me 4 Lepto, de Ine: tigstrca \ Definite-time UNDER-REACTANC! ig Static reactance relay Number of phases Spacing letter Rated current in amps Mechanical construction code Main features fleld-failure relay with offset mho cha~ racteristic for protection of synchro~ nous generators wide Setting ranges} both the offset and the diameter of the characteristic circle are continuously adjustable suitable for protection of any type of machines: salient-pole, non-salient-pole and cylindricai-rotor type generators with or without damping windings separate starting output relay for pre~ warning purposes continuously adjustable operation time delay setting together with a double time relay an ade~ quate protection is obtained on oscilla- tory fault conditions Contents Main features Area of application Principle of operation Block schematic diagram Connections Operation indicator and reset push-button Auxiliary supply voltage External control input voltage Relay settings echnical data Examples of applications Secondary testing Maintenance and repairs Exchange and spare parts Dimensions and instructions for mounting Information required with.order ee" SPAX 1G1 v3 SPAX 165 v3" > & € The relay plug~ in unit type SPAX 165 v3 Page GARRG= oroourenn—Area of application The under-reactance relays type SPAX 1G1 J3, rated 1 A and 100 V, and type SPAX 1G5 3, rated 5 A and 100 V, are applied as field-failure protection re- lays for synchronous power generators and large synchronous motors, Tap yider-cocciance peleydoise!s lose. -of-excitation or unsufficient excitation, whr “a is TIRE Gener alor-exehretror system, uninten=” Honal opening of the field circuit-breaker or short-circuits in the field circuit, During unsufficient excitation conditions @ synchronous generator is self-exci- ted by drawing reactive power from the network, which may disturb the power stability of the network, The under-reactance relay also detects this type of self-excitation of e generator, which can be hazardous also to the generator it~ self. The under-reactance relay is provided with a circular operation characteristic located on the negative X-axis of an RX-diagram. The offset from origo and the diameter of the circie are continuously adjustable. Due to this feature the relay can be given proper settings to eliminate maloperation caused by power swing conditions and !oss-of-synchronism, nol simultaneously accompanied by failure n the generator excitation system. The relay is provided with an instantaneous starting output relay and a time-de- layed heavy-duty output relay for tripping purposes, If the generator is liable to oscillatory fault conditions, during which the relay starts and resels before the timing unit has had time to operate, the under-reactance relay is provided with an additional double time relay type SPAT 2C05 J3, which operates as a time tegrator and trips the generator after a number of fault oscillation cycles. Princ le of operation The direction and magnitude of the flow of reactive power concerned with a syn= chronous machine, which is connected to a power network, is defined by the excitation of the machine. When the machine is overexcited, it feeds reactive power into the network and when it is underexcited, it draws reactive power from the network. if the machine looses its excitation caused by e.g. a fault in the excitation system, it draws all its excitation power from the network, to which it is connected. As long as the unexcited machine maintains synchronism, “t comprises an inductive load reactance, seen from the network point of view, the level of which is between the direct axis and quadrature axis reactance of the machine. When the machine fails out-of-synchronism, \'s reactance decrea- ses and with increasing slip it approaches the transient reactance value of the machine. When an unsufficiently excited machine connected to a network rotates with an undersynchronous speed,due to losses, additional heating of the rotor arises. The heating time-constant for salient pole machines is shorter, only a few tens of seconds, compared to that of non-salient pole machines, for which the heating time-constant is several tens of minutes. The add't/onal heating of the rotor does Rot require a rapid tripping of the machine, but as the loss-of-excitation of the machine is to be regarded an internal system fault, the machine is to be rapidly disconnected from the network. An unexcited synchronous machine rotating with an asynchronous speed causes active and reactive power oscillations with twice the slip frequency into the network. A hazardous situation may also arise to a properly excited synchronous machine, if the machine feeds a capacitive load, the reactance of which is lower than the reactance of the machine.prohibits maloperation of the reley during close-up short-circuits and power ‘swing situations. The area of operation of the relay is the area inside the periphery of the circle, see fig, 1. The circle itself is defined by the settings Xq and Xp, which are the points of intersection between the periphery of the circle and the negative X~ axis. Fig. 1. The operation characteris~ tic of the under-reactance relays SPAX 1G1 U3 and SPAX 165 3. The setting Xq defines the offset of the circle from origo, and the set- ting Xp defines the-diameter of the circle after Xq being set. The size of the circle and its location on the negative X-axis are defined by the settings Xq and Xp. The diameter of the characteristic circle is defined: D=2r= Xp) ~ Xe The origo of the circle is located along the negative X-axis in a point defined: mae, z P= xt During loss of field supply of a synchronous machine, the reactance locus of the machine rapidly moves into the circle, depending on the settings usually already before the machine looses synchronism. When the relay starts, the starting out~ put relay picks up and after the set time-iag t the relay also operates, if the fault condition persists. The operation of the relay can be prohibited by means of an external control signal fed to the relay blocking input.