re eC CME ae ee En Ld English 1 ~~ GRAMMAR Theory and Practice Perec uuu Pre ee ee een er eeu keyVE YVOPeVeVeUee vee SE UU EYES SY EE YY YY EGU YY EG UYU EGY UU YY | | ‘ 4 | 4PE YEO DY SEIGO QOOCCTC OOO Starter Unit This/That Pea We use this to lak aboutipoint to people, animals or things which are near us «We use that to lalk aboutpoint to people, animals for things which are far away from us. Note: When we ask What's this?/What’s that? we answer itis aes), What’ this? its a bag, (NOT: This/Fhatis a bag) AIAN ee “The indefinite article aan is used before singular coutabie NOT © We use a before nouns which begin with a consonant sound. ape board + We use an before nouns which begin with 2 vowel sound. anappie —anumbrella Unit 1 The verb ‘to be form_| Short form, Long | amnot [tmnt Hou arenot | You arent Heisnot _ | Heist [sheisnot | Sheisnt itisnot . — ftisvt Wearenot | Weren't Youare not | You arent they are nat_|they ret Short answers are answers to questions which begin swith the verb form is/are. in short answers we do not repeat the whole question. We only use Yes oF No, the subject pronoun (, you, he, etc) andthe verb form is (isa'/are (aren. Lamiwe aroyou tne [Nort nouwe rent Yes, hefsheftis. Ishashent rend? TN, sit ‘Are they Chinese? [NSS Question Words We use question words to ask for different kinds of information. They come at the beginning of the sentence + What's yourname? + How old ate you? + Where are you from? + Who is your favourite singer? Unit 2 the verb ‘have got’ fenrse”™ Iksee mice (eee, (Seis jithas got It's got {Has it got? Naan ecu eeweas? [You have got Hou've got jHave you got? Proves pimeboyoa You have not got He has not aot She has not got ‘We use the verb have got: ‘= to show that something belongs to somebody. ‘Shehasgot apet. + to describe people, animals or things. He has got fair haic In short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun (|, you, he, etc) and the verb have (aven‘)/ has (hasn't). We don't use got. Have you got a brother? Samo Has heshert got blue eyes? [Yes elshert has ‘ tae ty got cuts? [Neh avert tt has gotTony's got = Tony has got ‘We use the verb can: + toshow ability. teanstiea as Long form Shore form, VigasvinTeamnot swim leant awin Csi? Noun sin | You cannot sin | Youcant sin {Can yeusnin? | jfecnsnm earn swim Hecantsrim canbe sin? |shecansvin | She conot isn |Shecetsvim Can sbesvin? | Vecansvin [icamnct sin |Weartsvin | [Canitswin?- | We can swim | We cannot swim Frenea| 1 can we swie? | Yovcansvin [You ant sin {Yous {Can yousnin? | Teyana |The coer |The cai sn Ca eye?) in short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun (you, he, etc) and the verb can/cant. Can Yourke, etcride _j~ Yes, Uyou/he, etc can. a horse? No, vyourhe, etc can't. Possessives Possessive Case = We use the possessive case to show that something - belongs to somebody. Franks bike, = The possessive case is formed with ‘s for people and animals, sims camera, Thehorse's tail + When the same thing belongs to two or more people we add's only to the last noun. Jackand Kathy's house. © When we want to know to whom something belongs we use the question word whose. Whose moblle phone's this? Possessive Adjectives/Pronouns Possessive adjectives/proriouns show: ‘that something belongs to somebody. ‘+ the relationship between two or more people. We put possessive adjectives before nouns. Possessive pronouns are not folowed by nouns. This ismy book Ths books mine. Thatis our car Thatcar is ours. Unit 3 Present Simple as live idonotive — fidortive — [Doife? froulve | Youdo nt ine |Youdorttie | Do,fou ve? He fives: He does not five } He doesn't live | Does he live she ives | She doesnt ive | he doesnt ive | Does she ve? It Eves Itdoes notlive | Itdoesn’t ive | Does it ive? We live: We do notiive | Wedon'tive | Dowelive? HYoulive | Youdonottive | You don’t ive” [Do you five? Htheylive [They do not ive | They don't five | Do they lve? Form Affirmative ‘+ We form the present simple with the subject (noun or personal pronoun) and the verb. We usually add aan 5 to the third person singular in the affirmative, Negative ‘+ We form the third person singular in the negative with does notidoesn’t 1. main verb. ‘+ We form all other persons in the negative with do not/don't + main verb, Interrogative + We use do + subject + verb in all persons except for the third person singular. + We use does + subject + verb in the third person singular, Do you ike Science? Does he like Geography... Spelling: 3rd person singular affirmative ‘+ Most verbs take -s in the thied person singular. teat—heeats ‘+ Verbs ending in ss, sh, ch, -x or -0 take -es, {miss ~ he misses, finish he rises ‘+ Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take es, Istudy—he studies ‘+ Verbs ending in a vowel +-y takes. Iplay —heplays Use ‘We use the present simple for: daily routines, repeated actions or habits. getup at7am every day. ‘+ permanent states. She worksin a bank. Pronunciation (third person singular) “5 oF -es ending is pronounced: ‘+ és/ with verbs ending in 1, py, or Af sounds. heeats + fal with verbs ending in sl 1, MM of I sounds. Ie catches + ZaF with verbs ending i al other sounds In short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun (you, he, etc) and the auzilary verb do/don’t ‘or does/doesn‘t. We do not repeat the main verb. Doyou tke tems? [dors dont, Does hefsheft like ‘Yes, helshefit does.” tennis? “EE No hesherit does. Bothy tems? eto.LEVEVEVLEVEQE COOCOOCOVOOOOO0O OCCO Q ‘Adverbs of Frequency We use adverbs of frequency with the present simple They show us how often something happens and inctude the following: never, sometimes, usually, rarely, often, ‘always '* Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb in simple tenses. J usually eat breakfast at 7:30. Henever plays tennis. But they go after the verb ‘to be’ in simple tenses. ets always tired Itisraely cold herein the winter Unit 4 There is/There are “© We use there is in the singular. ‘Thereis o washbasin in the bathroom. = We use there are in the plural There are four chairs in the kitchen, Prepositions of place We use prepositions of place to say where somebody or something © in between Hi under ~e intron of ia opposite next to behind “ Plurals + Most nouns take -s to form their plural. ‘hat —+hats, cup —* cups: ‘+ Nouns ending ins, - or x take esto form ther plural ‘lass lasses, dress dresses «Nouns ending in a vowel + y take in the plural. boy + boys, day —rdays "Nouns ending in a consonant + y drop the -y and take tes. baby ~bobies,strawbeny ~strowberies + Nouns ending in f or -fe, drop the -f or -fe and take ves in the plural. wolf wolves, knife knives ‘Singular | Plural | Singular man men foot woman ‘wornen tooth did didren Petson Unit 5 Tene eee ee ee ‘Countable/Uncountable Nouns ‘Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted (eg. Plural fet teeth paople. ‘one tomato, 1wo tomatees, etc) and can be in the singular or the plural. We put 2 before the noun in the singular when it begins with a consonant sound and an when it begins with a vowel sound. Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted and they usually have no plural. These nouns include: food: cheese, butter, meat, salt, pepper, bread, chocolate, jam, etc liquids: coffee, milk, water, tea, lemonade, orange juice, wine, etc = We can use countable and uncountable nouns after phrases of quantity, such as: a jat/bottle/cup/glass/ slice/piece/loat tin/kilo/cartorvcan/bowl/packet + of, ete, Some/Any © We use some with uncountable nouns in the affirmative Theres some cheese in the fridge. + We also use some with countable nouns but only in the plural. Thereare some bananas_in thefiut bo! ‘+ We use any with countable and uncountable nouns in the negative Thereisn*tany sugarin the ea. There arent any apples on the ee + We abo use any with countable and uncountable ‘nouns in questions. {sthere any mikin the carton? ‘Are there any knives onthe table? Much/Many/A lot of “= We use much with uncountable nouns in negative and interrogative sentences. There isnt much butter ef. Isthere much coffe in the pot? * We use many with plural countable ‘nouns in interrogative and negative sentences. ‘Arethere many boysin the class? There aren't many chairsin the Kitchen. ‘+ In questions we use how much to ask about the ‘amount of something and how many to ask about ‘the number of things. How much + uncountable noun How many + countable noun How much sugar do we need? Not muchJA fot kilo, et ‘(We want to know the ammount) ‘How many apples are there in the fridge? Not many/A {ot/Akilo, etc (We want to know the number) = "We use a lot of with plural countable nouns and ‘uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences. ‘She has gota lo of friends. Theres alot ofjuice eft inthe carton. Note: We omit of when a lotis not followed by a noun. ‘Are there many applesia the basket? Yes, there areallt. ‘Object Pronouns. FE 300i es you, th‘+ Object pronouns are personat pronouns which go after 2 verb or a preposition as objects, but Subject pronouns go before verbs as subjects, Look a: him! He isan actor Unit 6 Present Continuous a ae tmsziing — Fmrotsaing — Amisaing? HYou'e sang | You aren saiing | Areyousaiing? | Messaling | Heisntsaiing | bhesaing? |hessaing | Shitting | Bake sat? sitssiing | iisrtsaling | itsaiing? Wreing_ | Resale | Neve? Yeu arent sang "| Ave you saliog? | theyre saling | they arertsaiing | Are they sing? | We form the present continuous with the verb to be and the main verb + ng Jam tatking now. ‘We use the present continuous for: ‘+ actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. ‘Time expressions used with the present continuous: ‘mom at the moment etc. In short answers we use Yes or No, the subject pronoun ‘and the verb to be in the correct form, We do not repeat the main verb +-ing reoyoriogy Mtn Ishelsheft eating? —[~ aed Are they eating? {_ eee Comparisons + One-syllable adjectives form the comparative by adding ey. old - older (than) © More than two-syllable. adjectives form the comparative with more + adjective. comfortable - more comfortable Spelling * One-syllable adjectives ending in a. vowel + consonant double the consonant and add -er. thin thinner (than) + Twosyllable adjectives ending in a consonant + y replace -y with andadd-er. trendy ~trendier (than) Use + We use the comparative form + than to compare ‘two people, things, places etc. Jills sunglasses are nicer than Carols Irregular Comparatives eas 990d beter | bat Unit 7 Past Simple ‘To be’ Ht Wes? Youweren't | were your Hewasn't | Washer Shewasr't | Was she? tewast | was it” | wewere Wevseren’t | Were we? jy Youweren't | Were you? They were They werert_| were they? Form ‘Affirmative + The past simple of the verb ‘to be’ is was for he, she, itand were for we, you, they. She was at home yesterday. Negative ‘+ We form negative sentences by putting not after wasiwere. ‘She was notat school yesterday. Interrogative ‘+ We form questions by putting was/were before the subject pronoun (you, he, et Was she at school? Use * We use the past simple for actions which finished at @ definite stated time in the past. That is we know ‘when the action happened. In short answers we only use Yes or No, the personal pronoun and: the verb form waswasn't or were! ‘weren't. We do not repeat the whole question. Yes, 1 was /Yes, we were. No, I wasn’t No, we werent, Yes, he/shelit was. No, he/shesit wasn't. Were theyin Spain? [A Rene ‘Were you in Spain? Was helsheft in Spain? parasiteOVOIEJVEJVECIOVE ie Ean i _tonaform |. Short ened {Idi noitsien Tit ten Youlstened | You did nat ten | You diet stn | Did you iter? | |e lstened Hed ntisten | He dit sen | Did eft? | he istened ! she didnot stn | She ih Usten | Didshe ttn? | Teistered [Itcidaotteton |itcknt stn [Dit ister? | Welistened | We dd notisten |We dd fsten | Didwe fsten? | Younes | You ddr sen | ou di sen | iyo ter? | the ater | They did otis They ice tea De they iste Form Affirmative ~~-e~ We fonr the past simple-of regular verbs by-adding ed to the main verb He played football yesteday. Negative ‘+ We form negative sentences with did not/didn’t and the main verb without -ed. He did not/didn't play football yesterday. Interrogative ‘+ We form questions with the ausiliary vetb did, the subject pronoun and the main verb without -ed. Did he play football yesterday? Spelling ‘+ Verbs ending in -e take only -d like = liked ‘+ Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and take ied. study -studied ‘BUT, verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. play -played ‘+ Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants double the last consonant and take -ed. stop-stopped BUT visit- visited = Verbs ending in one, double the f and take -ed. travel—travelled Use ‘We use the past simple for: ‘+ actions which happened at a definite stated time in the past. Tedinvited his fiends to his house last Sunday. + past habits. Heplayed te pirate he ws yours. In short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb did/didn’t: We do not repeat the whole question Bs ‘Yes, Uwe did. bids Ltn avosnenrtain Yel " Ye did. Dish Srst?-{NoSahey dt, Pronunciation The suffix-ed is pronounced ‘© Ads when the verb ends in a MV oF ¥/ sound, wanted + when the ver ends in a AW, (Sf, MM, IV, AY or fpr sound: liked, missed, svatched, washed, laughed, stopped + £d/ when the verb ends in any other sound. closed, studied, loved months: ter | days: on Sunday.on | holidays: \ne | Hew YeorsDay | ‘Cheisimas | ‘seasons: inthe | dates: on20" 1 | Sereno ~~} aeemprgee~~ Spent ee —| | roonetthemornent, | years: n 2003 in scene arr | | expressions: nite | vein/aeon te Unit 8 Had/Could Had Teidethave [Didi Rave? [ihad [eid not have You had | Youcddinot have | You didn'thave {Did you have? Hehad —|Hedidnot have |Hedn'thave | Did he have? Shehad | She didnot have | She didathave | Did she have? ithad —|itdidnothave | itdida'thave | Did it have? Wehad |Wedid nothave | Wedidn'thave | Did we haye?, You ad | You didnot have | You cidn'thave_ | Did you have?" Theyhad | They did nat have | They didn't have | Did they have? Form Affirmative ‘+ The past simple of the verb have (got) i had. tt is ~ the same in al persons. Thad abiggde. Negative ‘© We form negative sentences with didn’t and have. {didn’t have many toys when I was young. interrogative ‘+ We form questions with the helping verb did, the subject pronoun and the verb have. Did you havea mobile phone last yeor? In short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject pronoun and the helping verb didididn't. We do not tepeat the whole question. Ye ‘did. Dizyouraveatoy? — tw dit = Ye fit did. ‘did. Did they haveatoy? — —{~ wae didn't.could could play Could | pley? {couldn't play You could play Could you play? You coulda’t play Hecould ply Couldheploy?« He coun pay She cud lay | Couldse lay? She ould’ ply iteoué pay Coulditpoy? | recouldnt poy ‘We could play _ Could we play? . We couldn't play You cut play | Coultyou ply? You couldn poy “They could play - Could they play? They court play Form Affirmative ‘= In the simple past con becomes could Hecould swim Interrogative We form questions by putting could before the subject. Could you play the piano? Negative + We form negative sentences by putting the word not after could, They could not/couldn‘trun fast. Use + We use could to express ability in the past, He could ridea bike when he was four. in short answers we only use Yes or No, the subject ‘pronoun (1, you, he, etc) and the verb could/couldn't Could Wyourhe, etc _p~ Yes, Uyoushe, ete could. play football? LL. No, Wyourhe, etc couldn't Past Simple (Irregular Verbs) tong form | Short form Trade [Ididnotrmake |ididn't make [Didi make? Yourmade | You did not make | You didn't make | Did you make?| Hemade |He did not make |He didn'tmake | Did he make? She made | she did not make | She didn't make | Did she make? made |itdidnot make |ttdidn't make | Did it make? We made | We did not make | We didn't make | Did we make? Youmade | You did nat mate | You didn't make | Did you make?| ‘They made | They dd not make} They didnt make | Did they make?| Form = regular verbs do not form the past simple by adding -ed. bring —broughn,give-gave ete ‘= We form questions and negative sentences with did/did not (didn’t) and the base form of the verb. {thad a small head and a long neck ~ Did it have a small head and a long nec? tt did't have asmall head and a fongneck In short answers we use Yes.or No, the subject pronoun (. you, he, etc) and the ausiiary verb did/didn’t. We do not repeat the whole question. Did you make a cake yesterday? Yes, di.INo, I didn't. Yes, liwe did Did you swim? Yes ted Yes, hersherit di, it hese wi? ; Didheshert san No, he/sheft dint. Did they swim? Yes, they did No, they dida't. Time expressions used with the past simple: yesterday, last Monday/last nightflast week, three days/a milion years/ages ago, then, when. ‘Time Words We usually use time words such as then, as soon as, as, Suddenly, {6 join two sentences together and to express time or reason, Assoonas he went to bed, the doorbell rang. Unit 9 wilt [ Long form | Short form Twalvavel | itrovel | Wall travel? You will travel | You'l travel | Wil you travel? Hewalltravt | Hettevel | wil he travel? Sewil travel | She’ travel_ | Wal she travel? wil travel | til trevel | wit travel? We wil travel | We'l travel | Willwe travel? You wil travel_| You'l travel | Will you travel? ‘They wil tavel | They travel | Wil they travel? ong form | Short form Twill nt travel | twon't travel ‘You wil not travel | You won't travel Hevillnottravd | Hewon't tre ‘She wil not travel | She won't travel Hewitt travel | tt won't travel ‘We will not travel | We won't travel You wil not travel | You won't travel They wil nat travel} They won't travel Form Affirmative ‘+ We form the simple future with will and the base form of the verb. ‘He wil visit his cousin. Interrogative ‘+ We form questions by putting will before the subject ‘pronoun. Wille be back soon? Negative + We form the negative by putting not after will Hewillnot/won'tgodiving. Use We use the simple future: Pee eee eet c c