1 Table of Contents PRECALCULUS REVIEW. 1 Algebra 61 12 Functions © 7 1.3 Trigonometry © 16 LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS .. 2.1 Introduction to Limits « 23 2.2 Definition of Limit » 28 2.3. . Techniques for Finding Limits « 33 2.4 Limits Involving Infinity © 38 2.5 Continuous Funetions » 41 2.6 Review Exercises e 43 ‘THE DERIVATIVE 3.1 Tangent Lines and Rates of Change » 47 3.2 Definition of Derivative ¢ 51 3.3 Techniques of Differentiation © 67 3.4 Derivatives of the Trigonometric Functions e 63 3.5 Increments and Differentials © 66 3.6 ‘The Chain Rule « 71 3.7 Implicit Differentiation © 76 3.8 Related Rates e 79 3.9 Review Exercises 85 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE. 4.1 Extrema of Functions « 93 4.2 The Mean Value Theorem © 98 4.3 The First Derivative Test © 101 44 — Concavity and the Second Derivative Test » 109 4.5 Summary of Graphical Methods « 117 4.6 Optimization Problems © 126 4.7 Rectilinear Motion and Other Applications © 137 4.8 Newton’s Method 141 4.9 Review Exercises # 1475 INTEGRALS. 6.1 52 53 54 55 5.6 57 58 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL.. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 67 6.8 6.9 7 LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS. MW 12 13 14 16 16 17 8 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 8.1 8.2 8.3 84 8.5 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration © 155 Change of Variables in Indefinite Integrals © 158 Summation Notation and Area © 161 ‘The Definite Integral © 168 Properties of the Definite Integral © 170 ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus » 173 Numerical Integration © 177 Review Exercises © 183 . 187 ‘Area # 187 Solids of Revolution « 194 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells © 203 ‘Volumes by Cross Sections * 209 Are Length and Surfaces of Revolution # 214 Work » 220 Moments and Centers of Mass » 223 Other Applications © 229 Review Exercises « 233 Inverse Functions © 239 ‘The Natural Logarithmic Function # 242 ‘The Natural Exponential Function « 246 Integration « 253 General Exponential and Logarithmic Functions © 257 Laws of Growth and Decay # 262 Review Exercises « 265 Inverse Trigonometrie Functions © 273 Derivatives and Integrals # 278 Hyperbolic Functions » 283 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions « 289 Review Exercises © 203To the Instructor In the review sections, the solutions are abbreviated since more detailed solutions were given in sections. In easier groups of exercises, representative solutions are shown. When appropriate, only the answer is listed. When possible, we tried to make each piece of art with the same scale to show a realistic and consistent graph. . This manual waa done using EXP: The Scientific Word Processor. ‘ ‘The following notations are used in the manual. Note: Notes to the instructor pertaining to hints on instruction or conventions to follow. {} {comments to the reader are in braces} = {implies, next equation, logically follows} ° {if and only if, is equivalent to} . {bullet, used to separate problem statement from éolution or explanation } * {used to identify the answer to the problem } 5 {section references} v {For all, i.e., Vz means “for all 2°.) R— {a} {The set of all real numbers except a. } {therefore } ‘The following notations are defined in the manual, but also listed here for convenience. DNE {Does Not Exist } LT {the original limit or integral } TS { the result is obtained from using the trapezoidal rule or Simpson’s rule} tl {increasing, decreasing } cw {ctitical number(¢)} PI {point(s) of inflection } CU, CD {concave up, concave down } MAX, MIN {absolute maximum or minimum } LMAX, LMIN {local maximiim or minimum } VA, HA, OA { vertical, horizontal, or oblique asymptote } QI, QU, QU, QIV {quadrants I, 11, 1, 1V}Chapter 1: Precalculus Review O () (-5)3-—61= 15 —(b) -l/(~2) = ~3 ©) I+ 4b (a) (6 -71=4 (b) 6/l-21 = § (c) Lal + [9] = 10 (a) Since (4 — x) is positive, 4 — x] = 4-7. (b) Since (x — 4) is negative, Ir — 4] = ~(x — 4) = 4-7. (©) Since ({2 — 1.5) is negative, {3 — 1.5] = —({2 — 1.5) = 1.5 — (3. @ (a) Since ({3 — 1.7) is positive, |{3 — 1.7] = {3 — 1.7. (b) Since (1.7 — {8) is negative, |1.7 — 3] = —(1.7 — 13) = YB - 1.7. 2} (_2)-2 Hal= (aaa tute a value to test if the expression inside the absolute value symbol is positive or negative first, then generalize. Wz <—3, then 3 + 2<0. Thus, [3 + 2]= —(8 + 2) = —2—3. @ Ifz>65,then5 —2<0. Thus, |5 — s|= —(5— 2) = 2-5. (@ Ifz <2, then2—2>0. Thus, [2 — zl Ifz> —7, then7 + 2>0. Thus, |7+2|=7+ 2 162” — 12 = —8z => 162? + 82 — 12 => (5z + 6)(3z — 2) (10) 152? — 14 = 292 => 1527 — 292 ~ 14 = 0 = (52 + 2)(32—7) =O > 2 Q—z (1B) o(Se + 10) = 77 => 32? + 102 — 77 = 0 => (2 + 732 — 11) <0 r= G2 + arte soe es te 8-2 G 262-305 2= SHB 3408 (Tejas? -— 32 — son en 88 ga ai GBs? + 5241-05 2= SSB. pai 22 +8 < 32-7 —2< 12 > 2> 12 4 (12, 00) (B}e—8>524+3 > —42> 11 > 2 < — & (-c0, -¥) Gis <2 E8 c 7 15 < 22-3 < 5 > 18 < 22 < B89 <2 K< 19 + (9, 19) WO -2 —2<2<3 @ (-2, 3) Value of =: 23 Value of 2: 3-1 Sign of z — =T- T+ Sign of + i: =T-]7 + Sign of = + -L+ + Sign of 2 + 3: -[+]+ (Chart 22] (ls? + 424320 = (c+ (e+ 3) 20> 2 < -3 or z > —1 © (—00, —3] U [—1, 00) (23) 2? — 22-5 >3 => 2? ~ 22-8 >0 > (2 —4)(z +2) >0> <—2ors> 4 4 (co, —2) U (4, 00) 7 Value of = -2 4 Value of = Sign of 2 — & = ¥ Sign of — 7: =7-] + Sign of = + -{+ ]+ Sign of 2 + 3: -~Le]+ (als? — 42-1754 > 2 — 42-21 5 0 > (2 -7)(z+3) 505 —3<2<74[-3,7] + 5)(z—1) 205 2<-forz>1@ (25) 2(22 + 3) > 5 = 227 + 32-5 > 0 = (2: Value of 2: 5/2 1 Value of z: Sign of z — = + ign of Sz — Sign of 20+6:_| -| + | + Sign of z +1 2(82 — 1) $4 3: $0 B24 +1) <0 > -ise 2 PE os et os g —$ # (—co, —2] U (~§, 00) Me 1) - {2 ~2) eT @ +42 eh) 2 “Spey 2°? Ge Value of =: <1 2 72 z values: Sign of —tet7] + [+] F |= i Sign of 2-2: }- |- |+ [+ 2 +3 Sign of z+ = J+ |+ |+ =22 — 16: Chart 29 (Chart 30 . 2 2(z — 5) — 2(2z + 3) =22 — 16 Bass Ge+He—s) <7 Get aye <°* [-8, —} U (5, 00) Ble + 3] < 0.01 > —0.01 <2 43 < 0.01 > 3.01 < =< —2.99 (—3.01 ~2.99) [52] \z — 4] < 0.03 > -0.03 < r- 4 < 0.03 = 3.97 < 2 < 4.03 ¢ (3.97, 4.03] (lz + 2] > 0.001 > z+ 2> 0.001 orz + 2 < —0.001 >EXERCISES 1.1 3 2 > —1.999 or z < —2.001 4 (—co, —2.001] U [—1.999, co) (lz — 3| > 0.002 = 2 — 3 > 0.002 or s— 3 < —0.002 => > 3.002 or 2 < 2.998 4 (—o0, 2.998) U (3.002, 00) (Slee + 5] <4 = -4< e+ 5 <4 -9<22<-1 > -i5 > 32-7 >50r3r-7< -5 > > 4orz< 3 4 (—co, 3] U [4, 00) (ile — 52] <3 + -3 <6 - Sr <3 -9< -be<-3 39 6 = -11 — 72> 6 or 11 — 72 < -6 > 2<—Mor2> —§ @ (—c0, —¥2) U (~§, 00) (a) © = —2 is the line parallel to the y-axis that intersects the 2-axie at (—2, 0). (b) y = 8 is the line parallel to the saxis that intersects the y-axis at (0, 3). (©) = > 0 is the set of all points to the right of and on the y-axis. (d) 2y > 0 is the set of all points in quadrants I and III. {e) ¥ <0 is the set of all points below the 2-ax (f) Iz1 < 2 and |y| < 1 is the set of all points within the rectangle such that —2<2<¢2and—-1< ysl. (a) y = —2 is the line parallel to the z-axis that intersects the y-axis at (0, —2). (b) = = —4 is the line parallel to the y-axis that intersects the z-axis at (—4, 0). (c), 2/v < 0 is the set of all points in quadrants II and IV. (4) 2y = 0 is the set of all points on the z-axis or y-axis. (e) y > 1is the set of all points above the line parallel to the z-axis that intersects the y-axis at (0, 1)- (f) 121 > 2 and jy] > 3 is the set of all points that are at least 2 units from the y-axis and 3 units from the z-axis. Gil (a) aA, B) = (6 - 4)? + (2 — (—a)P? = {44°25 = {29 (>) mA, B) = (A$ 8, =842) = (6, -p (22) A(—2, —5), B(4, 6) + (a) {157 () (LD) GB) Show that a(A, ©)? = (A, B)* + d(B, ©), ie., (4180) = (198)? + (132). Area = 46h = }(132)({98) = 28 [Show that dA, B) = d(B, C) = d(C, D) = ad(D, A) {each is {20} and aA, 0)? = aA, BY? + dB, 0)? (a(A, C) = {58} @y=2?-1 6 Bl y=-2 +2 © Figure 45 Figure 46EXERCISES 1.1 . (i) z= —2y? © ay y Figure 48 y=-P+1 6 y vy ; x Figure 49 Figure 50 (y= -4 « . yy Vy “HEE ee sete Figure 51 Figure 52 (2 +3)? +(y— 2)? =9 © Circle of radius 3, center at (~3, 2) p p eee : Figure 53 Figure 54 (54)? + (y — 2)? = 25 © Circle of radius 5, center at (0, 2)EXERCISES 1.1 5 Bly=-le-2 - y= . vy y Figure 55 Figure 56 [57] Center C(2, —3); radius5 « (2 — 2)? + (y + 3)? = 25 [BB] Center C{—4, 6); passing through P(1, 2) © ‘The equation of a circle with center C is (z + 4)? + (y — 6)? = 17. Letting s = 1 and y = 2 yields + (Para Pra4 (244)? + (y— 6)? = 41 (53) Tangent to both axes is 4and C(A, k) isin QU, k= —4andk=4. x (244) + (y— 4)? = 16 Endpoints of a diameter A(4, —3) and B(—2,7) © ‘The center of the circle is the midpoint of AB. M(A, B) = (1, 2). ‘The radius of the circle is }- (A, B) = 31136 = 134. * (2-1) + (y— 2)? = 34 [GI] Through A(5, ~3); slope —4 © y+ 3 = —4(z—5) > det y= 17 {62} Through A(—1, 4); slope 2 «© y—4 = 32+ 1) > 22—-3y= -14 (53) wintercept 4; yintercept —$ «© m= fandb= —-3 => y= 92-3 32 —4y = 12 (A Through A(5, 2) and B(—1,4) © m= -}ay-2= 2-5) 5 ya-irt+§+25 y= -3e+¥ *24+3y= {G5} Through A(2, —4); parallel to the line 5s — 2y=4 © 52—2y=4e> y = §2— 2. Using the same slope, y + 4 = §(z — 2) > 52 — 2y = 18. (GH) Through A(7, —3); perpendicular to the line 2x — 5y = 8 © center in the second quadrant; radius 4 ¢ Since the radius Qe — Sy = 8 + y = Fe — §. Using the negative reciprocal of 2 for the slope, yt3 = —Hx— 1) = be + dy = 29. (3, 1), B(—-2, 6)» M(A, B) y—§ = iz — }) = Ty — 9B = 52 — § = be — Ty = —15 A(4, 2), B(—2, 10) © M(A, B) = (1, 6) and myp = —$ >6 EXERCISES 1.1 Note: ‘The notation B, and B, refera to the first equation and the second equation. (2+ sy= I 2-2y=8 © -2E, +B Ty =~ s y= 3 r= 4 y 7 (3,5) 4, - Figure 69 Figure 70 [TO}42 + by = 13; 82+ y= —4 © 5B, +B, > -1ls = 93 > r= ~3; y=5 (Wi 2s + by = 16; 32—-7y= 24 © 3E, - 2B, > Wy=0 => y= 0; 8 oe at eo) Figure 71 Figure 72 [72] 7x — 8y = 9; 42 + 3y = -10 » 4E, — 7B, > —53y = 106 > y= Ben [73) Rounding to 6 decimal places and using Cramer’s rule yields 1.018034 + 0.220577y = 1,8469252 + 4.537949y = 1.414214 ary EIQATOS x 0.406505; y we DELSTAT ws 0.146277 (74) For the smallest root, 2 = 2c. fe py Fel6 we 1.612 x 10-7. Toa Ui ane ~ 15400,000 1.447214 Surface area of the tablet = 2ar? + 2nr(3) = ar? + xr. Equating the two surface areas yields 2nr? 4. rr = w => (Qr— (r+ 1) = 0 r= ford = 1am. (b) Volume of the capsule = $n(3)° + #(4)7(3) = Volume of the tablet = *(3)?(4) = § ss 0.393 cm (76) V = ws7h with V = 3000 and A = 20 => 3000 = 20xr? = r= [150/m = 6.9 cm TOM > 3 => gh, 23> 6 > 18 — 3p {since 6 — p> 0} > p> 4, but p <6 since p< f Thus, 4 < p< 6. + 3 = Ye © 0.360 cm’.EXERCISES 1.2 1 (IB) W< 5 = 125(gq6H00-)* < 6 => (g: 6400)? < (})' = ee =<} {since gi. > 0} = 2+ 6400 > 32,000 = 2 > 25,600 km (Bd < 15 => v4 hv? < 75 => v7 + 200 1500<0 > (v + 0)(v — 30) <0 = —B0 04 0<¥< 30 Be> 43 ME > 4a si>P tae P-bt+4<05(t-1t-4)<0s1 Ry = Rll + oT) > L=14 aT > aT = Since a > 0, T must be 0°C. Thus, Ro is the r (b) R=O and T= -273 + 0 = R(1 — 2780) => {since Ry >0} 1 —273a= 0 (0) R=2, Ry = 125 = $end a= gh 2= (1+ gt) > = l+qgl > f= ihT > T= 82 > T= 163.8°C. tance when T = 0°C. =72. = Be) J. Cowling’s rule: ee © Hire = ato > Friend's rule: 25t + 25 = 48t > — y = B((100) t= years = 13 months Figure 82 OD i f(z) = {2-4 — 3z, find f(4), f(8), and f(13). oe —12; —22; ~36 @ ifs) = 2, find f(—2), /(0), and f(3.01). « 4 30; 301 f(2) = 82-2 © (a) f(a) = (a) -2= 50-2 (b) F(—) = §(—a) — 2 = —ba—2 (c) —f(a) = —1-(5a — 2) = Ba + 2 (d) f(a + A) = 6(a + A) —2 = Sa + BR-2 (©) f(a) + f(t) = (a — 2) + (6h — 2) (9 Let N=Ke) _ (a4 6h @ (a)3—4a (b) 3440 (c)4a—3 (d)3—4a—4h (c)6—4a— 4h () 4 B (@)e-—at3 (b)a+a4+3 (c)—a+a-—3 (d) a? + 20h + —a—ht+3 (lar? +A?~a—-h+6 (f2+h—-1 A(z) = 22? + 32-7 © (a) f(a) = 2(a)? + 3(a) — 7 = 2a? + 3a—7 (b) f(—a) = 2(—a)* + 3(—«) — 20? — 3a —7 (©) —f(a) = —1-(20? + 3a — 7) = —20? — 3a 47 (d) f(a + A) = 2(a + A)? + 8(a + A) (a? + Qah + AY) + 304+ 3h-7= 2a? + dah + 27+ 3a + 3h—-78 EXERCISES 1.2 (e) F(a) + f(h) = (20? + 8a — 7) + (2h? + 3h — 7) = 2a? + 2h? + 3a + 3h — 14 (y fet A) = f(a) _ (20? + dah + 24? + 3a + 3h ~ 7) — (20? + 307) = 4oh+ 20 + 3h _ Ada + 2843) _ gs on gg @ ®-42=0 > x24 (2-2) =0 %& All real numbers except —2, 0, and 2 @ 62? + 132 ~ 5 = 0 = (22 + 5)(3r ~ 1) =0 > Alll real numbers except ~§ and 3 BD 2 -5r+4=052=1,4 2-3 205223 [, 4) U (4, 00) Q2-4=052= 42; 42-3 205223 % (3, 2) U (2, 00) OD (@) f(—2) = 5(—2)* + 2(—2) = ~529 ~ 22 = —f(2) ) A-9) = 3= |] -3 = 162) (©) H-2) = [a(-2)° - 3(—2)7]° = (— 82 ~ 324)? = -(82° + 327) ¢ 4 f(s) & (a) Odd (b) Even (c) Neither (a) (-2) = [3-9 + 2(-2)? — 5 = [32 4 2? 5 = fle) (b) f(—2) = 6(—2)® — 4(—2)? + 2(—2) = —625 + 42° — 22 = —(625 — 42° + 22) = —f(2) (© f(-2) = (-a[(-2) ~ 5] = ae +5) # 490) (a) Even (b) Odd (c) Neither Df) =I +Ge=01-8 + OMe) =le—che=0,2,-3 « y y Figure 13 Figure 14 Mi) = +5 ¢=0,3,-2 © T= (9-2 + Gc=0,1,-3 « y 7 3 > Figure 15 Figure 16EXERCISES 1.2 (Osf® =2F=Ge=0,1,-2 © Ae) = -%(2- 0); e=0,1,-2 © p : Figure 17 Figure 18 Os) = ela — a2 © BOA) = (2+ 9% e=0,1,-2 © = Figure 19 Figure 20 Ws) = (2 — 9/9 4 6=0,4,-3 © i tr Figure 21 Figure 22 =6¢=0,2-1 « shift fleft 3 units y P a2 Figure Ba Figure 236 (b) y=f(z—3) © shift fright 3 units10 EXERCISES 1.2 () y=f(2) +3 © shift fup 3 units (@) y= f(z) 8 © shift fdown 3 units (©) y= —3f(z) © stretch fby a factor of 3 and reflect through the z-axis : Figure 23e Figure 230 Figure 23e () y= —3f(2) «stretch fby a factor of } and reflect through the z-axis (e) y= f(z + 2) —3 © reflect through the z-axis, shift left 2 units and down 3 (h) y= f(2—2) +3 © shift fright 2 units and up 3 yp y y Hp, Hee * Figure 23" Figure 23g Figure 23h (2A(a) y= f(z —2) © shift fright 2 units y y 7 * Figure 24a Figure 245 (b) y= fle + 2) © shift fleft 2 units (©) y= f(t) —2 © shift fdown 2 units (4) y= f(z) +2 © shift fup 2 units (©) y= —2f(2) © stretch fby a factor of 2 and reflect through the axisOy (@) y= fet 4-2 © (ht) y=fz—4) 42 © —H(z) © stretch f by a factor of } and reflect through the a-axis reflect through the s-axis, shift left 4 units and down 2 shift fright 4 unite and up 2 EXERCISES 1.2 n 7 y y = 7 Figure 246 Figure 24d Figure Oe 7 7 7 . ; ; OMe Figure 24F Figure 24g Figure 24h z+2 if*<¢-1 si) = { Z if fel <1 —2+3 ifs>1 {3 es -3 BB = 4-2 if-2<2<1 -r+4 ifs>1 7 7 Figure 25 Figure 26 gal it 1 alrFi a (@+)G-)_ 2 mao={' if2= 1 eer 87h fis aline with a hole at (~1, —2) and the point (—1, 2). See Figure 27.12. EXERCISES 1.2 p 7 eee * + : Figure 27 “Figure 28 ifs x2 7 « G+ME-2 sia, ifz=2 -* fis a line with (2B) (@) f(z) = (= - 3) (b) f@) hole at (2, —4) and the point (2, 1). = 3. « same graph as in part (a) “Figure 298 Figure 296 © f= ad @) A) = Bal Wy oo Figure 296 Figure 290 GO (s) 2) = fe + 2) (b) f(z) = Ee} + 2 Figure 30a Figure 308EXERCISES 1.2 1B ©) £2) = Hed (@) f(@) = Figure 30¢ Figure 300 BOs) = F550) = Le FB * (2) {EF 5; 0; 2+ 5} 1 (b) [-5, 00}; (—5, 00) BDA) = (B22; (2) = fe Fd x (a) 8-22 + fz +4; WR - FH (B= BwHEFD: [ESF O49 (4.9 BAe) = 22; a2) = ree 22 +10 32? + 6: 2 +4l4r_. ; : * OG RETR EF tery Eaters (b) All real numbers except —5 and 4; all real numbers except —5, 0, and 4 Ge) = 2s o@) = 824 9) 0+ 00) = 10) +00) = 25+ AE = GE: = (2) = s(2) - of) = a H4- eons (i)(=) = f=) 0(2) = a= =a Qe = Qe ae: a a5 (b) All real numbers except —4 and 2; The domain of f/g also excludes the zeros of g, and hence is all real numbers except —4, 0, and 2. Note: Let i(2) = (fo g){2) = f(s(2)) and K(2) = (9 0 A(z) = al f(2)). (35) (a) A(a) = ({e ¥ 2)? — (fe 2) = 2 + 2-3fe Fd. ‘The domain of (fo 9)(2) is the set of all x in the domain of g(z > —2) such that 9(2) (the range of g is y > 0) is in the domain of f. Since the domain of fis R, any value of 9(z) is in its domain. Thus, the domain is all x such that s > ~2. (o) Ka) = [3p +2 = fF -ae+2. The domain of (9 0 f)(z) is the set of all z in the domain of f (all R) such that J(z) (the range of fis y > —$) is in the domain of 9, = > —2, we must solve f(z) > —2. x? -— 32> -2 => 27 -32+2>05 (2 = 1)(2 — 2) > 0 = # € (co, I] U [2, 00) {use a sign chart as before to solve the quadratic inequality }. Thus, the domain is (—c0, 1] U [2, 00). ¢ the domain of g is“4 EXERCISES 1.2 (55) (a) Ale) = [Ce + 22) — 15 = fe? + 22 — 15. Domain of g = R. Domain of f = (15, 00). o(s) > 15 = 2? + 22> 15 => a 422 15 >0 > (x + 5)(z—-3) 20 > €(. —5] U [3, 00). (b) Mz) = (fe 15)? + (fe = 15) =o — 15 + Ye =. Domain of f = (15, 00). Domain of 9 = R. Since f(2) is always in the domain of g, the domain of 9 fis the same as the domain of f, (15, 00). (87 (a) A(z) = [{2+5 — 2. Domain of g = [—5, co). Domain of f = [2, 00). 2) 22> {oF 52245452422 —lorz€ [-I, o). (b) Ha) = {¥e—2 + 5. Domain of f = (2, 00). Domain of ¢ = f(z) 2 -5 > fe—2 > -5. This |—5, 00). always true since the result of a square root is nonnegative. The domain is {2, 00). (BH (@) A(z) = {3 — {2 +2. Domain of g = [~2, 00). Domain of f = (—o0, 3]. oa) $3 fet 2 <3 242595257. ‘We must remember that s > —2, hence, —2 < 2 <7. (b) Hz) = {13 — 2 + 2. Domain of f = (—oo, 3]. Domain of g = [—2, 00). f(2) > —2 = {3 —F > —2. This is always true since the result of a square root is nonnegative. The domain is (—co, 3]. (BD (a) A(z) = [25 — (fe — 3)? = [25 — (@ — 8) = {28 — =. Domain of g = [3, 00). Domain of f = [—5, 5]. 9(2) < 5 {9(2) cannot be less than 0} => (e—3 <5 42-3 < 25 > z< 2B. [3, 00) N (—co, 28] = [3, 28] (b) A(z) = {25 — 2? — 3. Domain of f= f@)>33 (5-2 2355-22952 < 16 > re [4,4]. (O(a) A(z) = Y3 — 12? — 16. Domain of g = (—o0, —4] U [4, 00). Domain of f = (—oo, 3]. g(z) <3 > {P-w<3s2P-6<9> a’ < 26 > z € [—5, 5). But |z| > 4 from the domain of g. Hence, the domain of f 0 g is (-5, —4] U [4, 5]. (b) Ka) = [WB —2) - 16 = (3 —2—16 = (-2- 13. Domain of f = (—oo, 3]. Domain of g = (—o0, —4) U [4, 00). f(z) 24 {f(2) cannot be less than 0} = {3—z>453-2> 164 2< -13. 5, 5]. Domain of g = [3, 00). =, .-,2 = WM) \) = 37a F3 - Te ete Domain of 9 = R — {0}. Domain of f= R — {—3}. oz) # -3> 24-2. 2 —3. Hence, the domain of f 0 gis R — {—3, 0}. = 2 bs44 (0) Me) = gba = SH. Domain of f= R — {—3}. Domain of g = R — {0}. S(a) #0 = gpFg #0 > AO. Hence, the domain of 9 o fis R ~ {—3, 0}.EXERCISES 1.2 15 Be) A(z) = wet = zag Domain of g = R— {0}. Domain of f= R- {2}. o(2) #2942243. Hence, the domain of f 0 g is R — {0, 3}- (b) Ke) = eH = 32=5. Domain of f= R ~ {2}. + 0}. f) 40> Sey 4x0 Sr HO. Hence, the domain of g o fis R — {0, 2}. Note: In anticipation of using the chain rule, you may want to think of the last Domain of g calculator operation (if you were evaluating on a calculator) as your choice for y. Gy = (22 +32)" wkuse 43x you Gy={F—16 - wus y= Vi y= . kus = 1ut @y=44+ {F416 wusP+ly=4ehi Gy = (xt — 227 +5)° wus 45, you (Bly = . kus 432-5 y= 1/8 G4 32-5) oieya-2 _ ig y= a . kan ford y= Beg 4 @y-—e- wus yap [Df © 9)(2.4) = F(o(2.4)) ~ F(8.019658) ~ 7.91296; (g © f)(2.4) = o(f(2.4)) o(2.014944) we 5.04811 (52) £(0.0001) = 5 x 10733 (53) V = wh = (30 — 22)(20 — 22)(z) = 42° — 100s” + 6002 GA)(a) V = Wh = 6 = 291.5) > y= 4 > y= 4/2 (b) $= ay + 2(1.5)2 + 2(L.5)y = 2(4/z) + Sz + (4/2) = 4 + 32 + 12/z (55) @? = 100? + (24)? = d = 242" + 2500 (5G) S = Qnr(10) + 2(2nr) = 20mr + dar? = Aar(5 + 1) Be) P+ 2 =(h 40) > P= + 2h {y> 0} > = THF he (b) y= {(200? + 2(200)(4000) = {(200)?(1 + 40) = 200N4i ~ 1280.6 mi. (Ha) 2 + yf? = 15? > y = 205-23, domain for the function is (-15, 15] and (0, 15) will form triangles. (b) A = yok = }olo25 — 2? (5) Let y denote the distance from the control booth to the beginning of the runway. ‘Then y? = 300? + 20? and d? = y? + 2°, or solving for d, d = {90,400 + 2°.EXERCISES 1.2 S= WANs) + Aly) = 824 4y, C= 2(8z) + 5(4y) > 16x + 20y = 400 (a) 16 + 20y = 400 y = 20 - gz (b) V = day = 42(20 — fz) He) } = Lt oy = by t th a8) = he y= pth (b) V = bray +b) — a d?y = 5a? — Hy + oA] = afte — Py ct + Ph] = [let Det A] = + bt) (c) 600 = §A(6?7 + 6-3 + 37) => h = BR = wl ft I~ & =3 4 12-h= Sra h=12—3r= 34-7) (0) V = wrth = wr2(12 — 31) = 3x4 — 1) Note: Multiply each degree measure by 75 to obtain the listed radian measure. O @ 180" ofo = ME = (b) 120° fy = OG = F (6) 450° (@) -60"- 15 = — 8% @ (@) 226-7 = (b) 210°- 755 or = Te (©) 630° +35 = (4) -135" 3 = 3 = Note: Multiply each radian measure by #82 to obtain the listed degree measure. B @ FC) = By = 120° Shea (ey = 160° (6) 9-H = Ey = 135") — HY = (Ey = 630° Gee (Hge8ty = 330" (b) sy = (ASEEY = 240° (©) BEB = ty = 495" (a) -§F- BY = (Et = 450° GB) s = r0 = (4-16)(50-7§5) = 2BE x 6.98 O s = r6 = (§-120)(2.2) = 132 © sins = $= 4 > 2= 6; tan30" = apo Pajev=48 8 sino’ = 3 B35 2=28; tans =$> G=pov= Note: Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the remaining side. D sind = 2 © (adj)? + 9? = 5? = adj = 4; wBELGLS [UJcosa = & © 87 + (opp)? = 17? = opp = 15; ws he Bs te (tang = § © 12? + 5? = (hyp)? = hyp = 13; *R BSR (BJcoto =1 © 1741? = (hyp)? + hyp = «2811.8, (Bz = 4 andy = -3 3 r= [4? + (-3)? =5. x -hh 44-8 (iz = -8 and y = -15 3 r= \(-' HA + 15)? 5 ai — te BtEXERCISES 1.3 1 (ES) 2y — 72 + 2 = 0 > y = Jx— 1. Thus, the slope of the given line is $. The line through the origin with that slope is y= $x. If s = —2, then y = —T and (—2, —1) is @ point on the terminal side of 8. z= —2and y= —7 => _ ee _@ —2)? + (—7)? = (3. a Thy yi AB AF mag = ~3=¥ = f. The line through the origin with slope —% { the negative reciprocal of IE} is y = —8z. If z= 15, then y = —8 and (15, —8) is a point on the terminal side of @. z= 15 and y = —8 = r= {157 + (~8)? = 17; 8 as 17) iby 8 189 Se 1_ 4 1 — sin” ‘sind 6 8 gi 1 — cos?6 7 tiie) tne = ang = ee ye = hy = poh (DO) (@) 1 + tan?@ = sec?@ = tan?# = sec?@ ~ 1 => tan@ = Ysec*@ — 1 () sing = fi — cos = faa 7 tect —1,, x it — sin?@ [TH (@) cote = 2089 sind (b) seed eec?@ = 4 ing = Sitd/cos? _ tang _ sin? = “Tyeosd = sec sec (2 (a) 1 + cot? = csc*6 = cot?@ = csc?9 — 1 = cote = Jose"? — 1 6/sing b) cong = So8A/sin8 _ cotd _ __ cote () Tfain®” ~ csc® Ty cotta (a) {16 = 2? = Jie — resin? = fi6(1 — sin?) = 4{eos%™ = 4Icos 6] = 4038 since cos? > FSOS5 2 in in? in?0 {simplify as i ji = $0in?e _ 345 es ered {simplify as in Bxercise 21} = $815 = Ssind tand (23) eee = Bland tan tan@, _ tand _ tand Yose2 [a5 +25tanto [2501 + tanta) Sleec?s [seco] ~ seed {since see > 0if -F <0 <}} = sind 3 7, {eva _ [atante +4 wa = {simplify as in Exercise 23} = 288 — scot cacd 4tan?6 ay (eect —9 _ o(eec%o =) _ 3 ftan4 _ tond] _ tang Bsecd = CSaecO~—C Sec «sec sec {since tan > 0if0 <6 <$) = sind (2B) 2° fe? 25 = 125509 25 80c* — 25 = 125 sec? (5 tan 4) { simplify as in Exercise 25} = 625sec°@ tand18 EXERCISES 1.3 ‘Note: For the following probleme, we uee the formulas for negatives and then reference angles before evaluating. (2 (e) cin3t = sing = B (b) sin (—#) = —sin tg = —( £ [2B (2) cos 180" = —cos30" = — 8 (b) cos(—60") = cos 60" = } (25) (a) tan ¥ = tang = —B (b) tan(—¥) = —tang = 13 [B(a) cot 120° = -cot6o" = —-B (b) cot(—150") = —cot 150° = —(—cot 30°) = {3 (HD) (a) sect = -sec§ = —2 (b) see(—# [32] (a) csc 240° = —csc 60" Note: We will refer to f(z) (EB) (e) f(z) = Jsinz © vertically compress sin by a factor of 4 (6) f@) = — sin z as just sin (f(z) = cosz as cos, ete.). = © reflect the graph of sin z through the x-axis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 4 y Figure 330 Figure 33b (He) #@) = sin(z— §) © shift sinz to the right § units (b) f(z) = sinz — § © shift sinz down § units y Figure 34a Figure 346EXERCISES 1.3 w (35) (@) #(2) 2eos(z +m) © shift cos to the left units and vertically stretch it by a factor of 2 (b) f(a) Qeost+ mr 6 vertically stretch cos z by a factor of 2 and shift up # units ay i ee Figure aba Figure 35b (BB] (a) f(z) = jeosz © vertically compress cos by a factor of 3 (b) f(2) = —8cosz © reflect the graph of cos through the z-axis and vertically stretch it by a factor of 3 ” ria Figure 36a Figure 36b (BT) (a) f(z) = dtanz vertically stretch tans by a factor of 4 (b) f() = tan(z— $) © shift tanz to the right ¥ unite vi Figure 376