core at the center of the plan and deep foundations to Manhattans reallocated the reinforced concrete bedrock. [2] structure to the buildings perimeter. This allows for the most amount of [P] 432 Under Construction ‘texbity for each for. The buildings reinforced concrete structure was built in-situ usingAERODYNAMICS ‘Aerodynamic Isometric 1:160 (One would expect a tower of these dimensions to suffer under tremendous wind loads. To reduce this two out of every 12 fbors were left open to allow wind currents to pass though. In order to allow for a more comfortable experience the tower has several opposed pendulum tuned mass dampers. On both the West and East side ofthe building The tower has two large ones on the top of the building both weighing 660 tons. However smaller ones can be found on some of the maintenance ‘spor. [2.6] [Q) Tuned Mass Damper IR) Aerodynamic Sketch (Q) 4 IR]SKIN 432 Park Av. Skin is predominately uniform throughout the building Viol decided to leave the structural concrete visible. He used control joins at all the intersections to further reinforce his squared paste. Window units were then placed inside the openings. Though they largely look similar there are differences between the different window units ‘Most of the building has the skin expressed in the model, however there are afew exceptions. At the entrance the window condition is obliviously different as there are ‘operable doors. But other than that they do not have the same exterior expression of ventilation. However they do express the slightly inset mullion and fush windows. The bottom also has a more opaque windows to the rest ofthe building. The building, as previously mentioned has floors open at set intervals to allow ar to pass though, however atthe frst ofthese intervals they don't need tot his and instead inset the windows in order to express hidden’ effect. The top of the building despite being ‘open at the very top still uses glassaN tI SS SA | Lae a ZZ vee e aw, we a ME " windows for continuity. [T] Exploded Skin Isometric {A] Top of Building Window Condition [U] Inset Window Condition [A] Standard Window Condition [U] Bottom of Building Window ConditionSUSTAINABILITY & TECHNOLOGY 432 Park Avenue is not designed or constructed to follow any USGBC (United States Green Building Council) sustainability guidelines, however, many modem sustainable features were implemented during its construction. ‘One area where they payed special attention was the windows. The building is covered in dual glazed windows, but more importantly the engineers implemented differing fiter capabilities to account for the sun at diferent heights and seasons to minimize for heat loss or ingress. During construction the team were required to comply with city and state regulations regarding sustainable practices. The building is also retrottted with energy efficiency appliances Low-Zow éxtures and individually controllable spaces are also being incorporated. (5) [A] High efitiency appliancesSYSTEMSREFLECTION The itst time | saw this building was during my trp to New York with a ‘group of friends. We were walking in the street and happened upon the ing and were simply amazed atits proportions. | believe we stood there for twenty minutes or so asking ourselves how it was that the building could even stand. How was it that it was so tall and so skinny? To this day | stil snd it difzeult to comprehend and that is why i chose this building | personally ove this building. Not because of its record breaking proportions, but for the proportion of ts walls and windows. | am personally a sucker for grid and the grid that Vinoli developed is especially beautiful. From the detailing ofthe concrete relief pastem, to the 1010’ window openings ish to the wall and how it manages to make the vents of a building which | generally cislike fll int the background. | do however believe that it does deserve its fair share of criticism. The main thing that it gets criticism foris its height and its proximity to central park. | can understand this citicism as it does stand out around its neighboring buildings. Though i do believe that the building would be just as beautiful ifit were shorter itis the height that makes it stand out Though | doubt | will ever be able to ‘occupy the building i hope one day i might be given the opportunity. This buildings view is lke no there in the world and despite its enormous price tag i can actually imagine why. [AJAroom with a ViewREFERENCES INFORMATION [1] “432 Perk Avenue.” The Skyscraper Center, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (2] Mills, Fred. ‘Room With a View: 432 Park Avenue.” The B1M, 14 Sept. 2016. {3] Pham, Diane. “A Trashcan Inspired the Design of Rafael Virly's 432 Park Avenue,” 6sqft, 31 May 2015, [4] Gunderman, Dan. “A Look atthe Drake Hotel and Its Sky-High Replacement.” NY Daily News, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS, 24 Sept. 2016 {5] "432 Park Avenue Condominiums.” 432 PARK AVENUE, www. 432parkavenue cor 6] Trevor Haskett, and Andy Smith. “Feeling at Home in the Clouds.” STRUCTURE Magazine, Dec. 2017.IMAGES fl (c] (0) IN] Fl (Q) IR] (U) Bannister, Matthew, and Keith Bomely. 432pa South View at Dusk. N.d. 432pa, Cim Group & Macklowe Properties, New York City. Web. Gunderman, Dan. “A Look atthe Drake Hotel and Its Sky-High Replacement." NY Daily News, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS, 24 Sept. 2016 Josef Hoffman Waste-Paper Basket. 1905. © DOB. "432 Park Avenue Floor Plan © DOB.” Www. worldofarchi.com. Karmin, Craig. “Park Avenue Condo Tower Approaches $1 Billion in Sales." The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, New York, 8 Oct. 2013. “432 Mass Damper” STRUCTURE Magazine. Viol, Rafael “432 Park Ave: Sketch with Wind, 2011." 432 Park Ave: Sketch with Wind - Rafael Viroly, Paddle 8, 7 ‘Apr. 2015, NYC. "432 24 October 2016." Field Condition, 24 Oct. 2016oa reaOG ee UO Nae) Se Tore BSA ERSIN Cerone ea ea ee IA ea MSOs SON aN WAC mee Gt SSP, NSN Sem =s5 ME keen Sem CMO ALS ade asa Coch aan ROL ANLN SU asaN ISON UN Taegu Cs Nee Ce Coro Loa 0] Say UO EIT. Lel3 0101010) Emo) Nee eae aoa (o ee MUS GU NEO OSS ENERGY LABEL: LEED GOLD PROPOSED: 2009 START OF CONSTRUCTION: 2010 COMPLETION: 2018 aCe Oe eR aa HEIGHT: TO TIP: 385.0 METER / 1263 FEET Reeser ecet) DE) FLOORS BELOW GROUND: 4 Frogs oe TOP ELEVATOR SPEED: 7 WIS el tea Pak aera EGS LEED CERTIFICATION fepreom res) aS Ama gaa ag. Wesel Ree nea unos ese UrCTS)RIYADH ‘THE CAPTIAL OF SAUDI ARABIA Riyadh is the capital and most populous city of ‘Saudi Arabia. Itis also the capital of Riyadh Prov- ince and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. Itis situated in the centre of the ‘Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau and home to ‘more than six million people. The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, man- aged by the Municipality of Riyadh headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Development Authority cof Riyadh which is chaired by the governor ofthe Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. The current mayor is Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. Riyadh has been designated a global city. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital and main financial hub, is on a desert plateau in the country's center. Business cstrctIandmarks include the 302m-high Kingdom Centre, with a sky bridge connecting 2 towers, and 267m-high Al Faisaliah Centre, with a glass-globe summit In the historical Deira distict, Masmak Fort marks the site of the 1902 raid that gave the Al Sauds control of Riyadh. ‘Area: 694 mi? Elevation: 2,008" Local time: +3 GMT Population: 6 milion (2015) 4)RIYADH CLIMATE & DEMOGRAPHICS Classified as having a hot desert cli- mate, temperatures during the sum- mer months are extremely hot. The average high temperature in August is 43.6 °C (110 f). Winters are warm with cool, windy nights. The overall climate is arid, and the city experi- ences very litle rainfall, especially in summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and April It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that visibility is under 10m (33). [5] The city had a population of 40,000 in- habitants in 1935 and 83,000 in 1949. Then, the city has experienced very high rates of population growth, from 150,000 inhabitants in the 1960s to over 6 milion, according to the most recent sources. According to 2015 census, the population of Riyadh was composed of 65% Saudi families while non-Saudi families accounted for 35% of the population (6lCAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIAThe Capital Market Authority of Saudi Arabia (CMA) is the Saudi govern- ments financial regulatory authority responsible for capital markets. in Saudi Arabia. The CMA is a gov- femment organization applying full financial, legal, and administrative independence, and has direct links with the Prime Minister. It's respon- sibiities include setting and policing financial rules and regulations and developing the capital markets, this includes regulating the Tadawul, Saudi Arabia's stock exchange. [7] CMA is part of The King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD), which is a new development under construc- tion near King Fahad Road in the Al ‘Ageeq area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. consisting of 59 towers in an area of 1.6 milion square meters. It will pro- vide more than 3 milion square me- ters of space for various uses, 62,000 parking spaces and accommodation for 12,000 residents. In 2041, it was the largest project in the world seek- ing green building accreditation. [8]CONTEXT LOCATION Soaring 385 meters (12634) above the surrounding cityscape, the CMA Tow- er is the centerpiece of the financial plaza of the King Abdullah Financial District. The iconic 80-story crystal- line office tower, which was the result of a successful joint venture between Omrania & Associates and HOK , is currently the tallest building in Ri- yadh. It symbolizes the beginning of a new era of globel financial lead- ership within the Saudi capital. [9]THE DESIGN Representing timeless architecture, the tower's transparency reflects the cultur- al significance of the crystals found along the valleys of Saudi Arabia. This transpar- ency creates openness and provides valu- able natural lighting for the office spaces. The design solution is a subtle blend of con- ventional and well understood techniques com- bined with international best practice and cutting edge technologies, merged with local expertise ‘of construction techniques and methods for dealing with the harsh natural environment The high-performance envelope design and integrated facade-access system of the CMA tower represents a unique and inte- gral solution to the challenges associated with facade design for super-tall structures in Riyadh and elsewhere in the region. [10]CONCEPTUAL SKETCHESSTACKING CHART L] “ [| LOBBY & AMENITY MECHANICALPeed Cd eel em, eee cs dated CTT TTT recente reer eedLIFT DIAGRAMlocal ifts (53-76) echnical levels ‘ema shuttle service: fire ift + service tft local lifts (26-51) technical levels mid-rise shuttles locallifts 1-24) ‘Typical high-rise core (PaGROUND FLOORN Qe[Pa] A level b4 floor planPS) A typical low-rise floor plan A level 2 floor planA typical high-rise floor plan 1 tenant space & level 3 floor plan 1 lobby{Q)CUT DOWN DIAGRAM[RA] IRS] Nybe Pa is) lidATRIUM/LOBBYSTRUCTURE The design concept of the main tower is that all the gravity loads shall be carried by floor framing system and transfer to core wall & concrete filled Stee! Tubular Columns (CFT). The lateral loads (wind + seismic) are transfer to central core wall system through Transfer Tie beams, Out-Riggers and diaphragm action of composite flooring The building's main structural skeleton comprises a central core, perimeter columns, composite floors, roof crown, and a continuous raft founda- tion. The core is made of cast insite reinforced concrete walls interlinked in a hexagonal-shaped patter by coupling shear beams. The form tapers inward and outward as it rises, providing floor plates that reach 28,000 square feet of «gross area. Clear-span floor plans maintain their flexibility and adaptabilty across every level of the structure, producing an efficient interior envi- ronment. Combining public circulation and private amenity space, the podium structure at the base ofthe tower includes an auditorium, cafeteria, and two-story atrium. [11]HYBRID STRUCTURE The system utilized a composite blend of re- inforced concrete and structural steel. In the structural system, a central Y-shaped concrete core works with a composite perimeter braced frame. No columns are vertical, as they sweep in and out with the faceted curtain wall. To maxi- mize usable floor area and minimize the cost and quantity of structural materials, they integrated the sloping braces and columns withthe facade systems. [12]RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE Dotted around the core wall are six columns sep- arate to the main structure, bui from the bottom of the foundations up to ground level. These conerete columns will stop at ground level and be the platform for futher columns rising from them. Three of the six emerging columns wil spit into two ata 45° angle up the first four levels. These stee! columns will all fed into the all-important fifth floor, which is a horizontal matrix of steel bars to hold the weight of every floor above it. [13]STRUCTURE The heart of the towers structural support is in the horizontal web of steel. The co- Jossal structure core serves as the bearing clement fora gigantic steel construction to Which the exterior facade and floor-siabs are to be attached. [14]glad Class SSAERODYNAMICS ‘Most of the winds are northem, and they get scattered by the sharp edges of the building Wind Rose O=5IRSBUILDING SKIN DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE The tower isa slender, faceted glass volume ‘emerging from a compact site. The cross-section ndulates to create a faceted surface and to reduce impact of wind loading at higher attitudes. series of concrete super columns offers vertical ‘support at the perimeter and, in conjunction with diagonal framing members, creates a rigid structural cage while providing formal definition. The building envelope extends 30 meters beyond the top floor to house a large photovoltaic array. Asystem of operable diagonal fins is used to shade the building under a variety of exposure conditions. The building form and its high-performance en- closure provide an integrated design solution that addresses the region's cimatic and environmental challenges. The tower's crystalline facade refer- ‘ences the crystals found in wadis—dry ravines located in the Sauai Arabian desert. This transpar- tency creates an open grid and provides access to natural ight within the office tower. [15]FACADE DETAILS The first signature building at King Abdullah Financial District, the CMA tower will offer innovative facade ighting and access systems. The building's geometry will contribute to a highly functional, original structure in Riyadh’s skyline, The skyscrapers crystalline facade will resemble the crystals found in wadis in the Saudi Arabian desert. ts diamond shape wil also allow natural light into the building High-performance, triple-glazed glass will cover the building's exterior, which is further shaded by a shroud. The integrated solar control system moderates the intense Saudi ight and heat. This high-per- formance solution reinforces the overall building design as well as its geometry and identity. ‘An external layer provides shade, amplifying the thermal efficiency ofthe trile-pane, unitized glazing system. The system includes a horizon- tal gantry on each floor with an array of angled glass fins featuring an offset frit pattern. Opti- mized to reduce solar heat gain, the system stil allows natural ight to enter the building, (16}MECHANICAL The HVAC system in the CMA Tower serves, all the spaces inside the building. Each floor is Conditioned by the typical outlet vent that directly connected to central ventiletion duct which goes all the way to the HVAC units in the mechanical floors. The building form and its high-perfor- ‘mance enclosure provide an integrated design solution that addresses the region's climatic and environmental challenges. High-performance, triple-glazed glass will cover the building's ex- terior, which is further shaded by a shroud, The integrated solar control system moderates the intense light and heat. The fin shading elements are used to reduce the amount of heat reached to the building in order to minimize the electricity consumption. 17] high-performance enclosure incorporates solar shading, photovoltaic solar collection, facade lighting and an innovative facade access system. This integrated solution reinforces the overall building design and geometry while minimizing solar gain and intemal cooling loads and reduc- ing HVAC requirements. Energy is reclaimed through a photovoltaic array installation on the tower's roof. All ofthese factors played a major role in winning the LEED Gold certfication. [18]REFLECTION From the beginning ofthe current decade, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia hes been going through a remarkable development in several parts. Despite the fact that the most Giitcal development has been the infrastructure, the environment built won the largest segment, and greater attention was given by the govern ‘ment to that. As a result, nowadays we may observe various outstand- ing buildings over there, mainly in Riyadh which is the capital of Saudi Arabia. ‘With no doubts, The Capital Market ‘Authority Tower “CMA is considered ‘one of the notable projects regarding the impressive design that was done by HOK, the high technologies ap- plied in the tower, and fundamentally the essential location of the tower which comes as a part of King Abdul- lah Financial District in the heart of the city. Moreover, the design ofthe tower represents historical diamonds were found in the ravines in the cen- tral area of Saudi Arabia and reflects the cultural trait and the diversity of the Saudi society. Several challenges were faced while designing the tower. Some of them related to the harsh climate in the area. Besides that, taking advan- tage of the magnificent sunlight ‘and avoiding the sun heat was a substantial aspect forthe designer. Furthermore, in terms of the applied technologies, generating electric- ity out ofthat to build so eficient building would be extremely desired. Thus, the tower could be a unique ‘combination of phenomenal architec tural elements. personally chose to study this building due to several facts. One of them is that the CMA Tower has gained multiple leading awards. For ‘example, the LEED Gold Certificate. That means, in my perspective, the function of building is well achieved. ‘Also, The CMA Tower is part of The King Abdullah Financial District, hich is one of the noticeable proj- ects in Saudi Arabia that has various spectacular buildings were designed by famous architects and architec- {ural firms. Such as, Zaha Hadid, Norman Foster, Gensler, and SOM. Therefore, being in such a compet itive architectural environment and getting the greatest attention leads to the fact that the CMA Tower is one cof most successful projects in Riyadh and could be the real spark for a series of distinctive projects in Saudi Arabia in the next few years.PSGGReeasREFERENCES INFORMATION [1] Hok, ‘Capital Market Authority Tower” HOK, www.hok.com/design/Service/architecturelcapital-market-authority tow et. (2) “Capital Market Authority Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/capital-market-au thotty-toweri874. [3] “Capital Market Authority (CMA) Headquarters.” Omrania, omrania, com/project/capital-market-authorty-headquar ters! [4] (nd). Retrieved April 16, 2016, from http:/Aywww.arriyadh.com/eng/ {5] "Capital Market Authority /!." CMA, cma.org.salen/AboutCMA/Pages/AboutCMA aspx. [6] (nd) Retrieved April 16, 2016, rom https: iweb archive, orgweb/20140702070214/http www. riyadh.gov.salen/ pages/riyadhcity aspx 7] “Capital Market Authority 1." CMA, cma.org.salen/AboutCMA/Pages/AboutCMA aspx. [8] “Bombardier wins Saudi deal” Thestar.com, 31 May 2010, www.thestar.con/business/20 10/05/31 /bombardier_ wins_saudi_del. hm, (9] 22, 2017 Posted on June. “Turning constraints into design opportunities — CMA Tower, Riyadh.” Omrania, 17 July 2017, omrania.com/insights/tuming-constraints-design-opportunities-cma-tower-riyadh [10] 17, 2017 Posted on April. “Adaptation and Innovation - CMA Tower, Riyadh.” Omrania, 17 Apr. 2017, omrania.com/ insights/adaptation innovation-oma-tower-riyadh/. [11] “RIYADH | Capital Market Authority Headquarters | 385m | 1263f | 76 fl| Com - Page 39 - SkyscraperCity.” Sky scraperCity RSS, www.skyscraperciy.com/showthread.php?t=1010447&page=39. [12] “Capital Market Authority 1." CMA, cma.org.salen/AboutCMA/Pages/AboulCMA aspx. [13] (n.d), Retrieved from htips:/Awww interiorsandsources.convartcle-details/artcleid/ 9685/titlelcapital-market-authori ty-tower [14] (n.d), Retrieved from http:/www.eversendai.com/weblexpertse/structural-stee!-design-engineering/ [15] (n.d), Retrieved from htips/Awww.designbuild-network.comiprojects/capital-market-authorty-tower-iyadh/ [16] (n.d), Retrieved from http: /iwww.skyscrapercity.conVshowthread.php?p=118319141 [17] _H. (n.d), Retrieved from http:/www.hok convdesignitype/commercial/capital-market-authoriy-tower! [18] Roberts, B. (n.d). Retrieved from hitp:/www.constructionweekonline,comlarticle-13308 site-visit-oma-tower-i yadhi2/IMAGES. A) (8) (c] (0) El FF 1c} {H] i} UW (K) u My N12) [0] Capital Market Authority (CMA) Headquarters. (.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2016, from https:/omrania.comiproject! capital: market-authority- headquarters! Rougeux, N. (n.d.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia wall poster. Retrieved April 16, 2016, from httpsi/routelines. com/poster. php?id=193 22, 2017 Posted on June. “Turning constraints into design opportunities — CMA Tower, Riyadh.” Omrania, 17 July 2017, omrania.comiinsights/turning-constraints-design-opportunties-cma-tower-ryad. 17, 2017 Posted on April. “Adaptation and Innovation - CMA Tower, Riyadh." Omrania, 17 Apr. 2017, omrania.com Jinsightsladaptation nnovation-cma-tower rad. buh. “Capital Market Authority Tower Facts | CTBUH Skyscraper Center.” Skyscrappercenter, legacy skyscraper center.com/riyadh/capital-market-authority-tower/8774/ Hok. “Capital Market Authority Tower.” HOK, www.hok.com/design/service/sustainabilty-consulting/capital-mar ket authority tower! ‘Arch Bridge stock photo. (n.d). Retrieved April 16, 2018, from https:!/wuw.istockphoto.com/photas/iow-an gle-big-citystreet-viewexcludenudity=true&sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photographyphrase=low angle big city street view (nd), Retrieved Apil 16, 2016, rom htips:hiveriner.com/Tagslandscape,riyadh/Timeline Capital Market Authority (CMA) Headquarters. (.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2018, from https:/omrania.com/project! tal-market-authority-headquarters! Rougeux, N. (n.d.). Riyadh, Saudi Arabia wall poster. Retrieved April 16, 2016, from https://routelines.com/poster. php?id=193 Gulf Construction Online - Capital attraction, www.gulfconstructiononline. com/news/1620056_Capital-attraction him. Chesters, C. (n.d.). May 2015 sees 40.4% boost in hotel construction. Retrieved April 16, 2018, from http:/Auww. hoteliermiddleeast.com/24106-may-2015-sees-404-boost in-hotel-constructioni|{ User, S. (n.d). Retrieved from http:/Jedgerope. comvindex. php/18-sider/148-industrial-rope-access Capital Market Authority (CMA) Headquarters - Sustainable Design. (2017, April 26). Retrieved from https:/www. youtube.com/watch?v=xfGZrSIsNA. RIYADH | Capital Market Authority Headquarters | 385m | 1263ft | 76 fl | Com - Page 39 - SkyscraperCity. (n.d). Retrieved from http:/www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread php t=1010447 &page=39IMAGES. [Pt] (Q] [R15] [S14] [113] (u) 22,2. P. (2017, July 17). Turning constrains into design opportunites - CMA Tower, Riyadh. Retrieved from https:// ‘omrania, com/insights/turning-constraints-design-opportunities-cma-tower-riyadh/ Gulf Construction Online - Capital attraction, www.gulfconstructiononline. com/news/1620056_Capital-attraction. html CMA Tower, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (n.d). Retrieved from http://www. worldarchitecturenews. compro} ect/20715/2605 t/wan-editorialioma-tower-in-riyadh. him! Capital Market Authority Tower. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:/iwmw interiorsandsources. com/artcle-detals/at eid! 9685\tilelcapital-market-authority-tower The GC's 20 tallest towers under construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:/Awww.arabianbusiness. com/photos/the- goc-s-20-tallest-towers-under-construction-507386.htm! DNEC - CMA Tower, Riyadh, KSA. (n.d_). Retrieved from htip://dnec. com/?portfolio=cma-towerS (nd), Retrieved October 23, 2016, from https:/iwww interiorsandsources.convarticle-detailsartcleid/ 9685ritle! capital-market-authority-tower 22, 2. P. (2017, July 17). Retrieved July 17, 2017, from http:/www-higheiifforg/nsights/turing-constraints-de ‘sign-opportunities-cma-tower-riyadh/index.html (1d), Retrieved Api 17, 2017, from https:/archinect.com/people/project/5 113931 7/cma-tower/51368137 H. (n.d), Retrieved August 05, 2016, from hitp:/www.hok. com/design/typettall-buildings/capital-market-2uthori ty-tower/MAHANAKHON OR=E@alsmyi=MAHANAKHON (Olen aana le gegge ae tal een Leela) AS eu amen eh 58:10 (eR) (adsl ssaae Bact CUM NEDO MON OmUU A) aca Usa Ue) mney [aN sear eee Ae Le a Fe AW aCe Us) Nese a Peeme UH ome nesstee Nd Sea ae egy Me) LIGHTING: OLE SCHEEREN TOA a eden Akela ges UO) Laken aU seem e) Aaa re a BANGKOK ae) Pe) MODERN HEIGHT: TO TIP: 1,030" TSCA Og OU Le sneer PRR ag MIXED USE POUR) Seem NUS Negee) oa Orr oreWasa ee a aS wade saaes Seae € <& CONTEXT LOCATION The Mahanakhon is a 77-stoy 2 high-rise complex thats located in x Bangkok's Cental Business Distict, with a direct link to the Chongnosi ® BTS Skytrain station. During the development of tis building, more than 150,000 square meters willbe composed of a landscaped public plaza; a muttievel real center with restaurants, cafes, and 24 hour marketplace. This building is devel- oped forthe people of Bangkok and houses 200 serviced apartments, 150 hotel rooms. Heavy raft devel ops around the building on two main roads knwon as Sathorn road and Silom road as wal as have access to the Chao Phraya River only a few blocks away from the building.CONTEXT CULTURE AND CLIMATE The culture of Bangkok is intuenced by the modem day but sil retains the links to its tradition and Buddhist spirituality. Overal, the city is quite busy and loud which in respect to the life, is a good thing to have. Architect Ole Sheeren stated, “The intensity of the trapic, the noise, the spaces of the colors, it's important to capture the tiver...t's also the smaller scale alleys, the small grain ofthe city’. It is important to realize that you are still a person living in the city and not living above everyone else. Sheeren also said, “By revealing that people are in the tower, you are suddenly connected back to the urban life go the city, the public realm... the public inhabitance is a very strong theme in a way’. Bangkok is mainly a tropical climate which means there are three seasons that wil typically occur. March through June is the hot season, July through October is the rainy season and November through February isthe cool season. Bangkok holds the aim as being the hottest city in the world and can expect to be around 86 degrees Fahrenheit to 104 degrees Fahrenheit for a majority of the i 7INSPIRATION & DESIGN OLE SCHEERENS MIND The true design of the Mahanakhon goes against what other building forms that are continuously being used around the city It dismantles the typical tower and podium style and integrates itself within the city by gradually dissolving as it pixelates. downward toward the ground. The meaning behind the ‘pixel idea was to reveal the inner life of the building and was constructed to generate unobstructed panoramas and offers rare birds-eye views ofthe city and Chaophraya River. The pixels have specific features including projecting glass skyboxes with sweeping views and generous indoor/outdoor spaces to be coherent with the tropical climate of Bangkok. [5] [6]‘As seen above there have been many kinds of designs withthe intent to pixelate a building, Many of the buildings above share the same idea oF representation of showing life through a building. By having opacity on a majority ofthe exterior of the buildings they are able to accomplsih this. Through many revisions and case studies, Ole Scheeren was successful with designing the Mahanakhon Tower.STACKING CHART MAHANAKHON LAYOUT This 77 story structure houses many residences and amenities throughout the building. The Edition Hotel houses 159 rooms, The Ritz-Cariton Residences houses 207 units with larger sky residences taking higher level sors. A full single bor of facilites for residents only is on the Tth for as well as the Ritz-Carlton Club. On the 54th bor there is a lounge specitcally for residences to relax and take a break from daily life. Mechanical rooms can be located on bors 21-22 and then again of foor 55 between typical residences and the sky residences.Mechanic facithes Resstentel Hotel Lobby and AmenitiesDETAIL LAYOUT MAHANAKHON LAYOUT the retail center, also known as ‘The edition hotel is poston as a the cube features many fashy and high end boutique hotel that consists expensive restaurants and stores of 159 rooms occupying £pors 1, 5-6 such as morimoto, vogue lounge, and 8-21. These rooms offers spec- and other leading local operators. tacular panoramic views of bangkok. the skytrainis also located adjacent The interior ofthe hotel have vivid to the building which makes traveling detailing with an elegance of design ‘much easier than traveling through Using a contemporary-classic design. the highly conjested city. ‘HOTEL teveise=1 2 MAHANAKHON CUBE —— BE iea EDITIEN rr Pome] oral Se Marriott International 145 keys Pee curr) ete Re ccd Pid The Ritz-Carlton 209 Residences Residences range in area from 125 to.850 square meters although some high end rooms have 1,500 square meters of space, Designed to be similar to a new york style apartment the residences have a hefty price tag in the millions of dolars. The celing heights of these rooms range from 3.1- 3.4 Meters tall in single spor homes and more than 7 meters in RESIDENCES Levers1a7 LEVELS 22-73 | sara ee Pir eiear Cred Cina 5,000 sqm_ Nawenanion or Des outdoor oeees sc} Pega Perey 1,000 sqm OBSERVATORY Ke eae eer ic Piet Ce with exhibition 4,800 sqm The observation deck, (which will ‘open this year) includes outstand- ing 360 degree views of downtown bangkok and includes 2 bars which are employed by the ritz-carlton staff. The elevator that is only used for the observation deck is all glass and a circular style which allows the viewers to take in all ofthe rich culture from the highest structure in eves evel‘These residences are known as the citys most prestiques freehold apartment style living. Many of the homes are one of a kind that offer large outdoor spaces connected to the rooms with the “picalation” aspect. Bedrooms are decorated with high end graindaid oak fooring and stone offered in 2 colors. A double glazed curtain wall facade ensures that each resident recieves a view to the city while also controling the intemal temperature and noise levels. LIFT DIAGRAM VERTICAL CIRCULATION The oversized lving room features custom furniture and decorative elements such as custom curtains forthe large curtain wall Next to the living room is the skybox which offers 4 270 degree view of bangkok and also provides a formal dining room, Pubiic residential areas include 7 high-speed elevators and 2.5 Meter wide coridors featuring custom designed travertine stone and carpet with silk wall coverings.MahaNakhon tower has a total gravitational load of 3,000 MN, which is the combination of the superstructure self weight of 1,600 MN, the superimposed dead load cf 460 MN, the live load of 350 MN, and the mat foundation self weight of 580 MN. The whole tower is supported by an 8.75-meter- thick mat foundation, with 129 barrette piles measuring 1.2 3.0 m withthe pile tip reaching 65 m below grade, founded in Bangkok's second sand layer. BUILDING STRUCTURE STARTING FROM TH E GROUND UP The design of the pile-aft took into account the soil-structure interaction by estimating the most appropriate set of sifness of the barrettes with PLAXIS. Each individual barrette pile behaves like a spring to support the mat foundation. Spring stiness varies from pile to pile due to the “group-effec” involved by the stress interference from the surrounding piles. The total concrete quantity is approximately 22,000 m3. Due to the fact that the project is located at the heart of business district in downtown Bangkok, the maximum delivery rate of concrete was limited to 4,000 m3 per day. The combined constraints of heat control and concrete availabilty led the sequential pouring of 12 horizontal layers. Each layer was about 1 m thick, with adequate sheer transfer rebar. Twelve (12) continuous working hours were required for each pour,“The casting for the foundation had taken longer than expected because of the building is in the central business district and took 2 months to complete. The center of the core has 6 different layers of concrete due to the thickness. Overall the casting process was done in 12 pours total. Ithas a 8.75m thick concrete foundation that contains 22,000 m3 of concrete and 3,200 Tons of rebar to ensure the support of the structure. Not only is the foundation important but the columns that actually make the structure complete was also a complicated task. Because the pixalation causes opening in the building 30 6 of the building has cantilevers making it more difficult to construct. Overall, there are a total of 12 mega-columns surronding the core walls with a concrete strength of 60 MPa. FOUNDATION AND CORE STARTING FROM THE GROUND UP ‘These can be respresented with the images to the right. The first main set of core walls are 22m x 22m that span from Bl to level 20, the next set of core walls are 22m x 17m that span from level 21 to level 52 and the last core walls are 22m x 14m that span from level 52 to level 73.There are a total of 7 levels of columns that make up the structural design that decrease in size as it moves upwards. From the Basement to level 7, Level 8 to level 19, level 20 to level 29, level 30 to level 39, level 40 to level 50, Level 51 to level 59 and then level 60 to Roof level 73. The image on the right hand side of the page is accompanied by a table that shows the color of the coulmn that matches with the diagram. ‘The table shows the location of the coulns with the size of the column Ina tall building with a high slenderness ratio, human comfort must be carefully addressed. The presence of 3 levels of outriggers on levels 19-20, 35-36, and 51-52 vwas necessary to improve the stiffness of the tower by linking the center core valls with the surrounding megacolumns to create a push- pull mechanism with tension and compression forces in the outer columns.applying a couple to the core that acts against the cantilever bending under wind loads. The belt truss surrounding the building brings all external columns into action, This mechanism minimizes the fundamental period of the tower, the dynamic part of the wind loads, the lateral drifts and accelerations, lowering the risk of human discomfort.Lv40 6OMPa BASEMENT 1 - LEVEL. LEVEL 8 - LEVEL 19 LEVEL 20- LEVEL 29 7409x1400" LEVEL 30- LEVEL 39 "1200x1200 LEVEL 40 - LEVELISO "1000x1000 Column Size 7 1800x1800, 1600x1605) LEVEL 54 LEVEL SS ‘900 x800 LEVEL 60 ROOF LEVEL 73 1800 x800 delctenttntaliaoumne erA wind tunnel test was completed by Dr. Virote Boonyapinyo of ‘Thammasat University (March, 2009). During this time period he completed 36 directions of wind loads that could possibly the affect of the structures construction. Wind Design Speed V = 25.00 m/s @ 10m/50 years return period V = 20.25 m/s @ 10m/10 years return period WIND ANALYSIS STARTING FROM THE GROUND UP Lateral Performance Overall Maximum Deflection: H/500 ( H = building height) under the 10 year wind Interstory drift: h/200 ( H = Story height) Under the 10 year wind Acceleration: 15 mg under the 10 year wind event‘The Mahanakhon wall system is a.unitzed curtain wall that are comprised of lange units of glass and mulions as well as certain hooks that can lock the units together. These unitized systems can as large as a couple stories tall by 5 to 6 feet wide. They chose to use unitezed systems on the exterior because of the specifi low e double glazed glass panels that it into place between each mulion SKIN DESIGN EXTERIOR Hence, the remaining allowable relative vertical movement between facade panels was only 19mm. both short-term and long-term relative slab deections should be compatible with this acceptable movement of 19mm, otherwise the two adjacent panels may clash and cause damage to each other. Hence, the remaining allowable relative vertical movement between facade panels was only 19mm. both short-term and long-term relative slab deffections sould be compatible with this acceptable movement of 19mm, otherwise the two adjacent panels may clash and cause damage to each other.i ><} Xba | Tp Ey creas meRHINO MODEL EXPLODED Mahanakhons fbor plates very from ‘for to for throughout the tower, therefore providing a limited number of typical bors. Hence, all ors were analyzed to represent the vertical and rotational detections from a tor plate to adjacent fbor plates. The pixelation as seen on the image above describes how the curtain walls exist to show the inner life of the building from outside but as well asthe life outside the glass wallsBUILDING PERFORMANCE AND MEP ‘SUSTAINABILITY Each level of the Mahanakhon is equiped with a low-e double-glazed curtain wall that allows minimal heat transfer inside the residences and hotel. All ofthe retail units have their own independent controls for power, air, and water which ensures the greatest amount of comfort for the guests. The lighting throughout the tower consists of modern LED lighting in addition to other conservation strategies such as energy management, traffic management, mechanical parking systems, smart home automation and much more. Overal the design ofthe building provides significant innovation through service routing to maintenance fpors thus reducing the impact on residences for servicing HVAC equipment.REFLECTION MAHANAKHON TOWER The Mahanakhon Tower in Bangcok, Thailand is an inspiration to all architecture around the globe. This building desribes in detail how it effects the city and its environment in a positive and profticent manner. The pixelation ofthe building reveals the lfe ofthe inside of the the tower and thus becoming one with the life of the world around it. This aspect of the building which is one of the main cones speaks to me the most and is a deep and interesting concept to think about. As i was reading about this specitis tower i thought of a quote that was told to me during one of my studios, “Architecture sucks the life out of you, thats why we give life to out buildings.” To me this is ‘one of the most important things an architect can do to an idea. Other aspects of the building that i enjoyed researching were the construction and structure because of the shear size of the building within such as small work area and site. Thousands of tons of concrete had to be poured and set within a specific time frame to ensure proper curing and settling. Overall his tower is a stunning Piece of architecture that has set a standard for future buildings with a Pixelated facade.REFERENCES INFORMATION {1] Etherington, Rose. "MahaNakhon by OMA.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 26 Feb. 2016, www.dezeen.com/2009/07/23/mahanak- hon-by-oma {2] “Arup.” Structural Engineering of The MahaNakhon Tower - Arup, www.arup.com/projects/mahanakhon. [3] "FAQs." MahaNakhon, www.mahanakhon.com/faq.php. [4] ‘MahaNakhon.” The Skyscraper Center, www. skyscrapercenter.com/buildingimahanekhon/8725, {5]http:buro-os. com/mahanakhon {6] ‘Is This the World's Craziest New Skyscraper?” CNN, Cable News Network, 18 Dec. 2016, ediion.cnn.convstylevarticle/ ‘le-scheeren-bangkok-skyscraper/index him {7] www-bangkok.com/weather htm. {8] hitp//global.ctbuh.org/resources/presentations/the-structural-design-and-construction-of- mahanakhon-tower pdf *MehaNakhon, Bangkok.” Verdict Designbuid, www designbuild-network.com/projects/mahanakhon-bangkok http:/global.ctbuh org/resources/papers/download/2403-the-structural-design-and-construction-of-the-mahanakhon-tower. “*MehaNakhon.” Arcadis, www.arcadis, com/en/belgium/wat-we-doen/projectenvasialthailand/mahanakhori. hittp:global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/2399-mahanakhon-a-pixelated-punctuation-mark-on-the-bangkok-sky-IMAGES (A] "BANGKOK - City, Skyline, and Streetscape.” SkyscraperCity RSS, www.skyscrapercity com/showthread. php2t=2561098page=6. {B]http/www.bangkokvideoproductions.com/Protle/news/bangkokbuildingsmahanakhonbuilding {C]“Ole Scheeren: Mahanatikhon.” Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine, 1 Sept. 2016, www. designboom. com architecture/ole-scheeren-mahenahkhon/. {D] Building Residences, www.mahanakhon. comiresidences php. {E] https /archidialog. com’ {F] www.designboom. convarchitecturelole-scheeren-mahanahkhorv. {G]http//global ctbuh.orgresources/presentations/the-structural-design-and-construction-of- mahanakhon-tower pdf ‘ARUP, www.arup.comiprojects/mahanakhon MahaNakhon- |... IDAAF, 8 Sept. 2016, idaaf.com/kalmahanak-RENZO PIANOaS) RENZO PIANO ‘STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: WSP GLOBAL MEP ENGINEER: ARUP ENA S CMGI Ics yee gases acts CoS LONDON UNITED KINGDOM 2009-2012 ens) HEIGHT: TO TIP: 1,017" arena ene Shel ag Wee SS Wel Sm Us melo cee) (ea fuHISTORICAL CONTEXT 32 LONDON BRIDGE ST, SOUTHWARK LONDON. Southwark London has been an important junction of infrastructure ever since the Romans constructed a bridge there across the Thames. Also traditionally known as The Bor- ough, Southwark is the region di- rectly South of the Thames River. Historically there have been many bridges connecting Southwark to the city of London. As early as the 10th century, Southwark became a preva- lent region of England, Because of its location South of the London Bridge and the city of London, Southwark in- herently became a node for defense for the bridge and main city. Southwark truly began to develop during the 13th century when import ant markets occupied the are due to its location and ease of access. On May 26th 1676 a great fire broke out, destroying most of Southwark and the City of London. This resulted in rede- velopment that would later become what Southwark is today. Throughout the 1800s London began developing its railway system with Southwark be- ing at the heart of it. This set a tone for what Southwark is today. In 1998, London-based entrepreneur Irvine Sellar chose to redevelop the Southwark Towers in response to the UK goverment encouraging de- velopment of tall buildings at major transport hubs. Sellar took a trip to Berlin to meet with architect Renzo Piano in hopes of commissioning him to design the skyscraper. Before the meal was over, Piano had already drawn a spire like tower emerging from the historic London Bridge city- scape. In 2007 preparations to de- stroy the Southwark Towers began, amidst ofa financial crisis that put the building of the Shard in jeopardy. The demolition of the Southwark Towers was completed in early 2009, and preparation for the Shard began im- mediately on the site, ‘The area is generally mixed devel- ‘opment, with council estates, major office developments, social housing and high value residential gated com- munities side by side with each other. The Shard itself sets nearly on top of the railway lines that run through ‘Southwark. This existing element had a strong influence in Renzo Piano's design. (1,2)DESIGN CONCEPT RAILROADS, SPIRES, & SAILS. There were three specific things in London that inspired Renzo Pianos design for the Shard. The railway lines next to the site, the London spires painted by 18th century Vene- tian painter, Canaletto, and the masts of sailing ships. Because the Shard was to be built on a very historic site jin London, there was a lot of con- troversy towards its very sharp and shard like shape. Piano explained that his design would be far less in- truding to the historically rich London landscape than what his opponents of the project alleged. He said, the entire building facade design revolves around connecting the building to the sky rather than using the sky as a space. Because the entire building facade is angled glass panes this seasonal reflection is very apparent from all over the city Although it seems as if the Shard would take on a lot of heat gain, Arup engineered a ventilated inner cavity housing a solar-control system. The unique site the Shard is built on gives way to its overall shape and size. (1, 2,4] [G] Venetian painter, Canalett. Painting ofa tall spire, much like the shape of the Shard, [H] Renzo Piano sketch. Cutting a section through the Shard and its sur- rounding buildings. [l] Renzo Piano sketch. Very ear- ly conceptual drawing of the Shard, perhaps the first drawing Piano did.=a SITE & SKYLINE ATTENTION TO LARGE AND SMALL SCALE One of the strongest characteristics of the Shard is its attention to street level and pedestrian interaction. Pia- ‘no was able to achieve while keeping his strong poetic concept. He wanted to secure the future of the London Bridge Quarter district with the de- sign of the Shard. Another important aspect of the design is the way it pri- ritizes public transportation over the automobile. Its not very often that you see a skyscraper that has thoughtful consideration towards its historic con- text and the future. The Shard is also to be seen as an energizer for South London as it has been in the shadow ofthe central city for the past few years. There are no buildings in London that come close to the height of the Shard which im- mediately makes it a landmark on London's skyline. The only other true skyscrapers in London are located in the central city across the Thames from the Shard. This distance pro- vides the Shard with some breathing oom that in tum makes its height even more spectacular. 4,5,6] W [J] The Shard site plan. This shows the towers location in relation to London Bridge station and its sur- rounding context. [K] The Shard in London's Skyline. ‘Shows little competition for the Shard's height. {L) The Shard in London's Skyline. ‘When stepping back even further you can see the other skyscrapers in the center ofthe cityWeert My aAXON PARTI ‘THE SHARD'S FORM The angled glazing of the Shard cre- ates its trademark shape and form. In this model you can see how its facades dissipate into sharp points at the top of the building.PROGRAM VERTICAL CITY The Shard’s program has a wide variety to provide a central structure for London and its growing popula- tion. This includes office space, hotel & spa, restaurants, retail, apart- ments, and a 15' viewing platform. The Shard's amenities and living spaces are certainly luxurious and high dolar. 72 floors ofthe building are habitable while the spire consists of 15 levels that are not accessible. There are 44 lifts and 306 flights of stairs throughout the entire building‘OBSERVATORY (68-72) - 15,000 SOFT [APARTMENTS (53-65) - 60,000 SQFT HoTeL (34-52) 190,000 Sarr RESTUARANTS (31-33) - 30,000 SOFT OFFICE (2-28) - 590,000 SFT PUBLIC LOBBY (0-1) 20,000 SOFT Taft PARKING STACKING DIAGRAMLOCAL LIFTS Ml SHUTTLES LIFT DIAGRAMGROUND PLAN 1. Lobby 2. Reception 3. Cafe 4. Retail 5. Train Plaza 9 20k uwTYPICAL OFFICE (FLOOR 23) 1. Open Offices 2. Private Office 3. Winter Garden 9 20F —TYPICAL HOTEL (FLOOR 39) 1. Guest Room 2. Guest Suite TYPICAL APARTMENT (FLOOR 60) 9 208 usOBSERVATION 800’ ABOVE GROUND (On floor 68 of the Shard is where you will find the frst level of the observation platform. Total floor to ceiling heights in the space reach 15'in some places, and in others being completely open to the sky above. Looking straight up you can see multiple inaccessible mechani- cal levels. On these levels is where the mechanical arm for cleaning the glass facade is housed. There is a designated shuttle that runs from ground level up to the observation deck in seconds {T] Mechanical levels above observation decks. These levels are closed off from the public. Equipment for maintaining the glass facade is housed here. [U] The observation deck on floor 68 of the Shard. Here one can see how the observation deck is exposed to the sky above IM The observation deck on floor 68 of the Shard, This portion of the observation deck is actually fitted with feke grass which creates a roof garden feelingoR ue NORTH SECTIONNORTH ELEVATION {__7i*AERODYNAMICS + STRUCTURE The structural engineer for the Shard was WSP Group. The Shard’s structure is constructed of steel and concrete. The unique combination ‘of top down construction and typical ground-up construction allowed the Contractors to build the the concrete ‘core and frst 23 floors of the Shard before excavation the below grade parking garage. It consists of con- crete cores, composite floors, and steel structure members.WIND EFFECT AERODYNAMIC The Shard’s unique form isnt just for looks as it is very efficient when it comes to wind loads. Because there are no 90 degree comers on the Shard, the wind can easily deflect and pass around the facade with lite interruption. The tapered form allows the Shard’s center of gravity tobe lower than a typical rectilinear tower creating maximum stability against wind loads. 1X] Scale model of the shard being tested in a wind tunnel Allows for detailed analysis of wind effect on the building before actually building itWIND DIAGRAM us"STRUCTURE ‘STEELAND CONCRETE The core of the Shard is comprised of concrete and tapers off as the ele- vation increases creating the pointed form. The Shard has about 54,000 cubic metic tons of concrete and the steel system has a weight of about 41,000 tons. The stee! columns are aligned with the slope of the tower, and the size, weight, and spacing ofthe columns get smaller as the floors go up.The office levels ofthe Shard are designed with stee! while the hotel and apartment levels are precast concrete. [Y] Steel structure at the top of the Shard. Here one can see how the concrete core tums into steel trusses for a lighter structural system [Z]_ The concrete core of the Shard during construction, The core was made by slip forming, and was constructed at a rate of 3 meters per day. [AA]. The observation deck on floor 68 of the Shard. This portion of the observation deck is actually fitted with feke grass which creates a roof garden feelingStep one: The secant pile wall is installed around the perimeter along withthe plunge piles and columns. Step two: The ground flor stab of the building is cast and excavation begins down to level two of the basement,Step three: The floor slab at basement level two is cast and the slipform for core con- struction erected to ‘jump start’ the ‘core. As the core goes up excavation below basement level two continues. Step four ‘As the core construction continues, the raf foundation is cast as base- ment level three (the lower red level in the picture) before the concrete walls between the base of the core and the raft are installed.ieee CORE DIAGRAMSTRUCTURAL DIAGRAM(68)SKIN TRIPLE GLAZING Each floor of the Shard is comprised of 114 triple glazed panels each approximately 5' wide and 10° high. There are a total of 112,000 panels throughout the entire facade. This triple glazed system provides a very energy efficient tower using mo- torized rollers the Shard has great Control over its solar gain.111,200 PANELS EXPENSIVE EFFICIENCY Although the Shard is extremely energy efficient, all ofthese high quality clear blue glass panels weren't cheap. The total 55,000 SQ Mcurtainw all package apparently cost around $75,000,000. To put this in perspective, the original budget for the entire tower was $375,000,000. [CC] Modular test unit built before ‘construction of the Shard. This is showing a floor to floor instance with the triple glazed curtain wall ‘and motorized roller system. [DD] Placement of each curtain wall panel module. Each panel ‘coming in at around 5’ wide and 10° [EE] Corner instance where exterior single pane of glass extends interior walls to create an exterior sharp edge.cen OS SKIN DETAIL = {___2fSKIN FROM THE INSIDE ALL WHITE Throughout the entre tower the cur- tain wall has a very consisten finish, Painted white aluminum that nearly vanishes into the sky as one looks cut the window. Something that does change throughout the building is the finish on the perimeter structural columns. Sometimes there will be a recitinear finish, circular finish, or exposed structure. [FF] View from floor 32 inside a restaurant. Note width and finish of perimeter column in comparison to the light aluminum mulions holding up the curtain wall [GG] View from floor 62 inside ‘an apartment. Comer instance in which ceiling seems to be floating. Perimeter columns become much lighter. [EE] View from floor 45 inside a hotel bedroom. Note how they choose to hide the perimeter columns in the hotel, as they become part of the walls that seperate each room.WINDOW WASHERS MECHANICAL ARMS Because of the unique tapering ofthe Shard, the mechanical arm housed in the spire can not cater to the entire tower. There are mult- ple secondary arms housed in the various mechanical levels through- cut the tower. This allows for direct access to cleaning the middle and lower levels ofthe tower. [ll] Mechanical arm reaching out from a mechanical level midway up the tower. Holding a carriage with ‘wo workers inside. [Ws] Window cleaning day at the Shard. This photo shows muliple mechanical arms through the mid levels of the tower and at the very top. Here you can see workers using hamesses to clean the windows.MECHANICAL SYSTEMS GLASS MACHINE The Shard is very expensive, but sustainable tower. The unique sharp tapering form is what gives way to many of the Shard’s mechanical characteristic, including ventilation, ‘solar control, and conditioning. In order to maintain the orginal design intent many innovations were made.SYSTEMS NATURAL AND MECHANICAL, The Shard consists of a balance be- tween mechanical and natural ways in which the building is maintained. The most notable isthe triple glazing system that allows for maximum control over solar gain. Ventilation is also achieved through the cavity within the panels and comer condi- tions on each floor level. All me- chanical systems are housed in the “backpack” allowing for the Shards form to be center stage. (Ly) [LL] Intetigent blind control system is used t0 track the positon and intensity of the sun to deploy the blinds only when required INN] 18 story extrusion on the south side of the Shard known as the "backpack". On the roof of the backpack is where all systems that require outside air are housed. [00] Diagram showing the use of the unique comer conditions of the Shard as a ventilation system, This allows for maintaining the seamless glass facade from ground level to Spire.[00]CORE+MEP = ¢_* TYPICAL HOTEL FLOOR (LEVEL 39) 1. CENTRAL HVAC SHAFT 2. HVAC DUCT 3. ELECTRICAL SHAFT 4, PLUMBING CAVITY 5. INTERIOR WALLREFLECTION THE SHARD Before this assignment | had never really understood how a skyscraper functions, whether i's ‘mechanically, structurally, environmentally, or even socially. Studying the Shard was great op- portunity to dive into all these fields as this tower takes on the vertical city persona. To achieve this status, the tower must maintain a sustainable living environment for its occupants. In oth- ‘et words, the people living or visitng the Shard should have the choice of whether they want toleave the property while stil maintaining a high level of comfortabilty. To achieve this high level of comfortbilty the Shard introduces a wide variety of sustainable and technological features that ensure the pleasure of its occupants. | chose to study the Shard because Renzo Piano is my favorite architect, and he was the lead designer for this tower. | am mesmerized by his attention to detail, specifically in the skin or facade of his projects. The Shard is a prime example ofa skin driven Piano design, as the glass facade is one of its most prominent features. This ridiculous feat of engineering didnt ‘come at a cheap price, which is one of my only critiques of this building. It is very ecofriendly, but this came at a cost far above the original project's budget. | think this error was great for me to further understand towers from a logistical or constructional stand point. Overall, | have leamed to be both critical and imaginative when it comes to tower design. | have developed a diagrammatic understanding for representing how a tower functions and have further developed my architectural vocabulary. My favorite part ofthis assignment was modeling and diagramming my tower, 2s | leamed how to take something that seems like a daunting task, and tum it into a streamlined presentation that is very readable.REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] Parker, John. “Articles - Building the Shard.” Ingenia magazine - Royal Academy of Engineering, Sept. 2012, www. ingenia.org.uk/Ingenia/Artcies/790. [2] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Southwark.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc., 10 ‘Apr. 2014, www.britannica.com/place/Southwark-London. [3] Koller-Alonso, Paula. “The History Of The Shard In 1 Minute.” Culture Trip, 25 Mar. 2016, theculturetrip.com/europe/ United-kingdom/england/london/articles/the-history-of-the-shard-in-t-minutel. [4] “Renzo Piano: the Shard in London Opens to Public." Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine, 17 July 2014, www designboom. convarchitectureirenzo-piano-the-shard-in-london-now-complete [5] Association, Press, “23 Facts about the Shard.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, § July 2012, www. theguardian.com/uk/2012ul05/23-facts-about-the-shard. {6] “About” The Shard, www.the-shard com/shard [7] Cbuh. “The Shard, London * Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, www. ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/Featured TallBuildings/F eaturedTallBuildingArchive2013/TheShardLondon/tabid/6020/language/en-US/Default.aspx.IMAGES a (8) (C] (0) f FA (6) {H] 0 u My IN (0) James, Holloway. “The Shard's bleeding edge: anatomy of a 21st century skyscraper.” Ars Technica, 4 Dec. 2011, arstechnica.com/gadgets/20/11/12/the-shards-bleeding-edge-anatomy-of-a-21st-century-skyscraper. “Family Ties." Pinterest, 30 Mar. 2016, www pinterest.co.uk/pin/393642823661684997/. “Southwark Towers.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 4 Feb. 2018, en.wikipedia. orgiwiki/Southwark_Towers. Old London Photos from Southwark Library, www.lyons-family.co.uk/Lyonsslondon-old-photos/southwark-library- prints-mar2008 htm “Pub attached to the hotel - Picture of Premier Inn London Southwark (Bankside) Hotel, London.” TripAdvisor, www. tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g186338-d276502-i99370243-Premier_Inn_London_Southwark_ Bankside_Hotel-London_England. him. Google Earth *Canaletto (1697 - 1768).” Pinterest, www-pinterest dk/sergiomundilcanaletto-1697-1768/Ip=true, "Renzo piano: the shard in london opens to public.” Designboom | architecture & design magazine, 17 July 2014, ‘www designboom.com/architecture/renzo-piano-the-shard:in-london-now-completel “[Exhibition] ‘The Piano Method’ Renzo Piano Building Workshop.” BMIAA, www.bmiaa.com/events/exhibi tion-the-piano-method-renzo-piano-building-workshop/. “Shard London Bridge - Data, Photos & Plans.” WikiArquitectura, en.wikiarquitectura,com/bulding/shardtondon- bridge “South London Skyline, UK, The Shard and London Bridge Station; Time Lapse Stock Video Footage - VideoB locks.” Stock Video Footage - VideoBlocks, www videoblocks.comivideoisouth-london-skyline-uk-the-shard-and-on don-bridge-station-ime-lapse-brfnygliv2xetg, “London Quarter” “The Shard’ Glass Architecture skycity “London skyline” on thoughtsfromtheblonde side.” Thoughtsfromtheblondeside, thoughtsfromtheblondeside. wordpress. com/tag/london-shard-tondon-quar ter-the-shard-glass-architecture-skycity-/ondon-skyiine! “The Shard Day and Night Tickets.” A Guide To The Shard, 1 Mar. 2017, www.shardidn.com/shard-day-night-tick ets) Realla. “The Shard, Part 9th Floor - Office for rent.” Realla.co, realla.co/m/3219-the-shard-part-Sth-floor-32-london- bridge-street. “Hotel Review: The Shangri-La at The Shard, London.” Luxury Travel Beat, 9 Aug. 2016, luxurytravelbeat. com/2014/11/17/hotel-review-the-shangri-1a-at-the-shard-london/.IMAGES PI [Q) RI {s] m (U) “The Shard.” The Workplace Company, www.theworkplacecompany co.uk/TheShard html “The Shard." The Workplace Company, www.theworkplacecompany.co.uk/TheShard htm “Your Shangri-La Story." About Shangri-La Hotel London | Quality Five Star Hotel, www.shangri-a.comv/ondon’ shangria/about. Lewis, Jamie. “The Shard: First images of £50m Penthouse Mansion Flat 735ft above Ground Level.” International Business Times UK, 9 May 2012, www.ibtimes.co.uk/shard-firstimages-5Omillion-fat-735ft-above-339138. “The View from the Shard in the snow, London ~ On the Luce travel blog.” On the Luce travel blog, 18 Feb. 2016, ‘www ontheluce.com/the-view-from-the-shard-in-the-snow/. “Bar for champagne and coffee - Picture of The View from The Shard, London.” TripAdvisor, www.tripadvisor.ie! LocationPhotoDirectLink-g186338-43539289-i183863421-The View from_The Shard-London_England html “Viewing platform - Picture of The View from The Shard, London.” TripAdvisor, www.ripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPho toDirectLink-g186338-43539289-i112798687-The_View_from_The_Shard-London_England htmlOVERALL BOOKLET REFERENCES IMAGES [FRONT COVER} PETKO STOEVSK,http:/iwwwevolo.usicompetition/the-new-tower-of-babe/ [TABLE OF CONTENTS ELEVATIONS] http://www skyscrapercenter.com/ [TABLE OF CONTENTS ELEVATION - PARNAS TOWER] https: //www_archdaily com/87481 9/pamas-tower-chang/jo-architects/59563213b22e3853680000fd-pamas-tow- cer-chang-jo-architects-elevation [TABLE OF CONTENTS ELEVATION - SEAGRAM BUILDING] Perez, Adelyn. AD Classics: Seagram Building. ArchDaily, 10 May, 2010.MODELSPACE.INK