PRESSURE DERIVATIVE ANALYSIS FOR NATURALLY-FRACTURED RESERVOIRS

WITH PARTIAL CONSTANT-PRESSURE BOUNDARY

Freddy Humberto Escobar1, Sady Stephany Salazar2 and Alfredo Ghisays-Ruiz3

ABSTRACT

The complexity of conventional resources is increasing and, therefore, an optimum

characterization is required. Existing models to study pressure behavior in heterogeneous
formations consider only either constant-pressure or closed boundaries.

In this paper the pressure derivative for a vertical oil well in a naturally fractured reservoir with a
variable open external boundary is analyzed. The parameters governing the pressure response are:
final flow rate at the external boundary (qWI) and time at which begins the invasion of fluid at the
external boundary (τ), depending on its variability, there are three conditions in which the
external border acts: closed, partially open and constant-pressure. Lines and characteristic points
were identified for each individual case to obtain the fundamental basis to generate the equations
for the determination of the parameters that describe this type of reservoirs, such as: qWI and τ.
Finally, the TDS technique was extended to interpret pressure tests in these systems. The
methodology was satisfactorily verified by solving synthetic examples.

KEYWORDS
Naturally-fractured reservoirs, changing outer boundary flux, transient pressure analysis

RESUMEN

La complejidad de los recursos convencionales es cada vez mayor y por eso se precisa una
óptima caracterización. Los modelos existentes para estudiar el comportamiento de la presión en
formaciones heterogéneas consideran únicamente frontera abierta o frontera cerrada. En este
trabajo se analizó la derivada de presión para un pozo vertical de petróleo en un yacimiento
naturalmente fracturado con frontera externa abierta variable, la respuesta de presión está
gobernada por los parámetros: tasa final de flujo en la frontera externa (qWI) y tiempo en el cual se
inicia la invasión de fluido en la frontera externa (τ), dependiendo de su variabilidad, se presentan
tres condiciones en las que actúa la frontera externa: cerrada, parcialmente abierta y abierta. Para
cada caso estudiado se identificaron líneas y puntos característicos, base fundamental para
generar las ecuaciones que determinan los parámetros que describen a este tipo de reservorios,
tales como: qWI y τ. Por último, se extendió la técnica TDS para interpretar pruebas de presión en
estos sistemas. La metodología se verificó satisfactoriamente resolviendo ejemplos sintéticos.

1
Ph.D en Ingeniería de Petróleos. Universidad Surcolombiana. Programa de Ingeniería de Petróleos. Neiva (huila-
Colombia). e-mail: fescobar@usco.edu.co
2
Pregrado en Ingeniería de Petróleos. Universidad Surcolombiana. Programa de Ingeniería de Petróleos. Neiva
(Huila-Colombia). e-mail: stefani_0193@hotmail.com.
3
M.Sc. en Geofísica. Programa de Física. Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla (Colombia). email:
alfghi1@gmail.com
PALABRAS CLAVES
Yacimientos naturalmente fracturados, flujo en la frontera externa, pruebas de presión.

1. INTRODUCTION

There is a great deal of research in the literature that studies the behavior of reservoirs with flow
at the external boundary. Water intrusion provides an important source of energy to the reservoir.
Van Everdinger and Hurst (1949) were those who considered that the invasion of water at the
external boundary of the reservoir acted as a constant-pressure barrier, thereby constructing the
analytical solution of the diffusivity equation in Laplacian space, brought to real space by
Matthews and Russell (1967). For a reservoir with bottom water influx, Coats (1962) established
a well test model in which the lower boundary acts as a constant-pressure boundary. Olarewaju
(1989) solved the model that considers that both the external and the lower borders act as a
constant pressure barrier.
The idealization of a model to describe a naturally-fractured reservoir with flow in the external
boundary starts from the premises given by Warren and Root (1963) who studied the behavior of
double porosity deposits from the parameters of dimensionless storativity coefficient, ω, and the
interporosity flow, λ. The flow through porous media considering variable boundary was
developed by Pascal and Pascal (1985). It was Acosta and Ambastha (1994), who proposed a
methodology to analyze a transient pressure test of double-porosity reservoirs.
The correct characterization of a reservoir plays an important role in the decision making and
alternatives for the production of this. One of the most used techniques to evaluate a reservoir is
the pressure tests, which determine the properties and predict the performance of the same.
Maybe, the most classical paper on naturally-fractured formations was written by Warren and
Root (1963). The introduced the sugar-cube model which was further applied by Engler and Tiab
(1996) to develop TDS Technique, Tiab (1995), for such systems. TDS technique is quite versatile
for characterizing naturally-fractured formations, especially in cases where the first radial flow is
masked by wellbore storage and conventional analysis fails to apply. Since then, many TDS
Technique applications have been included. To name a few of them: Engler and Tiab (1996b)
extended TDS technique to Horizontal wells, Escobar, Sanchez and Cantillo (2008) applied TDS
Technique to transient-rate analysis in homogenous and heterogeneous reservoirs, Escobar,
Hernandez and Saavedra worked on long heterogeneous formations, Escobar et al. (2011)
developed TDS Technique for heavy oil in naturally-fractured formations, Escobar, Zhao and
Zhang (2014) included the effect of the threshold pressure gradient for horizontal wells in
fractured deposits and Escobar, Camacho and Rojas (2014) worked on triple-porosity dual-
permeability reservoirs.
A well test model of a reservoir with variable flow at the external boundary and its analytical
solution of the pressure in real space were solved by del Angel et al. (2014). Wang et al., (2015),
analyzed the behavior of the pressure test of a naturally-fractured reservoir with variable flow at
the external boundary from the following parameters: dimensionless flow rate at the external
boundary (qRD) and dimensionless time (τD) at which flow invasion starts. They considered the
dynamic pressure distribution, Hsieh, Chilingar and Lin (2007); Hsieh, Chilingar and Lin (2008);
Raghavan (1993) and the method of calculation, Raghavan (1993), under the following boundary
conditions: infinite, closed, and constant-pressure.
Using the model proposed by Wang et al. (2015), in this research exact mathematical expressions
were formulated to determine the parameters that characterize the invasion of fluid in a naturally-
fractured reservoir; for this purpose, different pressure tests were simulated for a well located in a
double-porosity reservoir with variable flow at the external boundary. Then, log-log plots of the
dimensionless pressure derivative against time were built to find especial features for the
development of the TDS Technique to the problem dealt with in this paper.

2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

The mathematical model proposed by Wang et al. (2015) is given below. It considers the normal
assumption of well test analysis (constant porosity, constant permeability, constant viscosity,
etc.).
K 0 (rD u ) I1 (rDe u ) + I 0 (rD u ) K1 (rDe u )
PD = +
s u� K
�1 ( u ) I ( r
1 De u ) - I1 ( u ) K ( r
1 De u ) �
�
(1)
qDext K 0 (rD u ) I1 ( u ) + I 0 (rD u ) K1 ( u )
reD u�
�K1 ( u ) I1 (rDe u ) - I1 ( u ) K1 (rDe u ) �
�
Where u = sf(s) and f(s) is defined after Equation (14) in Warren and Root (1963).
The dimensionless parameters used to extend the TDS Technique are:
0.0002637 kt
tD = (2)
m (fm cm + f f c f )rw 2

0.0002637kt
t DA = (3)
mf ct A

t D * rw 2
t DA = (4)
A
re
rD = rDe = (5)
rw
The dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative are:
kh
PD = DP (6)
141.2qm B
kh
t D * PD = t * DP (7)
141.2qm B
Dimensional final flow rate at the external boundary:
qWI
qRD = (8)
q

3. TDS TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT

3.1. Closed or Partially Open Boundary
3.1.1. Effect of qRD

The closed or partially open external boundary condition occurs when the fluid entering the
external boundary of the reservoir is smaller compared to what the well is producing (qRD <1).
Figure 1 shows the behavior of the pressure and pressure derivative in dimensionless terms for a
naturally-fractured reservoir with a closed external boundary (0 < qRD ≤0.3), where a cavity is
initially shown in the curve of the pressure derivative is conditioned by the parameters ω and λ,
which describe the flow interaction between the matrix and the fracture system, later the
pseudosteady-state period is formed, and partially open (0.5≤ qRD <1), due to the intrusion of fluid
in the reservoir forms a double cavity in the curve of the pressure derivative, where the first
establishes the flow between the matrix and the fracture system, and the second the invasion of
fluid in the reservoir (the influx at the external border will be determined by the parameters qRD
and τD); when the pressure wave arrives at the boundary, the pseudosteady-state period is
presented.

The final dimensionless flow rate at the external boundary (qRD) is given by:
(t D * PD ') pss
qRD = 1 - (9)
2p t DA PSS

The final flow rate at the external boundary (qWI) is:

1 �t * DP ' � �h(f ct )t A �
qWI = q * 1 - � � � � (10)
0.233951 � t � pss � qB �

Equation (16) can be used for both the closed and partially open external boundary conditions,
since it is a function of a point during the pseudo-stable state.
When the external boundary acts as partially open, the fluid intrusion into the reservoir is
represented by a cavity, therefore, from the minimum point of this, it is possible to calculate the
final flow rate that enters the reservoir. The dimensionless qRD parameter is given by:
1
� (t D * PD ') min �
3.099
(11)
qR D =�
1- �
� 0.438697 �
1
� (tD * PD ') min �
3.15
(12)
qR D =�
1- �
� 0.435058 �
 1.E+04

1.E+03

PD and tD *PD'
1.E+02

1.E+01

q RD
1.E+00
0
0.3
0.5
1.E-01
0.7
0.9

1.E-02
1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04
t DA

Figure 1. Pressure and pressure derivative behavior for a naturally-fractured reservoir with
closed and partially open external boundary

1.E+06

1.E+05

1.E+04
PD and tD *PD '

1.E+03

1.E+02

1.E+01

rDe
1.E+00 10000
20000
30000
1.E-01
40000
50000
1.E-02
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13 1.E+14

t DA
Figure 2.Effect of rDe on pressure and pressure derivative in a naturally-fractured reservoir with
partially open external boundary

1
� (t * P ') �
3.5
(13)
qR D =�
0.99 - D D min �
� 0.427986 �

Parameter qWI is:

1
� kh(t * DP ') min �
3.099
(14)
qWI = q * �
1- �
� 61.94402 * qm B �
1
� kh(t * DP ') min � 3.15
(15)
qWI = q * �
1- �
� 61.43019* qm B �
 1
� kh(t * DP ')min �
3.5
(16)
qWI = q * �0.99 - �
� 60.43162 * qm B �

3.1.2. Effect of rDe

The behavior of the pressure derivative is affected by the dimensionless radius of the reservoir,
since as it increases the pressure wave it takes longer to reach the boundary, as shown in the
Figure 2. The mathematical expression that calculates the dimensionless radius of the reservoir
(rDe), from τD is:

1
� tD �
1.89
(17)
rDe = � �
�0.14755254 �

The radius of the reservoir (re) is given by:

1
�0.00178716kt �
1.89
re = rw * � � (18)
� f ct m rw
2
�

Where τ is the start time of the fluid invasion. Area is estimated with the following Equation:

p re 2
A= (19)
43.560

3.1.3. Influence of Parameter τD

The fluid intrusion in the reservoir is represented by a cavity in the curve of the pressure
derivative (final transition period) and its duration is affected by the parameter τD, as it increases,
the invasion at the external boundary becomes slower and the cavity that forms will appear later
and its amplitude will be shorter (Wang et al., 2015). As shown in Figure 3, when τD>1x109 the
pressure wave reaches the reservoir boundary faster and as a consequence, there is no cavity in
the curve of the pressure derivative but a lateral passage representing the external boundary
invasion.
3.2. Constant-Pressure Boundary
3.2.1. Effect of qRD
It is presented when the flow that enters the external boundary is equal to what the well produces
(qRD = 1), therefore, the pressure tends to stabilize. Figure 3 shows the behavior of the
dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative for a naturally-fractured reservoir with open
external boundary, where a horizontal line equivalent to the constant-pressure condition and a
continuous falling down pressure derivative curve evidence the presence of steady state.
 1.E+05

1.E+04

1.E+03

tD
1.E+02

t D*P D'
1x107
1x108
1.E+01
1x109
1x1010
1.E+00

1.E-01

1.E-02
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12 1.E+13 1.E+14

tD

Figure 3. Influence of τD on the curve of the pressure derivative

1.E+02

1.E+01

qRD
t D*P D'

1.E+00 1.0

1.E-01

1.E-02
1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00

tD
Figure 4. Dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative behavior for a naturally-fractured
reservoir with open external boundary
When steady state is presented, the final dimensionless flow rate at the reservoir (qRD) is given by:

0.014266
qRD 0.6 = 0.994 (20)
(t ) * (t D * PD ') ss
DA ss

0.020817
qRD = - 0.47 (21)
(tDA ) 0.997
ss *(tD PD ') ss

�(tDA )0.995 *(t D * PD ') ss �

qRD = -1.77898* ln � ss � (22)
� 0.024963 �
The final flow rate in the external boundary (qWI) is:
 1.E+02

1.E+01

t D*P D'
1.E+00

1.E-01 rDe
10000
1.E-02 25000
50000

1.E-03
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10
tD

Figure 5. Effect of rDe on pressure and pressure derivative curves in a naturally-fractured

reservoir with open external boundary
1.E+01

1.E+00
t D*P D'

1.E-01 tD
1x107
1x108
1.E-02
1x109
1x1010

1.E-03
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11 1.E+12
tD
Figure 6. Influence of τD on the pressure derivative curve

1
�
7270.319* q m B �(f c)t m A � �
0.994 0.6

qWI = q * � � � � (23)
� kh ( t * DP�
) � k t ss � �
� ss �

�
10874.418* qm B �(f c)t m A � �
0.997

qWI = q * � � � �- 0.47 (24)

� kh ( t * DP�
) � k t ss � �
� ss �
� �7.796 �10-5 * kh ( t * DP�
) � ktss � ��
0.995

qWI = q * �-1.77898* ln � ss
� � �� (25)
� � qm B �(f c)t m A � ��
� � ��

3.2.2. Influence of rDe

As expected, the higher the reservoir radius the later the time to reach steady-state period. See
Figure 5. The reservoir radius can be estimated with Equation (19).
 1.E+05

Pseudosteady-state
1.E+04
period

1.E+03 ( t * DP ') pss = 1277.62484 psi

1.E+02
Radial flow

( t *DP') r = 27.009304 psi

t pss = 8038054.275 hr
1.E+01

t = 1011.9311 hr
( t * DP ') min = 2.101679 psi
1.E+00
1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09

Figure 7. Log-log of pressure and pressure derivative against time for example 1
3.2.3. Influence of τD Parameter
Fluid intrusion in the reservoir is affected by the parameter τD, when it increases, the invasion at
the external boundary becomes slower and steady state will appear later. As shown in Figure 6, if
τD >1x109 the pressure wave reaches the reservoir boundary faster and as a consequence, in the
curve of the pressure derivative the pseudosteady-state is attempted to develop because the effect
of the entered fluid is no longer felt, when the invading flow rate is considerable, the pressure is
stabilized and therefore steady-state period appears in the derivative of pressure.
4. EXAMPLES
The estimation of the naturally-fractured parameters is not presented here. See Engler and Tiab
(1996a). The reader should be familiar with the TDS Technique. It is recommended to refer Tiab
(1995), otherwise.
4.1. Example 1
A pressure drawdown test was simulated for a well in a naturally-fractured reservoir with external
boundary open to flow. The input data to the simulator are shown in Table 1. The behavior of the
pressure and pressure derivative are presented in the Figure 7. Determine the final flow rate at the
external boundary (qWI) and the reservoir area.
Solution: The following information was read from Figure 7:

tpss = 8038054.275 hr (t*∆Pꞌ)pss = 1277.62484 psi (t*∆Pꞌ)min = 2.101679 psi

τ = 1011.9311 hr (t*∆Pꞌ)r = 27.009304 psi

Find permeability using Equation (2.8) from Tiab (1995).

70.6qm B 70.6 *560 *1.6 *1.3

k= = = 104.989 md
h ( t * DP ') r 29 * 27.009304

As the double cavity is formed in the curve of the pressure derivative, the equations to be used
are those of partially open external boundary condition, the results are shown in the following
Table 2.
 Table 1. Well, reservoir and fluid data for examples 1 and 2

Parameter Example 1 Example 2

q (bbl/D) 560 800
B (bbl/STB) 1.3 1.25
µ (cp) 1.6 1.18
h (ft) 29 75
rw (ft) 0.33 0.29
f 0.12 0.1
ct (1/psi) 3x10-5 2x10-6
k (md) 105 45
re (ft) 9900 13557.5

Table 2. Summary of results for example 1

Equation
Parameters Input data This study
Number
k, md 105 2.8, Tiab 104.99
(2005)
10 543.20
14 543.47
qWI, BPD 543.20 15 543.59
16 543.24
Area, ft2 7068.58 18 7408.01

4.2. Example 2
A pressure drawdown test was simulated for a well in a naturally-fractured reservoir with external
boundary flow, using the input data given in Table 1. The behavior of the pressure and pressure
derivative is presented in the Figure 8. Determine the final flow rate at the external border (qWI)
and the reservoir area.

Solution: A negative unit slope is drawn once steady state develops. The following information
was read from Figure 8:

tss = 1015.13443 hr (t*∆Pꞌ)ss = 7.8544976 psi (t*∆Pꞌ)r = 24.690242 psi

τ = 160. 888 hr

As shown in Figure 8, the pressure trend tends to stabilize and the pressure derivative curve
shows the steady-state period; therefore, the equations to be used are those of open boundary
condition, the results are summarized in Table-3.
 1.E+03

Radial flow

1.E+02
Steady state
( t * DP ' ) r = 24.69024 psi

1.E+01
( t * DP ') ss = 7.8544976 psi
t = 160.888 hr

1.E+00
tss = 1015.13443 hr

1.E-01
1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04

Figure 8. Log-log of pressure and pressure derivative against time for example 2

Tabla-3. Summary of results for example 2

Equation
Parameters Input data This study
Number
k (md) 45 2.8 Tiab 44.99
(2005)
23 800.32
qWI (BPD) 800 24 800.17
25 800.09
Area (ft2) 13256.27 24 12880.30

5. COMMENTS ON THE RESULTS

The results obtained in the examples are quite close to those of the simulation, it is important to
note that in order to determine the final flow rate at the external boundary, the highest accuracy is
shown by Equation (10). To calculate the reservoir area from the time in which the invasion at the
external boundary begins, it is essential to select this point correctly since the equation is very
sensitive to any change in that value.
CONCLUSIONS
1) The intrusion of fluid in the naturally-fractured deposits generates a characteristic behavior in
the curve of the pressure derivative, where the external boundary condition is identified:
closed, partially open and open, each of which is studied in this research work to find
characteristic features.
2) Equations for the determination of the parameters that characterize the invasion of fluid at the
external boundary of a dual medium reservoir were developed. From the analysis of the
effects produced by the variability of the parameters involved in these expressions, it was
observed that for the ranges of qRD of 0-0.98 in the curve of the pressure derivative, the
pseudosteady-state period is presented and is adjusted to a unitary slope. When qRD = 1 the
steady-state is formed which is identified by a negative unit slope.
NOMENCLATURE

B Oil volume factor, bbl/STB

k Permeability, md
ct Total compressibility, 1/psi
h Formation thickness, ft
A Drainage area, ft2
q Flow rate, BPD
qWI Final flow rate in the external boundary, BPD
rw Well radius, ft
re Drainage radius, ft
rD Dimensionless radius
rDe Dimensionless external radius
qRD Dimensionless final flow rate in the external boundary
τ Time at which fluid invasion at the external boundary starts
τD Dimensionless time at which fluid invasion at the external boundary starts
PD Dimensionless pressure
t Time, hr
tD Dimensionless time base on well radius
tDA Dimensionless time base on area
tD*PD’ Dimensionless pressure derivative
t*DP’ Pressure derivative, psi
∆P Pressure change, psi

Suffixes

r Radial
D Dimensionless
w Well
ss Steady state
pss Pseudosteady state
min Minimum point

Greek

 Dimensionless storativity coefficient, (fct)f/[(fct)m+(fct)f]

∆ Change
f Porosity, fraction
μ Viscosity, cp
 Interporosity flow parameter

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