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PÉRDIDAS
DE CALOR
Heat Losses in Thermal Projects
• Heat losses occur:
• In the reservoir (conduction to cap and base rock)
• In the wellbore (conduction through tubulars, to formation,
convection through annuli)
• At surface (distribution system – conduction through tubulars,
convection and radiation to atmosphere)
• In production stream
• Also: in order to heat the oil in the reservoir, it is necessary to heat all
the reservoir rock and connate water; the bulk of the heat that
reaches the reservoir is used to heat the reservoir rock and over- and
under-burden.
Esquema de pérdidas de calor
10% pérdidas
Gases calientes
de combustión
Gas Agua de alimento Loops de expansión
Aire
GENERADOR
5% pérdidas 5% pérdidas
15% pérdidas
20% pérdidas
Formaciones adyacentes
25% Roca
10% Petróleo
10% Agua
T≈400-500°F T≈100-200°F
Eficiencia térmica del generador de vapor
La eficiencia térmica de un
generador de vapor se determina
comúnmente a partir de la entalpía
del vapor producido en relación con
la energía total utilizada para
generarlo, por lo tanto, el
conocimiento de la temperatura, el
combustible consumido, la presión
del vapor y la calidad son necesarios
para calcular la eficiencia
Eficiencia térmica del generador de vapor
EJEMPLO
Calcular la eficiencia térmica de un generador de vapor dados los siguientes
datos:
SOLUCIÓN:
Qt 350.000( PCN / D) x960( BTU / PCN )
1.- Calor total liberado
Qt 336 x106 BTU / D
Eficiencia térmica del generador de vapor
2.- Entalpía ganada por el vapor.
a.- Entalpía del vapor:
hws 487.7( BTU / lbs ) 0,813x714( BTU / lbs )
hws 1068,2 BTU / lbs
Cw 1.0 BTU / lbs º F
b.- Entalpía del agua de alimentación, ( )
Métodos de recobro
“Thermal Recovery”, Stanford University, 2015
Cálculo de las pérdidas de
calor en líneas de superficie
Q AU Ts Ta
Donde:
Q: Tasa de pérdidas de calor, BTU/hr
A: Área característica que usualmente coincide con una de las superficies a través de la cuál las
pérdidas de calor están siendo determinadas, pie2
U: Coeficiente de transferencia de calor total, referido a un área característica, BTU/hr-pie2-ºF
Ts: Temperatura del fluido fluyendo en la tubería, ºF
Ta: Temperatura del medio ambiente donde se encuentra la línea, ºF
Atmosphere
• On the surface, the heat loss is determined by the distribution system configuration
• Heat transfer will be by conduction through solids (tubulars, insulation), and usually can
be assumed to be steady-state
• Heat transfer from the outer radius of the insulation to the atmosphere will be through
free convection and radiation
• Calculations proceed in the same way as for the steady-state expressions shown above.
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
Cálculo de la calidad del vapor
Disponiendo de la calidad del vapor a la salida del generador, fst,gen, la tasa de
pérdidas de calor por unidad de longitud q, la tasa de flujo de vapor, w, y la
longitud de tubería, L, se puede determinar la calidad del vapor en el cabezal
del pozo, fst,wh, mediante el siguiente balance de calor:
De donde:
qL
f st ,wh f st , gen
wLv
Heat Losses in the Wellbore (1)
Heat is lost by conduction
to the formation radially Steam, Ts Tsurface = 70 °F
through the wellbore
Depth z, Ft
temperature difference is
the difference between Tf = Δgeo (z/100)
the steam temperature
and the geothermal
temperature at any depth
Geothermal Gradient:
Δgeo ~ 1.2 – 2.5 °F / 100 ft
Avg: 22 °K/km
The geothermal gradient is
constant for a given field,
but varies from location to
location world-wide.
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
Heat Losses in the Wellbore (2)
At any given depth, the heat Tubing: riT, roT
loss is determined by the
wellbore configuration
Annulus: roT, riC
Heat transfer will be by
conduction through solids
(tubulars, cement, Casing: riC, roC
formation)
Cement: riC, rwb
Heat transfer will be by
convection through fluid- Formation
filled annuli
30 bar
20 bar
100 bar
50 bar
15 bar
10 bar
70 bar
7 bar
150 bar
5 bar
3 bar
3000
2 bar
1 bar
200 bar
Critical Point
2500 219.3 bara,
374.1 deg C
Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
2000
1500
Bypass model
Van Lookeren
Mature steamfloods
Vogel model
These models were developed in the 60-80s for heavy oil, not bitumen
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
RECOBRO MEJORADO: CONCEPTOS Y APLICACIONES
Calentamiento de la formación
MARX – LANGENHEIM (1)
Qi Qob Qs
350
T Ts Qi ( )ist [hw f st Lv cw (TR 32)]
TR 24
dVS
Qs M S (TS TR )
dt
Distancia o Volumen
Qi M S ht2
Vs F1
4k hob M ob (TS TR )
4k hob M obt
F1
tD
tD
1 0.85 t D M S2 ht2
“Practical Heavy Oil Recovery”, S.M. Farouq Ali, 2004
Calentamiento de la formación
Marx-Langenheim Model
Tasa de crecimiento de la zona de vapor:
dF1
et D erfc t D F2
dt D
Perdidas de calor acumuladas y eficiencia de calor de la inyección de vapor:
F1
ES Qloss 1 ES
tD
Mandl-Volek Modification
Area A+dA
Start with a heat balance:
kT T dA
h
t
dA
Qo 2 d M h T
0
t d
R
dt r dr
•
Qo is heat injection rate Heat which flows into pay zone
(constant)
2
Qo M R h t D tD M α
So A(t) e erfc( t D ) 2 1 Where t D 4 s 2s t
2
4kT ΔT M R ht
G(tD) Area A
From this it follows that
Area A+dA
dA Qo t D
dt M R hT
e erfc t D
M R hT
dA
dt
Qo e t D erfc t 2 rhk
D T
dT
dr
0.9
0.8
0.7
Heat Loss to CR/BR
e^t.erfcVt
8
0.6 6
0.5 Heat Inj Rate
0.4 4
Where r is the distance from the injector to the 0.3
G(t)~Area(t)
This gives 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t
dT Qo e D erfc t D tD
dr 2 rhkT The rate of increase of heated volume
of the reservoir is:
Allowing the construction of an approximate
dA Qo t D
temperature profile in the reservoir. h e erfc( t D )
dt M R T
If we assume that in the heated zone the oil saturation has decreased from initial
to residual, then this also can be used to represent the oil displacement rate:
Q S S oi t D
Vo o o e erfc ( t D )
M R T
“Thermal Recovery”, Johan van Dorp, 2013
Bypass model (Van Lookeren)
• Fronts are not vertical
• Causes of bypassing:
• inhomogeneities (porosity,
permeability, capillary
pressure, saturation and
pressure distributions)
• Anisotropies
• Partial well completions
• Buoyancy forces
• Van Lookeren
calculated the effect
of viscous to gravity
force ratio on the
shape of the steam
displacement front
• Cases considered:
• Linear
• Radial (presented
here)
Here,
Qi = heat injection rate necessary to maintain the steam drive (Btu/day)
QCRHL = steam injection rate necessary to make up for reservoir heat losses (Btu/day)
QSZG = steam injection rate necessary to replace reservoir volume of produced oil (Btu/day)
Qexcess = heat injection rate necessary to make up for surface and wellbore heat losses (Btu/day)