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Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) was an Italian-American physicist who was awarded the 1938 Nobel
Prize in Physics. He created the world's first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and is one of 16
scientists who have elements named after them. One of the few physicists to excel in both
theoretical and experimental work, he made significant contributions to quantum theory,
statistical mechanics, and nuclear and particle physics. He helped formulate the Fermi–Dirac
statistics for particles that obey Wolfgang Pauli's exclusion principle, called "fermions". His theory
of beta decay correctly predicted that a particle he named the "neutrino" would be emitted along
with an electron, satisfying the law of conservation of energy. He left Italy in 1938 to escape the
Italian racial laws that affected his Jewish wife Laura, and emigrated to the United States. He
worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II, but later opposed development of the
hydrogen bomb on moral and technical grounds