4/5/2018

En termodinámica y ciencia de materiales se

denomina diagrama de fase o diagrama de
IMC207: CIENCIA DE LOS estados de la materia, a la representación
entre diferentes estados de la materia, en
MATERIALES I función de variables elegidas para facilitar el
estudio del mismo.

Soluciones y diagramas de fase

Mechanical Engineering Department

Universidad de Antioquia

Chapter 9 - a Chapter 9 -

Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 - 4

Solubilidad total en estado líquido

- solubilidad total en estado sólido
presentan únicamente líneas de líquidus y sólidus,
forman soluciones sólidas substitucionales

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Chapter 9 - tml Chapter 9 -

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Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 - 8

One Component Phase Diagram

Un diagrama de fases isomorfo, es un diagrama de fases, cuyos

Chapter 9 - 9 componentes presentan solubilidad solida ilimitada. Chapter 9 - 10

Chapter 9 - 11 Chapter 9 - 12

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Chapter 9 - 13 Chapter 9 - 14

Phase Diagrams
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
• In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
--a temperature (T )
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?

Phase A Phase B

Nickel atom
Copper atom
Chapter 9 - 15 Chapter 9 - 16

Some basic concepts

Concepts…...
• Phase
• Phase transformation
– A homogeneous region with distinct
– Change from one phase to another
structure and physical properties
– E.g. L S, S S etc.
– In principle, can be isolated
– Occurs because energy change is
– Can be solid, liquid or gas
negative/goes from high to low energy state
• Phase Diagram
• Phase boundary
– Representation of phases present under
– Boundary between phases in a phase
a set of conditions (P, T, Composition
diagram
etc.)
Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 -

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Gibb’s Phase Rule

A simple phase diagram
System: H2O P=number of phases
P+F=C+
C=number of components
Liquid
2 F=number of degrees of freedom
Phase boundary F=C-P+ (number of independent variables)
Pressure 2
Solid Modified Gibbs Phase Rule (for incompressible systems)
Triple point
Vapor (Invariant point) P+F=C+1
F=C-P+1 Pressure is a constant variable

Temperature i. e. the largest number of properties such

as temperature or pressure that can be varied simultaneously
Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 -
and arbitrarily without affecting one another

- insolubilidad total en estado sólido

- aparición de un punto invariante (eutéctico E)
- transformación eutéctica: Líquido--> Sólido A + Sólido B
Application of the phase rule - la curva de enfriamiento de una composición eutéctica sigue el mismo patrón que la
de un metal puro
- el eutéctico presenta una morfología característica
At triple point, P=3, C=1, F=0
i.e. this is an invariant point

At phase boundary, P=2, C=1, F=1

In each phase, P=1, C=1, F=2

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Chapter 9 - tml Chapter 9 -

Diagramas con fases intermedias

- solubilidad parcial en estado sólido
Las fases intermedias se representan como líneas verticales en los diagramas de fases porque suelen tener un
- líneas de solvus pequeño intervalo de composición lo que conduce a compuestos con fórmula química definida (ej. Mg 2Sn).
- soluciones sólidas terminales Si presentan un intervalo de composición suele tratarse de compuestos electrónicos (que se representan por
- en aleaciones que presentan soluciones sólidas terminales en que disminuye la solubilidad una letra griega). Las fases intermedias tienen puntos de fusión superiores a los de los dos metales.
en estado sólido con la temperatura puede producirse un endurecimiento por precipitación y
posterior envejecimiento (ej. Al-Cu) Reacción peritéctica: Líquido + Sólido 1 --> Sólido 2
el sólido 2 suele ser una fase intermedia

Otras reacciones invariantes en estado sólido

Reacción eutectoide: Sólido 1 --> Sólido 2 + Sólido 3

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tml Chapter 9 - tml Chapter 9 -

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Solidification
Solidification(cooling) curves
Pure metal Alloy

L L Soldification
begins
TL
L S L+S
Tm
TS
S Solidification S
complete

Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 -

L Binary isomorphous phase

T Results
L
L S diagram
L TL Temp L
L TL TNi x x x x x x TNi
x x
L+S x L+S x
L+S x x
L S x
Pure Ni TCu x x x x x x x
TS S Cu
TCu S TS S S
Cu-20%Ni Ni
Pure Cu
Cu-10%Ni
0 100
t 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cu %Ni Ni
Composition
Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 -

Microstructural changes during

solidification
Pure metal
L
T
L
S
L S
Tm
S

t
Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 -

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Microstructural changes during Binary isomorphous phase diagram

solidification T L
L T1
Alloy L
L T2
T T3 L+S
L T4 L
TL S
L+S S
TS CL C0 CS
S
S 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100

A %B B
t Composition
Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 -

Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit

Notes Introduction
• This is an equilibrium phase diagram – Solutions – solid solutions, single phase
(slow cooling)
– Mixtures – more than one phase Adapted from Fig. 9.1,
• The phase boundary which separates the Callister 7e.

L from the L+S region is called LIQUIDUS Sucrose/Water Phase Diagram

• Solubility Limit: 100
• The phase boundary which separates the Max concentration for Solubility

Temperature (°C)
which only a single phase 80 Limit L
S from the L+S region is called SOLIDUS (liquid)
solution occurs.
60
• The horizontal (isothermal) line drawn at a L +
Question: What is the 40 (liquid solution S
specific temperature is called the TIE LINE solubility limit at 20°C? i.e., syrup) (solid
• The tie line can be meaningfully drawn Answer: 65 wt% sugar.
20 sugar)

only in a two-phase region If Co < 65 wt% sugar: syrup 0 20 40 6065 80 100

If Co > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar.

Sugar
Water

• The average composition of the alloy is CO Co =Composition (wt% sugar)

Pure

Pure
Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 - 34

Components and Phases Effect of T & Composition (Co)

• Components: • Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B.
The elements or compounds which are present in the mixture • Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.
(e.g., Al and Cu) B (100°C,70) D (100°C,90)
• Phases: 1 phase 2 phases
The physically and chemically distinct material regions 100
that result (e.g., a and b). L
80
Temperature (°C)

(liquid)
Aluminum- b (lighter water- +
Copper 60 L
phase) sugar S
Alloy (liquid solution
system 40 (solid
i.e., syrup)
a (darker sugar)

phase) 20 A (20°C,70)
Adapted from 2 phases
chapter-opening
photograph, Adapted from 0
Chapter 9, Fig. 9.1, 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
Callister 3e. Callister 7e.
Co =Composition (wt% sugar)
Chapter 9 - 35 Chapter 9 - 36

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Phase Equilibria Phase Diagrams

• Indicate phases as function of T, Co, and P.
Simple solution system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution) • For this course:
-binary systems: just 2 components.
Crystal -independent variables: T and Co (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
electroneg r (nm)
Structure T(°C)
• Phase 1600 • 2 phases:
Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246 Diagram L (liquid)
1500
Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278 for Cu-Ni L (liquid) a (FCC solid solution)
system 1400 • 3 phase fields:
L
• Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have 1300 L+a
similar electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume – a
Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility.
1200 a Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
• Ni and Cu are totally miscible in all proportions. 1100
(FCC solid Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
solution) OH (1991).
1000
Chapter 9 - 37 0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni Chapter 9 - 38

Phase Diagrams: Phase Diagrams:

# and types of phases composition of phases
• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know: • Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
--the # and types of phases present.
T(°C) system
T(°C) • Examples:
• Examples: 1600 Co = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line
A(1100°C, 60): L (liquid) At T A = 1320°C: 1300 L (liquid)
1 phase: a 1500
B (1250°C,35)

Cu-Ni Only Liquid (L) B

B(1250°C, 35): phase CL = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni) TB
1400
a
2 phases: L + a diagram At T D = 1190°C:
1300 a Only Solid ( a)
1200 D (solid)
TD
(FCC solid Ca = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni)
1200 solution) 20 3032 35 4043 50
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
At T B = 1250°C: CLCo Ca wt% Ni
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase 1100 A(1100°C,60) Both a and L Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
1000
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni here) of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
OH, 1991).
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni Ca = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni here) International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

Chapter 9 - 39 Chapter 9 - 40

Phase Diagrams: The Lever Rule

weight fractions of phases
• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know: • Tie line – connects the phases in equilibrium with
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni each other - essentially an isotherm
• Examples: T(°C) system T(°C) How much of each phase?
Co = 35 wt% Ni A tie line
TA tie line Think of it as a lever (teeter-totter)
1300 L (liquid)
At T A : Only Liquid (L) 1300 L (liquid) Ma
ML
W L = 100 wt%, W a = 0 B
B TB
At T D: Only Solid ( a) TB R S a
a
W L = 0, Wa = 100 wt% 1200 (solid)
1200 D (solid) R S
At T B : Both a and L TD
R S

S  43  35  73 wt %
20 30C C
L o
40 C
a
50
M a S  M L R
WL 
20 3032 35 4043 50
CLCo Ca wt% Ni wt% Ni Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),
R + S 43  32 Callister 7e.

R
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
ML S C  C0 R C  CL
Wa  = 27 wt%
(Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of
WL    a Wa   0
ML  Ma R  S Ca  CL R  S Ca  CL
Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
R +S International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

Chapter 9 - 41 Chapter 9 - 42

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Ex: Cooling in a Cu-Ni Binary Cored vs Equilibrium Phases

• Phase diagram: T(°C) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni • Ca changes as we solidify.
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni • Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Ca = 46 wt% Ni.
• System is: 1300 system Last a to solidify has Ca = 35 wt% Ni.
A
--binary L: 35 wt% Ni
a: 46 wt% Ni
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
i.e., 2 components: 35 B
32 C 46 Cored structure Equilibrium structure
Cu and Ni. 43
--isomorphous D Uniform Ca:
24 36 L: 32 wt% Ni First a to solidify:
i.e., complete 46 wt% Ni 35 wt% Ni
a: 43 wt% Ni
1200
solubility of one E Last a to solidify:
L: 24 wt% Ni
component in < 35 wt% Ni
another; a phase a: 36 wt% Ni
a
field extends from (solid)
0 to 100 wt% Ni.
• Consider 110 0
Co = 35 wt%Ni. 20 30 35 40 50
Adapted from Fig. 9.4, Co wt% Ni
Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 - 43 Chapter 9 - 44

Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System Binary-Eutectic Systems

• Effect of solid solution strengthening on: has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
--Tensile strength (TS) --Ductility (%EL,%AR) Cu-Ag
T(°C) system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system 1200
Tensile Strength (MPa)

60 • 3 single phase regions

Elongation (%EL)

%EL for pure Cu L (liquid)

400 50 %EL for (L, a, b) 1000
TS for pure Ni • Limited solubility: a L + a 779°C L+b b
300
pure Ni 40 a: mostly Cu TE 800 8.0 71.9 91.2
30 b: mostly Ag 600
TS for pure Cu
• TE : No liquid below TE ab
200 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 • CE : Min. melting TE 400
Cu Ni Cu Ni
Composition, wt% Ni Composition, wt% Ni composition 200
Adapted from Fig. 9.6(a), Callister 7e. Adapted from Fig. 9.6(b), Callister 7e. 0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
• Eutectic transition Co , wt% Ag
--Peak as a function of Co --Min. as a function of Co
L(CE) a(CaE) + b(CbE) Adapted from Fig. 9.7,
Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 - 45 Chapter 9 - 46

EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (1) EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (2)
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150°C, find... • For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 200°C, find...
--the phases present: a + b Pb-Sn --the phases present: a + L Pb-Sn
--compositions of phases: T(°C) system --compositions of phases: T(°C) system
CO = 40 wt% Sn CO = 40 wt% Sn
Ca = 11 wt% Sn 300 Ca = 17 wt% Sn 300
L (liquid) L (liquid)
Cb = 99 wt% Sn CL = 46 wt% Sn L+a
--the relative amount a L+ a --the relative amount 220 a
200 183°C L+b b 200 R S L+b b
of each phase: 18.3 61.9 97.8 of each phase: 183°C
S C - CO 150
Wa = = b R S Wa =
CL - CO
=
46 - 40
R+S Cb - Ca 100 100
a+b CL - Ca 46 - 17 a+b
99 - 40 59 6
= = = 67 wt%
99 - 11 88 = = 21 wt%
29
CO - Ca 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100 0 17 20 40 46 60 80 100
Wb = R Ca Co Cb Ca Co CL
= C, wt% Sn CO - Ca 23 C, wt% Sn
R+S Cb - Ca
Adapted from Fig. 9.8, WL = = = 79 wt% Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
40 - 11 29 Callister 7e. CL - Ca 29 Callister 7e.
= = = 33 wt%
99 - 11 88 Chapter 9 - 47 Chapter 9 - 48

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Microstructures Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: I in Eutectic Systems: II
L: Co wt% Sn
• Co < 2 wt% Sn T(°C)
400
L: Co wt% Sn • 2 wt% Sn < Co < 18.3 wt% Sn 400T(°C)
• Result: L • Result: L
--at extreme ends
a  Initially liquid + a L
300 L a
--polycrystal of a grains  then a alone 300
L +a
i.e., only one solid phase. L+ a  finally two phases a: Co wt% Sn
200
a a
TE a: Co wt% Sn
(Pb-Sn  a polycrystal 200
System) TE
 fine b-phase inclusions a
b
a+ b
100
100
a+ b Pb-Sn
system
0 10 20 30
Co Co , wt% Sn 0 10 20 30
Adapted from Fig. 9.11,
Callister 7e. 2 Adapted from Fig. 9.12, 2 Co Co , wt% Sn
(room T solubility limit) Callister 7e. (sol. limit at T room) 18.3
(sol. limit at TE)
Chapter 9 - 49 Chapter 9 - 50

Microstructures
Lamellar Eutectic Structure
in Eutectic Systems: III
• Co = CE
• Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure)
--alternating layers (lamellae) of a and b crystals.
Micrograph of Pb-Sn
T(°C) eutectic
L: Co wt% Sn microstructure
300 L
Pb-Sn
system
L+ a
200
a 183°C Lb b
TE

100 160 m
ab b: 97.8 wt% Sn
Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e.
a: 18.3 wt%Sn
Adapted from Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister
0 20 40 60 80 100 7e.
18.3 CE 97.8
Adapted from Fig. 9.13, 61.9 C, wt% Sn Chapter 9 - 51 Chapter 9 - 52
Callister 7e.

Microstructures
Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic
in Eutectic Systems: IV
300
L
• 18.3 wt% Sn < Co < 61.9 wt% Sn Adapted from Fig. 9.8, T(°C)
• Result: a crystals and a eutectic microstructure Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.8 a L+a
L+b b
adapted from Binary Phase
200
TE
(Pb-Sn
L: Co wt% Sn
• Just above TE : Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3,
T.B. Massalski (Editor-in- a+b System)
T(°C) a L Chief), ASM International, 100
L
Ca = 18.3 wt% Sn Materials Park, OH, 1990.)

300 a CL = 61.9 wt% Sn

L Co, wt% Sn
Pb-Sn Wa = S = 50 wt%
0 20 40 60 80 100
L+a eutectic
system R+S hypoeutectic: Co = 50 wt% Sn
a 61.9 hypereutectic: (illustration only)
200 R S L+b b WL = (1- Wa) = 50 wt% (Figs. 9.14 and 9.17
TE from Metals
eutectic: Co = 61.9 wt% Sn
R S
• Just below TE :
Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9,
a b
Metallography and a b
100 a+b Ca = 18.3 wt% Sn Microstructures, a a b b
primary a Cb = 97.8 wt% Sn
American Society for a b
Metals, Materials
eutectic a a b
Wa = S = 73 wt%
Park, OH, 1985.)
eutectic b
R+S 175 m 160 m
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 61.9 97.8 Wb = 27 wt% Adapted from eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 9.17,
Fig. 9.17, Callister 7e. Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e. (Illustration
Adapted from Fig. 9.16,
Callister 7e. Co, wt% Sn Chapter 9 - 53 Callister 7e. only)
Chapter 9 - 54

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Intermetallic Compounds Eutectoid & Peritectic

• Eutectic - liquid in equilibrium with two solids
Adapted from
Fig. 9.20, Callister 7e. L cool a + b
heat

• Eutectoid - solid phase in equation with two solid

phases
intermetallic compound
S2 S1+S3 - cementite
 cool
a + Fe3C (727ºC)
heat

• Peritectic - liquid + solid 1  solid 2 (Fig 9.21)

Mg2Pb S1 + L S2
cool
 + L heat  (1493ºC)

Note: intermetallic compound forms a line - not an area -

because stoichiometry (i.e. composition) is exact. Chapter 9 - 55 Chapter 9 - 56

Eutectoid & Peritectic Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram

Peritectic transition  + L  • 2 important T(°C)
Cu-Zn Phase diagram points
1600

-Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L   + Fe3C   +L
1200 1148°C
A L+Fe3C
-Eutectoid (B): (austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
R S
  a +Fe3C 1000  
   +Fe3C

a
800 727°C = Teutectoid
B
R S
600
a+Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.76 4.30 Co, wt% C
120 m
C eutectoid

Adapted from Result: Pearlite = Fe3C (cementite-hard)

Eutectoid transition  +
Fig. 9.21, Callister 7e. alternating layers of a (ferrite-soft)
a and Fe3C phases
(Adapted from Fig. 9.27, Callister 7e.) Adapted from Fig. 9.24,Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 - 57 Chapter 9 - 58

Hypoeutectoid Steel Hypereutectoid Steel

T(°C) T(°C)
1600 1600
 
1400 L 1400 L (Fe-C
  (Fe-C System)
 +L    +L
  1200 System)
 1200
1148°C L+Fe3C  1148°C L+Fe3C
Fe3C (cementite)

Fe3C (cementite)

(austenite) (austenite)
  1000
  1000
   + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.29,Callister 7e.
   +Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32,Callister 7e.
a Fe3C
 
(Fig. 9.24 adapted from (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
s
a  800 r s 727°C Binary Alloy Phase 800 r Binary Alloy Phase
 a aRS Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
  a R S
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
wa =s/(r +s) 600
w =(1- wa)
a + Fe3C Chief), ASM International, w Fe3C =r/(r +s) 600 a +Fe3C Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, Materials Park, OH,
1990.)
w  =(1-w Fe3C ) 1990.)
400 400
a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7 0 1 Co 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe) Co , wt% C (Fe) Co , wt%C

0.76

C0 pearlite
pearlite w pearlite = w
w pearlite = w
100 m Hypoeutectoid w a =S/(R+S)
w a =S/(R+S) steel 60 mHypereutectoid
w Fe3C =(1-w a) steel
w Fe3 =(1-wa)
C
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 59 Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 60

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Example: Phase Equilibria Phase Equilibria

Solution: a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite (a)
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C at a temperature
b) the amount of carbide CO = 0.40 wt% C
just below the eutectoid, determine the (cementite) in grams that Ca = 0.022 wt% C
following forms per 100 g of steel CFe C = 6.70 wt% C
3
1600
a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite (a) 
Fe 3C Co  Ca 1400 L
b) the amount of carbide (cementite) in grams  x100 T(°C)
Fe 3C  a CFe 3C  Ca   +L

Fe3C (cementite)
that forms per 100 g of steel 1200
(austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C
0.4  0.022
c) the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid  x 100  5.7g 1000
6.7  0.022  + Fe3C
ferrite (a) 800 727°C
R S
Fe 3C  5.7 g 600 a + Fe3C
a  94.3 g 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Ca C O Co , wt% C CFe
3C

Chapter 9 - 61 Chapter 9 - 62

Phase Equilibria Alloying Steel with More Elements

c. the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite (a)
• Teutectoid changes: • Ceutectoid changes:
note: amount of pearlite = amount of  just above TE

Ceutectoid (wt%C)
Co = 0.40 wt% C Ti
T Eutectoid (°C)

Si
Mo W Ni
Ca = 0.022 wt% C 1600 Cr
Cpearlite = C = 0.76 wt% C 
1400 L Cr Si
T(°C) Mn
 C  Ca   +L W
 o x 100  51.2 g 1200 Mn
Fe3C (cementite)

1148°C L+Fe3C Ti Mo
  a C  Ca (austenite) Ni
1000
 + Fe3C
wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements
800 727°C Adapted from Fig. 9.34,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.34 Adapted from Fig. 9.35,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.35
RS

from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
pearlite = 51.2 g 600 a + Fe3C Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.)
Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.)
proeutectoid a = 48.8 g 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Ca CO C Co , wt% C

Chapter 9 - 63 Chapter 9 - 64

Congruent transformations
Congruent transformation is one
where there is no change in
composition, like allotropic
transformations (e.g., α-Fe to γ-
Fe) or melting transitions in pure
STEEL
solids.

Chapter 9 - 65 Chapter 9 - 66

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Ferrite, iron

Austenite, iron γ

Chapter 9 - 67 Chapter 9 - 68

Orthorhombic Fe3C. Iron atoms

are blue.

Chapter 9 - 69 Chapter 9 -

Chapter 9 - Chapter 9 - 72

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Bainite is
an acicular micro
structure (not a
phase) that
forms in steels at
temperatures of
250–550 °C
(depending on
alloy content).

Chapter 9 - 73 Chapter 9 - 74

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